A Contrastive Analysis Of Suffixes Between English And Batak Simalungun Language

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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF SUFFIXES

BETWEEN ENGLISH AND BATAK SIMALUNGUN LANGUAGE

A THESIS

BY:

GUSTI SARY SARAGIH REG.NO. 040705046

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I fully realize that writing this thesis is not an easy task. It takes so much time and energy. While doing so, I encounter many problems owing to my limited knowledge; nevertheless, with the help and encouragements from so many people I know, I have finally been able to overcome the problems and complete the writing of this thesis. Therefore, on this occasion, I wish to express my heartiest gratitude to the following people.

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty God, Jesus Christ who has given me life, strength, guidance and uncountable blessing in all my life, my study in completion my thesis.

My sincere gratitude also goes to my Supervisor, Drs. Ridwan Hanafiah, M.A. and my Co-supervisor, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL, respectively who have indeed contributed their precious time in correcting to the preliminary version of this thesis.

Secondly, I also wish to express my great thanks to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin M.A., Ph.D, the Headperson of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum. , the Secretary of English Department, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL , all the lectures of English for their kindness, assistance and valuable knowledge they have given to me along my academic years in English Department.

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love, prayer, guidance, spiritual and financial support along my life. I really love you all.

I would like to thank my lovely little fish, Waldo Emerson Purba, thank you for giving me love, spirit, support and being with me in doing this thesis. I love you always!

Finally, I would like thank my best friends “SOBAT”, Andho ‘fabregas’, Venan ‘kerbo’, Herbert ‘PK’, Fajar ‘kala’, Patar ‘kaydee’, Angga ‘muzek’, Gladys ‘dee2’, Eva ‘Nez’, Cito ‘bok!’, and Yuli ‘i-ok’. Thank you for your love, support, pray, and hope that our friendship never dies!! I love you and VIVA FOREVER!! And also, thanks to X-pitt (PGKPS HT Medan) for your pray and support. Let’s worship our Father joyfully.

My Father, Lord Jesus love and bless you all.

Medan, June, 2008

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini diberi judul “A Contrastive Analysis of Suffixes between English and Batak Simalungun Language”. Skripsi ini berisi tentang analisa dari sufiks berdasarkan bentuk, distribusi, fungsi, dan arti. Analisis ini difokuskan pada dua jenis bahasa yang berbeda yaitu bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Batak

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……… i

ABSTRACT ………... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….. iv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

………... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………..

1 1.1 The Background of the Analysis ……….

1

1.2 The Problem of the Analysis ……….. 3

1.3 The Scope of the Analysis ……….. 4

1.4 The Objectives of the Analysis ………..

4 1.5 The Significances of the Analysis ………..

4 1.6 Review of Related Literature ……….

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CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ……… 7

2.1 Morphology ……… 7

2.2 Morphemes and Words ……….. 8

2.2.1 Morphemes ………. 8

2.2.2 Words ………. 10

2.3 An Account on Morphological Process ……….. 15

2.4 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis ……… 19

CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS ………. 25

3.1 Research Method ……… 25

3.2 Data Collecting Method ………. 26

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CHAPTER IV MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AND BATAK SIMALUNGUN

LANGUAGE ………... 28 4.1 Suffixes in English ………. 28

4.2 Suffixes in Batak Simalungun Language ……….. 36

CHAPTER V THE ANALYSIS OF THE DATA ……… 41

5.1 Suffixes in English ………. 41

5.2 Suffixes in Batak Simalungun Language ……….. 86

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ……… 108

6.1 Conclusions ……… 108

6.2 Suggestions ……… 109

APPENDIX

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

/ / Æ phonetic transcription + Æ Added

‘ ‘ Æ Meaning Æ Æ Become to

n Æ noun adj Æ adjective v Æ verb nu Æ numeral adv Æ adverb p.v Æ passive verb s.o Æ someone s.b Æ somebody

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini diberi judul “A Contrastive Analysis of Suffixes between English and Batak Simalungun Language”. Skripsi ini berisi tentang analisa dari sufiks berdasarkan bentuk, distribusi, fungsi, dan arti. Analisis ini difokuskan pada dua jenis bahasa yang berbeda yaitu bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Batak

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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1Background

Language is purely important as tools of communication. We, as human beings, need it as a medium of communication through which we express our emotions, ideas, feelings and thoughts to our fellow people. We as the member of the society or social group use language to convey our needs, desires, and everything what we want to express to the society. And also it indicates the existence of human beings. It means that we, as human, cannot do our activities without using language. Whatever we do in this world, we use language to express everything in our mind, for example: warning someone or requesting something, etc. We can also express what in our mind by using gesture or body movement, action, signal, and sound. Example: if we want to say “no” we can move our head from side to side. So, I predict that language is the means of communication or sounds, signs, symbols that have meaning.

Some other linguists like Sapir (1921:8) also states that Language is a purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires

by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols. Also, Parera (1991:74) states that Language happening humanly exists in a society or nations.

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In studying a language, we need knowledge about it. It is called Linguistics. Ridwan (1997:1) says that linguistics is the science of language, or, the field of the study the subject of which is language.

One of linguistic aspects is concerned to the contrastive analysis. Ridwan (1998:8) states that Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan, membuktikan, dan menguraikan

perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua bahasa atau lebih

yang dibandingkan (Contrastive Analysis is a method of linguistic analysis that tries to describe, prove, and analyze the dissimilarities and similarities of audio-lingual aspects of two or more compared languages). The use of terms ‘similarity and dissimilarity’ are narrow or limited because those terms refer to the condition if all aspects that are compared are same they can be said ‘similarity’ and vise verse. So, it is advised to use the terms ‘correspondence’, ‘partly-correspondence’, and ‘non-correspondence’.

In this occasion, I would like to make the contrast between English and Batak Simalungun language in terms of suffixes. It has known that suffix is one of affixes. An affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other

morpheme or morphemes such as a root or stem or base (Katamba 1993:44).

Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morpheme.

Nida (1949: 6) says that morpheme is the meaningful unit of which language is composed.

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Katamba (1993:44) says that a suffix is an affix attached after a root (or stem or base) like –ly, -er, -ist, -s, -ing and -ed.

For example:

Base form suffix

ENGLISH play + {–er} Æ player

BATAK SIMALUNGUN inum + {-on} Æ inumon

LANGUAGE ‘drink’ ‘which is drunk’

English and Batak Simalungun Language absolutely come from different language families. And also, I come from Batak Simalungun family. That is why I am interested in analyzing the suffixation of the two languages.

Dealing with the contrastive analysis between English and Batak Simalungun Language in affixation process especially in suffixes, the writer is going to answer the question “Are there any correspondences, partly correspondences, and non-correspondences between English and Batak Simalungun Language in terms of their suffixes?”

1.2 Problems

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1. How are the morphological process of suffix in English and Batak Simalungun Language?

2. Are there any correspondences, partly correspondences, and non-correspondences of analysis of form, distribution, function, and meaning of suffixes in both languages?

1.3Scope of Analysis

As it might be understood, the study of contrastive linguistics has a wide scope. It is difficult for me to analyze all aspects and cases involved. For the accuracy of the result, I focus my analysis on contrasting of suffixes in both languages which are attached to word and contrasting them from aspects of form, distribution, function, and meaning.

1.4Objectives of the Analysis

There are some objectives of writing this thesis. They are as follows: 1. To explain the morphological process of suffix in English and

Batak Simalungun Language.

2. To find out the correspondences, partly correspondences, and the non-correspondences of suffixes in both languages.

1.5The Significances of the Analysis

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1. This thesis will show the readers the form, distribution, function and meaning of suffixes in both languages.

2. This thesis will give the readers the knowledge about contrastive suffixes in both languages.

3. This thesis can be a reference to the students who are studying in linguistics.

1.6Review of Related Literature

In supporting the idea of the analysis, the writer collected and used some books which are relevant to the topic. All these have given much contribution to the writer in writing this thesis. Those can be seen in the discussion.

Ridwan (1998:8) states that Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan, membuktikan, dan

menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua

bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan (Contrastive Analysis is a method of linguistic analysis that tries to describe, prove, and analyze the dissimilarities and similarities of audio-lingual aspects of two or more compared languages). The use of terms ‘similarity and dissimilarity’ are narrow or limited because those terms refer to the condition if all aspects that are compared are same they can be said ‘similarity’ and vise verse. So, it is advised to use the terms ‘correspondence’, ‘partly-correspondence’, and ‘non-correspondence’.

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In this thesis, it is found there are more non-correspondences than correspondences between English and Minangkabau Language. In his thesis, he analyzes the form, distribution, function, and meaning of suffixes in both languages.

Unrich, et.al. (1984: 52) in the book entitled Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Batak Simalungun. In this book the writer finds out the suffixes that are found in Batak Simalungun Language and also the form, distribution, function, and meaning of this language.

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II. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Morphology

In this century, morphology has been regarded as an essentially synchronic discipline, that is to say, a discipline focusing on the study of word-structure at one stage in the life of a language.

Katamba (1993:3) says that morphology is the study of the internal structure of words.

Some other linguists like Tarigan (1985:4) says that morfologi adalah bagian dari ilmu bahasa yang membicarakan seluk beluk kata serta pengaruh

perubahan-perubahan bentuk kata terhadap golongan dan arti kata. While, Nida (1949:1) says that morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words.

Also, Samsuri (1975:126) says that morfologi ialah cara pembentukan kata-kata dengan menghubungkan morfem satu dengan morfem yang lain.

And Keraf (1975:69) says that morfologi adalah sebagian dari tatabahasa yang membicarakan bentuk kata.

Based on those quotations above it can be said that morphology is a branch of the study language that talks about word structure and formation. It studies how words are put together from their smaller parts and the rules governing this process.

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nature and typology of speech sound in themselves and also syntax that traditionally covers both the constructions of phrases and sentences and also the features of meaning which are associated with them, and semantics then reduces to the study of words meaning-to which perhaps we may add the meanings of idioms (Muchtar 2006:2). These subfields have a big relationship. If we want to investigate a language, we have to investigate it from these subfields.

2.2 Morphemes and Words 2.2.1 Morphemes

Morphology emphasizes in morpheme. So, morpheme cannot be ignored. Some definitions of morpheme can be seen below:

Katamba (1993:20) says that the term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which

words are made up of.

While, Bloomfield (1933:161) says that morpheme is a linguistic for which bears no partial phonetic –semantic resemblance to any other form is a

simple form or a morpheme.

Also, Hockett (1958:123) says that morphemes are the smallest individually meaningful elements in the utterances of a language.

So, from those quotations above it may conclude that morpheme is the minimal distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of morphology.

For example: Dogs

The word ‘dogs’ consists of two morphemes. They are:

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• -s Æ a plural marker on nouns

According to Ridwan, in his book entitled “Dasar-Dasr Linguistika”, he classifies type of morpheme become 3 dimensions. They are:

1. Bound Morpheme or Dependent Morpheme

Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. It must be attached to the base form. Or, a bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by itself, but is always attached to some other morpheme.

2. Free Morpheme or Independent Morpheme

Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone. It must not be attached to the base form. Or, a free morpheme is a grammatical unit that can occur by it. However, other morphemes such as affixes can be attached to it.

Example:

BASE FORM SUFFIX ENGLISH run + {-er} Æ runner

correct + {-tion} Æ correction

hundul + {-an} Æ hundulan

‘sit’ ‘place for

BATAK SIMALUNGUN sitting’

LANGUAGE

etek + {-an} Æ etekan

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Suffix –er and –tion in English and suffix –an in Batak Simalungun Language are bound morpheme. If they are not attached to the base form, they will not have meaning. While, base form run and correct in English and hundul and etek in Batak Simalungun language are free morpheme because they can stand alone. And if they stand alone, they have meaning.

3. Poly-morphemic word

Poly-morphemic word is morphemes that are attached in word consist of free morphemes.

Example:

Air + craft Æ aircraft

ENGLISH

House + work Æ housework

From those examples above, word aircraft consists of two free morphemes, air and craft. And also, word housework consists of two free morphemes house and work. Each free morpheme has meaning.

2.2 2 Words

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meaningful. It is impossible to say what the –quito part of mosquito or the –erce part of fierce means.

But very many English words are morphologically complex. They can be broken down into smaller units that are meaningful. This is true of words like desk-s and boot-s, for instance, where desk refers to one piece of furniture and boot refers to one item of footwear, while in both cases the –s serves the grammatical function of indicating the plurality.

It is known that word is free morpheme because it can stand alone and has meaning. Some linguists like Bloomfield (1933:178) defines a word is a free form which is not a phrase. A word is then a free form which does not consist entirely

of two or lesser free for: in brief, a word is minimum free form. A free form of which consists of two or lesser free forms as, for instance, poor John or John ran away or yes, sir, is a phrase.

Hockett (1958:166) says that a word is thus any segment or a sentence bounded by successive points at which pausing is possible. For example, John treats his older sister very nicely. This sentence consists of 7 words; they are

John/treats/his/older/sister/very/nicely.

And also, Ramlan (1983:26-28) states that kata adalah satuan bebas yang paling kecil, atau dengan kata lain, setiap satuan bebas merupakan kata. Kata

merupakan dua macam satuan, ialah satuan fonolofik dan satuan gramatik.

Sebagai satuan gramatik, kata terdiri dari satu atau beberapa morfem.

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or places. Words are also used to describe actions, show relationships and to combine words or sentences. Words may also be used to modify a verb, and adjective or another adverb and to express some sudden feeling. They are classified into eight kinds on account of their functions (Murthy 1998:5). They are:

• Noun

Noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, an idea or a quality of mind. Example:

- Mother Teresa is a great social worker. - India is a sub-continent.

- Dictionary is useful for students.

In the first sentence, Mother Teresa is the name of a person. In the second, India is the name of a place or country. In the third, dictionary is the name of thing.

• Adjective

Adjective is a word used to describe or qualify nouns. Example: - A read a historical novel

- Sarah is a beautiful girl.

The word ‘historical’ tells about the novel and word ‘beautiful’ tells us something about girl.

• Pronoun

Pronoun is a word used in place of nouns. Example: - Sarah is my friend. She is very beautiful.

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The italicized words ‘she’ and ‘this’ are pronouns because they stand for persons or things. ‘She’ stands for Sarah and ‘this’ stands for India.

• Verb

Verb is a word used to express the action, condition or existence. Example:

- I wait for Waldo. - My mother is sick.

- There are some apples in the table.

The word ‘wait’ tells us what ‘I’ do in the first sentence. The word ‘is’ expresses the condition of subject ‘my mother’ and the word ‘are’ expresses existence.

• Adverb

Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb or a word used to explain how, where, when and why an action is performed. Example:

- They live happily.

- Waldo is very handsome. -. She speaks English quite well.

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• Preposition

Preposition is a word used to explain the relation between two grammatical words or a word used with a noun or pronoun to show their relation with some other words in the sentence. Example:

- I am fond of Michael.

- They boasted about their wealth. - She is angry with me.

- I deposit my money in the bank.

The word ‘of’’ shows the relation between adjective ‘fond’ and the noun ‘Michael’ in the first sentence. The relation between the verb ‘boasted’ and the noun ‘wealth’ is shown by the word ‘about’ in the second sentence.

The word ‘with’ shows the relation between the adjective ‘angry’ and the pronoun ‘me’ in the third sentence. The word ‘in’ shows the relation between the noun ‘money’ and another noun ‘bank’.

• Conjunction

Conjunction is a word used to combine two words or sentence. Example: - Eva visited Brastagi and Kabanjahe last year.

-Gladys will come today or tomorrow. - He tried hard but he failed in his attempt.

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• Interjection

Interjection is word which expresses some sudden feeling. Example: - Alas!

- Excellent! - Well said! - Fantastic!

2.3 An Account on Morphological Process

As it is known that the term morphological process is a way of forming the word which relates a morpheme to another.

Samsuri (1994:92) concludes that karena perubahan-perubahan itu sendiri terdapat di dalam morfem-morfem itu, kami sebut perubahan-perubahan

itu perubahan interen.

Bloch and Trager (In Tarigan, H.G. 1992:237) state that the devices by which constituent word of a paradigm are differentiated from one another are

known as morphological process.

Morphological process varies according to the type of their process.

Tarigan (1992:237) groups them into five main types. They are: affixation, reduplication, internal modification, suppletion, and zero modification.

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The definition of the types of morphological process is discussed below: 1. Affixation

The bound forms which in secondary derivation are added to the underlying are called affixation. The affixation in English can be divided into two: prefix and suffix.

e.g:

be- + friend (n) Æ befriend (v) PREFIX

re- + write (v) Æ rewrite (v)

-er + write (v) Æ writer (n) SUFFIX

-tion + correct (v) Æ correction (n)

Damanik (1984:27) states that the affixation in Batak Simalungun Language can be divided into four: prefix, infix, suffix and confix. e.g:

Si- + biangsa (adj) ‘broken’ Æ sibiangsa(n) ‘desolator’ PREFIX

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-ur- + gabas (adj) ‘careless’ Æ gurabas (adj) ‘very careless’ INFIX

-ul- + hasar (v) ‘move’ Æ hulasar (v) ‘move

hundul (v) + -an Æ hundulan (n)

‘sit’ ‘place for sitting’

SUFFIX

Etek(adj) + -an Æ etekan (adj)

‘small’ ‘smaller’

ha-…-on + raja (n) ‘king’ Æ harajaon (n) ‘kingdom’ CONFIX

pa-…-on + dua ‘two’ Æ paduahon ‘second’

2. Reduplication

Bloch and Trager (in Tarigan, H.G. 1992:7) state that reduplication is the repetition of all or part of the base, with and without internal

change, before or after the base itself.

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3. Internal Modification

Samsuri (1994:92) states that … karena perubahan-perubahan itu sendiri terdapat di dalam morfem-morfem itu, kami sebut perubahan-

perubahan itu perubahan intern.

Internal modification can be divided into two:

• Internal Modification in vocalic change

e.g: present past past participle

eat ate eaten

get got got, gotten

drink drank drunk

• Internal Modification in plural and singular change

e.g. man Æ men tooth Æ teeth

Internal modification is not found in Batak Simalungun Language. 4. Suppletion

Samsuri (1994:193) states that suplisi adalah proses morfologi yang menyebabkan adanya benruk yang sama sekali baru.

e.g: present past

go went

am was

Suppletion is not foun in Batak Simalungun Language. 5. Zero Modification

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feature at some point or points in the series, we may describe such a

significant absence as zero.

e.g: Verb forms

present past past participle

cut cut cut

put put put

Noun forms

Singular Plural

Sheep sheep

Deer deer

In Batak Simalungun Language, zero modification is not found.

So from the quotations and explanations above, it can be concluded that Morphological Process is the process of forming words or word formation by adding affixes to the base form, or in other words, the process of morphology in the way to form words by combining one morpheme with others.

2.3 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis

Since World War II until the middle of 1960s, Contrastive Analysis dominated world of studying target language and foreign language. The understanding of contrastive analysis is very important to help the students in studying language.

Crystal ( ) states that contrastive is a term used in Linguistics for a difference between units, especially one which serves to distinguish meanings in a

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Ridwan (1998:8) states that Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan, membuktikan, dan

menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua

bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan (Contrastive Analysis is a method of linguistic analysis that tries to describe, prove, and analyze the dissimilarities and similarities of audio-lingual aspects of two or more compared languages). The use of terms ‘similarity and dissimilarity’ are narrow or limited because those terms refer to the condition if all aspects that are compared are same they can be said ‘similarity’ and vise verse. So, it is advised to use the terms ‘correspondence’, ‘partly-correspondence’, and ‘non-correspondence’. It is also emphasized with Ridwan statement that analisis kontrastif menggarisbawahi usaha-usaha untuk menemukan unsur-unsur yang sama (correspondence), sebagian sama (partly-correspondence) dan tidak sama atau beda penuh (non-correspondence) antara bahasa-bahasa dibandingkan. So, language and contrastive analysis cannot be separated because there is a big relationship between them because the material of contrastive analysis is language.

Naibaho (2006:1) says that contrastive analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more language.

Hartman and Stork (1972:43) states that comparative and contrastive have similarity that is they compare two or more languages. It means that comparative

and contrastive linguistics are the branches of linguistics that compare two or

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From those quotations above, it can be concluded that contrastive analysis is a method of analysis that observes the similarities and differences which consists in two or more language in the different language family.

According to Ridwan, there are three goals of contrastive analysis. They are:

To find out the correspondence To find out the partly-correspondence To find out the non-correspondence

But, besides that the final goal of Contrastive Linguistics is to study the target language. Correspondence means that when we analyze and compare two different languages, we will find the similarities between both of them, such as they are correspondence in meaning or function. Partly correspondence means that when we analyze and compare two different languages, we will find the similarity but not in whole part. And the non-correspondence means that there is no similarity between two languages.

Ridwan (1998:9) says that contrastive analysis has two steps or ways of approach in contrasting two or more languages. They are:

Synchronic Approach

Synchronic Approach is an approach of Contrastive Linguistics that focused on the contemporary forms in the languages that are compared. Diachronic Approach

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The functions of Contrastive Linguistics are divided into two (Tarigan 1992:226). They are scientific function and practical function. Practical function is related to the error analysis and interference analysis. Interference is influenced with some factors; they are age, education, occupation, religion, area, etc. But in Scientific function, it will find out or prove the similarity and the difference in some forms, characteristics, or even in some aspects of langue between. Languages compared and languages in contact. It is important to know that the interference can happen because of bilingual or multilingual.

Contrastive analysis has two aspects of analyzing, they are: Psychology aspects and Linguistic aspect (Guntur 1992:17). Psychological analysis consists of the difficulties of study, the way of arranging the teaching material, and how to give the lesson. While linguistic aspect relates with the problems of contrasting the two or more languages.

According to Hartmann and Stark (1972: 43) state, “Comparative and contrastive have similarity that is they compare two or more languages.”

The methodology of contrastive analysis is something like how we get the similarities and differences of two languages. Contrastive analysis usually compares and finds the differences and similarities between both languages that compared.

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• Form

In this thesis, I analyze the suffixes between English and Batak Simalungun Langauge. So, in form, it will be discussed about the suffixes which are attached to the base form which is ended with vowel, consonant, diphthong, semivowel and cluster phoneme. Ridwan (1997:8) says that

vowel phoneme is the vocal sounds made without audible stopping of the

breath such as a, i, u, e, o. Then, consonant is a speech sound produced by abstructing or impeding the passage of air at the same point in the

vocaltract above glottis such as p, b, t, g, m, n, f, s, v, z, h, l.. And,

diphthong is when one syllable consists of two vowel sounds, it is

necessary to pronounce them by means of quick glide from one vowel

sound to the other; for example, /ai/ as glide and /ei/ as in make.

Semivowels-also known as glides, especially in older literature—are

non-syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with full non-syllabic vowels. That is, they

are vowel-like sounds that do not form the nucleus of a syllable or mora;

they are not the most prominent part of the syllable such as w, r, j.

Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics (1985:59) says that cluster is a sequence of two or more consonants. For example, /st/ in /test/ test.

• Distribution

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function of units in a sentence and on the contrary, the ability to use a word in a sentence requires knowledge of its syntactic category.

• Function

In function, it will be discussed about the changing of part of speech function after attached by suffix. For example, from noun to adjective (friend+ly Æ friendly) or adjective to adverb (quick+lyÆ quickly).

• Meaning

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III. METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS

One of the essential parts in scientific research in analyzing the data is to have a method of analysis. In this thesis I apply library research which using written information to support the analysis. I will make suffixes in English and Batak Simalungun Language as the main object of the analysis which are analyzed from aspect of form, distribution, function, and meaning. There are some steps which will be taken in doing the analysis. First, I will collect the data from some books. Then the second step, I will analyze the data from aspect of form, distribution, function and meaning. Finally, I will contrast them and make a general conclusion from the analysis.

3.1. Research Method

The methodology research is aimed to solve the problem by describing the facts and data systematically based on the recent fact. Nawawi (1991: 61) in his book entitled “Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial” says that there are two methods of research. Those are library and field research method. The first is done by collecting the data from books, newspapers, magazines, journals and other written sources, whereas the last one is done by asking such designed questions to a certain group of people in collecting data.

I will do library research. Library research is the method which is supplied by collecting data or information from references which have been written by linguists or other experts.

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yang diselidiki (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat, pabrik, dan lain-lain)

sebagaimana adanya, berdasarkan, fakta-fakta yang aktual pada saat sekarang”. In writing this thesis, I try to apply a sistematic theory to describe suffixes in English and Batak Simalungun Language with their kinds and examples. The proposes some examples of suffixes in English and Batak Simalungun Language and finally takes the correspondence, partly correspondence, and non correspondence of two languages suffixes.

3.2. Data Collecting Method

The colleting data is very important. In this analysis, I analyze English and Batak Simalungun Language in suffixes from aspects of form, distribution, function, and meaning. I collect some references which are related to this thesis. One of the books that I use for the data in Batak Simalungun Language is

Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Batak Simalungun (Unrich Damanik et.al) and the books that I use for the data in English are Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words (Nida, Eugene A), Contemporary English Grammar (Murthy, Jayanthi Dakshina), and the other thesis that can be a source of the data of suffixes in English.

3.3. Data Analysis Method

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contrastive study is a method of linguistic analysis which shows the simmilariries and differences between two or more langauges or dialect with the aim of finding principles which can be applied to practical problems in language learning or teaching and translation. So, based on statements above, in this thesis, the sata is analyzed by describing, contrasting and finding the correspondence, partly correspondence, and non correspondence between suffixes in English and Batak Simalungun Language.

The steps that I do in this thesis are as follows:

1. To identify the suffixes both in English and Batak Simalungun Language. 2. To describe the suffixes both in English and Batak Simalungun Language

in aspects of form, distribution, function, and meaning.

3. To prove the suffixes both in English and Batak Simalungun Language in aspects of form, distribution, function, and meaning.

4. To make the contrastive analysis of the data in aspects of form, distribution, function, and meaning.

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IV. MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF ENGLISH AND BATAK SIMALUNGUN LANGUAGE

4.1 Suffixes in English

It has been mentioned that suffixes are attached to the end of the base form. There are some suffixes of English written by me of this thesis and they are described as follows:

4.1.1 Suffix –en e.g.:

1. white (Adj) + -en Æ whiten (v)

2. wake(v) + -en Æ waken (v)

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34.class (n) + -ify Æ classify (v) 35.identity (n) + -ify Æ identify (v)

4.1.4 Suffix -ize e.g.:

36.sterile (adj) + -ize Æ sterilize (v) 37.modern (adj) + -ize Æ modernize (v) 38.apology (n) + -ize Æ apologize (v) 39.author (n) + -ize Æ authorize (v) 40.character (n) + -ize Æ characterize (v) 41.terror (n) + -ize Æ terrorize (v) 42.memory (n) + -ize Æ memorize(v) 43.natural (adj) + -ize Æ naturalize (v) 44.legal (adj) + -ize Æ legalize (v) 45.liberal (adj) + -ize Æ liberalize (v) 46.victim (n) + -ize Æ victimize (v) 47.special (adj) + -ize Æ specialize (v) 48.economy(n) + -ize Æ economize (v) 49.patron (adj) + -ize Æ patronize (v)

4.1.5 Suffix –ness e.g.:

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52.dry (adj) + -ness Æ dryness (n) 53.silly (adj) + -ness Æ silliness (n) 54.good (adj) + -ness Æ goodness (n) 55.sick(adj) + -ness Æ sickness (n)

4.1.6 Suffix –tion e.g.:

56.solve (v) + -tion Æ solution (n) 57.reduce (v) + -tion Æ reduction (n) 58.destroy (v) + -tion Æ destruction (n) 59.pronounce (v) + -tion Æ pronunciation (n) 60.describe (v) + -tion Æ description (n) 61.compete (v) + -tion Æ competition (n)

4.1.7 Suffix –ment e.g.:

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4.1.8 Suffix –ance e.g.:

68.perform (v) + -ance Æ performance (n) 69.appear (v) + -ance Æ appearance (n) 70.annoy (v) + -ance Æ annoyance (n)

4.1.9 Suffix -ly e.g.:

71.complete (v) + -ly Æ completely (adv) 72.brave (adj) + -ly Æ bravely (adv) 73.quick (adj) + -ly Æ quikly (adv) 74.friend (n) + -ly Æ friendly (adj) 75.slow (adj) + -ly Æ slowly (adv) 76.death (n) + -ly Æ deathly (adv) 77.proud (adj) + -ly Æ proudly

4.1.10 Suffix –able e.g.:

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4.1.11 Suffix –al e.g.:

84.refuse (v) + -al Æ refusal (n) 85.person (n) + -al Æ personal (adj) 86.optic (adj) + -al Æ optical (adj) 87.option (n) + -al Æ optional (adj)

4.1.12 Suffix –age e.g.:

88.store (v) + -age Æ storage (n) 89.marry (v) + -age Æ marriage (n) 90.carry (v) + -age Æ carriage (n)

4.1.13 Suffix –ist e.g.:

91.human (n) + -ist Æ humanist (adj) 92.imperial (adj) + -ist Æ imperialist (adj)

4.1.14 Suffix –ate e.g.:

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4.1.15 Suffix –ism e.g.:

97. active (adj) + -ism Æ activism (n) 98.human (n) + -ism Æ humanism (n) 99.ideal (adj) + -ism Æ idealism (n) 100. national (n) + -ism Æ nationalism (n) 101. journal (n) + -ism Æ journalism (n)

4.1.16 Suffix –ity e.g.:

102. active (adj) + -ity Æ activity (n) 103. elastic (adj) + -ity Æ elasticity (n) 104. abnormal (adj) + -ity Æ abnormality (n) 105. Christian (n) + -ity Æ Christianity (n) 106. turgid (adj) + -ity Æ turgidity (n)

4.1.17 Suffix –ic e.g.:

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4.1.2 Suffix –er e.g.:

15.manage (v) + -er Æ manager (n) 16.write (v) + -er Æ writer (n) 17.read (v) + -er Æ reader (n) 18.supply (v) + -er Æ supplier (n) 19.reach (v) + -er Æ reacher (n) 20.teach (v) + -er Æ teacher (n) 21.employ(v) + -er Æ employer (n)

4.1.3 Suffix -ify e.g.:

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4.1.20 Suffix –hood e.g.: (n)

131. false (adj) + -hood Æ falsehood (n) 132. child (n) + -hood Æ childhood (n) 133. brother (n) + -hood Æ brotherhood (n) 134. neighbor (n) + -hood Æ neighborhood (n) 135. mother (n) + -hood Æ motherhood (n)

4.2 Suffixes in Batak Simalungun Language 4.2.1 Suffix –an

e.g.:

136. oto ‘stupid’ (adj) + -an Æ otoan ‘lebih bodoh’ (adj) 137. tangko ‘steal’ (v) + -an Æ tangkoan ‘which is stolen’

(p.v) 138. suan ‘plant’ (v) + -an Æ suanan ‘plants’ (v) 139. podom ‘sleep’ (v) + -an Æ podoman ‘bed’ (n) 140. pentar ‘clever’ (adj) + -an Æ pentaran ‘cleverer’ (adj) 141. pandey ‘clever’(adj) + -an Æ pandeyan ‘cleverer’ (adj) 142. bahat ‘many’ (adj) + -an Æ bahatan ‘more of’ (adj) 143. hundul ‘sit’ (v) + -an Æ hundulan ‘place for sitting’

(n)

144. suhat ‘taro’ (n) + -an Æ suhatan ‘a means to measure’ (n)

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weigh’ (n)

146. simpan ‘store’ (v) + -an Æ simpanan ‘result of storing’

147. surat ‘write a letter’ (v) + -an Æ suratan ‘result of writing a letter’ (n) 148. milas ‘hot’ (adj) + -an Æ milasan ‘in condition

of hot’ (adj) 149. borgoh ‘cold’ (adj) + -an Æ borgohan ‘in

condition of cold’(adj)

4.2.2 Suffix –on e.g.:

150. hutu ‘louse’ (n) + -on Æ hutuon ‘lousy’ (adj) 151. begu ‘ghost’ (n) + -on Æ beguon ‘have ghost

manage to get into’ (v)

152. suan ‘plant’ (v) + -on Æ suanon ‘which is planted’ (p.v) 153. inum ‘drink’ (v) + -on Æ inumon ‘which is

drunk’ (p.v) 154. jomur ‘dry in the sun’ (v) + -on Æ jomuran ‘which is

dried in the sun’ 155. tambar ‘medicine’ (n) + -on Æ tambaron ‘which is

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156. sabing ‘blanket’ (n) + -on Æ sabimgon ‘which is covered over’ (p.v)

4.2.3 Suffix –hon e.g:

157. lima ‘five’ (nu) + -hon Æ limahon ‘make s.t. become five’ (v)

158. baju ‘clothe’ (n) + -hon Æ bajuhon ‘wear clothe’ (v) 159. pajog ‘peg’ + -hon Æ pajoghon ‘peg’

160. tading ‘leave’ (v) + -hon Æ tadinghon ‘leave’ (v) 161. padar ‘baked’ ( + -hon Æ padarhon ‘baked’ 162. sandey ‘lean on’ (v) + -hon Æ sandeyhon ‘lean on’ (v) 163. ulos ‘blanket’ (n) + -hon Æ uloshon ‘cover’ (v)

164. tolu ‘three’ (nu) + -hon Æ toluhon ‘make s.t. become three’ (v)

165. boan ‘bring’ (v) + -hon Æ boanhon ‘ask someone to bring s.t.’ (v)

166. taruh ‘deliver’ (v) + -hon Æ taruhon ‘ask someone to deliver s.t.’ (v)

4.2.4 Suffix –i e.g.:

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170. roh ‘come’ (v) + -i Æ rohi ‘visit upon’ (v) 171. hondor ‘gate’ (n) + -i Æ hondori ‘fenced’ 172. garam ‘salt’ (n) + -i Æ garami ‘give salt’ (v) 173. tolu ‘three’ (nu) + -i Æ tolui ‘done by three people’

(v)

174. milas ‘hot’ (adj) + -i Æ milasi ‘make s.t. become hot’ (v)

175. birong ‘black’ (adj) + -i Æ birongi ‘make s.t. become black’ (v)

176. hulit ‘leather’ (n) + -i Æ huliti ‘throw the leather away’ (v)

177. asom ‘sour’ (n) + -i Æ asomi ‘give sour’ (v) 178. gijik ‘throw’ (v) + -i Æ gijiki ‘throw s.t. over and

over again’ (v)

179. dugur ‘joggle’ (v) + -i Æ duguri ‘ joggle over and over again (v)

180. sayat ‘slice’ (v) + -i Æ sayati ‘make s.t. become sliced’ (v)

4.2.5 Suffix –tu e.g.:

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4.1.18 Suffix –ing e.g.:

113. smile (v) + -ing Æ smiling (v) 114. give (v) + -ing Æ giving (v) 115. walk(v) + -ing Æ walking (v) 116. kill (v) + -ing Æ killing (v) 117. draw (v) + -ing Æ drawing (v) 118. blow (v) + -ing Æ blowing (v) 119. play (v) + -ing Æ playing (v) 120. fly (v) + -ing Æ flying (v) 121. cry(v) + -ing Æ crying (v) 122. watch(v) + -ing Æ watching (v) 123. teach(v) + -ing Æ teaching (v)

4.1.19 Suffix –ful e.g.:

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184. mombur ‘fat’ (adj) + -tu Æ momburtu ‘too fat’ (adj) 185. tengger ‘hard’ (adj) + -tu Æ tenggertu ‘too hard’ (adj)

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V. THE ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

5.1 SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH 5.1.1 Suffix –en

a. Form

• It is found that suffix –en can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel

phoneme.

e.g: white + -en Æ whiten

wake + -en Æ waken

• It is found that suffix –en can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: gold + -en Æ golden

weak + -en Æ weaken

• It is found that suffix –en can not be attached to the base which is ended with

semivowel phoneme.

diphthong phoneme.

cluster phoneme.

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –en can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel and consonant phoneme.

b. Distribution

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• Noun

e.g: height (n) + -en Æ heighten

length (n) + -en Æ lengthen

• Adjective

e.g: soft (adj) + -en Æ soften light (adj) + -en Æ lighten

From the examples above, it can be seen that suffix –en can be attached to the base form of noun and adjective. The words ‘height’ and ’lengthen’ are verb. And, the words ‘soft’ and ‘light’ are included in adjective.

c. Function

The function of suffix –en may be described as follows:

• To form Verb from Noun

e.g: fright (n) + -en Æ frighten (v) strength (n) + -en Æ strengthen (v)

• To form Verb from Adjective

e.g: sharp (adj) + -en Æ sharpen (v) dark (adj) + -en Æ darken (v)

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d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix –en is to indicate the meaning of ‘make’ or ‘become’ of what is mentioned in the base form.

e.g: bright + -en Æ brighten ‘make or become bright’ short + -en Æ shorten ‘make shorter’

From the data above, if the word ‘bright’ is attached by suffix –en, it becomes ‘brighten’ that has meaning as ‘make or become bright’.’ and it is also with the word ‘short. If it is attached by suffix –en, it becomes ‘shorten’ that has meaning as ‘make shorter’. So suffix –en indicates the meaning of ‘make’ or ‘become’ of what is mentioned in the base form.

5.1.2 Suffix –er a. Form

• It is found that suffix –er can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel

phoneme.

e.g: manage + -er Æ manager

write + -er Æ writer

• It is found that suffix –er can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: read + -er Æ reader

• It is found that suffix –en can be attached to the base which is ended with

semivowel phoneme.

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diphthong phoneme.

cluster phoneme.

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –er can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel, consonant, and semivowel phoneme.

b. Distribution

Suffix –er may be attached only to the base form of verb. e.g: employ (v) + -er Æ employer

From the examples above, it can be seen that suffix –er can be only attached to the base form of verb. The words ‘discover’ and ‘employ’ are verb.

c. Function

The function of suffix –er is to form Noun from Verb. e.g: read(v) + -er Æ reader (n)

write (v) + -er Æ writer (n)

The words ‘read’ and ‘write’ are verb. When they are attached by suffix – er, they become noun; those are ‘reader’ and ‘writer’.

d. Meaning

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e.g: manage + -er Æ manager ‘person who organize s.t’ read + -er Æ reader ‘person who read’

From the data above, if the word ‘manage’ is attached by suffix –er, it becomes ‘manager’ that has meaning as ‘person who organizes s.t.’ and it is also with the word ‘read’. If it is attached by suffix –er, it becomes ‘reader’ that has meaning as ‘person who read’.

5.1.3 Suffix –ify a. Form

• It is found that suffix –ify can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel

phoneme.

e.g: simple + -ify Æ simplify

note (n) + -ify Æ notify

• It is found that suffix –ify can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: beauty + -ify Æ beautify

solid + -ify Æ solidify

• It is found that suffix –ify can not be attached to the base which is ended with

semivowel phoneme.

• It is found that suffix –ify can not be attached to the base which is ended with

diphthong phoneme.

• It is found that suffix –ify can be attached to the base which is ended with

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From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ify can be only attached to the base which is ended with vowel and consonant phoneme.

b. Distribution

Suffix –ify may be attached to the base as follows:

• Noun

e.g: glory (n) + -ify Æ glorify

note (n) + -ify Æ notify

• Adjective

e.g: false (adj) + -ify Æ falsify

pure (adj) + -ify Æ purify

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ify can be attached to the base form of noun and adjective. The words ‘glory’ and ‘note’ are noun while the words ‘false’ and ‘pure’ are adjective.

c. Function

The function of suffix –ify may be described as follows:

• To form verb from noun

e.g: gas (n) + -ify Æ gasify (v) quality (n) + -ify Æ qualify (v)

• To form verb from adjective

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From the data above, it can be seen that when the words ‘gas’ and ‘quality’ ,included in noun, are attached by the suffix –ify, they become ‘gasify’ and ‘qualify’ that are included in verb. And also when the words ‘pretty’ and ‘simple’, included in adjective, are attached by suffix –ify, they become ‘prettify’ and ‘simplify’ that are included in verb.

d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ify may be described as follows:

• To indicate the meaning of ‘make’ what is mentioned in the base form.

e.g: humid + -ify Æ humidify ‘make humid’ simple + -ify Æ simplify ‘make simple’

• To indicate the meaning of ‘to do an action’ what is mentioned in base form.

e.g: class + -ify Æ classify ‘arrange in class or group’ identity + -ify Æ identify ‘prove who s.b or s.t is’

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5.1.4 Suffix –ize a. Form

• It is found that suffix –ize can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel

phoneme.

e.g: sterile + -ize Æ sterilize

• It is found that suffix –ize can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: modern + -ize Æ modernize

apology + -ize Æ apologize

• It is found that suffix –ize can be attached to the base which is ended with

semivowel phoneme.

e.g.: author + -ize Æ authorize

character + -ize Æ characterize

• It is found that suffix –ize can not be attached to the base which is ended with

diphthong phoneme.

• It is found that suffix –ize can not be attached to the base which is ended with

cluster phoneme.

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ize can be attached to the base which is ended by vocal, consonant, and semivowel phoneme.

b. Distribution

Suffix –ize may be attached to the base form as follows:

• Noun

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memory (n) + -ize Æ memorize

• Adjective

e.g: natural (adj) + -ize Æ naturalize sterile (adj) + -ize Æ sterilize

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ize can be attached to the base of noun and adjective. The word ‘terror’ and ‘memory’ are included in noun and the word ‘natural’ and ‘sterile’ are included in adjective.

c. Function

The function of suffix –ize may be described as follows:

• To form verb from noun

e.g: sympathy (n) + -ize Æ sympathize (v) material (n) + -ize Æ materialize (v)

• To form verb from adjective

e.g: legal (adj) + -ize Æ legalize (v) liberal (adj) + -ize Æ liberalize (v)

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d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ize may be described as follows:

• To indicate the meaning of ‘make’ or ‘become’

e.g: victim + -ize Æ victimize ‘make a victim of’ special + -ize Æ specialize ‘become specialist’

If the word ‘victim’ is attached by suffix –ize, it becomes ‘victimize’ that indicates the meaning of ‘make a victim of’. And also, if the word ‘special’ is attached by suffix –ize, it becomes ‘specialize’ that indicates the meaning of ‘becomes specialist’.

• To indicate the meaning of ‘act with qualities of’

e.g: economy + -ize Æ economize ‘be economical’

patron + -ize Æ patronize ‘act as patron towards’ If the word ‘economy’ is attached by suffix –ize, it becomes ‘economize’ that indicates the meaning of ‘be economical’. And also, if the word ‘patron’ is attached by suffix –ize, it becomes ‘patronize’ that indicates the meaning of ‘act as patron towards’.

• To indicate the meaning of ‘to do an action’

e.g: author + -ize Æ authorize ‘give authority to’ character + -ize Æ characterize ‘show in special way’

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5.1.5 Suffix –ness a. Form

• It is found that suffix –ness can be attached to the base which is ended by

vowel phoneme.

e.g: strange + -ness Æ strangeness

• It is found that suffix –ness can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: lonely + -ness Æ loneliness

• It is found that suffix –ness can not be attached to the base which is ended

with semivowel phoneme.

with diphthong phoneme.

with cluster phoneme.

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ness can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel and consonant phoneme.

b. Distribution

Suffix –ness may be attached only to the base form of adjective. e.g: serious + -ness Æ seriousness

lonely + -ness Æ loneliness

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they are attached by suffix –ness, they become ‘seriousness’ and loneliness' that are included in adjective.

c. Function

The function of suffix –ness is to form noun to adjective. e.g: dry (adj) + -ness Æ dryness (n) silly (adj) + -ness Æ silliness (n)

From the data above, the functions of suffix -ness are to form noun from adjective. The words ‘dry’ and ‘silly’ are included in adjective; if they are attached by suffix –ness, they become ‘dryness’ and ‘silliness’ that are included in noun.

d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ness is to indicate the meaning of ‘the state of being or quality of being something’.

e.g: good + -ness Æ goodness ‘quality of being good’ sick + -ness Æ sickness ‘illness or disease’

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5.1.6 Suffix –tion a. Form

• It is found that suffix –tion can be attached to the base which is ended by

vowel phoneme.

e.g: solve (v) + -tion Æ solution reduce (v) + -tion Æ reduction

• It is found that suffix –tion can not be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

semivowel phoneme.

• It is found that suffix –tion can be attached to the base which is ended with

diphthong phoneme.

e.g.: destroy + -tion Æ destruction

cluster phoneme.

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –tion can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel, and semivowel phoneme.

b. Distribution

Suffix –tion may be attached to the base form of verb only. e.g: solve (v) + -tion Æ solution

reduce (v) + -tion Æ reduction

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attached by suffix –ness, they become ‘seriousness’ and loneliness' that are included in adjective.

c. Function

The function of suffix –tion is to form noun from ver.

e.g: pronounce (v) + -tion Æ pronunciation (n) describe (v) + -tion Æ description (n)

From the data above, the function of suffix -tion is to form noun from verb. The words ‘pronounce’ and ‘describe’ are included in verb; if they are attached by suffix –tion, they become ‘pronunciation’ and ‘description’ that are included in noun.

d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix –tion is to indicate the meaning of ‘show action’. e.g: compete + -tion Æ competition ‘people compete’ solve + -tion Æ solution ‘way to solve’

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5.1.7 Suffix –ment a. Form

• It is found that suffix –ment can be attached to the base which is ended by

vowel phoneme.

e.g: agree + -ment Æ agreement

engage + -ment Æ engagement

• It is found that suffix –ment can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: develop + -ment Æ development

govern + -ment Æ government

• It is found that suffix –ment can not be attached to the base which is ended

with semivowel phoneme.

with diphthong phoneme.

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –tion can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel and consonant phoneme.

b. Distribution

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From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ment can be attached to the base of verb. The word ‘develop’ and ‘arrange’ are included in verb. If they are attached by suffix –ment, they become ‘development’ and ‘arrangement' that are included in noun.

c. Function

The function of suffix –ment is to form noun from verb. e.g: excite (v) + -ment Æ excitement (n) govern (v) + -ment Æ government (n)

From the data above, the function of suffix -ment is to form noun from verb. The words ‘excite’ and ‘govern’ are included in verb; if they are attached by suffix –ment, they become ‘excitement’ and ‘government’ that are included in noun.

d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ment is to indicate the meaning ‘a skill, an action or processes of what is mentioned in the base form or ‘a result, object or agent an action, and the place of an action’.

e.g: manage + -ment Æ management ‘a process of managing s.t.’

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or ‘a result, object or agent an action, and the place of an action’. It is shown that ‘management’ indicates the meaning of ‘a process of managing s.t., while ‘battlement’ indicates the meaning of ‘a place of doing battle’.

5.1.8 Suffix –ance a. Form

• It is found that suffix –ance can be attached to the base which is ended by

vowel phoneme. e.g:

• It is found that suffix –ance can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: perform + -ance Æ performance

semivowel phoneme.

e.g.: appear + -ance Æ appearance

allow (v) + -ance Æ allowance

diphthong phoneme.

e.g.: annoy (v) + -ance Æ annoyance

• It is found that suffix –ance can not be attached to the base which is ended

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b. Distribution

Suffix –ance can be attached to the base form of verb. e.g: annoy (v) + -ance Æ annoyance

allow (v) + -ance Æ allowance

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ance can be attached to the base of verb. The word ‘annoy’ and ‘allow’ are included in verb. If they are attached by suffix –ance, they become ‘annoyance’ and ‘allowance' that are included in noun.

c. Function

The function of suffix –ance is to form noun from verb. e.g: perform (v) + -ance Æ performance (n) annoy (v) + -ance Æ annoyance (n)

From the data above, the function of suffix -ment is to form noun from verb. The words ‘perform’ and ‘annoy’ are included in verb; if they are attached by suffix –ance, they become ‘performance’ and ‘annoyance’ that are included in noun.

d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ance is to indicate the meaning of ‘result of doing an action that is mentioned in the base form’.

e.g: perform + -ance Æ performance ‘result of doing perform’

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From the data above, if the word ‘perform’ and ‘appear’ are attached by suffix –ance, they become ‘performance’ and ‘appearance’ that indicate the meaning of ’ result of doing an action that is mentioned in the base form’. It is shown that ‘performance’ indicates the meaning of ‘result of doing perform’, while ‘appearance’ indicates the meaning of ‘result of doing appear’.

5.1.9 Suffix –ly a. Form

• It is found that suffix –ly can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel

phoneme.

e.g: complete + -ly Æ completely

brave + -ly Æ bravely

• It is found that suffix –ly can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: quick + -ly Æ quikly

friend + -ly Æ friendly

• It is found that suffix –ly can be attached to the base which is ended with

semivowel phoneme.

e.g.: slow + -ly Æ slowly

• It is found that suffix –ly can not be attached to the base which is ended with

diphthong phoneme.

• It is found that suffix –ly can not be attached to the base which is ended with

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From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ly can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel, consonant, and semivowel phoneme.

b. Distribution

Suffix –ly may be attached to the base form as follows:

• Adjective

e.g: quick (adj) + -ly Æ quickly

slow (adj) + -ly Æ slowly

• Verb

e.g: complete (v) + -ly Æ completely

• Noun

e.g: friend (n) + -ly Æ friendly

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –ly can be attached to the base of adjective, verb, and noun. The word ‘quick’ and ‘slow’ are included in adjective. If they are attached by suffix –ly, they become ‘quickly’ and ‘slowly'. Then, the word ‘complete’ is included in verb, while the word ‘friend’ is included in noun. If suffix –ly is attached to them, they become ‘completely’ and ‘friendly’.

c. Function

The function of suffix –ly may be described as follows:

• To form adjective from noun

e.g: friend (n) + -ly Æ friendly (adj)

• To form adverb from adjective

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slow (adj) + -ly Æ slowly (adv)

• To form adverb from verb

e.g: complete (v) + -ly Æ completely (adv)

From the data above, there are three functions of suffix –ly. The word ‘friend’ is included in noun; if the word ‘friend’ is attached by suffix –ly, it becomes ‘‘friendly’ that is included in adjective. While, the words ‘quick’ and ‘slow’ are included in adjective; if suffix –ly is attached to them, they become ‘quickly’ and ‘slowly’ that are included in adverb. And the last, the word ‘complete’ is included in verb; if suffix –ly is attached to it, it becomes ‘completely’ that is included in adverb.

d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ly is to say an action which is referred to the base form.

e.g.: death + -ly Æ deathly ‘like or suggesting death’ proud + -ly Æ proudly ‘in a proud’

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5.1.10 Suffix –able a. Form

• It is found that suffix –able can be attached to the base which is ended by

vowel phoneme.

e.g: change + -able Æ changeable marriage + -able Æ marriageable

• It is found that suffix –able can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: accept + -able Æ acceptable

suit + -able Æ suitable

semivowel phoneme.

e.g.: bear + -able Æ bearable

diphthong phoneme.

e.g.: enjoy + -able Æ enjoyable

• It is found that suffix –able can not be attached to the base which is ended

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –able can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel, consonant, semivowel, and diphthong phoneme. b. Distribution

Suffix –able may be attached to the base as follows:

• Noun

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• Verb

e.g.: accept (v) + -able Æ acceptable (adj)

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –able can be attached to the base of verb and noun. The word ‘change’ is included in noun. If suffix –able is attached to it, it becomes ‘changeable’. Then, the word ‘accept’ is included in verb. If suffix –able is attached to it, it becomes ‘acceptable’.

c. Function

The function of suffix –able may be described as follows:

• to form adjective from noun

e.g.: marriage (n) + -able Æ marriageable (adj)

• to form adjective from verb

e.g. accept (v) + -able Æ acceptable (adj)

From the data above, there are two functions of suffix –able. The word ‘marriage’ is included in noun; if suffix –able is attached to it, it becomes ‘marriageable’ that is included in adjective. While, the word ‘accept’ is included in verb; if suffix –able is attached to it, it becomes ‘acceptable’ that is included in adjective.

d. Meaning

The meaning of suffix -able is to say ‘it can be done’ from what is mentioned in the base form

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From the data above, if the word ‘enjoy and ‘accept’ are attached by suffix – able, they become ‘enjoyable’ and ‘acceptable’ that indicate the meaning of ‘it can be done’ from what is mentioned in the base form. It is shown that ‘enjoyable indicates the meaning of ‘can be done’, while ‘acceptable indicates the meaning of ‘can be accepted’.

5.1.11 Suffix –al a. Form

• It is found that suffix –al can be attached to the base which is ended by vowel

phoneme.

e.g: refuse + -al Æ refusal

• It is found that suffix –al can be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

e.g.: person + -al Æ personal

optic + -al Æ optical

• It is found that suffix –al can not be attached to the base which is ended with

semivowel phoneme.

diphthong phoneme.

cluster phoneme.

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b. Distribution

Suffix –al may be attached to the base as follows:

• Noun

e.g.: person (n) + -al Æ personal (adj) optic (n) + -al Æ optical (adj)

From the data above, it can be seen that suffix –al can be attached to the base of noun. The word ‘person’ and ‘optic’ are included in noun. If suffix –al is attached to them, they become ‘personal’ and ‘optical’.

c. Function

The function of suffix –al may be described as follows:

• To form adjective from noun

e.g.: option (n) + -al Æ optional (adj) person (n) + -al Æ personal (adj)

• Does not change the word class when it is attached to adjective.

e.g.: optic (adj) + -al Æ optical (adj)

• To form noun from verb

e.g.: refuse (v) + -al Æ refusal (n)

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‘optic’. If suffix –al is attached to it, it becomes ‘optical’ that is included in adjective.

d. Meaning

Suffix -al may indicate the meaning of ‘affixation of its object’ of what is mentioned in the base form

e.g. option + -al Æ optional ‘that maybe chosen or not’ person + -al Æ personal ‘belonging to a particular

person’

From the data above, it can be seen that if suffix –al is attached to the word ‘option’, it becomes ‘optional’ that indicates the meaning of ‘maybe chosen or not’. While, if suffix –al is attached to the word ‘person’, it becomes ‘personal’ that indicates the meaning of ‘belonging to a particular person’.

5.1.12 Suffix –age a. Form

• It is found that suffix –age can be attached to the base which is ended by

vowel phoneme.

e.g: store + -age Æ storage

• It is found that suffix –age can not be attached to the base which is ended with

consonant phoneme.

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diphthong phoneme.