A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Minangkabaunese Language

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND

MINANGKABAUNESE LANGUAGE

A THESIS

BY:

SAFRIYENI

NO REG. 080721039

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDMENTS ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Analysis………. 1

1.2 The Scope of the Analysis……… 3

1.3 The Problem of the Analysis………. 3

1.4 The Objectives of the Analysis………. 4

1.5 The Significance of the Analysis……….. 4

1.6 The Review of Related Literature……….. 4

CHAPTER II : THE THEORITICAL OVERVIEW ANALYSIS 2.1 A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis ……….. 6

2.2. Morphology……….. 8

2.3. Morpheme and Word……… 8

2.3.1 Morpheme……….. 8

2.3.2 Word……… 10

CHAPTER III : METHODE OF THE ANALYSIS 3.1 Research Method……….. 11

3.2 Data Collecting……….. 12

CHAPTER IV : DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1. English Prefixes……… 13 4.2 Minangkabaunese Prefixes………. 25 4.3 Analysis……….. 38 CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

ABSTRAK

ABSTRAK

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1.The Background of the Analysis

One of Linguistic aspects concerns with language is contrastive analysis. Contrastive Analysis describes the similarities and differences of language aspects from two or more languages than are compared of analyze the correspondences and non correspondences between languages in contact aspects of language con-cerned at some or all expressions level.

Contrastive Analysis is attempts to analyze the correspondences and non correspondences between languages in contact, at some or all expression levels. The primary is the examination of systematic correspondences and non corres-pondences between aspects of language concerned (Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan,

membuk-tikan, dan menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari

dua bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan) (Ridwan, 1996:3).

Contrastive Analysis is the methode of analysis where by the differences and the similarities of two more languages (or subsystem of language) are made explicit (Naibaho, 2006:1).

function and meaning held by the two languages. In addition, the similarities and

differences would be seen wheter the affixes are correspondences, partly corres-pondences, or non-correspondences.

It has been known that prefixes are the types of affixes. “An Affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to other or morphemes such as a root or stem or base”. (Katamba 1993: 4).

Affix is categorized as bound morpheme because it can not stand alone and should be attached to the root or stem or base. It is also the same with prefix because it was said above that prefixes are the types of affix. Prefix is an affix that is added to the front of root or stem (Hartman, 1972 : 101)

An affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme such as root or stem or base. (Katamba, 1993:44)

The writer wants to analyze prefixes of English and Minangkabaunese language in terms of findings the similarities and the differences. These two fea-tures will be investigated in the aspect of the form, distribution, function, and meaning held by two languages. In addition, the similarities and differences would be seen wheter the affixes are correspondences, partly correspondences or non correspondences.

Longitude, and 101˚5 3 East Long itu d e, beside the North with North Su mate ra Regency, and beside the west with Indonesian Ocean.

The writer choose Minangkabaunese language to be analyzed because this language that contrast to English has differences, similarities in both languages and the other reason is the writer come from Minangkabaunese family. All or these points are taken in order to contrast English and Minangkabaunese language in prefixes. English language has been regarded as an international language and it is widely used in many text books and giving information in all over the world. So, English language is very important to studied in order promote Minangkabau-nese language in international world.

1.2. Scope of the Analsis

In this analysis the writer concentrates on the contrastive analysis between English and Minangkabaunese prefixes which concentrates in the aspect of form, distribution, function, meaning. The writer limited the analysis on several prefixes in English and Minangkabaunese language.

1.3. Problem of the Analysis

a. What are the kinds of Prefixes in English and Minangkabaunese language. b. How the forms, the functions, the meaning, the distribution between

1.4. Objectives of the Analysis

a. To find out the kinds of prefixes in English and Minangkabaunese lan-guage.

b. To Analyze the forms, the functions, the meanings, the distributions be-tween English and Minangkabaunese language.

1.5. Significance of the Analysis

The significance of this analysis are:

a. To find out the correspondences, partly-correspondences and non-correspondences from aspect of form, distribution, function and meaning. b. To give the readers and explanation about Contrastive Analysis between

English and Minangkabaunese in prefixes.

c. This Contrastive Analysis can be enrich the linguistics science.

1.6. Review of Related Literature.

In supporting the idea of the analysis, the writer has read thesis and book as the guidance which are relevant to the topic.

prefixes in different target language from the aspect of form, distribution, function and meaning in order to find out the correspondences, partly correspondences and non-correspondences.

Cristy (2004), in her thesis entitled Affixation in English and Palembang Malay Language: A Contrastive Analysis. She Analyzes the prefixes and suffixes in both language from the aspect of form, distribution, function and meaning. Af-ter analyzing she finally finds that prefixes in both language correspondences in form, partly correspondences in distributions, correspondences in function, and the prefixes in both language are non-correspondences in meaning. While the suf-fixes in both language correspondences in form, partly correspondences in distri-bution, correspondences in function and the suffixes in both language are non-correspondences in meaning. The writer uses this thesis as reference because there is a slight similarity with the writer analysis.

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive Analysis is attempts to analyze the correspondences and non correspondences between languages in contact, at some or all expression levels. The primary is the examination of systematic correspondences and non correspondences between aspects of language concerned (Analisis Kontrastif ada-lah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan,

membuktikan, dan menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek

kebaha-saan dari dua bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan) (Ridwan, 1998 : 8).

According to Ridwan (1998 : 8), the goals of contrastive analysis are:  To find out the correspondence

 To find out the partly – correspondence  To find out non – correspondence

Correspondence means that there are similarities found between the source and target language the writer analyzes. Partly correspondences means that there are some similarities between the source and target language, but not in whole part. While non – correspondence is there is no similarities found between the source and target language. (Mouren, 2004:10)

need to compare for analyzing the words which are attached by prefixes. They are: form, distribution, function, and meaning.

a. Form.

In form the writer will discuss about the change of the prefixes after being attached to the bases. It can be prefixes that attached to base form which start with vowel or consonant phoneme. Vowel phoneme is the vocal sounds made without audible stopping of the breath such as a, i, u, e, o”. While, Consonant is speech sound produced by abstracting of impending the passage of air at the same point in the vocal tract above glottis. There are 21 consonant letters in the written al-phabet b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t v, w, x y, z. In form the writer will analyze in vowel and consonant.

b. Distribution.

In distribution, the writer analyzes the distribution of the word classes con-sist verb, noun, adjective and numeral of the base form that can be attached with prefixes or not.

c. Function

In function, the writer discuss the process wheter the prefixes change of maintain the word-class category of the words after being attached to base form.

d. Meaning

2.2. Morphology

There are many definition of morphology that we can find in linguistic books. Each of them has different explanation, but of course this distinction not in its meaning the linguist has the same sense in describing morphology. To clarify about morphology the writer would mention some lingu ist idea about it.

Morphology is the study of how words are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts”. (Jannedy , 1994: 134).

Morphology includes the stock of segmental morphemes and the ways in which word are built out of them” (Hockett, 1958 :177).

All definitions above finally give a clear explanation that morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and of the rules by which words are formed. By morphology, we can analyze the most elemental unit of grammatical form which is called morpheme. Every word in every language is composed from one or more morphemes.

2.3. Morpheme and Word 2.3.1. Morpheme

Morphology emphasizes to morpheme cannot be ignored. Some defini-tions of morpheme ca be seen below:

Morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of (Katamba, 1993: 60).

Morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function (Yule, 1985: 60).

The morpheme is the smallest deference in the shape of a wordk that cor-relates with the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammati-cal structure (Katamba, 1993:24).

English Language

Prefix Base form un- happy Minangkabau Language

Prefix Base form sa- bungkuih

So, from those quotations above it may conclude that morpheme is the mi-nimal distinctive unit of grammar, and the central of morphology.

According to Ridwan (1997: 75) classifies morpheme into 2 dimensions. They are:

 Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. It must be

at-tached to the base form. It has the meaning that related to grammatical meaning. It is always attached to other morpheme.

A morpheme may also be called an independent form and it has lexical meaning. Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone. Free pheme cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful units, other mor-phemes such as affixes can be attached to it.

2.3.2. Word

Words are usually the easiest units to identify in the written language. In most languages, they are entities that have spaces on either side, a few languages use word dividers, and some do not separate words at all. It is more difficult to decide what words are in the stream of speech, especially in a language that has never been written down. But there problems even in language like English.

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS

3.1 Research Method

In this thesis the writer applies contrastive analysis method. Contrastive Analysis is a method of linguistic analysis that tries to describe, prove, and ana-lyze the dissimilarities and similarities of audio-lingual aspects of two or more contrasted languages (“Analysis kontrastif adalah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistic yang berusaha mendiskripsikan, membuktikan, dan menguraikan

per-bedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua bahasa atau lebih

yang dibandingkan”) (Ridwan 1998 : 8).

Since this analysis is involving two languages by doing contrastive analy-sis, therefore the writer applies is contrastive analysis by describing the prefixes which are attached to base form from the aspect of form, distribution, function and meaning between English and Minangkabaunese language and also contrasting them in order to find out the correspondences, partly correspondences and non-correspondences.

3.2. Data Collecting Method

The collecting data is very important. In this analysis, the writer analyzes English and Minangkabaunese languages in prefixes which are attached to base form from the aspect of form, distribution, function, and meaning. The writer col-lects some references which are related to this thesis. The book that the writer used for the data in Minangkabaunese language is Kamus Minang – Indonesia by H. Abdul Kadir Usman dt yang dipatuan et.al (2002) and the book that the writer used for the in English is Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary by A S Hornby (1995).

3.3. The Technique of Analyzing Data

In accomplishing the thesis, the writer does several steps, they are:

 Collecting the prefixes which are attached to the base form both in English

and Minangkabaunese language.

 Selecting the data belongs to prefixes of English and Minangkabaunese

language.

 Describing the prefixes which are attached to the base form both in

Eng-lish and Minangkabaunese language in the aspect of form, distribution, function and meaning.

 Making the contrastive analysis of the data in aspect of form, distribution,

CHAPTER IV

DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 English Prefixes

Basically, the English has more prefixes than Minangkabaunese prefixes. However in this thesis, the writer analyze six prefix in English

 Prefix re-  Prefix en-  Prefix un-  Prefix co-  Prefix mis-  Prefix hyper-

4.1.1 Prefix re- a Form

prefix re- does not have any change when it is attached to the base be-ginning with vowel or consonant phonemes.

 Vowel

Examples: re- + adjust readjust ‘to adjust again’ re- + action reaction ‘to action again’

 Consonant

b Distribution

Prefix re- may be attached to the base as follows:  Verb

Examples: re- + write (V) rewrite ‘to write again’ re- + organize (V) reorganize ‘to organize again’ Noun

Examples: re- + cycle (N) recycle ‘to treat things can be used again’

re- + dress (N) redress ‘correct that is wrong’  Adjective

Examples: re- + fresh (Adj) refresh ‘to make fresh again’ re- + fine (Ajd) refine ‘to make s substance pure’

c Function

The function of prefix re- may describe as follows:  To form Verb from Noun

Examples: re- + cycle (N) recycle ‘ to treat things can be used again’

re- + dress (N) redress ‘to treat things can be used again’

 The function of prefix re- does not have any change the word class if

Examples: re- + examine (V) reexamine (V) ‘to examine about again’ re- + order (V) reorder (V) ‘to order again’

 To form Verb from Adjective

Examples: re- + fresh (Adj) refresh (V) ‘to make fresh again’ re- + fine (Adj) refine (V) to make a substance pure’

d Meaning

 To indicate the meaning of ‘to do again’

Examples: re- + write rewrite ‘to write again’ re- + play replay ‘to play again’

4.1.2 Prefix en- a. Form

 Vowel

Examples: en- + able enable ‘to make able to do something’ en- + act enact ‘to make act to do somethig’  Consonant

Examples: en- + close enclose ‘ en- + danger endanger ‘

change into em-. When it is attached to the base form beginning with phonemes /p/ or /b/.

Examples: en- + balm embalm ‘doing aplly balm’

en- + power empower ‘to give power or authority to act’

b. Distribution

prefix en- may be attached to the base form as follows:  Noun

Examples: en- + core (N) encore ‘repeat performance’ en- + danger (N) endanger ‘ to put in danger’  Adjective

Examples: en- + able (Adj) enable ‘to make ale to do’ en- + large (Adj) enlarge ‘to make large’

c. Function

The function of prefix en- may be described as follows:  To form Verb from Noun

Examples: en- + tomb (N) entomb (V) ‘to place in a tomb’ en- + danger (N) endanger (V) ‘ to put in danger’

 To form Verb from Adjective

d. Meaning

The meaning of prefix en- may be described as follows:

 To indicate the meaning of ‘doing an action’ relating to what is mentioned

in the base form.

Examples: en- + balm embalm ‘doing apply balm’ en- + crust encrust ‘cover with crust’

 To indicate the meaning of ‘make into’ what is mentioned in the base

form

Examples: en- + rich enrich ‘ make rich or richer’ en- + sure ensure ‘make sure’

 To indicate the meaning of ‘put into’ of what is mentioned in the base

form.

Examples: en- + code encode ‘put into a code’ en- + title entitle put into title’

4.1.3 Prefix un- a. Form

Prefix un- does not have any change when it is attached to the base form beginning with vowel and consonant phonemes.

 Vowel

un- + aware unaware ‘no aware’  Consonant

Examples: un- + conscious unconscious ‘not conscious’ un- + belief unbelief ‘not belief’

b. Distribution

Prefix un- may be attached to the base form as follows:  Noun

Examples: un- + hinge (N) unhinge ‘to take (a door, gate) from the hinge’

un- + cork (N) uncork ‘remove the cork from the’

 Adjective

Examples: un- + real (Adj) unreal ‘not related to reality’ un- + natural (Adj) unnatural ‘not natural

c. Function

The function of prefix un- may be described as follows:

 Prefix un- does not any change the world class if it attached to the

base form of adjective

Examples: un- + cork (N) uncork (V) ‘remove the cork from the’ un- + hinge (N) unhinge (V) ‘take (a door, gate) from the hinge’

d. Meaning.

 To indicate the meaning of ‘not’

Examples: un- + happy unhappy ‘not happy’ un- + popular unpopular ‘not popular’  To indicate the meaning of ‘remove’

Examples: un- + dress undress ‘remove the clothes’ un- + cork uncork ‘remove the cork from the’

4.1.4 Prefix co- a. Form

Prefix co- does not have any change when it is attached to the base be-ginning with vowel and consonant phonemes.

 Vowel

Examples: co- + exist coexist ‘exist together at the same time’ co- + operate cooperat ‘work together’

 Consonant

Examples: co- + habit cohabit ‘ live together’

b. Distribution

Prefix co- may be attached to the base form as follows:  Noun

Examples: co- + habit (N) cohabit ‘ live together’

co- + incident (N) coincident ‘incident in the same time’  Verb

Examples: co- + operate (V) cooperate ‘work together for a common pur-pose’

co- + exist (V) coexist ‘exist at the same time’ c. Function

The function of prefix co- may be described as follows:  To form Verb from Noun

Examples: co- + habit (N) cohabit (V) ‘ live together’

 Prefix co- does not have any change the word class if it is attached

to the base form of verb.

Examples: co- + operate (V) cooperate (V) ‘work together for a common purpose’

co- + exist (V) coexist (V) ‘exist at the same time’

d. Meaning.

 To indicate the meaning of ‘togetherness’ of what is mentioned in

the base

Examples: co - + habit cohabit ‘live together’

co- + operate cooperate ‘work together for a common puspose’

 To indicate the meaning of ‘in the same time’ of what is mentioned

in base

Examples: co- + exist coexist ‘exist at the same time’ co- + incident coincident ‘incident in the same time’

4.1.5 Prefis mis- a. Form

Prefix mis- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes.

 Vowel

Examples: mis- + use misuse ‘ use in the wrongly’

mis- + understand misunderstand ‘to understand wrongly’

 Consonant

b. Distribution

Prefix mis- may be attached to the base as follows:  Noun

Examples: mis- + fortune (N) misfortune ‘bad luck’ mis- + print (N) misprint ‘mistake in print’  Verb

Examples: mis- + understand (V) misunderstand ‘fall to understand cor-rectly’

mis- + read (V) miread ‘to read wrongly’

c. Function

Prefix function of prefix mis- may described as follows:

 The function of prefix mis- does not have change the word class if

it attached to the form of verb.

Examples: mis- + read (V) misread ‘to read wrongly’

mis- + understand (V) misunderstand ‘fall to understand cor-rectly’

 The function of prefix mis- does not have change the word class if

it attached to the form of noun.

d. Meaning

The meaning of prefix mis- can be describe as follows:  To indicate the meaning of ‘wrong’

Examples: mis- + type mistype ‘mistake in type’ mis- + print misprint ‘mistake in print’  To indicate the meaning of ‘badly’

Examples: mis- + fortune misfortune ‘bad luck’

4.1.6 Prefix hyper- a. Form

Prefix hyper- does not have any change it is attached to the base form beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes.

 Vowel

Examples: hyper- + active hyperactive ‘excessively active’  Consonant

Examples: hyper- + market hypermarket ‘very large shop’

hyper + sensitive hypersensitive ‘‘having extremely sensi-tive feelings’

b. Distribution

 Adjective

hyper- + active (Adj) hyperactive ‘excessively active’  Noun

Examples: hyper- + market (N) hypermarket ‘very large shop’ hyper- + tension (N) hypertension ‘high blood pressure’

c. Function

 Prefix hyper- does not have any change the world class if it is

at-tached to the base form of adjective.

Examples: hyper- + sensitive (Adj) hypersensitive (Adj) ‘‘having extremely sensitive feelings’

hyper- + active (Adj) hyperactive (Adj) ‘excessively active’

 Prefix hyper- does not have any change the world class if it is

at-tached to the base form of noun

Examples: hyper- + tension (N) hypertension (N) ‘high blood pressure’ hyper- + market (N) hypermarket (N) ‘very large shop’

d. Meaning

Prefix hyper- has the meaning as follows ‘excessive degree’ Examples: hyper- + active hyperactive ‘excessively active’

4.2 Description Of Minangkabaunese Prefixes

There are five Minangkabaunese prefixes listed by the writer in this thesis and will be described as follows:

 Prefix sa –  Prefix ta –  Prefix ma –  Prefix pa –  Prefix ba-

The writer compiled this prefixes from Tata Bahasa Minangkabau (Rahayu, 1998:66)

4.2.1 Prefix sa – a. Form

Prefix sa – does not have any change. If it attach to base form which be-ginning with vowel and consonant phonemes.

 Vowel

Examples : sa- + ikek ‘bundle’ saikek ‘a bundle’ sa + urek ‘root’ saurek ‘a root’  Consonant

Examples: sa- + bungkuih ‘wrap’ sabungkuih ‘a wrap’ sa- + piriang ‘plate’ sapiriang ‘ a plate’ b. Distribution

Examples: sa- + cambuang (N) ‘bowl’ sacambuang ‘a bowl’ sa- + sendok (N) ‘spoon’ sasendok ‘a spoon’  Adjective

Examples: sa- + manih (Adj) ‘sweet’ samanih ‘as sweet as’ sa- + rancak(Adj) ‘beauty’ sarancak ‘as beauty as’ c. Function

The prefixes sa- does not change the word class if it is attached to the base form of adjective and noun.

Examples: sa- + rancak(Adj) ‘beuty’ sarancak (Adj) ‘ as beauty as’ sa- + paik (Adj) ‘bitter’ sapaik (Adj) ‘as bitter as’ d. Meaning

Prefix Sa- has the meaning as follows:  To indicate the meaning of ‘comparative’

Examples: sa- + ketek ‘ small’ saketek ‘as small as’ sa- + rancak ‘ beauty’ sarancak ‘as beauty as’

To indicate the meaning of ‘to show one’

Examples: sa- + mangkuak ‘bowl’ samangkuak ‘one bowl’ sa- + tangka i ‘stalk’ satangkai ‘one stalk’

Prefix ta- does not have any change. If it attach to base form which be-ginning with vowel and consonant phonemes.

 Vowel

Examples ta- + ambiak ‘take’ taambiak ‘takes’ ta- + ato’ ‘arrange’ taato ‘regulated’  Consonant

Examples: : ta- + hebat ‘great’ tahebat ‘greatest’ ta- + ketek ‘small’ taketek ‘smallest’ b Distribution

Prefix ta – may be attached to the base form as follows:  Noun

Examples: ta- + guntiang (N) ‘scissor’ taguntiang ‘to be scissored acci-dently’

ta- + sapu (N) ‘broom’ tasapu ‘swept accidently’  Verb.

Examples: ta- + masak (V) ‘cook’ tamasak ‘to be cook accidently’ ta- + lalok (V) ‘sleep’ talalok ‘to be slept accidently’  Adjective

Examples: ta- + gadang (Adj) ‘big’ tagadang ‘the biggest’ ta- + rancak (Adj) ‘beauty’ tarancak ‘the beautiful’

The function of prefix ta- may be described as follows:  To Form Verb from Noun

Examples: ta- + guntiang (N) ‘scissor’ taguntiang (V) ‘to be scissored acci-dently’

ta- + garudan (N) ‘grater’ tagarudan (V) ‘to be grated accidently’ Prefix ta- does not have any change the word class if it attached to the base form of verb.

Examples: ta- + bao (Verb) ‘bring’ tabao (Verb) ‘to be brought accidently’ ta- + kecek (Verb) ‘talk’ takecek (Verb) ‘to be talked accident-ly’

Prefix ta- does not have any change the word class if it is attached to the base form Adjective.

Examples: ta- + ketek (Adj) ‘small’ taketek (Adj) ‘smallest’ ta- + gadang (Adj) ‘big’ tagadang (Adj) ‘biggest’ d.Meaning

The meaning of prefix ta- can be describe as follows:  To indicate the meaning ‘to do an action accidently’

Examples: ta- + caliak ‘see’ tacaliak ‘to be saw accidently’ ta- + bao ‘bring’ tabaok ‘to be brought accidently’ 4.2.3 Prefix ba-

a. Form

 Vowel

Examples: ba + urek ‘root’ baurek ‘have roots’ ba- + iciah ‘slice’ baiciah ‘to slice’  Consonant

Examples: ba- + sarawa ‘pants’ basarawa ‘to wear pants’ ba- + baju ‘dress’ babaju ‘to wear dress’ b. Distribution

Prefix ba- may be attached to the base form as follows:  Noun

Examples: ba- + sampan (N) ‘boat basampan (V) to ride a boat’ ba- + sipeda (N) basipeda (V) ‘ to ride cycle’  Verb

Examples: ba- + jalan (V) ‘walk’ bajalan (V) ‘to walk’ ba- + main (V) ‘play’ bamain (V) ‘to played’  Numeral

Examples: ba- + ratuih (Num) ‘hundred’ baratuih ‘sum of hundred’ ba- + ribu (Num) ‘thousand’ baribu ‘sum of thousand’  Adjective

Examples: ba- + sampik (Adj) ‘narrow’ basampik ‘to do narrow one to another’

ba- + paneh (Adj) ‘warm’ bapaneh ‘expose someone to sun’ c. Function

 To form Verb from Noun

Examples: ba- + bendi (N) ‘stain’ babendi (V) ‘to ride a stain’

ba- + sawah (N) ‘wet rice field’ basawah (V) ‘working in the wet rice field’

 To form Adjective from Noun

Examples: ba- + pitih (N) ‘money’ bapitih (Ajd) ‘have much money’ ba- + lado (N) ‘chili’ balado (Adj) ‘containing chili’

Prefix ba- does not have any change the word class if it is attached to the base form of verb.

Examples: ba- + main (V) ‘play’ bamain (V) ‘to played’ ba- + lari (V) ‘run’ balari (V) ‘to ran’  To form Verb from Adjective

Examples : ba- + sampik (Adj) ‘narrow’ basampik (V) to do narrow one to another’

ba- + paneh (Adj) ‘warm’ bapaneh (V) ‘expose someone to sun’ d. Meaning

The meaning of prefix ba- may be described as follows:  To indicate the meaning of ‘owning’ or ‘possession’

Examples: ba- + urek ‘mind’ baurek ‘having mind’ ba- + pitih ‘money’ bapitih ‘ have much money’  To indicate the meaning of ‘to do an action’

To indicate the meaning of ‘to use or wear’

Examples: ba- + sarawa ‘pants’ basarawa ‘ wearing pants’ ba- + baju ‘dress’ babaju ‘ wearing dress’  To indicate the meaning of ‘mutual or one to another’

Examples: ba- + ribu ‘thousand’ baribu ‘sum of thousand’ ba- + ratuih ‘hundred’ baratuih ‘sum of hundred’

4.2.4 Prefix pa-

Prefix has some allomorphs. It may be change into pam-, pan-, pa-ny-, pang-, and par-

 Prefix pa- is changed into pam- if it is attached to the base form

begin-ning with consonant b/ p/ and /f/ the base form begins with phoneme /p/ assimilated when it is attached with prefix pa-

Examples: pa- + kecek ‘talk’ pangecek ‘talker’ pa- + fitnah ‘slender’ pamfitnah ‘slenderer’ pa- + pinta ‘spinning’ paminta ‘spinning wheel’

 Prefix pa- is changed into pan- if it is attached to the base form

begin-ning with /t/, d/, c/, j/ and the base form begins with phoneme /t/ assimi-lated when it is attached with prefix pa-

pa- + jua ‘sell’ panjua ‘seller’

 Prefix pa- is change into pany- if it is attached to the base form

begin-ning with consonant /s/ and phoneme /s/ assimilated when it is at-tached with prefix pa-

Examples: pa- + sasah ‘wash’ panyasah ‘tool that use for wash’ pa- + sapu ‘sweep’ panyapu ‘ sweeper’

 Prefix pa- is change into pang- if it is attached to the base form

begin-ning with vowel /i/, u/,a/, e/ and also with consonant / h/, k/ Examples: pa- + hiaih ‘decorate’ pangiaih ‘decorator’

pa- + aluih ‘refine’ pangaluih ‘refiner’ pa- + indiak ‘pound’ pangindiak ‘pounder’ pa- + edang ‘serve’ pangedang ‘server’ pa- + ubek ‘medicine’ pangubek ‘healer’ pa - + kukua ‘grate’ pangukua ‘grater’

 Prefix pa- does not change if it is attached to the base form beginning

with consonant /l/ , n/, m/, o/ and /w/

Examples: pa- + lupo ‘forget’ palupo ‘forgetful person’ pa- + nasihat ‘advise’ panasihat ‘adviser’ pa- + manih ‘sweet’ pamanih ‘sweeter’ pa- + ota ‘brag’ paota ‘braggart’

b. Distribution

prefix pa- may be attached to the base form as follows:  Noun

Examples: pa- + sapu ‘broom’ panyapu ‘sweeper’

pa- + catua ‘chess’ pancatua ‘the person who plays chess’  Verb

Examples: pa- + masak (V) ‘cook’ pamasak ‘cooker’ pa- + lari (V) ‘run’ palari ‘runner’  Adjective

Examples: pa- + buruak (Adj) ‘ugly’ paburuak ‘uglier’ pa- + rancak (Adj) ‘beuty’ parancak ‘beautiful’ c. Function

The function of prefix pa- can be describe as follows:  To form Noun Verb

Examples: pa- + masak (V) ‘cook’ pamasak (N) ‘cooker’ pa- + kukua (V) ‘grate’ pangukua (N) ‘grater’  To form Noun from Adjective

Examples : pa- + lambuik (Adj) ‘soft’ palambuaik (N) ‘softener’ pa- + manih (Adj) ‘sweet’ pamanih (N) ‘sweetener’

Prefix pa- does not have any change the word class if it is attached to the base form of noun.

pa- + sapu (N) ‘broom’ panyapu (N) ‘sweeper’ d. Meaning

The meaning of prefix pa- can be describe as follows:  To indicate the meaning of ‘tools or something’

Examples: pa- + sapu ‘broom’ panyapu ‘ sweeper’

pa- + sasah ‘wash’ panyasah ‘tool that use for wash’  To indicate the meaning of ‘person’

Examples : pa- + nyanyi ‘sing’ panyanyi ‘ singer’ pa- + cilok ‘thief’ pancilok ‘thief’ To indicate the meaning of ‘like’

Examples: pa- + gulo ‘sugar’ panggulo ‘a lover of sugar’ pa- + kopi ‘coffe’ pangopi ‘a lover of coffe’  To indicate the meaning of ‘character someone’

Examples: pa- + lupo ‘forget’ palupo ‘forgetful person’

pa- + lado ‘chili palado ‘the person who like chili’ 4.2.5 Prefix ma-

Prefix ma- has some allomorphs. It may be changed into mam-, man-, many-, mang-, and manga-.

 Prefix ma- is change into mam- if it is attached to the base form

begin-ning with consonant /b/, p/, f/. The base form that begins with phoneme /p/ assimilated when it is attached with prefix ma-

Examples: ma- + bali ‘buy’ mambali ‘ to buy’

ma- + buka ‘open’ mambuka ‘to open’ ma- + putiah ‘white’ pamutiah ‘become white’

 Prefix ma- is change into mam- if it is attached to the base form

begin-ning with consonant /t/, d/, c/ and /j/. The base form begins with pho-neme /t/ assimilated when it is attached with prefix ma-.

Examples: ma- + tempe ‘adhere’ manempe ‘to adhere’ ma- + dorong ‘push’ mandorong ‘to push’ ma- + cilok ‘steal’ mancilok ‘to steal’ ma- + jaik ‘sew’ manjaik ‘to sew’ ma- + cigok ‘glance’ mancilok ‘to glance’

 Prefix ma- is changed into many- if it is attached to the base form

begin-ning with consonant /s/ and /s/ assimilated when it is attached with pre-fix ma-

Examples: ma- + sabik ‘cut’ manyabik ‘to cut’ ma- + sipak ‘kick’ manyipak ‘to kick’

 Prefix ma- is changed into mang- if it is attached to the base form

begin-ning with vowel /i/, u/, e/ and /o/ and also with consonant /k/, g/ and /h/ Examples: ma- + irih ‘slice’ mangirih ‘to slice’

ma- + hapuih ‘erase’ mangapuih ‘ to erase’

 Prefix ma- is does not have changed if it is attached to the base form

be-ginning with consonant /l/, n/, m/ a/ and /w/

Examples: ma- + nikah ‘marry’ manikah ‘married’ ma- + masak ‘cook’ mamasak ‘to cook’ ma- + rabuik ‘wrest’ marabuik ‘to wrest’ ma- + ambiak ‘take’ mangambiak ‘to take’ ma- + wawancara ‘interview mawawancara ‘to interview’

b. Distribution

Prefix ma- may be attached to the base form as follows:  Noun

Examples: ma- + sendok (N) ‘spoon’ manyendok ‘to spoon’ ma- + rokok (N) ‘smoke’ marokok ‘to smoke’  Verb.

Examples: ma- + baco (V) ‘read’ mambaco ‘to read’ ma- + tulih (V) ‘write’ manulih ‘to write’  Adjective

Examples: ma- + leba (Adj) ‘wide’ maleba ‘become wide’ ma- + wangi (Adj) ‘fragrant’ mawangi ‘to fragrant’ c. Function

Examples: ma- + kopi (N) ‘coffe’ mangopi (V) ‘to drink coffe’

ma- + sendok (N) ‘spoon’ manyendok (V) ‘to take with spoon’

 To form Verb from Adjective

Examples: ma- + panjang (Ajd) ‘tall’ mamanjang (V) ‘become tall’ ma- + hitam (Adj) ‘black’ mahitam (V) ‘become black’ Prefix ma- does not change the word class when it is attached to verb Examples: ma- + lambuak (V) ‘crumble’ malambuak (V) ‘to crumble’

ma- + masak (V) ‘cook’ mamasak (V) ‘to cook’ d. Meaning

The meaning of prefix ma- can be described as follows:

 To indicate the meaning ‘do action’ as the mention in base form

Examples: ma- + baco ‘read’ mambaco ‘to read’ ma- + kecek ‘talk mangecek ‘to talk’

 To indicate the meaning of ‘become’ or turn into as mention in the

base form

4.2 ANALYSIS

In this contrastive analysis, the writer chooses two languages. The first is English as the source of language and the second is Minangkabaunese as the target language. In this part the writer analyzes words which are attached by pre-fixes. They are: form, distribution, function and meaning.

4.2.1 Form

In this case the writer can divide prefixes that can be attached to base form by vowel and consonant.

 Prefixes that can be attached to base form to vowel phonemes.

English Prefixes Minangkabaunese Prefixes • Prefix re- gether for a common purpose’

mis + use misuse ‘use in the wrong-ly’

• Prefix hyper

hyper- + active hyperactive ‘ex-cessively active’

• Prefix ba-

ba + urek ‘root’ baurek ‘have roots’

 Prefix that can be attached to the base form which beginning with

conso-nant phonemes.

English Prefix Minangkabaunese Prefixes

hyper + market hypermarket ‘very large shop’

So this contrastive analysis of form between prefixes in both language are correspondences because there are similarities between two languages that can be analyzed in the whole prefixes.

4.3.2 Distribution

In distribution, the writer analyzes what are the prefixes that can be at-tached to any words class: such as noun, verbs, adjective, and numeral in of each language (English and Minangkabaunese language).

 Prefixes that can be attached to the base form of noun

English Prefixes Minangkabaunese Prefixes • Prefix re-

re + cycle (N) recycle ‘to treat things can be used again’

• Prefix en-

• Prefix co-

 Prefix that can be attached to the base form of verb

English Prefixes Minangkabau Prefixes

• Prefix re- be cook accidently’

• prefix mis-

 Prefixes that can be attached to the base form of adjective

tive ‘ having extremely sensitive feel-ings’

‘sweetener’ • Prefix ma-

ma- + leba (Adj)’wide’ maleba ‘be-come wide’

 Prefixes that can be attached to the base form of Numeral

English Prefixes Minangkabau Prefixes

There is no prefix that can be attached to the base form of numeral

• Prefix ba-

ba- + ribu (Num) ‘thousand’ baribu ‘sum of thousand’

ba- + ratuih (Num)’hundred’ bara-tuih ‘sum of hundred’

ba- + juta (Num)’billion’ bajuta ‘sum of billion.

So this contrastive analysis of Distribution between prefixes in both lan-guage are partly – correspondences because there just part of similar between English languages and Minangkabaunese languages.

FUNCTION

 English and Minangkabaunese Prefixes which can not e change word

classes if they are attached to the base form

 English and Minangkabaunese prefixes that can be change of word

classes if they are attached to the base form.

English Prefixes Minangkabaunese Prefixes • Prefix re-

re- + cycle (N) recycle (V) ‘to treat things can be used again’

re- + dress (N) redress (V) ‘to treat things can be used again’

• Prefix en-

en- + tomb (Adj) entomb (V) ‘to place to a tomb’

‘incident in the same time’

So this contrastive analysis of Function between prefixes in both language are partly-correspondences because there are similarities in whole aspects be-cause changing of word class and there also several prefixes in both languages which do not change when they are attached to the base form.

MEANING

In terms meaning, the English and Minangkabaunese prefixes that the writer has been analyzed are:

 In terms of meaning, the English and Minangkabaunese prefixes that the

writer has been analyzed are:

English Prefixes Minangkabaunese prefixes

• Prefix re-

To indicate the meaning of ‘to do again’

re- + play replay ‘to play again’ re- + write rewrite ‘to write again’ • Prefix en-

To indicate the meaning of ‘to do an action’ relating to what is mentioned in the base form.

en- + balm enbalm ‘doing apply

• Prefix sa-

To indicate the meaning of ‘to show one’ sa- + piriang ‘plate’ sapiriang ‘a plate’

To indicate the meaning of ‘compara-tive’

sa- + ketek ‘small’ saketek ‘as small as’

• Prefix ma-

balm’

To indicate the meaning of ‘put into’ en- + title entitle ‘put into a title’

To indicate the meaning of ‘make into’ en- + rich enrich ‘make someone or something rich’

• Prefix un-

To indicate the meaning of ‘not’

un- + happy unhappy ‘not happy’ To indicate the meaning of ‘remove’ un- + cork uncork ‘remove the cork from’

• Prefix co-

To indicate the meaning of ‘together-ness’

co- + operate cooperate ‘work together for common purpose’

To indicate the meaning of ‘in the same time’

To indicate the meaning of ‘become’ ma- + ketek ‘small’ mangetek ‘to be small’

• Prefix pa-

To indicate the meaning of ‘tool’

pa- + sanduak ‘spoon’ panyanduak ‘spoon’

To indicate the meaning of ‘person’ pa- + nari ‘dance’ panari ‘dancer’ To indicate the meaning of ‘like’

pa- + lado ‘chili’ palado ‘someone like chili’

To indicate the meaning of’ ‘character’ pa- + ota ‘talk’ paota ‘person like talked’

• Prefix ba-

To indicate the meaning of ‘owning’ ba- + pitih ‘money’ bapitih ‘have much money’

To indicate the meaning of ‘wrong’ mis- + understand misunderstand ‘understand someone or something wrongly’

• Prefix hyper-

To indicate the meaning of ‘excessively degree’

hyper- + sensitive hypersensitive ‘excessively sensitive’

ba- + oto ‘car’ baoto ‘to drive car’ To indicate the meaning of ‘to use or wear’

ba- + baju ‘dress babaju ‘to wear dress’

To indicate the meaning of ‘sum’

ba- + ratuih ‘hundred’ baratuih ‘sum of thousand’

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

From the explanation and the analysis by using the terms of form, distribu-tion, function and meaning with the prefixes the writer can conclude that:

Prefixes in English and Minangkabaunese Language are correspondences in terms of form. There are prefixes in both languages can be attached to base form that beginning with consonant and vowel phonemes.

Prefixes in English and Minangkabaunese language are partly-correspondences, while English prefixes can be attached to noun, verb and adjec-tive.

In Function between prefixes in both language are partly-correspondences because there are similarities in whole aspects because changing of word class and there also several prefixes in both languages which do not change when they are attached to the base form.

There is partly-correspondences between prefixes in English and Minang-kabaunese language in terms of meaning of both language is not same in whole.

5.2 Suggestion

a. The writer hopes this thesis could be a reference for those who want to do fur-ther research in English and Minangkabaunese language.

b. The writer suggests student of English Department who are interested in this field, to do further research particularly about the grammatical form concern. c. The writer realizes that the analysis of Minangkabaunese language as one of

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