A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND
KARONESE VERBS FORMED BY AFFIXATION
A THESIS
BY :
ROBINSON GINTING
Reg. No : 080721008
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH DEPARTMEN
MEDAN
A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND
KARONESE VERBS FORMED BY AFFIXATION
A THESIS
BY :
ROBINSON GINTING
Reg. No : 080721008
SUPERVISOR, CO-SUPERVISOR,
Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL
NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001 NIP. 19610703 198601 1 001
Submitted to Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatra in partial of
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English
Language / Linguistics
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
MEDAN
Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Letters, University of North
Sumatera ( USU ) Medan as a thesis for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
Examination
Chairman, Seceretary,
Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd.TESOL
Accepetd by The Board of Examiners
in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements
for The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
from The English Department of Faculty of Letters
University of North Sumatera
Medan
2009
The Examination was Held on….(hari) of…..(bulan)Th…(tgl),…(tahun)
The Dean of
Faculty of Letters
University of North Sumatera
Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D
NIP : 19650909 199403 1 004
Board of Examiners Signatures
1
2
3
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank to God for His blessing, so I can finish writing this thesis. This thesis is done to fulfill one of the requirements to receive the Dgree of Sarjana Sastra at Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, Medan
This thesis entitles ‘ A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND KARONESE VERBS FORMED BY AFFIXATION. Here, I would like to thank to those who have helped me from the beginning till the end of this thesis
1. Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D as the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, Medan
2. Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum as the Chairman of English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera
3. Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd. TESOL as the Secretary of English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera
4. Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as the Supervisor of my thesis who has given guidance to me from the beginning till the end of this thesis
5. Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd. TESOL as the Co-Supervisor of my thesis who has given critics and suggentions to me during writing this thesis
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitles’ A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i
ABSTRACT ... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 The Background of The Analysis ... 1
1.2 The Problems of The Analysis ... 3
1.3 The Objectives of The Analysis ... 4
1.4 The Scope of The Analysis ... 4
1.5 The Significances of the Analysis ... 5
CHAPTER II : THE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ... 6
2.1 English ... 6
2.2 Karonese... 6
2.3 Morphology ... 6
2.4 Contrastive Analysis ... 7
2.5 Affixation ... 8
2.5.1 Prefix ... 9
2.5.2 Suffix ...10
2.5.3 Infix ...10
2.5.4 Confix...11
2.6 Verb ...20
2.6.1 Transitive Verb ...20
CHAPTER III : THE METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS ...22
3.1 The Research Method ...22
3.2 The Data Collecting Method ...22
3.3 The Data Analyzing Method ...23
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures ...24
3.5 Review of The Related Literature ...25
CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS AND FINDING...26
4.1 Analysis ...26
4.2 Finding ...62
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...99
5.1 Conclusion...99
5.2 Suggestion ... 100
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitles’ A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of The Analysis
Language has a very important role in human’s life because they use it to communicate among themselves. According to Siahaan ( 2008:1 ) language is an unique human inheritance that plays the very important role in human life such as in thinking, communicating ideas, and negotiating with others. It means that langauge can not be sparated from human because they use it as the way of their communication
When human learn language, they learn words, because words have a very imporant role in language. However, words to which affixes are attached can change in functions, forms, meanings and distributions. These may be found in one or more languages. Therefore, when human learn language, they also learn affixes which are attached to words. However, they will find the difficulties if they want to master one or more languages without understanding about the affixation of the languages. In order to master one or more languages, they need to compare the affixation of the languages. Therefore, An analysis need to be done to know the affixation of languages.
Third, an infix is an affix inserted into a root, or stem, or base. Fourth, a confix is affixes placed at the beginning and end of root, stem, or base.
Words which contain affixes may be found in one or more languages. These can be seen in English and Karonese. In English and Karonese, the adjectives and the nouns can be changed into the verbs when the affixes are attached to them, and in Karonese, the affix can be attached to numeral to form the verb, but in English, it can not be attached to numeral. The examples are shown in the following tabel
Tabel: 1.1 The English and Karonese Verbs Formed By Affixation
No English Karonese
From the examples in the tabel above, there is affixation in English and Karonese verbs. According to Mulya, Manuputty, and Sabriah ( 1994 : 9 ) ciri-ciri morphologis verba dapat ditetapkan melalui proses afiksasi, yaitu proses
pembentukan kata dengan mengimbuhkan berbagai afiks, baik prefiks, sufiks, infiks,
maupun konfiks. Based on this theory, it is understood that affixation can happen
when affixes are attached to words.
that there are the differences and the similarities of how English and Karonese verbs are formed by affixation. However, these explanations and these examples are not still enough. These things encourage me to find out the differences and the similarities by contrasting English and Karonese verbs formed by affixation
As the guidance of how I find out the differences and the similarities, I apply the theory contrastive analysis. According to Naibaho ( 2006: 1 ) contrastive analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and the similarities of two or more languages ( or sub-systems of languages ) are made explicit.
1.2 The Problems of The Analysis
There are three problems that need to be solved in this analysis. They are:
1. Are there any similarities and differences between English and Karonese verbs formed by affixation?
2. Are there any correspondences, partly correspondences, and non correspondences between English and Karonese verbs formed by affixation? 3. How are the distributions, forms, functions, and meanings between English
1.3 The Objectives of The Analysis
There are three objectives that should be achieved in this analysis. They are:
1. To find out the similarities and diffrences between English and Karonese verbs formed by affixation
2. To find out the correspondences, partly correspondences, and non correspondences between English and Karonese verbs formed by affixation 3. To know the distributions, forms, functions, and meanings betweenn English
and Karonese verbs formed by affixation
1.4 The Scope of The Analysis
This analysis should have its limitation. According to Atar ( 1993: 16 )
Pembatasan masalah merupakan hal yang perlu dilakukan untuk menghindari urain
yang terlalu panjang dan tidak berkaitan langsung dengan pokok permasalahan. In
1.5 The Significances of The Analysis
It is expected that this analysis contributes sigificances for the writer, teachers, reseachers, and readers. The significances of this analysis are:
1. To develop the writer’s knowledge on ‘Contrastive Analysis ‘
2. To be the guidance for the teachers who teach ‘ Contrastive Linguistics ‘ 3. To be one of the references for the reseachers who want to find out the
diffrences and the similarities between English and Karonese verbs formed by affixation
CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
2.1 English
English is a language used in many countries, such as America, England, and Australia, and it is also regonized as the international language. Therefore, English has become the most popular language in the world and the most widely used means of communication in many coutries. Moreover, English has been used in the United Nations and European Nations
2.2 Karonese
Karonese is a language used by people who live in Tanah Karo. Tanah Karo locates in one of the highlands of Northern Sumatera in Indonesia, and it is not far from Medan City. It takes two hour drives from Medan City to Tanah Karo. Karonese people are often called as Kalak Karo. Many people are sure that Karonese comes from Bataknese. Therefore, Karonese are sometimes called as Bahasa Batak Karo or
Bahasa Karo
2.3 Morphology
2.4 Contrastive Analysis
The differences and the similarities of two or more languages which are compared can be found by using the method Contrastive Anlysis. This method has been much used by researchers who want to find out the differences and the similarities of two or more languages which are compared.
Contrastive Anlysis ( CA ) was developed in 1950s and 1960s, and there are a lot of definitions and theories of Contrastive Analysis according to Linguists. However, in this analysis, I focus on Naibaho’s theories. Naibaho ( 2006 : 21 ) says: In general, an adequate result of CA is expected
1. To show, at least in theoretical framework, the similarities of two languages as:
i. features that characterize natural language; i.e language universal
ii. similarities of languages compared particularly if these languages are related known as inter language similarities.
2. To give a detailed description of the differences between languages compared 3. To establish a linguistically hierarchy of difficulties
Based on this expectation, Naibaho ( 2006 : 21 ) also says that there are the fundamental and applied objectives of Contrastive Analysis, they are :
1. Providing insight into similarities and differences between languages 2. Explaining and predicting problems in L2 learning
From the explanation above, it may be said that the focus of Contrastive Analysis is to find out the differences and the similarities of two or more languages which are compared, and it is hoped that Contrastive Analysis can give the clear descriptions of the differences and the similarities of two or more languages which are compared.
2.5 Affixation
Affixation is one of morphological processes, and it can happen when affixes are attached to base forms. In order to have a good understanding about affixes, I use the following theories.
1. Woollams (1991 :46 ) says, “ affixes in Karonese include prefixe (Examples er- ), suffixes ( Examples.ken-), confixes ( Examples. er- -ken ), and infixes ( Examples. –in- ). ”
2. Martinus ( 1984 : 32 ) says, “ there are derivational suffixes that are typical of the class of verbs:
-en : broaden, darken, lengthen -ify : glorify, nullify, simplify
-ize/ise : economize, nationalize, sandalize
3. Gleason ( 1961 : 59 ) says, “ affixes may be added to roots or to constructions consisting of a root plus one or more morphemes. ”
4. Coates ( 1999 : 47 ) says, “affixes are classifiend structurally by the position they occupy. ”
6. Coates ( 1999 : 27 ) says, “ when we look at words that have same internal strucuture, we may decide that the elements they consist of are not equal; that some are more central than others. In sending , for instance, we see the structure send-ing, and conclude that the free morphem send has had the bound morphem –ing, and not vice versa. ”
From the theories above, it may be said that affixes are bound morphemes because they cannot stand alone as words and that words are free morphemes because they can stand alone without affixes. There are types of affixes which are generally known. They are as follows.
2.5.1 Prefix
Prefixes cannot stand alone and must be attached to base words. Katamba ( 1993 : 44 ) says, “ a prefix is an affix attached before a root or stem or base like re- ,
un- , and in- “ . Based on this definition, it may be said that a prefix is an affix which
is attached to the beginning of base form. Examples
In English
re- + write => rewrite ‘ to write something again ‘
mis- + understand => misunderstand ‘ to interpret words, instruction, motives etc wrongly ‘
dis- + agree => disagree ‘ to have different opinion ‘ In Karonese
er + dalan => erdalan ‘ to walk ‘
2.5.2 Suffix
Suffixes can not stand alone as words and need to be attached to base words. Katamba ( 1993 : 44 ) says “ a suffix is an an affix attached after a root or stem or base like –ly, -er , -ist ,-s , ing, and –ed “. From this definition, it may be said that a suffix is an affix which is added to the end of base form.
Examples In English
beauty + -ify => beautify ‘ to make something beautiful ‘
national + -ize => nationalize ‘ to transfer something from private ownership to ownership by the state ‘ dark + -en => darken ‘ to become dark, to cause something to
become dark ‘ In Karonese
Kundul + -ken => kundulken ‘ sit..! ‘ ngisap + -ken => ngisapken ‘smoke..!’
pekpek + -i => pekpeki ‘ to hit someone or something repeatedly ‘ ema + -i => emai ‘ to kiss someone repeatedly ‘
2.5.3 Infix
Examples In Karonese
-em- + kuit => kemuit ‘ to move , be visibly alive ‘
2.5.4 Confix
Confixes must be attached to base words because they can not stand alone as words. Arifn ( 1978 : 23 ) says , “ a confix is an affix attached in front of and at the beginning of base form.
Examples In English
im- - ity + mortal => immortality ‘ the state of being immortal ‘
dis- -ment + agree => disagreement ‘ lack of agreement, a difference of Opinion ‘
il- -ity + legal => illegality ‘ the state of being illegal ‘ In Karonese
pe- -ken + biring => pebiringken ‘ to blacken ‘ per- -ken + nipi => pernipiken ‘ to dream about ‘ per- -i + buru => perburui ‘ to hunt ‘
of the word after being attached to the bases. The distributions deal with the types of the word-class category of the bases which can be attached by the affixes. The notions deal with the meaning of the affixes after being attached to the bases
a.The Forms in English
The forms deal with the process of the change of the affixes after being attached to the bases.
The prefixes re-, mis-, and dis- do not change in the forms when attached to the bases beginning with vowels or consonants
Examples
re- + write => rewrite ‘ to write something again ‘
mis- + understand => misunderstand ‘ to interpret words, instructions, motives etc wrongly ‘
dis + agree => disagree ‘ lack of agreement, a difference of opinion ‘
The suffixes –ize and –en do not change in the forms when attached to the bases beginning with vowels or consonants
Examples
national + -ize => nationalize ‘ to transfer something from private ownership to ownership by the state.’ dark + -en => darken ‘ to become dark, to cause something to
The confixes im- - ity, dis- -ment, and il- -ity do not change in the forms when attached to the bases beginning with vowels or consonants
Examples
im- -ity + mortal => immortality ‘ the state of being immortal ‘
dis- -ment + agree => disagreement ‘ a lack of agreement, a difference of opnion ‘
il- -ity + legal => illegality ‘ the state of being illegal ‘
b.The Forms in Karonese
The forms deal with the process of the change of the affixes after being attached to the bases
The prefixes er- and ng- do not change in the forms when attached to bases beginning with vowels and consonants
Examples
er- + dalan => erdalan ‘ to walk ‘ ng- + galar => nggalar ‘ to pay ‘
The suffixes –i , -ken, and –en do not change in the forms when attached to the bases beginning with vowels or consonants
Examples
pekpek + -i => pekpeki ‘ to hit someone or something repeatedly ‘ kundul + -ken => kundulken ‘ sit..! ‘
The infix –em- does not change in the form when inserted into the bases containing vowels and consonants.
Examples
-em- + kuit => kemuit ‘ to move , be visibly alive ‘
The confixes pe- - ken, per- -ken , and per- -i do not change in the forms when attached to the bases that begin and end with vowels and consonants
Examples
pe- -ken + biring => pebiringken ‘ to blacken ‘ per- -ken + nipi => pernipiken ‘ to dream about ‘ per- -i + buru => peburui ‘ to hunt ‘
c. The Functions in English
The fuctions deal with the process whether the affixes change or maintain the word-class category of the word after being attached to the bases.
The functions of the prefixes en- and mis- may be explained as follow: To form the verbs from the adjectives
Examples
en- + large ( Adj ) => enlarge ( V ) ‘ to become or make something larger ‘ en- + able (Adj ) => enable ( V ) ‘ to make someone able to do something
The prefixes re-, mis- and dis- do not change the word-class when attached to the base form of the verbs
Examples
re- + write ( V ) => rewrite ( V ) ‘ to write something again ‘ mis- + understand ( V ) => misunderstand ( V ) ‘ to interper words,
instructure, motives etc wrongly ‘
dis- + agree ( V ) => disagree ( V ) ‘ to have difference opinion ‘ The functions of the suffixes -ify ,- ize, aand –able may be explained as follow: To form the vebs from the adjectives
Examples
beauty ( Adj ) + -ify => beautify ( V ) ‘ to make something beautiful ‘
national ( Adj ) + -ize => nationalize ( V ) ‘ to transfer something from private ownership to ownership by the state ‘
b.To form the adjective from the noun Examples.
marriage ( N ) + able => marriageable ( Adj ) ‘ suitable for marriage in term of age ‘
d. The Functions in Karonese
The fuctions deal with the process whether the affixes change or maintain the word-class category of the word after being attached to the bases.
To form the verb from the noun Examples
er- + dalan ( N ) => erdalan ( V )’ to walk ‘
To form the verb from the adjective Examples
pe- + galang ( Adj ) => pegalang ( V ) ‘ to make something larger ‘ The function of the suffixes – ken and – i may be expalined as follow:
The suffix –ken and –i does not change the word-class when added to the base form of the verb
Examples
kundul ( V ) + -ken => kundulken ( V ) ‘ sit…! ‘ lawes ( V ) + -ken => lawesken ( V ) ‘ go…! ‘
pekpek ( V ) + -i => pekpeki ( V ) ‘ to hit someone or something repeatedly
The function of the infix –em- may be expalined as follow :
The infix –em- does not change the word-class when inserted into the base word Examples
-em- + kuit ( V ) => kemuit ( V ) ‘ to move, be visibly alive ‘
The function of the confixes pe- -ken, per- -ken , and per- -i may be expalined as follow:
To form the verb from the noun Examples
per- -ken + nipi ( Adj ) => pernipiken ( V ) ‘ to dream about ‘
To form the verb from the noun Examples
per- -i + buru ( N ) => perburui ( V ) ‘ to hunt ‘
e. The Distributions in English
The distributions deal with the types of the word-class category of the bases which can be attached by the affixes.
The prefixes re-, mis- and dis- may be attached to the verbs Examples
re- + write ( V ) => rewrite ‘ to write something again ‘ mis- + understand ( V ) => misunderstand ‘ to interpret words,
instruction, motives etc wrongly ‘
dis- + agree ( V ) => disagree ‘ to have different opinion ‘
The suffixes –ize and –en may be attached to the adjectives Examples
national ( Adj ) + -ize => nationalize ‘ to transfer something from private ownership to
dark ( Adj ) + -en => darken ‘ to become dark, to cause something to become dark ‘
The confixes im- -ity, dis- -met, and il- -ity may be added to the verbs and adjectives Examples
im- -ity + mortal (Adj ) => immortality ‘ the state of being immoral ‘ dis- -ment + agree ( V ) => disagreement ‘ lack of agreement,
a difference of opinion il- -ity + legal ( Adj ) => illegality ‘ the state of being illegal ‘
f. The Distributions in Karonese
The distributions deal with the types of the word-class category of the bases which can be attached by the affixes.
The prefixes er-, pe- and ng- may attached to the noun and adjective Examples
er- + dahin ( N ) => erdahin ‘ to work ‘ ng- + galar ( N ) => nggalar ‘ to pay ‘
pe- + kitik ( Adj ) => pekitik ‘ to make something smaller ‘
The suffixes –ken and – i may be attached to the verbs Examples
kundul ( V ) + -ken => kundulken ‘ sit…! ‘ ngisap ( V ) + -ken => ngisapken ‘ smoke…! ‘
The infix –em- may be inserted to the verb Examples
-em- + kuit ( V ) => kemuit ‘ to move, be visibly alive ‘
The confixes pe- -ken, per- -ken , and per- -i may be attached to the adjective and noun
Examples
pe- -ken + biring ( Adj ) => pebiringken ‘ to blacken ‘ per- -ken + nipi ( N ) => pernipiken ‘ to dream about ‘ per- -I + buru ( N ) => perburui ‘ to hunt ‘
g.The Meanings or notions in English
The nations deal with the meaning of the affixes after being attached to the bases
The meaning of the prefixe mis- is to indicate the meaning of ‘badly’ or ‘wrong’ of what is mentioned in the base form.
Examples
mis- + inform => misiform ‘to give wrong information’ mis- + direct => misdirect ‘direct wrongly’
The meaning of the suffix -able is to indicate ‘ it can be done ‘ of what is mentioned in the base form
Examples
h.The Meanings or Notions in Karonese
The nations deal with the meaning of the affixes after being attached to the bases
The meaning of the prefix per- is to indicate ‘ to become one or to devide into ‘ of what is mentioned in the base form
Examples
per- + sada => persada ‘ to become one ‘
per- + dua => perdua ‘ to devide into two parts ‘
2.6 Verb
Verbs express actions in sentences. Hacker ( 1976 : 649 ) says, “ the verb of a sentence usually express an action ( think ) or being ( is , become ) “. However, Foresman ( 1997 : 202 ) says,” a verb tells what action is taking place is called action
verb. In relation these two definitions, it may be concluded that verbs have actions
2.6.1 Transitive Verb
2.6.2 Intransitive Verb
CHAPTER III
THE METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS
3.1 The Research Method
In a scientific analysis, there must be a method because it is very important to solve the problems of the analysis. In this analysis, I apply ‘ the library research ‘. It is a kind of research that is conducted by searching the data sources from books to support this analysis.
In addition to the library research, I use ‘ descriptive method .‘ Nawawi ( 1995 : 67 ) states, “ Metode descriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur atau cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang diselidiki (
seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat, pabrik, dan lain – lain ) sebagaimana adanya
berdasarkan fakta – fakta yang actual pada saat sekarang. From this definition, it is
understood that descriptive method is the procedure of how the problems of the analysis are solved by describing the data based on the recent facts
3.2 The Data Collecting Method
In order to support the data collecting method, I use two kinds of dictionaries. They are English Oxford Dictionary ( Hornby ) and Kamus Karo Indonesia ( Prints ). These two dictionaries are used to avoid the errors in understanding the changes in the forms, distributions, functions, and meanings of English and Karonese verbs fromed by affixation.
.
3.3 The Data Analyzing Method
In this analysis, I analyze the data by applying the method ‘ Contrastive Analysis ( C A ). Naibaho ( 2006 : 1 ) says, “ Contrastive Analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more languages are made explicit. After that, I also analyze the data based on morphological processe. The reason is that English and Karonese verbs formed by affixation is one of morphological processes.
.
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures
To analyze the data, some procedures are done. They are:
1. Collecting the English and Karonese verbs which contain prefixes and suffixes 2. Selecting the English and Karonese verbs which belong to prefixes and
suffixes
3. Describing the prefixes and suffixes that are attached to base words to form verbs in English and Karonese in terms of forms, distributions, funtions, and meanings.
4. Analyzing how the prefixes and suffixes are attached to base words to form verbs in English and Karonese in terms of forms, distributions, functions, and meanings
5. Making the contrastive analysis between English and Karonese verbs formed by affixation in terms of forms, distributions, functions, and meanings
3.5 Review of The Related Literature
In order to support this analysis, I consult the other thesises related to this analysis which were done by some students. They are:
1. Rahmianti ( 2002 ) in her thesis entitled, “ A Contrastive Analysis of affixes
between English and Buginese Language” . In the analysis, after she had
analyzed the data, she found there were the correspondences, partly correspondences and non-correspondences of the langauges in terms of forms, distributions, functions, and meanings.
2. Esfandiarti ( 2008 ) in her thesis entitled, “ Affixation between English and
Palembang Malay Lanaguage : A Contrastive Analysis “. In the analysis, after
she had compared the two languages, she also found that there were the correspondences, partly correspondences, and non-correspondences of the languages in terms of forms, distributions, functions, and meanings.
3. Hanim ( 1999 ) in her thesis entitled ‘ A Contrastive Analysis Between English
And Riau Malay Verb Form ‘. The correspondences and non-correspondeces
between English and Riau Malay verb form in terms of forms, functions, distributions, and meanings were found in her thesis
4. Batubara (1999 ) in his thesis entitled ‘ A Contrastive Analysis Between
English And Mandailing Langauge Prefixes And Suffixes ‘.The
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1 Analysis
This analysis is a contrastive analysis that contrasts two languages. They are English and Karonese. In this analysis, I contrast how the verbs of the two languages are formed by affixation in terms of the forms, distributions, functions, and notions or meanings. However, I only contrast two kinds of affixes which are attached to the base forms to create the verbs in English and Karonese. On the other hand, The focus of this analysis is the English and Karonese verbs formed by two kinds of affixes. They are the prefixes and the suffixes of the two languages.
4.1.1 The Forms in English
The forms deal with the process of the changes of affixes after being attached to the base forms.
4.1.1.1 The English Prefix
a.The prefix
en-The prefix en- does not change in the form when attached to the base forms beginning with vowels or consonants in order to form the verbs.
Examples
en- + large => enlarge ‘ to become or make something larger’ en- + rich => enrich ‘ to make someone rich ‘
b. The Prefix
dis-The prefix dis- does not change in the form when attacched to the base forms beginning with vowels or consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples
dis- + connect => disconnect ‘ to detach something from something ‘ dis- + approve => disapproce ‘ to consider something to be foolish ‘ dis- + lilke => dislike ‘ to have difference ‘
dis- + able => disable ‘ to make someone unable to do something ‘
c.The Prefix
over-The prefix over- does not change in the form when attached to the base forms beginning with consonants in order to form the verbs.
Examples.
over- + sleep => oversleep ‘ to sleep longer or later than one intended ‘ over- + cook => overcook ‘ to cook food for longer than it is necessary ‘ over- + do => overdo ‘ to do, perfom, or express something too fully or for
too long ‘
over- + book => overbook’ to reserve seats, rooms, etc for too many
d.The Prefix
trans-The prefix trans- does not change in the form when attached to the base forms beginning with consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples.
trans- + from => transform ‘ to change the shape, appearance or character of something or someone completely ’
trans- + migrate => transmigrate ‘ to move from one place to another ’
trans- + figure => transfigure ‘ to change the appearance of something or someone as to make them/it nobler or more beautiful ‘
e.The Prefix
re-The prefix re- does not change in the form when attached to the base forms beginnning with vowels or consonants in order to form the verbs.
Examples
re- + write => rewrite ‘to write something again in different or better way ’
re- + set => reset ‘ to place something in position again ‘
re- + shape => reshape‘to shape or form something again or in different way ’
f.The Prefix
mis-The prefix mis- does not change in the form when attached to the base forms beginning with vowels or consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples
mis- + understand => misunderstand ‘ to interpert words, instructions, etc wrongly ‘
mis- + calculate => miscalculate ‘to calculate amount, distance, measurement, etc wrongly ‘
mis- + apply => misapply ‘ to use something for the wrong purpose or in wrong way ‘
mis- + behave => misbehave’ to behave wrongly ‘
g. The Prefix
sub-The prefix sub- does not change in the form when attached to base form beginning with consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples
sub- + devide => subdevide ‘ to devide something or be devided into smaller devision ‘
h. The Prefix
under-The prefix under- does not change in the form when it is attached to the base froms beginning with consonants in oder to create the verbs.
Examples
under- + estimate => underestimate ‘ to guess that amout of something is lower that it realy is. ‘
under- + expose => underexpose ‘ to allow too little light to reach a film’ under- + sign => undersign ‘ to sign a letter at the foot ‘
i. The Prefix
be-The prefix be- does not change in the form when it is attached to the base foms beginning with consonats in order to form the verbs.
Examples
be- + friend => befriend ‘ to make a friend of ‘
be- + devil => bedevil ‘ to seduce or to make confuse ’ be- + little => belittle ‘ to cause to seem unimportant ‘
j. The Prefix
un-The prefix un- does not change in the form when it is attched to the forms beginning with consonants in order to form the verbs.
Examples.
un- + load => unload ‘ to move a thing from ‘ un- + pack => unpack ‘ to take out a thing ‘
4.1.1.2 The English Suffix
a.The Suffix –en
The suffix –en does not change in the form when it is attached to the base forms ending with consonants in order to from the verbs.
Examples.
length + -en => lengthen ‘to make or become longer ‘ fright + -en => frighten ‘ to make or to become fright ‘ sharp + -en => sharpen ‘ to make something sharp ‘
b.The Suffix –ize
The suffix –ize does not change in the form when it is attached to the base forms ending with consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples.
victim + -ize => victimize ’ to make someone suffer ‘ human + -ize => humanize ‘ to make someone human’ patron + -ize => patronize ‘ to act as patron towords ‘
c.The Suffix –ify
The suffix –ify does not change in the form when it is attached to base forms ending with vowel or consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples
beauty + -ify => beautify ‘ to make someone beautiful ‘ class + -ify => classify ‘ to arrange in class or group ‘
4.1.2 The Form in Karonese
4.1.2.1 The Karonese Prefix
a.The Prefix
er-The prefix er- does not chaange in the forms when attached to the base form beginning with consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples.
er- + kabeng => erkabeng ‘ to have wings ‘ er- + pemegi => erpemegi ‘ to have hearing ‘ er- + juma => erjuma ‘ to work as a farmer ‘ er- + kesah => erkesah ‘ to have breath, to breathe ‘
b.The Prefix
per-The prefix per- does not change in the forms when attached to the base forms beginning with consonants in order to form the verbs.
Examples.
per- + sada => persada to become one ‘ per- + dua => perdua to devide in half ‘ per- + telu => pertelu to devide into three’
c.The Prefix
pe-The prefix pe- does not change in the form when it is attached to the base forms beginning with consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples
pe- + lawes => pelawes ‘to ask someone to go ‘
d.The Prefix
i-The prefix i- does not change in the form when it is attched to the base forms of verbs beginning with consonants.
Examples.
i- + pekpek (verb ) => ipekpek ( verb )’ to be hit ‘ i- + tukur ( verb ) => itukur ( verb ) ‘ to be bought ‘ i- + buat ( verb ) => ibuat ( verb ) ‘ to be taken ‘ i- + ema ( verb ) => iema ( verb ) ‘ to be kissed ‘
4.1.2.2 The Karonese Suffix
a. The Suffix –i
The suffix –i does not change in the form when attahed to the base froms ending with consonants in order to form the verbs.
Examples.
lau + -i => laui ‘ to put water on ‘
tambar + -i => tambari ‘ to give medicine to ‘ kulit + -i => kuliti ‘ to remove the skin from ‘
pekpek + -i => pekpeki ‘ to hit someone or something repeatedly ‘ ema + -i => emai ‘ to kiss someone repeatedly ‘
b. The Suffix –en
Examples
kiam + -en => kiamken ‘ to all run‘ lawes + -en => lawesken ‘ to all go ‘
mbulak + -en => mbulaken ‘ to all fall down ‘ cires + -en => ciresen ‘ to leak everwhere ‘ mambur + -en => mamburen ‘ to flow everwhere ‘
c. The Suffix –ken
The suffix –ken does not change in the form when it is attahced to the base forms ending with consonants in order to form the verbs.
Examples.
kundul + -ken => kundulken ‘ sit..! ‘ lawes + -ken => lawesken ‘ go..! ‘ ngisap + -ken => ngisapken ‘ smoke..!’ ndarat + -ken => ndaratken ‘ go out ..!’ tutup + -ken => tutupken ‘ shut it ..!’ tulis + -ken => tulisken ‘ write it..!’
reh + -ken => rehken ‘ to make come, summon’
4.1.3 The Functions in English
The functions deal with the process whether the affixes change or maintain the word-class category of the words after being attached to the base forms.
4.1.3.1 The English Prefix
a.The Prefix
en-The function of the prefix en- change th word-class category of the word when attached to the base form of the adjectives
en- + large ( adjective ) => enlarge ( verb ) ‘ to make something bigger ‘ en- + rich ( adjective ) => enrich ( verb ) ‘ to make someone rich ‘ en- + able ( adjective ) => enable ( verb ) ‘ to make someone able to do
something
en- + code ( adjective ) => encode ( verb ) ‘ to put a massage into code ‘
b.The Prefix
dis-The function of the prefix dis- does not change the word-class category of the word when attached to base forms of the verbs.
Examples.
dis- + connect ( verb ) => disconnect ( verb) ‘ to detach something from something
dis- + approve ( verb ) => disapprove ( verb ) ‘ to consider something to be folish ‘
dis- + like ( verb ) => dislike ( verb ) ‘ to have difference ‘
c. The Prefix
re-The function of the prefix re- does not change the word-class category of the word when attaced to the base forms of the verbs.
Examples
re- + write ( verb ) => rewrite ( verb ) ‘to write something again in different or better way’
re- + set ( verb ) => reset ( verb )‘to place something in position again’ re- + shape ( verb ) => reshape ( verb )‘to shape or form something again
or in differen way’
re- + admit ( verb ) => readmit ( verb ) ’to allow someone to become a member of a group or an organization again’
d. The Prefix
mis-The function of the prefix mis- maintains the word-class category of the word when attached to the base forms of the verbs.
Examples.
mis- + understand ( verb ) => misunderstand ( verb ) ‘ to interpert words, instructions, etc wrongly ‘
mis- + calculate ( verb ) => miscalculate ( verb ) ‘to calculate amount, distance, measurement, etc wrongly ‘
mis- + apply ( verb ) => misapply ( verb ) ‘ to use something for the wrong purpose or in wrong way ‘
e. The Prefix
trans-The function of the prefix trans- maintains the word-class category of the verb when it is attached to the base of the verbs.
Examples.
trans- + from ( verb ) => transform ( verb )‘ to change the shape, appearance or character of something or someone completely’
trans- + migrate ( verb ) => transmigrate ( verb ) ‘ to move from one place to another’
trans- + figure ( verb ) => transfigure ( verb ) ‘ to change the appearance of something or someone as to make them/it nobler or more beautiful’
f. The Prefix
over-The function of the prefix over- maintains the word-class category of the word when attached to the base forms of the verbs.
Examples.
over- + sleep ( verb ) => oversleep ( verb ) ‘ to sleep longer or later than one intended ‘
over- + cook ( verb ) => overcook ( verb ) ‘ to cook food for longer than it is necessary ‘
over- + do ( verb ) => overdo ( verb ) ‘ to do, perfom, or express something too fully or fortoo long
too many passengers or visitors on aircraf, in a hotel, etc. ‘
g. The Prefix
sub-The function of the prefix sub- does not change the word-class category when attached to the base forms beginning with consonants in order to create the verbs
Examples
sub- + devide ( verb ) => subdevide ( verb ) ‘ to devide something or be devided into smaller devision ‘
sub- + marge ( verb ) => submarge ( verb ) ‘ to go under the surface of water ’
sub- + serve ( verb ) => subserve ( verb ) ‘ to serve as a means in promoting ’
h. The Prefix
under-The function of the prefix under- does not change the word-class category when it is attached to the base froms beginning with consonants in oder to create the verbs.
Examples
under- + estimate (verb) => underestimate (verb) ‘ to guess that amout of something is lower that it realy is ‘
under- + expose (verb) => underexpose (verb) ‘ to allow too little light to reach a film ’
i. The Prefix be-
The function of the prefix be- changes the word-class catagory when it is attached to the base forms beginning with consonats in order to form the verbs
Examples
be- + friend (noun) => befriend (verb) ‘ to make a friend of ‘
be- + devil (noun) => bedevil (verb) ‘ to seduce or to make confuse ’ be- + little (noun) => belittle (verb ) ‘ to cause to seem unimportant ‘
j. The Prefix
un-The function of the prefix un- changes the word-class catagory when it is attched to the forms beginning with consonants in order to form the verbs
Examples.
un- + load (noun ) => unload (verb) ‘ to move a thing from ‘ un- + pack (noun ) => unpack (verb)‘ to take out a thing ‘
un- + loose ( noun ) => unloose (verb)‘ to make something loose ‘
4.1.3.2 The English Suffix
a.The Suffix –en
The function of the suffix –en changes the word-class catagory when it is attached to the base forms ending with consonants in order to form the verbs
Examples.
b. The Suffix –ize
The function of the suffix –ize changes the word-class catagory when it is attached to the base forms ending with consonants in order to create the verbs
Examples.
victim (noun) + -ize => victimize (verb ) ’ to make someone suffer ‘ human (noun) + -ize => humanize (verb)‘ to make someone human’ patron (noun) + -ize => patronize (verb) ‘ to act as patron towords ‘
c. The Suffix –ify
The function of the suffix –ify changes the word-class catagory when it is attached to base forms ending with vowel or consonants in order to create the verbs
Examples
beauty (noun) + -ify => beautify (verb ) ‘ to make someone beautiful ‘ class (noun) + -ify => classify (verb)‘ to arrange in class or group ‘
amply (noun) + -ify => amplify (verb)‘ to make larger or fuller information’
4.1.4 The Functions in Karonese
The functions deal with the process whether the affixes change or maintain the word-class category of the words after being attached to the base forms
4.1.4.1 The Karonese Prefix
a.The Prefix er-
Examples.
er- + kabeng ( noun ) => erkabeng ( verb )‘ to have wings ‘ er- + pemegi (noun ) => erpemegi ( verb )‘ to have hearing ‘ er- + juma ( noun ) => erjuma ( verb )‘ to work as a farmer ‘ er- + kesah ( noun ) => erkesah ( verb )‘ to have breath, to breathe’
b. The Prefix per –
The functions of the prefix per – changes the word-class category of the word when attached to the base forms
Examples.
per- + sada ( numeral ) => persada ( verb )‘ to become one ‘ per- + dua ( numeral ) => perdua ( verb )‘ to devide in half ‘ per- + telu ( numeral ) => pertelu ( verb )‘ to devide into three’ per- + pitu ( numeral ) => perpitu ( verb )‘ to devide into seven’
c. The Prefix pe-
The function of the prefix pe- may be explained as follows:
-To change the word-class category of the words when attached to the base form of the adjective
Examples.
pe- + galang ( adjective ) => pegalang ( verb ) ‘ to make something bigger ‘ pe- + kitik ( adjective ) => pekitik ( verb )‘ to make something smaller ‘ -To maintain the word-class category of the word when attached to the base form of the verb.
Examples.
pe- + mulih ( verb ) => pemulih (verb ) ‘ to ask someone to go home’ pe- + pulung ( verb ) => pepulung ( verb ) ‘ collect..!’
d. The Prefix –i
The prefix –i does not change the word-class category when attched to the base forms of verb.
Examples.
i- + pekpek (verb ) => ipekpek ( verb )’ to be hit ‘ i- + tukur ( verb ) => itukur ( verb ) ‘ to be bought ‘ i- + buat ( verb ) => ibuat ( verb ) ‘ to be taken ‘ i- + ema ( verb ) => iema ( verb ) ‘ to be kissed ‘
4.1.4.2. The Karonese Suffix
a.The Suffix –i
The function of the suffix –i may be describeb as follows:
-To change the word-class category when attahed to the base forms of the nouns Examples.
lau (noun ) + -i => laui (verb)‘ to put water on ‘
tambar (noun ) + -i => tambari (verb)‘ to give medicine to ‘ kulit (noun ) + -i => kuliti (verb)‘ to remove the skin from ‘ -To maintain the word-class category when attached to base forms of the verbs
Pekpek (verb) + -i => pekpeki (verb)‘ to hit someone or something repeatedly ‘
b.The Suffix –en
The function of the suffix –en does not change the word-class catagory when it is attached to the base forms ending with consonants in order to create the verbs.
Examples
kiam (verb) + -en => kiamken (verb) ‘ to all run‘ lawes (verb) + -en => lawesken (verb)‘ to all go ‘
mbulak (verb) + -en => mbulaken (verb)‘ to all fall down ‘ cires (verb) + -en => ciresen (verb)‘ to leak everywhere ‘ mambur (verb) + -en => mamburen (verb)‘ to flow everywhere ‘
c.The Suffix –ken
The function of the suffix –ken does not change the word-class category when it is attahced to the base forms ending with consonants in order to form the verbs.
Examples.
kundul (verb) + -ken => kundulken (verb) ‘ sit..! ‘ lawes (verb) + -ken => lawesken (verb) ‘ go..! ‘ ngisap (verb ) + -ken => ngisapken(verb) ‘ smoke..!’ ndarat (verb) + -ken => ndaratken (verb) ‘ go out ..!’ tutup (verb) + -ken => tutupken (verb) ‘ shut it ..!’ tulis (verb) + -ken => tulisken (verb)‘ write it..!’
reh (verb) + -ken => rehken (verb)‘ to make come, summon’ tading( verb) + -ken => tadingken (verb) ‘ to make remain, to leave
behind ‘
4.1.5 The Distributions in English
The distributions deal with the types of the word-class of the base which can be attached by the affixes.
4.1.5.1 The English Prefix
a.The Prefix
en-The prefix en- may be attached to the base forms of the adjectives and the nouns. Examples
en- + large ( adjective ) => enlarge ( verb ) ‘ to make something bigger ‘ en- + rich ( adjective ) => enrich ( verb ) ‘ to make someone rich ‘ en- + able ( adjective ) => enable ( verb ) ‘ to make someone able to do
something
en- + code (noun ) => encode ( verb ) ‘ to put a massage into code ‘
b. The Prefix
dis-The prefix dis- may be attached to the base forms of the verbs and the adjectives. Examples.
dis- + connect ( verb ) => disconnect ( verb) ‘ to detach something from something
dis- + approve ( verb ) => disapprove ( verb ) ‘ to consider something to be folish ‘
dis- + like ( verb ) => dislike ( verb ) ‘ to have difference ‘
c. The Prefix
re-The prefix re- may be attached to the base forms of the verbs. Examples
re- + write ( verb ) => rewrite ( verb ) ‘to write something again in different or better way ’
re- + set ( verb ) => reset ( verb )‘to place something in position again’ re- + shape ( verb ) => reshape ( verb )‘to shape or form something again
or in differen way ’
re- + admit ( verb ) => readmit ( verb ) ’to allow someone to become a member of a group or an organization again ’
d. The Prefix
mis-The prefix mis- may be attached to the base forms of the verbs. Examples.
mis- + understand ( verb ) => misunderstand ( verb ) ‘ to interpert words, instructions, etc wrongly
mis- + calculate ( verb ) => miscalculate ( verb ) ‘to calculate amount, distance, measurement, etc wrongly
mis- + apply ( verb ) => misapply ( verb ) ‘ to use something for the wrong purpose or in wrong way
f.The Prefix
trans-The prefix trans- may be attached to the base forms of the verbs. Examples.
trans- + from ( verb ) => transform ( verb )‘ to change the shape, appearance or character of something or someone completely ’
trans- + migrate ( verb ) => transmigrate ( verb ) ‘ to move from one place to another ’
trans- + figure ( verb ) => transfigure ( verb ) ‘ to change the appearance of something or someone as to make them/it nobler or more beautiful ’
g. The Prefix
over-The prefix over- may be attached to the base forms of the verbs. Examples.
over- + sleep ( verb ) => oversleep ( verb ) ‘ to sleep longer or later than one intended ‘
over- + cook ( verb ) => overcook ( verb ) ‘ to cook food for longer than it is necessary ‘
over- + do ( verb ) => overdo ( verb ) ‘ to do, perfom, or express something too fully or fortoo long
h.The Prefix
sub-The prefix sub- may be attached to the base forms of the verbs. Examples
sub- + devide ( verb ) => subdevide ( verb ) ‘ to devide something or be devided into smaller devision
sub- + marge ( verb ) => submarge ( verb ) ‘ to go under the surface of water’
sub- + serve ( verb ) => subserve ( verb ) ‘ to serve as a means in promoting’
i.The Prefix
under-The prefix under- may be attached to the base forms of the verbs. Examples
under- + estimate (verb) => underestimate (verb) ‘ to guess that amout of something is lower that it realy is.
under- + expose (verb) => underexpose (verb) ‘ to allow too little light to reach a film’
under- + sign (verb) => undersign (verb)‘ to sign a letter at the foot ‘
j. The Prefix be-
The prefix be- may be attached to the base froms of the nouns. Examples
be- + friend (noun) => befriend (verb) ‘ to make a friend of ‘
k. The Prefix
un-The prefix un- may be attached to the base forms of the nouns. Examples.
un- + load (noun ) => unload (verb) ‘ to move a thing from ‘ un- + pack (noun ) => unpack (verb)‘ to take out a thing ‘
un- + loose ( noun ) => unloose (verb)‘ to make something loose ‘
4.1.5.2 The English Suffix
a. The Suffix –en
The suffix –en may be attached to the base forms of the nouns and the adjectives. Examples.
length (noun) + -en => lengthen (verb) ‘to make or become longer ‘ fright (noun) + -en => frighten(verb) ‘ to make or to become fright ‘ sharp (adjective) + -en => sharpen(verb) ‘ to make something sharp ‘
b. The Suffix –ize
The suffix –ize may be attached to the base forms of the nouns. Examples.
c. The Suffix –ify
The suffix –ify may be attached to the base froms of the nouns. Examples
beauty (noun) + -ify => beautify (verb ) ‘ to make someone beautiful ‘ class (noun) + -ify => classify (verb)‘ to arrange in class or group ‘
amply (noun) + -ify => amplify (verb)‘ to make larger or fuller information’
4.1.6 The Distributions in Karonese
The distributions deal with the types of the word-class of the base which can be attached by the affixes.
4.1.6.1 The Karonese Prefix
a. The Prefix er-
The prefix er- may be attached to the base forms of the nouns. Examples.
er- + kabeng ( noun ) => erkabeng ( verb )‘ to have wings ‘ er- + pemegi (noun ) => erpemegi ( verb )‘ to have hearing ‘ er- + juma ( noun ) => erjuma ( verb )‘ to work as a farmer ‘ er- + kesah ( noun ) => erkesah ( verb )‘ to have breath, to breathe ‘
b. The Prefix per –
The prefix per – may be attached to the base forms of the numerals. Examples.
per- + telu ( numeral ) => pertelu ( verb )‘ to devide into three’ per- + pitu ( numera ) => perpitu ( verb )‘ to devide into seven’
c. The Prefix pe-
The prefix pe- may be attached to the base forms of the verb and the adjectives. Examples.
pe- + galang ( adjective ) => pegalang ( verb ) ‘ to make something bigger ‘ pe- + kitik ( adjective ) => pekitik ( verb )‘ to make something smaller ‘ pe- + lawes ( verb ) => pelawes ( verb ) ‘to ask someone to go ‘
d. The Prefix –i
The prefix –i may be attached to the base forms of the verbs. Examples.
4.1.6.2 The Karonese suffix
a. The Suffix –i
The suffix –i may be attached to the base froms of the nouns and the verbs Examples.
lau (noun ) + -i => laui (verb)‘ to put water on ‘
tambar (noun ) + -i => tambari (verb)‘ to give medicine to ‘ kulit (noun ) + -i => kuliti (verb)‘ to remove the skin from ‘ Pekpek (verb) + -i => pekpeki (verb)‘ to hit someone or something
repeatedly ‘
ema (verb) + -i => emai (verb)‘ to kiss someone repeatedly ‘
b. The Suffix –en
The suffix –en may be attached to the base forms of the verbs. Examples
kiam (verb) + -en => kiamken (verb) ‘ to all run‘ lawes (verb) + -en => lawesken (verb)‘ to all go ‘
mbulak (verb) + -en => mbulaken (verb)‘ to all fall down ‘ cires (verb) + -en => ciresen (verb)‘ to leak everywhere ‘ mambur (verb) + -en => mamburen (verb)‘ to flow everywhere ‘
c. The Suffix –ken
The suffix –ken may be attached to the base froms of the verbs. Examples.
ngisap (verb ) + -ken => ngisapken(verb) ‘ smoke..!’ ndarat (verb) + -ken => ndaratken (verb) ‘ go out ..!’ tutup (verb) + -ken => tutupken (verb) ‘ shut it ..!’ tulis (verb) + -ken => tulisken (verb)‘ write it..!’
reh (verb) + -ken => rehken (verb)‘ to make come, summon’ tading( verb) + -ken => tadingken (verb) ‘ to make remain, to leave
behind ‘
belin (verb) + -ken => belinken (verb) ‘ to make big ‘
4.1.7 The Meanings or Notions in English
The notions deal with the meaning of the affixes after being attached to the base forms
4.1.7.1 The English Prefix
a.The Prefix
en-The meaning of the prefix en- may be considered as follows:
- To state the meaning of ‘ to make ’ of what is mentioned in the base forms. Examples.
en- + rich => enrich ‘ to make someone rich ‘
en- + able => enable ‘ to make someone able to do something ‘ en- + large => enlarge ‘ to become or make something larger ’
-To state the meaning of ‘put into’ of what is mentioned in the base froms. Examples.
b. The Prefix
dis-The meaning of the prefix dis- is to state the meaning of ‘not’ or ‘opposite’ of what is mentioned in the base forms
Examples
dis- + connect => disconnect ‘ to detach something from something ‘ dis- + approve => disapproce ‘ to consider something to be foolish ‘ dis- + lilke => dislike ‘ to have difference ‘
dis- + able => disable ‘ to make someone unable to do something ‘
c. The Prefix
over-The meaning of the prefix over- is to state the meaning of ‘too’ of what is mentioned in the base forms.
Examples.
over- + sleep => oversleep ‘ to sleep longer or later than one intended ‘ over- + cook => overcook ‘ to cook food for longer than it is necessary ‘ over- + do => overdo ‘ to do, perfom, or express something too fully or for
too long
over- + book => overbook’ to reserve seats, rooms, etc for too many
d. The Prefix
trans-The meaning of the prefix trans- may be described as follows.
-To state the meaning of ‘to change ‘ of what is mentioned in the base form. Examples.
trans- + from => transform ‘ to change the shape, appearance or character of something or someone completely ’
trans- + figure => transfigure ‘ to change the appearance of something or someone as to make them/it nobler or more beautiful ‘ -To state the meaning of ‘ to move from ‘of what is mentioned in the base form.
Examples.
trans- + migrate => transmigrate ‘ to move from one place to another ’
e. The Prefix
re-The meaning of the prefix re- is to state the meaning of ‘ again of what is mentioned in the base forms.
Examples
re- + write => rewrite ‘to write something again in different or better way ’
re- + set => reset ‘ to place something in position again ‘
re- + shape => reshape‘to shape or form something again or in different way ’
f. The Prefix
mis-The meaning of the prefix mis- is to state the meaning of ‘badly or wrong’ of what is mentioned in the base forms
Examples
mis- + understand => misunderstand ‘ to interpert words, instructions, etc wrongly ‘
mis- + calculate => miscalculate ‘to calculate amount, distance, measurement, etc wrongly ‘
mis- + apply => misapply ‘ to use something for the wrong purpose or in wrong way ‘
mis- + behave => misbehave’ to behave wrongly ‘
g. The Prefix
sub-The meaning of the prefix sub- may be described as follows.
-To state the meaning of ‘smaller’ of what is mentioned in the base forms. Examples
sub- + devide => subdevide ‘ to devide something or be devided into smaller devision ‘
-To state the meaning of ‘under’ of what is mentioned in the base forms Examples.
h. The Prefix
under-The meaning of the prefix under- is to state the meaning of ‘ less’ or ‘ lower’ of what is mentioned in the base forms.
Examples
under- + estimate => underestimate ‘ to guess that amout of something is lower that it realy is.
under- + expose => underexpose ‘ to allow too little light to reach a film’ under- + sign => undersign ‘ to sign a letter at the foot ‘
i. The Prefix
be-The meaning of the prefix be- may be described as follows.
-To state the meaning of ‘ to make or to cause‘ of what is meantioned in the base forms.
Examples
be- + friend => befriend ‘ to make a friend of ‘
be- + devil => bedevil ‘ to seduce or to make confuse ’ be- + little => belittle ‘ to cause to seem unimportant ‘
j. The Prefix
un-The meaning of the prefix un- may be described as follws.
-To state the meaning of ‘remove’of what is mentioned in the base forms. Examples.
un- + load => unload ‘ to move a thing from ‘
un- + pack => unpack ‘ to take out a thing ‘
-To state the meaning of ‘ to make ‘ of what is mentioned in the base forms Examples.
un- + loose => unloose ‘ to make something loose ‘
4.1.7.2 The English Suffix
a. The Suffix –en
The meaning of the suffix –en is to state the meaning of ‘ to make ‘ of what is mentioned in the base forms
Examples.
length + -en => lengthen ‘to make or become longer ‘ fright + -en => frighten ‘ to make or to become fright ‘ sharp + -en => sharpen ‘ to make something sharp ‘
b. The Suffix –ize
The suffix –ize may be described as follows.
-To state the meaning of ‘to make’ of what is mentioned in the base forms. Examples.
victim + -ize => victimize ’ to make someone suffer ‘ human + -ize => humanize ‘ to make someone human ’
-To state the meaning of ‘ to act with qualities ‘ of what is mentioned in the base forms
Examples
c. The Suffix –ify
The suffix –ify may be described as follows
-To state the meaning of ‘ to make ‘ of what is mentioned in the base forms. Examples
beauty + -ify => beautify ‘ to make someone beautiful ‘
amply + -ify => amplify ‘ to make larger or fuller information ‘
-To state the meaning of ‘ to arrange in ‘ of what is mentioned in the base forms. Examples.
class + -ify => classify ‘ to arrange in class or group ‘
4.1.8 The Meanings or Notions in Karonese
The notions deal with the meaning of the affixes after being attached to the base forms.
4.1.8.1 The Karonese Prefix
a. The Prefix er-
The meaning of the prefix er- may be described as follows.
-To state the meaning of ‘ to have ‘ of what is mentioned in the base forms. Examples.
er- + kabeng => erkabeng‘ to have wings ‘ er- + pemegi => erpemegi ‘ to have hearing ‘
er- + kesah => erkesah ‘ to have breath, to breathe ’
-To state the meaning of ‘to work’ of what is mentioned in the base forms. Examples.
