LEXICAL CHANGE IN MEDAN HOKKIEN DIALECT.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis would not have been possible without the support and input of

numerous people to whom the writer expresses his deeply gratitude.

The writer would like to express the greatest thanks to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning,

M.Pd. and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS. as his advisers for their great ideas, guidance

and patience that lead the writer to the end of completion of this thesis.

The writer also would like to extend his sincere gratitude to the Head of English

Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, the secretary of English

Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and Farid Ma’ruf as

an administrator for their assistance regarding the administrative procedures and support

during the writer’s thesis completion process patiently.

The writer’s great thanks also go to his Examiners, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M. Pd., Dr. Didik Santoso, M. Pd. for their

suggestions, critiques, opinions, and improvements for this thesis. In addition, the writer

would like to thank to all lecturers for their knowledge and character building during the

process of teaching and learning.

Thanks are due to the members of Indonesia Theravada Buddhist Centre and Romo

Suprianto for their participation in this research. Without their support this research

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The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to his beloved father Mr. Sutejo

Lim for his continual and unfailing love, patience, guidance, prayer and support over

years and endless faith in the writer’s ability to accomplish this thesis. His huge thanks

are also dedicated to his sisters Fiedya, Mellisa Mega and Fenny Astuti for their love,

and support. The writer’s special love goes to his children Sophie Aurelia Joycelin and Victor Felix Aurelius for their love, understanding and care without complaining for less

attention given to them during finishing his study.

Medan, August 2016

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i ABSTRACT

Jeffry Lim. Registration Number: 809112030. Lexical Change in Medan Hokkien Dialect. A Thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistic Study Program. The State University of Medan. 2016.

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ABSTRAK

Jeffry Lim. Registration NIM: 809112030. Lexical Change in Medan Hokkien Dialect. Tesis. Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.

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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, DICUSSION

4.1 Data Analysis 40

4.1.1 The Process of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect 45 4.1.1.1 The First Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing … 46 4.1.1.2 The Second Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing 48 4.1.1.3 The Third Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing … 50 4.1.1.4 The Fourth Process of Internal Lexical Borrowing . 50 4.1.1.5 The First Process of External Lexical Borrowing … 53 4.1.1.6 The Second Process of External Lexical Borrowing 54 4.1.1.7 The Third Process of External Lexical Borrowing 56 4.1.2 The Reasons of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien

Dialect……….. 57

4.1.2.1 Need………. 57

4.1.2.2 Prestige………. 59

4.1.2.3 Practicality……… 62

4.2 Findings………. 62

4.3 Discussion………. 64

4.3.1 The Process of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect 64 4.3.2 The Reasons of Lexical Creation in Medan Hokkien Dialect……….. 66

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ………. 68

5.2 Suggestions ………. 69

REFERENCES ………... 70

LIST OF GRAPHICS ……… vii

LIST OF FIGURES ………... vii

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LIST OF GRAPHICS

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[image:11.595.87.525.79.583.2]

LIST OF FIGURES

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the Study

Language is the most powerful means of communication. It is through

language that humans express their thoughts, desires, emotions and feelings. It is

a generally accepted that every language has a vocabulary. Many vocabularies of

languages haven’t been observed. Vocabulary has its dynamics. How actually

the process of vocabulary changes need to be further explored. The investigation

of lexicon study is interesting, because vocabulary is the area where people most

notice in everyday life interaction.

Several researchers have ever done relevant studies of lexical change.

They are: firstly, Ngom (2000) has ever research on Sociolinguistic Motivations

of Lexical Borrowings in Senegal, secondly Su (2005) has ever researched on

Chinese lexical change deals with the sociolinguistic study; thirdly Gao (2008)

has ever researched on lexical changes of Chinese Internet lexical items;,

Fourthly Ali and Mohideen (2010) have ever researched on lexical change for

professional competence in English language education and finally Karũrũ

(2013) has ever research on Borrowing and Communication in Language.

The lexicon is an inventory of a human being’s knowledge of the words

in their language. It is understood broadly as a finite list of stored forms that has

meanings and the possibilities for combining them. Thus, lexicon can be defined

as a list of all possible meaningful parts or combinations of parts of words that

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unit used in speech or writing and belongs to a specific parts of speech either is

used alone or combined to form a sentence.

Any people in this world is never exactly uses a language in the same

way. According to Tagliamonte (2006:10) different ways of saying more or less

the same thing may occur in every variety of language. It is obvious that because

language varies not only from one individual to another but also from one

sub-section of speech community to another.

Vocabulary changes as a part of language change. Ottoson (2005:97)

distinguishes language change phenomena as innovation and diffusion.

Innovation is the spontaneous emergence of a novel language feature that was

absent in the previous generation. Diffusion, on the other hand, involves

speakers imitating a novel language feature (an innovation) from another

speaker. Similarly, Ke, Gong and Wang (2008:937) view language change as a

diffusion process of some linguistic elements (linguistic innovations) in a

language community.

Language change can be influenced by changes in the social environment

of the language, in various indirect ways, but also more directly by social

evaluation of specific features of language. On the most general level, one

cannot exclude the possibility that general weakening of the language norms as a

social institution, in times of cultural and social instability, in itself accelerates

language change.

Varshney (1995:283) has distinguished lexical change into three

categories, namely: loss of lexical items, change of meaning and creation of new

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which the word, concepts or meaning are totally or partly replaced by another

lexical item.

One of the most obvious ways in lexical change is addition of new

words. The phenomenon of lexical change does not only happen to other

languages communities but also exists in Hokkien. One of the cases of lexical

change in Hokkien is the creation of new lexical items. In this case, the writer

has only focused on lexical creation. The lexical creation is divided into two

processes: internal lexical creation and external lexical creation.

Internal lexical creation encompasses derivation, compounding,

shortening and coinage. Firstly, derivation is the process for internal lexical

creation for example, ‘lao-lang’ which consists of the prefix ‘lao’ plus ‘lang’ that

means old people or parents. Secondly, compounding is the process for internal

lexical creation for example leng-khi that means air-conditioner. It consists of

the word ‘leng’ which represents cool and ‘khi’ which represents air. Thirdly,

shortening is the process for internal lexical creation for example the phrase ‘wa

lang’ become ‘lan’ which mean we. Finally, coinage is the process for internal

lexical creation for example ‘koktong’ which is a brand of coffee product.

On the other hand, external lexical borrowing is created lexical items

derived from other languages. Hokkien words incorporate borrowed words from

other languages. ‘Lokun’ means doctor from Bahasa Indonesia ‘dukun’. Persian

loanword into Hokkien is Bazaar (بازار) which became Pa Sat (巴剎) in Hokkien

which means market.

A common cause of lexical borrowing is the need to find words for

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gives contribution to lexical borrowing. The loan word of English ‘T.V.’ is as a

consequence of technological development that gives prestige to Hokkien

speakers. ‘tifi’ is more prestigious than ‘tien-se’ in Hokkien.

Hokkien has a significant role in contributing words to other languages.

Filipinos has adopted Hokkien to name on cookery such as ‘tikoy, lumpia,

bihon’ etc. (Xuebo, 2012). Similarly, Hokkien has contributed to name concepts

in Bahasa Indonesia (Zhi, 1987) such as ‘sempoa, kemoceng, loteng, tauge’, etc.

The increasingly modern influence nowadays leads to lexical

modernization: a process by which a language standardizing, enhancing, and

expanding its domains of activity (Kaplan and Baldauf, 1997:69). In reality

Hokkien has other lexical changes besides created lexical items borrowed from

other languages. That is why the writer is interested in observing lexical

changes.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study, the problems to be investigated

are formulated as follows.

1) How do the lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect occur?

2) Why do the lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect occur the way

they do?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

This study is aiming at the new phenomenon on lexical change of

Hokkien in Medan. Thus, the objectives of this study are elaborated as the

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1) To describe the process of lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect,

2) To explain the factors of lexical creations of Medan Hokkien dialect.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

Lexical change has several domains to be studied, it is quite impossible

to cover them all. Therefore, this research limits the discussion of lexical

creation particularly noun.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The findings of this study are expected to have significantly relevant to

the theoretical and practical aspects.

1. Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the theory of

lexical change particularly for understanding the processes and the

reasons of lexical change in Medan Hokkien dialect.

2. Practically, the research findings are also valuable for:

Firstly, the next researchers who will be conducting research in the field

of language change particularly lexical change as a review of literature.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the description, explanation and discussion about the processes

and the reasons of lexical creation in Medan Hokkien dialect in the previous

chapters, conclusion is drawn as follow:

1. The lexical creation processes in Medan Hokkien dialect flow under two

concise methods. Firstly, internal lexical borrowing comprises of

derivations, compounds, shortenings, and coinages. Secondly, external

lexical borrowings encompass three distinctive domains: modified lexical

borrowing, total lexical borrowing and loan translation.

2. The reasons of lexical creations in Medan Hokkien dialect are

substantially influenced by the need; to find a term for naming a new

object such as technology, place, time, entertainment, medical term,

building, transportation, sport, fashion, academy, food and drink, and

animal. Next, influenced by the prestige; it is some times said to occur

when a speaker perceives that there is greater social cachet attached to a

word from another language such as in the fields of technology, place,

media, building, food and drink, entertainment, medical term, fashion,

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phenomenon happens when a phrase is shortened because of the more

practical in spoken language.

5.2 Suggestions

Dealing with the findings of this research which are problematic, some

worth considering pieces of suggestion are provided below:

1) It is suggested that to students or other practitioner do the same research

in order to make the research more complete particularly research about

the two other type of lexical change in Medan Hokkien dialect, lexical

loss and change in meaning. This technique is indispensably useful for

the access of another expert’s interest and attention about Hokkien

dialect.

2) To the linguists, researchers and those are extremely interested to

conduct a scientific study in Hokkien dialect, it is suggested to

investigate the practical techniques in decreasing lexical borrowing and

increasing the equivalent of lexical borrowing in Hokkien dialect words.

3) It is expected to the institution that consist of Medan Hokkien dialect

speakers apply the standardization of Medan Hokkien dialect through the

establishment of standardized Medan Hokkien dictionary and spelling

systems. Through this recorded material, the existence of Medan

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