Analysis of coastal resources for tourism development in Bengkulu

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/ V J I ~ '

ANALYSIS OF COASTAL RESOURCES FOR TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

IN

BENGKULU

E F R I Z A L

POST GRADUATE SCHOOL

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

BOGOR

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STATEMENT ON THESIS AND SOURCE INFORMATION

I hereby declare that this thesis "AnaIysis of CoasNrl Resources for Tourism Development if1 Bengltulu "

is

my own work and has been submit in any

form for another degree or diploma program (course) o any university or other

institution of tertiary education. Source of information derived or quoted from the

published or unpublished work of other is acknowledged in the text and list of

references are put at the end of the thesis.

Bogor, September 221h, 2006

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ABSTRACT

EFRIZAL. Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development in Bengkulu. Under the direction of MOHAMMAD MUKHLIS KAMAL, SANTOSO RAllARDJO and AGUSTlNUS SAMOSIR

As a coastal city, coastal Bengkulu is highly potential area to be developed for tourism activities; these ideas have not been implemented yet. Some important issues have been identified, such as poor management, unavailablity of tourism information, no guideline and specific scheme. Through GIs analysis and SWOT analysis are subsequence used to highly the potential land suitability and strategic development, which can produce a good planning of coastal tourism development in Bengkulu. The result showed that the very suitable areas for intensive land based activities are Pantai Panjang, Tapak Paderi and Jakat Beach. The very suitable for swimming activities are Jakat Beach and Tapak Paderi, whereas Tikus Island area is very suitable for diving and snorkeling with semi extensive activities. Development strategy of coastal tourism that should be done through several ways; human resources development, increasing quality and diversity of tourism product, strengthen of small industry, enhancement the quality of tourism facilities, conductive atmosphere of investment, increasing of environment control and disaster mitigation, increasing of the management skills and promotion.

Keywords: Coaslal Resources, Tourism Development, Planning, Bengkulu

ABSTRAK

EFRIZAL. Analisa Sumberdaya Pesisir Untuk Pengembangan Pariwisata di Bengkulu. Dibimbing oleh MOHAMMAD MUKHLIS KAMAL, SANTOSO RAHARDJO dan AGUSTINUS SAMOSIR

Sebagai kota pantai kawasan pesisir Bengkulu mempunyai potensi besar untuk dikembangkan berbagai kegiatan pariwisata, gagasan ini beluln semuanya dilaksanakan dimana saat ini masih dihadapkan beberapa permasalahan seperti belum terkelola sacara optimal, belum tersedianya data dan informasi dan belum ada pedoman pengelolaan pariwisata dan pola pengembangan yang jelas. Melalui analisis spasial (GIs) untuk kesesuaian lahan dan analisis SWOT untuk mendapatkan strategi pengembangan diharapkan dapat menciptakan suatu perencanaan pariwisata pesisir yang baik di Bengkulu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kawasan yang paling sesuai untuk kegiatan intensif pariwisata pantai adalah Pantai Panjang, Tapak Paderi, dan Pantai Jakat. Kawasan yang paling sesuai untuk kegiatan pariwisata renang adalah Pantai Jakat dan Tapak Paderi, sedangkan kawasan pulau tikus adalah paling sesuai untuk kegiatan pariwisata selam dan snorkeling dengan semi ekxtensif kegiatan. Strategi pengembangan pariwisata pesisir yang harus dilakukan adalah pengembangan sumberdaya manusia, peningkatan kualitas dan penganekaragaman produk wisata, pemberdayaan industri kecil, peningkatan kualitas sarana pariwisata, peningkatan iklim investasi, peningkatan pengelolaan lingkungan dan penyebarluasan penanganan bencana, peningkatan kemampuan manajemen dan promosi.

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@Copyright property of Efrizal,

2006

Forbidden to cite and to copy without prior permission in writingfronz Bogor Agricultural Universiry. partly or entirely in

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ANALYSIS OF COASTAL RESOURC~S FOR

TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

IN

BENGKULU

Thesis as partial fulfillment for Master of Science in Coastal and Marine Resouces Management.

POST GRADUATE SCHOOL

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

BOGOR

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Title

Name SRN

: Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development in Bengkulu

: E f r i z a l

: C251040414

This thesis is approved by the advisory board

Dr. Ir. M. ~ u k h l i s G m a l . M.Sc. Supervisor

Ir. antoso Rahard'o M.Sc. Ir. Agustinus Samosir, M.Phil. Co-supervisor

t

Co-supervisor

Prof. Dr. Ir. Rokhmin Dahuri, MS.

J

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Ipresent this thesis t o

m y

6e Covedwqe IT. wwi yitriani,

MP.

andmy daughters; yathia dmafia Putri

,

YiCzah i ' h i r a h

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PREFACE

Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of worlds, wit their blessing this thesis has been finished. This thesis has made as one of the requirement to qualify the postgraduate school of Bogor Agriculture University which is Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development in Bengkulu.

The author want to carry out this thesis background by a wish to give a thinking contribution for the coastal tourism development in the Bengkulu that constraint by have not made the scientific study base planning which resulted by the limitations of data and information especially the physical, chemical and biological condition as well as the social economics and culture of Bengkulu coast community.

In this time, author want to say thank you to :

1. Dr. Ir. M. Mukhlis Kamal, M. Sc. as chairman of the supervisor, Ir. Santoso Rahardjo, M. Sc. and Ir. Agustinus Samosir, M. Phil. as Co-supervisor, who gave the guidance and suggestion that given to author in finishing of the thesis. 2. Ir. Gatot Yulianto, M.S and Dr. Ir. Mennofatria Boer, DEA as examiner who

have gave correction and suggestion in better thesis.

3. Dr. Lars Lund Hansen and Dr. Vibeke Simonsen from Aarhus University that have gave correction and suggestion in better thesis.

4. The chief of MCRM Project who installed the scholarship to author in frame of International Master Degree in Sandwich Program.

5. The Mayor of Bengkulu Municipality and Chairman of Regional Planning and Development Board of Bengkulu Municipality who gave the opportunities to take this program.

6. Ir. Sigit Sujatmiko, MSAE and Ir. Syiafril Sy. who gave the recommendation to take Master Degree.

7. All of my colleagues in Sandwich Program (Coky, Eirene, Edo, Kus, Netty, Norma, Machmud, Saptoyo, Yesi, Zaenal, Zaitul), Dr. Ir. Bambang, MSc. Dr. Ir. Yusli Wardiatno, MSc. Dra. Sri Kholiyasih, Drs. Harmes, MT, Leny Gustiani, SP. M S . and everyone might not able to be written who gave suggestion during take the scholarship, research and finishing the thesis.

8. Especially my father YD. Yusri who always gave motivation and spirit to qualify the study.

Finally, I realize that this thesis still far from perfect, so that construction suggestions and criticisms would be welcomed for the improvement of this recent work. The author hopes that this thesis will be useful for the readers.

Bogor, October 5'h, 2006

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The author was born in Curup, Bengkulu Province on April lo*, 1968 as a second child of six children from the couple of Y.D Yusri and Halimah Hamid (the late). In 1996, he married with Ir. Dwi Fitriani,, MP. and has three daughters (Fathia Amalia Putri, Filzah Thahirah Amanina and Fatimah Zahratunnisa).

He finished his study in Agronomy, Agricultural Faculty of Bengkulu University in 1993 and Development Study, Economic Faculty of Open University in 2003. Furthermore, he got scholarship for Sandwich Master Degree Program in Coastal and Marine Resource Management in 2004. This program was cooperation between Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia and Arhus University of Denmark.

Right now he works at Regional Planning and Development Board of Bengkulu Municipality, Bengkulu Province since 2003. He has been worked at Public Work Service of Rejang Lebong Regency in 1998-2003, Cump Sub District Office in 1997-1998, Training and Education Office in 1996-1998 and Regional Planning and Development Board of Rejang Lebong Regency in 1994-

1996.

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RESULTS

...

Existing of Tourism Zone

...

Area for Land Based Activities

...

Area for Swimming

...

Area for Diving and Snorkeling

...

Development Strategies Analysis for Coastal Tourism

...

DISCUSSIONS

...

Zonation of Tourism Activities

...

Coastal Tourism Development

...

Coastal Community Development

...

Disaster Management

...

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

...

Recommendation

...

Page vi vii

...

V l l l

REFERENCES

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LIST OF TABLE

...

I

.

The scoring and suitable matrix for land based activities

2

.

The scoring and suitable matrix for swimming

...

3

.

The scoring and suitable matrix for diving and snorkeling ...

4

.

Interval score for coastal tourism

...

5

.

Matrix of SWOT Analysis

...

6

.

Distribution of Regional Gross Domestic Product of Bengkulu. base on constant price on 1993 and 1993.2004

...

7 . Composition of Mangrove forest in Pulai Baai

8 . Coral reef in Tikus Island

...

9

.

Distribution RGDP of Bengkulu in Agriculture Sector which

according to Constant Price in 1993 (Rp

.

Million)

...

10

.

The Fisherman and Fish Farmer condition on 1992-2004

...

I 1

.

Coastal tourism object in Bengkulu

...

I2

.

Wide of area suitability for coastal tourism activities in

...

Bengkulu

...

13

.

Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Resources Development

14

.

Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Tourism Product

...

15

.

Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Tourism Infrastructure

16

.

Community perception of coastal tourism development in

.

Bengkulu Municlpalliy

...

17

.

Programs. Target and Activities of Coastal Tourism Development in Bengkulu Municipality

...

.

18 Role of component in coastal tourism development

Page

18

19

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LIST

OF

FIGURE

...

.

1 Functioning Component on Tourism Development

...

2

.

Research Framework of Coastal Tourism Planning on Bengkulu

3

.

Study area at Bengkulu Municipality, Bengkulu Province

...

4

.

Flowchart of GIS Procedures

...

.

5

.

The overlay for regional suitability of coastal tourism (upper). swimming (middle). diving and snorkeling (lower)

...

6 . Map of Current. Tidal and Wind in Coastal of Bengkulu

...

7

.

Number of tourists who visit to Bengkulu in 1997

-

2004

...

8

.

Suitability Map for Land Based Tourism Activities

...

9

.

Suitability Map for Swimming Tourism Activities

10

.

Suitability Map for Diving and Snorkeling Tourism Activities

...

1 1

.

Coral coverage on Tikus Island. Bengkulu

...

Page

6

11

13

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LIST

OF ANNEXES

...

.

1 Step of data processing through GIS Procedure

...

2

.

Explained of main parameter for coastal tourism activities

3

.

Interval score determination

...

4

.

Guideline of Scoring in SWOT Analysis ...

.

...

5 SWOT Analysis

...

6

.

Standardization of water for tourism and recreation

7

.

Questionnaire for community understanding of coastal tourism

...

8

.

Resulting of Lit Survey by Scuba Diving on Tikus Island, Bengkulu

9

.

Wave high in coastal of Bengkulu Municipality Area (2005)

...

10

.

Wind speed on Coastal of Bengkulu Municipality (2005)

...

11

.

Result of water sample analysis

...

12

.

Climate Condition of Bengkulu Municipality in 2004 and 200 .2003 .

.

13 Figure of Research Activities

...

14

.

Figure of Study Areas

...

Page

65

67

70

72

78

81

82

83

84

85 86

87

88

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INTRODUCTION

Background

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state characterized by around 17.508 islands and 81.000 km coast length (Soegiarto, 1976 in Dahuri et. al., 1996),

beautiful nature coast and the diversity of flora and fauna inside. There are coral

reef and many kinds of the ornamental fish that estimated approximately 263

kinds (Nugroho, 2004). This huge potency is very appropriate to utilize and

develop for coastal and marine tourism.

Bengkulu is a coastal city, located in the west coast of Sumatra Island,

accordingly it is highly potential area to develop for tourism. The tourism sector is

one of the development priorities that have contributed much to the economy of

Bengkulu, although the contribution of tourism sector is not written factually.

Stated on the Regional Gross Domestic Product (GRDP) of Bengkulu 2003, the

close related sector of tourism such as trade, hotel business, restaurant (22,18%),

transportation and communication (31,50%) are the economics sector that gave

the highest contribution to Bengkulu development (Bappeda, 2004a). On the other

hand, the trend of Bengkulu tourism development is under developed for the time

being as the number of foreign tourist are decreasing, although domestic tourist

rise slowly (Disparta, 2004). Should tourism be improved, it is expected to

contribute higher income and accordingly for the increasing of community

welfare. This could only be realized through a good planning in tourism which

counts all influencing aspects on region development such as physical, social

economics, and culture.

Coastal tourism is a kind of tourism that relies on the beauty of nature,

sea and land environment as the attraction. In this case, the conservation of nature

resources and healthy environment are mandatory to be secured by tour managers,

community, tourists themselves (Suharsono, 1993) and government. The

understanding of the environmental condition is very important in the arrangement of the coastal tourism development. Without that knowledge, the

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The coastal tourism development usually is started with an area planning,

which zone of the region is suitable to be developed for the tourism area. The

unplanned development or wrong planning will cause the declining of the coastal

resources quality, especially on location determination of coastal tourism

development. Unplanned development has contributed largely to the degradation

of an already stressed marine environment (Turner, et a]., 2000).

The study on land suitability for costal tourism development is needed to

obtain a system of sustainable development management of coastal tourism in

Bengkulu. Without a good management of the tourism development planning, the

declining of tourism quality will be faced, as a consequence of the lost of

interesting value area (Baehaqie, 1993).

An analysis of coastal resources for tourism development that involve

land suitability and development strategy is required and will become an initial

input for Bengkulu government in determining their future policies.

Issue Formulations

Nowadays, the marine based tourism (coastal and maritime) denotes one

of the interesting tourism products of the international community. The marine

tourism development objective is to utilize and evolve the tourist spots and attractions in the coastal and ocean. Unfortunately the priority of resources

management is given more to their mainland compared to their coastal and sea

resources, especially the coastal tourism management.

Bengkulu region consist of large area with several potential that could be

developed for coastal tourism activities, but right now those ideas still faces to

some important issues as follow;

1. Coastal tourisln is still not optimally managed where still find the promising

nature resources that are poor maintained.

2. Tourism information is still not available and an accurate data is difficult to

find, as the result is the less planned in tourism promoting.

3. There is no guideline for sustainable tourism development especially the

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Objectives

1. To identify all the coastal resources that could be used as tourism attraction.

2. T o provide a zonation of coastal tourism based on suitability analysis.

3. T o formulate a development strategy of coastal tourism which guaranty the

acceleration and sustainability of tourism in Bengkulu.

Benefits

1 . For the government especially to Bengkulu Government, the study resulting

could be used as the inputs about the policy foundation development of coastal

tourism in order to support the vision and mission of the city development.

2. For the education institution could become one of the scientific studies in

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Intro

The coastal area is the area where land meets sea (Sverdruf, 2006); on

the land side both dry and remained water, still is affected by characteristics of the

sea such tide, sea wind and salt infiltration; whereas on sea side still is influenced

by natural processes that occur in the land such as sedimentation, freshwater and

human activities in land such as deforestation and pollution (Dahuri et. al., 1996).

Such situation may be found in bays, lagoons, estuaries, small islands (Clark,

1995), cliffs, dunes (Sverdruf, 2006), river deltas, coastal plains, wetlands,

beaches and dunes, reefs, mangrove forest, and other coastal feature (Post, 1996).

Moreover, Arancibia (1999) pointed out to use a broader and more functional

definition of coastal area whose flexibility permits considerations of biological, biophysical, social, and economic aspects. It is defined as the geographic space in

which the principal interchanges of material and energy are produced between the

marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The coastal area occupies less than 15% of the

earths land surface. Only 40% of the one million krn of coastline is accessible and

temperate enough to be habitable. Yet it accommodates more than 60% of the

world's population (FAO, 1998).

Interaction between land and sea ecosystem is very dynamic and affected

each other, so more susceptible to each human activities in the land (waste,

mangrove deforestation, erosion, etc.) and in sea (oil layer, coral reef destruction,

etc.), the global climate change (sea level rising) and also natural disaster (tsunami,

storm, etc.) (Ditjend-Bangda, 1999)'. The coastal and ocean area have important

role on sea transport, harbor, industrial, recreation and tourism, settlement area

and also waste disposal from mainland.

As an ecosystem, the coastal area is formed through natural process such

as coral reef, mangrove, and sea grass and also gotten artificially; like fishpond,

tide paddy-field, tourism, industrial and settlement area (Dahuri et. a]., 1996).

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Coastal Tourism Paradigm

Many expert have defined tourism, among of them is Mathieson (1982)

who stated that tourism

is

temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal place of work and residence to satisfy his need. In Tourism

Indonesian Law No. 911990 that tourism also is defined as everything that linked

to tour, including attraction and all of efforts that related to its (Gunawan, 1997).

The tourism area is a region with certain wide that built or provided to

satisfy the tourism. In old paradigms, tourism emphasize to mass tourism which

characterize number of tourist and various tourism package (Faulkner, 1997), and

it become new paradigm of tourism now, that is modern tourist who have

experience and autonomous, one destination to find flexible recreation, variety

and specific motivation to nature. Further stated that ecotourism is group of

tourism object and their attraction emphasize to nature. The ecotourism society

purposefully travel to natural area to understand the culture and natural history of

the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while

producing economic opportunities the make the conservation of natural resources

beneficial to local people.

Whereas coastal tourism is defined as recreation activity in coastal, such

as enjoy the coast, sand, sea and sunbathed (Wong, 1991), swimming, surfing,

diving, canoeing, walking along the coast, enjoying the beauty of the coast, and

meditation (Dahuri et. al., 1996). This tourism is often associated with three " S "

(Sun, Sea and Sand)(Wong, 1991), its meaning is tourism that provided beauty

and natural comfort from the combination of the sunlight, sea and clean sandy

beach. Even Miller (1991) added one "S" _{(sex) which has become one of the new}

frontiers and fastest growing areas of the world's tourism industry. Tourist

activities are considered coastal tourism activities when they are based on or

utilize coastal or marine resources, either natural or man-made, or located within

the coastal strip (TCMP, 2001). Furthermore Ceballos and Lascurain (1983) in (Anonym, 1996) stressed the coastal tourism definition on the conservation aspect

of the environment and sustainable community's culture, so benefiting directly to

community in surrounding area. According to him the coastal tourism should be

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out continuously. This directly involved the natural environment including the

sustainable culture and ecology aspect and also stressed to the community

participation on surrounding area, they will involve conservation goal of resources

in future.

Coastal tourism concept embraces the full range of tourism, leisure, and

recreationally oriented activities that take place in the coastal areas and the

offshore waters (Hall, 2001). These include coastal tourism development, such as:

accommodation, restaurants, food industry, and second homes and its

infrastructure such as: retail businesses, marinas, and activity suppliers. It's also

included all tourism activities such as recreational boating, coastal and marine-

based ecotourism cruises, swimming, recreational fishing, snorkeling and diving.

Tourism Resources

Although there is no standardized practice for reporting tourism statistics

within the coastal zone, it is not to see how tourism has a major coastal aspect.

The inherent character of coastal area makes its tourism distinctive (Zhang, 2001).

Historically, the use of coastal zone for tourism dated to Roman times when

holiday villas were available on the northern side of the Bay of Naples (Wong,

1993). Coastal area has various attractive resources for tourism activities, but it

could be developed as sustainable and marketable tourism unless certain condition

fulfilled such as attractive place, good accessibility and service, continuing

promotion and information (Lewaherilla, 2002). Gunn (1993) has described

tourism development including coastal area as the functioning component which

each other have relationship component. Linked of those components is shown in

Figure 1.

Attractions

m

Services

m

Information

m

Promotion

m

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In document of TCMP (2001), it was explained that attractions could be

divided into two categories: natural (wildlife, beaches, forests, geological

formations) and cultural (historical or archaeological sites, performing arts,

traditional lifestyles). Services including accommodations could range from basic

campsites to luxury hotels. Whether budget or luxury, hotels need to provide

value for a tourist's money. Standardized classification system is one way to

ensure that hotels are providing quality accommodation at a fair price. Hotel

owners and operators face constraints, however; high operating costs due to

inadequate provision of utilities and telecommunications and taxes can often limit

an investor's ability to do business successfully. Transportation can be by air, land

or sea, but needs to be safe, a good value for the money, and reliable. Improving

access to tourism sites allows more visitors to come, and also allows those visitors

to go to more places.

Finally, management of coastal as nature tourism really need the

participation of community on surrounding area, which is hoped will reach the

targets (Anonym, 1997):

1. Maintaining the ecological process and system of life support in order to

increase of community welfare and humankind quality.

2. Protecting the genetic diversity through protection of cohesiveness of the conservation area.

3. Guarantying the sustainability of natural resources utilizations and ecosystem

through maintenance efforts towards the biodiversity capacity.

Tourism Product

Coastal tourism products include coastal tourism resources and related

tourism facilities (Zee, 1992). As for this case, coastal tourism is divided into

natural resources and historical resources. Not all resources become tourism

resources unless certain conditions are fulfilled: physical suitability, scenic quality

and accessibility (Zhang, 2001). Furthermore, Zee (1992) states that tourism

facilities consist of primary and secondary facilities. Primary facilities mainly

refer to the stay accommodation and access facilities. Secondary facilities could

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entertainment facilities. Some facilities have mixed function such as swimming

pool, which can be plain swimming lanes or added with other entertainment

facilities.

As natural resources, the coastal zone consists of a myriad of ecosystems

that can serve as potential tourism attractions. In addition to the natural sand

beaches found at various places along the coast, the flora and fauna of the coastal

zone can be considered attractions as well. Further, the extensive coral reefs that

fringe the shoreline can be utilized by those tourists interested in snorkeling or

diving. (TCMP, 2001)

Cultural heritage represents historical resources and shown the identity

of a community and its environment. Cultural heritage can include monuments or

other buildings that represent important events or eras in local or national history,

traditional lifestyles, such as the performing arts and handicrafts, and even the

everyday activities of local people as they farm, fish or prepare food. Tourists are

becoming increasingly interested in learning about the people that live in and

around tourist destinations in addition to more traditional tourist activities, such as

game viewing and sun bathing. This cultural heritage can be developed into tourist

attractions, which, in turn, can provide income generating opportunities for people

living along the coast (TCMP, 2001).

Tourism Development

Cheong (2003) has explained about tourism development is based on the assumption that tourism is a two-faced industry consisting of public and private

spheres. Tourist services such as accommodations and restaurants are managed by

the private sector. Individuals or firms offer these services to obtain direct profit

from tour operation. On the other hand, natural resources such as scenery, clean

water, ambience, and fish as well as cultural assets of the place are considered public resources. Furthermore, the infrastructure often times provided by the

government is essential to the smooth tourist operation.

Coastal area contains various coastal resources that give the certain

benefit for human activities like commercial, industry, transportation, agriculture

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touching and influence to natural ecosystem that supported. Each natural

ecosystem in coastal area have 4 main functions to human life: (1) service of life

supporting, (2) service of the comfortable, (3) provider of nature resources and (4)

waste recipient (Ortolano, 1987). Based on the four functions of the ecosystem,

there are three conditions that can guarantee the achievement of sustainable

development that is i) spatial harmonious, ii) assimilate capacity, and iii)

sustainable utilization. The selection activities in region have to consider the

compatibility of the land or waters, the impact of the development activities

especially pollution, sedimentation, change of hydrology regime, and the

compatibility among development activities (Dahuri et. al., 1996).

Soeriaatmaja (1997) stated that the sustainable development is

development that can guarantee the human requirement on present generation (in

satisfying their need) without leaving the next generation. The aim of the

sustainable development is integrate development and environment since the beginning of the policy process until their implementation. Conceptually, a

development of sustainable coastal tourism can be interpreted as the tourism

development that environmentally perception which not disturbing the condition

of coastal resources, so they can be used continually until next generations. The

natural tourism activities certainly give positive impacts, but also can bring

negative impacts to environment either ecologically and socially. In general, the

negative impact of environment could happens as a result of poor planning and

management, for example those did not consider the environment capacity or lack

of awareness, knowledge on environment conservation (Soeriaatmaja, 1997).

Tourism development that not applied good planning and management

will cause the lost and decline of region quality, and will subsequently demeaning

the interesting any tourists. Location selection is one of main factors that caused

loosing and declining of coastal resources quality. The inappropriate location can

cause problem on pattern of development, both on present and on the future.

Many negative impacts had been happened as a result of mistaken assessment on

natural characteristics of the coastal area such as damaging from the storm and

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MATERLALS AND METHODS

Research Frameworks

Bengkulu coast region has great potential for tourism development with

interesting scenery and white wide of sand beach. In other side, coastal tourism

development also has opportunity to cause ecosystem damage, if it is unplanned

such as mangrove conversion and sea casuarinas forest change settlement.

Several problems also will be resulted from the tourism development that not

enough planning such as mainly conflict of interests among related part due to no

clear area development coordination yet, such tourism and forestry, public work

and environment service, etc. Furthermore, not adequate institution as certain

tourism areas management yet, lack of community's participation and declining of

environment quality are found.

Many negative impacts have happened from the wrong planning towards

nature characteristics estimation of the coastal area. Environmental damage that is

resulted from storm, wave, wind, erosion and intrusion of sea water is main cause

of the failure planning of the land use, so caused fragile of coastal ecosystem and

even will damage the developed tourism infrastructure. Some causes that effect

those problems is the accurate data and information are not available, there are no

suitable analysis in the last planning and consistency of land use planning in

implementation.

Initial step of the tourism planning is defining the objective of tourism,

identify the resources, furthermore analyze and determine suitable area for

tourism activities. Through the land suitability analysis, it is hoped that the

development of the natural resources environment, which is an important factor in

coastal tourism, could be still well maintained.

Therefore, the comprehensive planning of coastal tourism development

is needed through spatial analysis (CIS) for land and water suitability and social economics and cultural analysis and equipped also with the SWOT analysis for

strategic development, which can produce a good planning of coastal tourism

development. Applications of CIS in coastal tourism planning illustrate that CIS

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Integrated use of field surveys, remote sensing and GIS in coastal tourism has

been used and proven to be useful. For examples: coastal tourism planning

(Zhang, 2001), tourism spatial planning and the impact of urbanization and

tourism on coastal environment (Burak et a]., 2004). It will be hoped that the

sustainability of'resources could be maintained and the increasing of common

prosperity for all the people can be reached. Research framework is illustrated in

Figure 2 below.

Bengkulu Coastal

Area

1

f

Bengkulu City / n-4....~.. -2.3-

I

Government

1

/

ruLc"bY

/

Coastal Tourism Issues and Problem

Development

.

RUTRW' Government Policy of

Spasial Analysis SWOT Analysis

Land Suitability of Coastal Tourism Development Strategy

-u=-

r

Bengkulu Coastal

I

Tourism ~ e v e l o ~ m e n t Plan

I

Figure 2. Research Framework of Coastal Tourism Development on Bengkulu.

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Study Area and Sampling Site

The study location is in west coast of Bengkulu Municipality including

Tikus lsland areas in the coordinate of 102"14' to 102"22' East and 3"45' to 3'59'

South. The first study

is

called Pantai Panjang which means long beach. This area located at Sub District of Gading Cempaka with good accessibility; where

cottages, hotels, restaurants and several public facilities could be found. Another

interesting place is Tapak Paderi. This area is public park at Sub Didtrict of Teluk

Segara with an old harbour that was built during English colonization, good view

of sea scenery and also available the shallow waters (1-5 m). This area located in

centre of city which is the marina being contracted, to support several tourism

activities. Beside that the attractive place to be visited is Tikus Island as a Marine

Park that surrounded by the coral reef as rich biological resources. This area

situated around 7 km from Tapak Paderi.

The study area is not including Pulau Baai Harbor in the southern; it is

assumed that tourism activities should not be developed there since the area has

already been allocated for conservation area (sea casuarinas and mangrove forest)

and fishpond.

In order to investigate the tourism development planning of coastal

tourism, sampling sites were determined representing the area along the west

coast and surrounding Tikus Island. Those stations were sampled for physical,

chemical and biological parameters. Study area and sample station is presented in

Figure 3.

Data Collection

The data consisted of primary and secondary data that collected through

observation, questionnaire and interview which was conducted during March to

May 2006.

1. Primary Data

a. Water quality

Water quality condition was measured based on physical, chemical and

(29)

BENGKULU MUNICIPALITY

Map Situation

i.BonpliviY MapZW2,Scsie 1 :2W.000 2.MCRMP M B P D I B D ~ Q L Y I Y Provinca2001,

Scalo 1 : M O W .

MARINE ANDCOASTAL RESOURCES MANAOEMENT STUDIES BOGOR AORICVLTURALUNlVERSlTY

-

(30)

turbidity, wave height, oil layer, surfactant, and Escherichia coli. Each

parameter was taken on 9 stations with 3 replicates.

The clarity was measured by using secchi disk and current speed by

current meter. Water depth was calculated from Landsat image analysis

and wave height through estimation by wind speed. Water sample was

taken in the field to be measured later in laboratory. The sample was

intended for determination of turbidity (Nephelometric method), oil layer

and surfactant (spectrophotometer method) and Escherichia coli (MPN

method).

a. Coral Environment

Field observation on coral reef was performed to determine coral type,

coverage as well as coral fish. This action possible due to diving and

snorkeling which has been conducted through lit survey with scuba diving.

b. Community Perception (Questionnaire)

In order to know the community perception on coastal tourism, the

unstructured questionnaire was distributed to gather information to several

respondents, how did they known more understanding on coastal tourism

development which has been done interview and discussion to all respondent. In order got more information and easy to be done, accidental

sampling was conducted for local community (16 people) and tourists (8

people), and purposive sampling for community leader (4 people),

government officer (7 people), and travel agency (5 people).

2. Secondary Data

Secondary data was collected to obtain the information about social,

economics and culture. Other data could be obtained is given from observation

on the field such as climate, temperature, wind, tidal condition, distance from

coastline, land utilization, coast type, accessibility, disaster area, fresh water

source.

There by the data of size of area, population, level of education, accessibility,

(31)

BPS', Tourism Service on Province or Municipality level, University, and

Research Consultant. The other supporting data such as:

a. Health facilities

b. Regional Gross Domestic Product of Bengkulu Municipality

c. Potentials of the Nature Resources and Environment

d. Location of tourism object

e. Number of tourist with their characteristic.

Maps requirement that is used such as;

a. Digital map of Bengkulu Municipality on 2002 (scale 1:70.000),

b. Map of the spatial plan, 2002,

c. Landsat 7 ETM Image on February 2003,

d. Coastal Atlas of Bengkulu Province that has been issued by MCRM

Project, 2005.

Data Analysis

All data is compiled with Microsoft EXCEL for further analysis using

Geographical Information System (GIs) Program (Arc Info Ver.3.4.2 and Arc View Ver.3.2).

1. Spatial Analysis

The step of spatial data processing through GIs database procedure is showed

on flowchart in Figure 4 and is explained briefly in Annex 1.

2. Determination of tourism area with suitability method

a. Determination of suitability matrix

This method is adopted from the analysis technique for land suitability that

is developed by F A 0 (1976). Each variable is given by the value showing

three categories, that is very suitable (VS), suitable (S) and not suitable

(NS) (DPU, 1997)'.

'

Biro Pusat Statis:ik (Centre Statistics Boa~.d, Republic of Indonesia)

(32)

Data Collecting

Land Suitability Analysis

(33)

e Very suitable (VS)

The area have not significant limitations to sustained application of

coastal tourism development as given use, or only minor limitations

that will not significantly reduce benefits and will not raise inputs

above an acceptable level (FAO, 1976). The color for this area will be

used green.

Suitable (S)

The area has rather serious restraint for the activities of coastal tourism

development. This restraint will increase input or treatment that is

needed. The color for this area will be used ycllow.

.

Not suitable (NS)

The area have limitations which appear so severe as to preclude any

possibilities of successful sustained use of the land in the given manner

for coastal tourism development (FAO, 1976). The color for this area

will be used red.

b. Weighting

Generally, this method is used in planning which have qualitative

dimension variables. Each suitable variable is given weight that is

determined by contribution of variable to achieve the target of space

utilization. How far a region can fill the criterion that is determined by

suitability variable, it determines the number of scores that is received.

The suitable calculation is carried out by multiplying weight to score and

results of multiplication for all variables. If results reached or exceeded a

certain value then utilization activity can be stated appropriately.

Weighting is divided into 3 criteria as follow;

Primary parameter or main condition is used for a development

activity of coastal tourism is given by the weight 4-5;

Secondary parameter for parameter that can be dealt with technology is

given by the weight 2-3; and

Tertiary parameter for the parameter that is used as supporting

(34)

The scoring is used 3 criteria with value of the score that is;

Score 3 for parameter that have appropriateness very suitable (VS)

Score 2 for the parameter that have appropriateness suitable (S)

Score 1 for the parameter that have appropriateness non suitable (TS). The matrix of land suitability for coastal tourism activities in Bengkulu is

shown by Table 1, 2 and 3 which is adjusted to land based, swimming and diving snorkeling activities repeatedly.

Table 1. The scoring and suitable matrix for land based activities

VS = Very suitable, S = Suitable, and NS = Non suitable

Table 2. The scoring and suitable matrix for swimming

No

1. 2.

VS = Very suitable, S = Suitable, NS = Non suitable. NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit.

-

Parameter Current speed 31

Wave height

5

, 3

3 Badnn Koordinasi Survey dan Fernetaan Nasionai (National Mapping and Survey Coordination

Board, Republic of Indonesia)

3. l ~ e ~ t h 21 m

1

3 0 - 5 3 5-10 2 > l o 1

1

Score

2

Unit

mlsc

rn

0-0.1 0-0.2

Weight

I

VS

I

Score

I

S NS

> 0.4 >1.0

Score

1

3

(35)

Table 3. The scoring and suitable matrix for diving and snorkeling

,.

.

VS = Very suitable, S

=

suitable; NS = Non suitable, NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit.

6.

Interval score determination is conducted according to statistic theoretic

trough use the minimum and maximum value of each total score, its can be

made the class wide.

The formula that is used :

7.

1

Depth 21 m ( 3 1 0 - 5 3 1 5 - 1 0 2

[ > l o

( t

Wave height

Class wide =maximum

-

minimum

2

I

m

1

3 1 0 - 0 . 2 1 3 10.2-1.01 2 1>1.0

I

1

The interval of three matrixes above is presented in Table 4, whereas the

detail step of this is presented in Annex 3.

Table 4. Interval score for coastal tourism

Activities

Land Based

Swimming

Diving and Snorkeling

Very Suitable

45 - 54

48

-

57

80 - 96

Suitable

27

-

44

29

-

47

48

-

79

Non Suitable

18 -26

1 9 - 2 8

(36)

3. Overlay

Overlay of map is a process of uniting the spatial data (the map) that is used in

the layout plan (Ortolano, 1987). Overlay for the compilation of the tourism

area is presented in Figure 5.

4. SWOT Analysis

Basically this analysis is built to determine the strategic planning.

Output of SWOT analysis is basic information structure of the general real

understanding and choice group of strategic development (Zwaenepoel, 1999).

The SWOT analysis is able to identify some determinant factors prior to

formulating the strategy planning. This analysis is based on logic by maximizing

the strengths and opportunities, but simultaneously minimizing the weaknesses

and threats (Rangkuti, 2005). The steps of SWOT is 1) Collecting data is external

and internal evaluation; 2) Analysis is make external internal matrix and SWOT

matrix and 3) Decision making

All required information are put into a matrix that clearly depict the

opportunities and external threats which matching to strengths and weaknesses

(SWOT Analysis). The matrix will produce several possibilities of strategic

alternatives, which decision to be done to contend with weaknesses and threats of

coastal tourism management (Marimin, 2004). Matrix of SWOT Analysis is

presented in Tabel 5.

Table 5. Matrix of SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

Factors of internal

I

Factors of internal

threats

(37)

Distance from Coastline

Overlay 1

Land use

Overlay 4

Accessibility

Overlay 2 _{Land Based}

Coastal type _Activities

Overlay 3

Source

Clarity

Current speed

Depth

k

Depth 7

Overlay 1

Diving and Snorkeling Biophysics &

Chemistry Condition

Coral reef

Overlay 2

Current speed

Figure 5. The overlay for regional suitability of coastal tourism (upper), swimming (middle), diving and snorkeling (lower)

Overlay 1

J _Swimming

(38)

Matrix approach of internal and external factors is weighted by factor 0.0-

1.0 depending on how is the importance of factors. Furthermore the strengths and

opportunities as internal and external factor is given by the score 4-1, whereas the weaknesses and threats as internal and external factor is gave the score 1-4 depend

on how is effect of the factors to coastal tourism development. To reduce the

subjectivity of SWOT analysis was conducted deep discussion to experts and

local government officers; especially on weighting, scoring and material

(39)

BENGKULU MUNICIPALITY

Geology and Climate Condition

Bengkulu Municipality is the capital of the Bengkulu province, situated in

the West Coast of Sumatra along the north to south direction. Its area is about

144.52 km2 with coastline is about

+

60 km including Tikus Island, located in the

coordinate between 102'14'- 102'22' East and 3'45'

-

3'59' South. The northern

and eastern is North Bengkulu Regency, Seluma Regency in the southern, and Indonesian/Indian Ocean in western part doe to geographical location, takes

implication to coastal tourism may be developed as, availability of the object and

attraction on its coastal environment.

In General, the coastal area elevation bctween 0 - 16 m above sea level and the widest area is between 0

-

10 m that is about 10.248 ha (70.91%).

Geologically, sea floor of the coast and mainland is dominated by subduction of the lndo-Australia plate that crust into Eurasia plate. Tectonic action result the

formation of beniof seismic in the sea floor as an active earthquake zone. The

coast area is characterized by the open gulf with slightly slope and low relief.

Geologically, the morphology and characteristics of shoreline of the Bengkulu

coast from northern to southern is divided into three types as follows:

Muddy and CliffCoust

This type is along the coast, from Pekik Nyaring Village to Pasar Bengkulu

Village. Coast characteristic is low relief, beach width is 50-100 m, the slope is 30-50%, and part place is muddy with low sand nearby the estuary. It also found the accretion of new sediment as clay sand which results from

sedimentation process in estuary.

Pocket Beach and sea wall

This type located from the Kampung Kelawi Village to Sumur Meleleh

Village. Coast characteristic is relatively steep, high .relief, bay, and pocket

beach. There is cylinder of sea walls which high is 1 m and group of stone in the front. Abrasion process resulted destruction of sea wall and old harbour at

(40)

*

Sun& Beach and Coral

This type located along Berkas Village which is characterized by slope, low

relief, beach width between 100-300 m, slope around 30-50%, sandy beach,

limestone from reef fragmentation. Commonly, the contour is parallel

between shoreline and bathymetry at depth between -3 to -32 m.

The wind is influenced by southeast monsoon that blows from the west,

southwest with average velocity 18 knot or approximately 10 I d h o u r . During the

west season, the wind blows from the west with speed up to 40-60 kmlhour

caused big wave in coast and inhabited fisherman activity. This season is known

by the local people as the Goloro season. The west wind occurs during December

-

Febmary (maximum on January around 16 knot from northwest) and the east wind occurs between June -August (maximum on August around 14 knot from

southwest). During transition season, wind blow vary to all direction where this

condition is presented in Figure 6.

(41)

According to Koppen classification, the climate of Bengkulu is ordered to

Afin class that have wet tropics climate with mild warm temperature. The

variation of rainy and dry season is not too visible. Base on Schmidt and

Fergusson, the rainfall includes to A type with the highest rainfall between

October

-

January (more than 300 mmlmonth) and minimum rainfall is more than 100 mmlmonth. The temperature of region is between 20.5 - 33.8 "C with humidity 82

-

69%. The climate condition of Bengkulu in 2004 and 200 -2003 is

presented in Annex 12.

Oceanographic Condition

The tidal move on from west to south-east during the high tide and back to

north-west during the low tide (Bappeda, 2004b). Based on forecasting of

Dishidros in 2004, the tidal type of Bengkulu is mixed tidal with dual domination

(semi-diurnal). Variation of the high tide and low tide of sea level is between 0.3

m (neap tide) and 1.4 m (spring tide).

The current pattern of Bengkulu coastal is resulted from three combination

of current i.e. regional current that flowed to south-west on the west coast of

Sumatra, tidal current and long shore current that formed from breaker wave zone.

The speed of surface current flow between 6

-

26 cmlsc, where maximum speed

occurs during west season and minimal speed during east season (Bappeda,

2004b).

Wave character is observed in coastal area is affected by direction and

wind speed in the open sea. The monthly wind speed varied between 4-16 knots

that could generate wave height between 0.1-1.4 m. The Bengkulu coast is opened

to the all wind direction and wave energy is strong, resulting the highly abrasion

process in the coast. Materials eroded by wave will be transported by long shore

current along the coast.

On the southlsouth-west of Pulau Baai Port is found sediment trapped by

jetty that protected the channel. This matter is a clear indication that the direction of sediment movement is from south-east to north-west, although the wind and

(42)

In generally, the water quality is relatively good, except the elevated

turbidity in the estuaries resulted from sedimentation process in the up land. Some

physical and chemical parameter of coastal water in the study area showed that

turbidity is 0.001-5.430 NTU (average 0.009 NTU), clarity

is

2-15 meter (average 6.9 meter), and oil spill, nitrate, phosphate is not detected. BOD is average 60.00

mgll, COD is average 140.00 mg/l, temperature is between 28.0-30.0 "C (average

29.2 'C) (Bappeda, 2004b), and surfactant is between 0-0.088 mgll (average 0.014

mg/l). The biological condition was depicted by concentration of Escherichia Coli

which is in the range of 0-20 se1/100ml, even several places is not detected.

Socio Economics and Socio Culture Condition

By the end of 2004 the total population of Bengkulu was 261,440 people

with the density 1.81 people per km2. It is shown that Bengkulu is relatively dense

city where generally communities live at Gading Cempaka Sub District (142,270

people and 4.98 people per km2) and Teluk Segara Sub District (40,560 people

and 4.43 people per km2)(~appeda, 2004b). All of social economic activities

often occur at this area such as government, market, education, hotel, restaurant,

public service etc.

Education facilities consisted of kindergarten is 65 units, elementary

school is 92 units, junior high school is 33 units, senior high school is 35 units,

and University is 10 units. Health facilities consisted of Public Hospitals is 1 unit,

Psychiatric Hospital is 1 unit, Private Hospital is 2 units, local government clinic

(LGC) is 16 units, and auxiliary LGC is 49 units and is supported by 356 medical

staff.

Base on level of education is known that under basic education level

4.90%, elementary school is around 44.47%, junior & senior high school is around 29.93% and graduated school is 20.70%. Base on religion is known that

224,538 people are Moslem, 3,809 people are Christian Catholic, 4,050 people are

Christian Protestant, 1,029 are Buddhist and 516 are Hindu (Bappeda and BPS,

2004b). Community culture are commonly effect by Islamic culture such as Tabur Celebration which celebrated while 10 days as interesting tourism event every

(43)

Ganzat, Gambus as combination of traditional music and poetry, and other

traditional coastal ceremony.

During 1999-2004, the economic growth of Bengkulu Municipality almost

did not have the significant variation. Transportation and communication, services

and trade, hotel restaurant sectors always gave biggest contribution to Regional

Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) of Bengkulu. Those sectors are close related

sector to tourism where almost all of tourism activities have connection to hotel,

trading, transportation, and communication, even though contribution of tourism

sector is not written factually on RGDP of Bengkulu. This condition is presented

in Tabel 6.

Table 6. Distribution of Regional Gross Domestic Product of Bengkulu, base on constant price on 1993 and 1993-2004.

No. Sector

1. Agricultural 2. ~ i n i n g

3. Processing Industry 4. Electricity and fresh water 5. Building

6. Trade, Hotel, and Restaurant

7. Transportation and Communication

8. Finance, rental dan service company.

9. Other services Sum Source: Bappeda, 2004a.

Bioresources

1. Mangrove

Ecosystem of mangrove forest in Bengkulu is relatively small portion in

the coastal and its locations disperse, so the existence of mangrove is only little effect to this area. Mangrove ecosystem could be found in the Subdistrict of

Selebar as be precise in exactly in Padang Serai and Kandang Village of Pulau

Baai region close to Jenggalu River, but this area is not include in study area.

(44)

further upland is found Rhizophora apiculala and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, ended

with Lumnifzera litorea (Bappeda, 2004b). The species of mangrove is presented

in table 7.

Table 7. Composition of Magrove forest in Pulai Baai.

No Species Family Local Name

1. Sonneratia alba J.E.Smith Sonneratiaceae Pidada 2. Rhizophora apiculata B1

3. Avicennia ntarina (Forsk)

4. Ceriops tagal (Perr.)C.B.Rob

5. Bruguiera gynznorrhiza (L..)Lmk 6. Cerbera manghas Gaerth

7. Lunzintzera litorea (Jack.)Voigt 8. Hibiscus tiliaceus L

9. Xylocarpus granatunz Koen Source: Bappeda, 2004b.

Rhizophoraceae Avicenniaceae Rhizophoraceae Rhizophoraceae Apocynaceae Combretaceae Malvaceae Meliaceae

Bakau Api-api Bakau Tanjang Macang Laut Terentang Waru laut Nyireh

2. Coral Reef

Coral reef is found around Nala Beach, Tikus Island and southern of Pulau

Baai port. These are fringing reef around Tikus Island, it is found coral reef in

good condition with coverage 78.67 %. Generally, the growth of coral reef considered to be low shown by short appearance indicates high energy of current

and wave there (Bappeda, 2004b).

The resulting of Lit survey that is presented in Table 8, is showing that

coral reef is dominated by non-acropora (massive and sub massive coral) with

(45)

Table 8. Coral reef in Tikus Island.

3. Fishery

Base on Regional Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) of Bengkulu

Municipality in 2004, contribution of fisheries sector was Rp. 14,139,000 or 65.7

% from total of agriculture sector. The contribution of fisheries sector during last 5 years that continued to increase as showed in Table 9.

Category Coral Dead Coral Acropora Branching Submassive Tabulate Non-Acropora Branching Massive Encrusting Foliose Submassive Heliophora sp Other Life Form

Sponges

Other Benthic Life Form

I Coralline Algae

Algae Assemblage Substrata

Ruble

T o t a l Source: Bappeda, 2004b.

Table 9. Distribution RGDP of Bengkulu in Agriculture Sector which according to Constant Price in 1993 (Rp. Million).

Covered (%)

14.00 3.63 0.67 0.00 7.83 25.87 3.67 1.00 34.33 1.67 0.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 100.00

4. Fisheries

1

12,435 12,975 13,760 14;139 14;395

Sum

1

19,053 19,981 21,053 21,520 22,009

Source: Bappeda, 2004a.

No. Sub Sector

1. Food 2. Plantation 3. Livestock

Year

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

2,033 2,168 2,235 2,265 2,290

7 8 11 15 17

(46)

The fisherman and fish fanner condition from the year to year is seen to

increasing but not too high, for more information is showed in Table 10.

Fisherman in Bengkulu is still relying to boat without motor and boat with power

5 GT for capture fisheries. Lack of capture fleet caused development of fisheries

did not yet increase optimally and capture route is only in the coastal of Bengkulu.

Commonly fisherman used very heterogeneous of equipment and dominated by

fishing, resulting the multi-species of fisheries resources.

Table 10. The Fisherman and Fish Farmer condition in Bengkulu on 1992-2004.

Brackish W a t e r F a r m e r

27 34 32 35 36 38 42 45 47 52 55 55 56 Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh Water F a r m e r

112 118 114 120 126 131 226 228 23 1 234 24 1 245 245 Fisherman 2,463 2,488 2,484 2,491 2,615 2,621 2,864 2,864 3,034 3,187 3,215 3,238 3,764 Tourism Statistic

To depict tourism activity it could be seen from the number of tourists

who visited to Bengkulu where being seen from domestic and foreign tourists, for

more information is shown in Figure 7. It could be seen that trend of Bengkulu

tourism development is not good condition recently where there is decreasing of foreign tourist, although domestic tourist rise slowly (Disparta, 2004). This

condition is expected from impact of economic crisis in Indonesia which also

affects the decreasing of foreign tourist who visits to Bengkulu. Beside that it is

affected by decreasing of promotion where information about Bengkulu tourism,

(47)

The other infonnation they have from friend and family who ever visits to

Bengkulu (Harmes, 2002).

1

Domestic Tourist

/

1 Q m ~ -

--

Foreign Tourist

m 7

----

h j

m -

BO -

/

\

--

so.

\ 1

Figure 7. Number of tourists visit to Bengkulu in 1997

-

2004 (Disparta, 2004).

By average, the number of foreign tourists to Bengkulu is 531 people and

domestic 67,992 people per year, making the total average 34,261 people. It is

shown that the number of tourists both domestic and foreign were still low, then it

result to the low of tourists expenditure as input to all sectors that connected with

tourism. This matter will pushed to local government to try and develop this

sector continuously as soon as economy development, where the sector that had

relationship to tourism activity such as the trade, restaurant hotel and

co~nmunication transportation as prominent sector in RDGP of Bengkulu.

According to previous research by Harmes (2002), generally trend of

domestic tourist who visit to Bengkulu Municipality is family reason, whereas

foreign tourist is holiday and business reason. This reason will be impact the good condition to tourism Bengkulu development where there are possible replications

of visit and showed that Bengkulu Municipality as main'destination of tourism,

not only as transits area. One of strengths of tourism of this area is tourism location in the city then too easy and cheap reaches the object. At the same time,

this area could be become home base of Bengkulu Province tourisni through

(48)

RESULTS

The assessment of tourisrn is started with exploration of coastal zone of

Bengkulu which covered to condition resort attraction, accessibilities,

accommodation, supporting facilities, management, institutional, human resources

and also infrastructure. Furthermore the understanding of tourists who visit to

Bengkulu, covered foreign and domestic tourists.

In order to be able to become the supreme sector in local development,

then necessary the basic knowledge of tourism problem, so its will be found the

solution and how the attempts to develop them. One of main problem is still many

objects, tourism attraction, infrastructure not managed and developed optimally

yet. Beside that institutionally, there is not good coordination yet, accessibilities

still far from the overseas gate, and lack of human resources.

Existing Tourism Zone and Attraction

The main coastal tourist attraction is nature tourisms that had taken by the

history and culture tourism. The coastal tourism object of Bengkulu from northern

to southern is showed in Table 11.

Table 11. Coastal tourism object in Bengkulu.

No.

2.

1.

I

Jakat Beach

1

100.00

1

Coastal recreation Tourism Object

Tapak Paderi Park

3. 4.

5 .

6 .

8. Pasir Putih Beach Marlborough Fortress Thomas Parr Monument Old Chinese Village Pantai Panjang and Nala Beach

7.

I

Source: Bappeda (2004b), D i s ~ Wide (hectare)

Tikus Island Marine Park

Coastal panorama with old harbor, open theatre, swimming activities and traditional fisherman.

Culture site

Culture site in trade centre Centre of old town

Natural panorama, clean sandy beach, recreation facilities, hotel, cafe, cottage & restaurant, sea casuarinas, have the site plan. Maritime panorama, maritime &

sport tourism, sunset, fishermen activities.

Fishing, seaport, maritime tourism, natural panorama and sunset.

(49)

The table showed that there are many object of developing tourism in

coastal area and they needed supporting of tourism facilities such as

accommodation, travel agency etc. Until 2004, the available accommodation is

still very limited that spread only in Gading Cempaka and Teluk Segara Sub

district. Hotel facilities had consisted o f 4 unit luxury hotel, 26 unit ordinary hotel,

and 11 unit small hotels with totally 1.150 beds. Its also available 45 units

restaurant where some of them provide international food. There is also available

6 units travel agency, 3 units sport facilities, 5 unit swimming poll, 8 units billiard house, 5 units pub and 12 units art shop for tourism supporting.

The tourism sector could give as possible much benefit to area, so that

tourism potential should be integrated, responsibility and sustainability. The

coastal tourism object divided to some zone, these are intensive, extensive and

semi extensive zone, in order to make easy to develop the attraction.

1. Intensive Zone

a. Pantai Panjang and Nala Beach

Various tourism activities could be done such as panorama watching,

sunset, fishing, camping and recreation as the tourism park. The public's

facilities such luxury hotel, cottage, restaurant, recreation facilities, and

shop are available along the coast. A great number of hotels have already

been built along the coastline, and many are still under construction.

Accessibilities are good through city transport each time is available.