An analysis of neorosis syndrome reactions in Mariam's character in the novel of A Thousand splendid suns by Khaled Hosseni

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AN ANALYSIS OF NEUROSIS SYNDROME REACTIONS IN

MARIAM’S CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL OF A THOUSAND

SPLENDID SUNS BY KHALED HOSSEINI

Wahyu Rizki Umbara No. 105026000959

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2010

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AN ANALYSIS OF NEUROSIS SYNDROME REACTIONS IN

MARIAM’S CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL OF A THOUSAND

SPLENDID SUNS BY KHALED HOSSEINI

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Strata One Degree (S1)

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2010

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ABSTRACT

Wahyu Rizki Umbara, An Analysis of Neurosis Syndrome Reactions in Mariam’s Character in the Novel of A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini. A Thesis. Jakarta: Letters and Humanities Faculty, state Islamic university Syarif Hidayatullah, May 2010.

The writer analyzes a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand Splendid

Suns. The objective of the study is to know about Mariam’s characteristics described as round character and also about her Neurosis Syndrome Reactions; Anxiety reaction, Obsessive-Compulsive reaction, and Phobic reaction that have been reflected in this novel. This study applies qualitative descriptive method and the unit of the analysis was examined by using the theory of abnormal psychology by Alfred Adler.

A Thousand Splendid Suns describes two main characters, Mariam and Laila, but in this story Mariam, who made the story become real and interesting to analyze, more often appeared. They come from the same background, Afghanistan. In the introduction of the novel, Mariam is introduced as a Fate of Illegitimate (harami). She is a poor girl and a Fate of Illegitimate who lives with her mother (Nana) in a small town, kolba. Laila is introduced as a beautiful and intelligent girl who comes from a working class family. Mariam has many life conflicts influencing her psychic where the influence makes her characteristics uncertain and gets Neurosis Syndrome Reactions. Her life conflict is not only she is as a Fate of Illegitimate (harami) but also she gets violence from her husband, Rasheed. The different class family and inter-religions also creates conflict as a civil war, in that war women are always blamed and these cases influence Mariam’s life much. Thus, it can be concluded that in the novel of A Thousand Splendid suns Neurosis Syndrome Reactions concepts are clearly reflected in the character of Mariam had.

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APPROVEMENT

AN ANALYSIS OF NEUROSIS SYNDROME REACTIONS IN

MARIAM’S CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL OF A THOUSAND

SPLENDID SUNS BY KHALED HOSSEINI

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Strata One Degree (S1)

Approved by: Advisor,

Danti Pudjiati, S.Pd. M.Hum NIP. 19731220 199903 2 004

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2010

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LEGALIZATION

The thesis entitled “An Analysis of Neurosis Syndrome Reactions in Mariam’s Character in the Novel of A Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini” has been defended before the letters and humanities faculty’s examination committee on May 14, 2010. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, May 14, 2010

Examination committee

Signature Date

1. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Chair person) ___________ __________ NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Secretary) ___________ __________ NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006

3. Danti Pudjiati, S.Pd. M.Hum (Advisor) ___________ ___________ NIP. 19731220 199903 2 004

4. Drs. H. Abd. Hamid, M.Ed (Examiner I) ___________ __________ NIP. 150181922

5. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Examiner II) ___________ ___________ NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any

other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Wahyu Rizki Umbara

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ِﻢــــْﻴِﺣﱠﺮﻟاِﻦـَﻤْﺣﱠﺮﻟاِﷲاِﻢـــــْﺴِﺑ

In the name of Allah the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The writer thanks to Allah because His guidance always accompanies the writer in completing this paper. The blessing and salutation be upon to the prophet Muhammad

SAW as the most honorable prophet and the seal of messenger, his families, his companions and until his followers.

The writer also thanks to advisor Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd. M.Hum for her great patient and contributions in giving her advices to finish this research. The writer wishes to say gratitude to the following people:

1. Dr. H. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag. as the Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Humanities.

2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd. the Head of the English Letters Department. 3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. the Secretary of English Letters Department.

4. All lecturers and staffs of English Letters Department for having taught and

educated the writer during the study at State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah.

5. The librarian of State University Islam Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta and The librarian University of Indonesia for having borrowed and copied the book.

6. The writer's parents; H. Ozy Saerozy, S.sos, and Hj. Siti Rohmah for having

supported, prayed and guided the writer in completing this research.

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7. The writer's brothers; Eka Ferdian Riza ST, MM and Fika Aristia Fauziah S.psi

for having supported and motivated the writer to finish his research.

8. All of the writer's classmates at English Letters Department, especially to Moh. Miftahul Khoiri Habibullah and Muhaqiq have guided, motivated and helped the

writer in completing and finishing this research.

Finally, the writer hopes this research will be benefit and useful especially

to the writer himself and for everybody who has given the support and motivation to the writer in accomplishing this research. Hope Allah will always give blessings for us.

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SYNOPSIS OF THE THESIS

AN ANALYSIS OF NEUROSIS SYNDROME REACTIONS IN MARIAM’S

CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL OF A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS

BY KHALED HOSSEINI

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF

HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

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ABSTRACT

Wahyu Rizki Umbara, An Analysis of Neurosis Syndrome Reactions in Mariam’s Character in the Novel of A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini. A Thesis. Jakarta: Letters and Humanities Faculty, state Islamic university Syarif Hidayatullah, May 2010.

The writer analyzes a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns. The objective of the study is to know about Mariam’s characteristics described as round character and also about her Neurosis Syndrome Reactions; Anxiety reaction, Obsessive-Compulsive reaction, and Phobic reaction that have been reflected in this novel. This study applies qualitative descriptive method and the unit of the analysis was examined by using the theory of abnormal psychology by Alfred Adler.

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SYNOPSIS OF THE THESIS

AN ANALYSIS OF NEUROSIS SYNDROME REACTIONS IN MARIAM’S

CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL OF A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS

BY KHALED HOSSEINI

A. Background of the Study

The behavior of human beings relates to psychological aspects. Specifically, the reality of psychology can be seen from any psychological phenomena which are

suffered by human beings when they respond or make a reaction toward themselves and their surroundings. It can also identify their mental states through behavior.

Human behaviors itself is various. If they examine their mental states deeply, those can be classified as any phenomena and into certain categories. Those categories represent any abnormal psychological signs such as phobia, anxiety, depression,

frustration, etc.

In this research, the writer is motivated to research one of literary works of the novel of A Thousand Splendid Suns based on 2007 by Khaled Hosseini. A Thousand Splendid Suns is published in 40 countries and received favorable

prepublication reviews from Kirkus, Publishers Weekly, Library Journal, and

Booklist. The book was released on May 22, 2007, first published in Great Britain and got New York Times bestseller and British Book award 2008. Furthermore, when the writer studies its text, there are several elements in that novel, which the readers

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his novels are based on real life that happens around Hosseini and also there is a

philosophy in the title of this novel. Hosseini invites the readers to open the novel page per-pages of novel, makes them understand and enriches their knowledge in fiction. Hosseini makes the readers follow into the plot of novel. This novel begins by

telling the story of Mariam’s growing in Afghanistan in the 1970's. Mariam lived with her mother and sought her father love. Her father got her mother pregnant while

she was a servant in his home and had his own family and Mariam’s life misery began when her mother committed suicide and her father was unable to have her around his real family. Then, Mariam was forced to marry by her father’s wives with

an older man, Rasheed. Her life with her husband Rasheed was truly miserable as she fell to give him a son. Finally, he became increasingly angry with her resulting

violence towards her regularly.

Kelly Burton is one of the readers who have given appreciate to the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns, Burton said: “This book is thought provoking, current, and

intense and will live you forever. An excellent and thoroughly entertaining read.” 1 Because of that the writer thinks that this novel is proper to be analyzed. A thousand

Splendid Suns is an unforgettable portrait of a wounded country. It is a beautiful, heart-wrenching story of an unforgiving time, an unlikely bond and an indestructible love. At that time Taliban rules came over Afghanistan. The streets of Kabul were

loud with the sound of gunfire and bombs and life was really desperate, brutality and

1

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fear. Hosseini’s novel has some interesting characteristics, such as hopelessness,

struggling, disappointment, and many things. It is about Mariam as the main character who becomes an object of the research because Mariam is the dominant character that makes the story becomes interesting and also very influential in its plot and brings

many influences to the readers, it can be seen in introduction of story when Hosseini narrated the characteristics of Mariam. “She was five years old when she heard the word harami for the first time.” It means the word “harami” which Mariam heard for the first time

came from Nana. Her mother always mentioned it which then made her depressed.

This matter has interested the writer to analyze the personality condition of main character that is Mariam that is attended by Khaled Hosseini in the novel of A

Thousand Splendid Suns, this research tries to interpret concept of abnormal psychology about Neurosis Syndrome Reactions viewed from theory of Alferd Alder

(Anxiety Reaction, Compulsive-Obsessive Reaction and Phobic Reaction).

B. Research Methodology

The writer analyzes a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand Splendid

Suns. The objective of the study is to know about Mariam’s characteristics described

as round character and also about her Neurosis Syndrome Reactions; Anxiety reaction, Obsessive-Compulsive reaction, and Phobic reaction that have been reflected in this novel. This study applies qualitative descriptive method and the unit

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C. Theory

¾ Characteristic

Characteristic is a way to identify a character. The characteristic of character is

the identification of a character, which is described physically or seen from attitudes and how the characters behave. It is also the main point to really know how a

characteristic is. Characteristic is also a method which is used by the author to illustrate character. Characteristic is the method an author uses to reveal or describe character and their various personalities.2 A character has some different Qualities

or values (Moral, emotional, and intellectual).3

Such as the novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist,4 Mohsin Hamid describes about

the main male character Princeton, he was an attractive and smart man in his novel. Characteristic is the way in which writer develops characters and reveals those characters’ trait to readers. The names of characters are often quite important for

story because the author may develop characters through their actions, their physical appearances, their speech and gestures and expressions, and their names. Character

my also be classified as round or dynamic and flat or static character. It means that round character tends to be dynamic, while flat character tends to be static. The developing of the major character may be round; sometime the point of story may

2

http://www.wilmette.nttc.org/wjhs/staff/barbaric/characterization.htm accessed on June 6, 2009

3_{Edward W and JR Rosenhaim, What Happens in Literature (Chicago: The University}

Chicago Press, 1960), P. 79

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depend on the characters’ abilities to change. Minor characters are often static, and

their growth is not usually relevant to the development of the story. The readers may be able to develop a character through the character’s dialogue; responses to conflict that arise in the plot, revelatory and thought.

A dynamic or round character is mayor character in a work of fiction that encounters conflict and is changed by it. Dynamic characters tend to be more fully developed and described that flat, or static, character.5

Round character is character that is complex and realistic; they represent a depth of personality which is imitative of life. They frequently possess both good and bad traits, and they may react unexpectedly or become entangled in their own interior conflicts.6

So, these characters have been fully developed by an author, physically, mentally, and emotionally. A round character is usually a main character that develops over the course of the story. A flat character is a character that has hardly

any development. Example of round characters from various genres include Frodo Baggins of the Lord of the Rings, Arthur Dent of the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the

Galaxy, Professor Snape from Harry Potter and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes.

Flat character is character that is not very complex and do not change in surprising ways, but they must be careful not to late terms like flat and round

5

http://fictionwriting.about.com/od/glossary/g/dynamic.htm accessed on June 6, 2009

6

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or mayor and minor turn into value judgment. Because flat characters are less complex than round ones.7

Supporting characters are generally flat, as most minor roles do not require a great deal of complexity. In addition, experimental literature and postmodern fiction

often intentionally use flat characters, even as protagonist. The readers will also learn about the characteristic of characters. A character may be humankind, an alien, an animal, a god, an artificial intelligence or an occasionally inanimate object.

¾ Character

The term character applies to any individual in a literary work. The characters

in fiction are customarily described by their relationships to the plot of a story; by the degree of development that are given by the author. The story and plays a part in the

action within the story-teller, but also a story (for any narrator) to tell In addition to

being the narrator, he is character; someone who acts, appears, or is referred to as

playing a part in a literary work.8

In literary work story, there is a representation of humankind who has a role in

the story. He or she is called actor or character. A character or actor usually refers to somebody who has a duty to carry out as role in the story. The relationship between

7_{Jerome Beaty, et al., The Norton Introduction To Literature ( New York: W.W Norton and}

Company, 1973), P.103

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plot and character is a vital and necessary one. Without character there would be no

plot and, hence, no story.9 The character is an actor appears in fiction work.10

For most readers of fiction the primary attraction lays in the characters, in the endlessly fascinating collection of men and women whose experiences and

adventures in life form the basis of the plots of the novels and stories in which they appear. A character is divided into two: Main and minor character.

1. Main Character

The major or main character of the plot is the protagonist; his opponent, the character against whom protagonist struggle or contends is the antagonist. The protagonist usually easy enough to identify; he or she is the essential character without whom there would be no plot in the first place. It is the protagonist’s fate (the conflict or problem being wrestled with) on which the attention of the reader is focused.11

2. Minor Character

The character which appears only few times and takes the short portion is called minor character as he or she usually is flat character often are convenient devices to draw out and help us to understand the personalities of characters who are more fully realized.12

The writer concludes that the main character has a big part in the story. He or she

always develops the story and almost appears on the text. He or she is also an important role in a story and becomes a central attention in novel. The protagonist is

the main character of the novel, the one who deals with truth and being conflicted by

9_{James H.Pickering and Jeffrey D.Hoeper, Concise Companion to literature (New York:}

Macmillan,1981), P.23

10

http://en.wikipedia.org/WIKI/Fictional_character#Names_of_characters accessed on October 25, 2008

Company, 1973), P. 24

12_{James H.Pickering and Jeffrey D. Hoeper, Concise Companion to Literature (New York:}

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other characters. The opponent of protagonist is known as the antagonist or in the

event that opposing force is not person. He or she forces the antagonist character and often gives any trouble or even conflict to the protagonist character.

¾ The Abnormal Psychology

Apparently the behavioral of abnormal does not get a lot of attention. Moreover,

only a few people from whole get treatment in the hospital. Most of people never looking for aid of psychologist or psychiatrist. Only a few of people have not accused guilty for a crime with reason of abnormality.

In fact, the abnormal psychology has almost influenced everyone in many manners. The pattern of abnormal psychology which concludes symptom of function

psychology or the symptom of behavior has been classified by psychiatrist as psychological disorder or some symptoms mentality which can be diagnosed, including anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, dysfunction of sexual, and also the

symptom of abuse essence. To understand an abnormal behavior better, the psychoanalyst can analyze the complex interaction between factor biology and

environment situation. The psychoanalyst also looks at social and cultural aspect to understand the symptom mentality. Abnormal psychology is one of the psychological

branches which effort to understand the pattern of abnormal behavior and some

manners to help the people who get the symptom mentality.13

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Neurosis syndrome reaction is one of the parts of an abnormal psychology which

can explain and help people mentality.

¾ Neurosis Syndrome Reactions

In this thesis, the writer will describe neurosis syndrome reactions and check what the theoretical perspective at the neurosis syndrome disorders is.

The term of “neurosis” was firstly founded by a British namely William Cullen (1769). At the first, he thought that neurosis was only disorder around neurotic symptoms. Around two centuries later, Sigmund Freud suggested the source of neurosis was intrapsychic conflict. On the contrary, behaviorists argued that the source of neurosis is faulty learning to avoid the anxiety. According to behaviorists, the point of neurosis is the lifestyle of defensive by decreasing of purpose anxiety.14

Moreover, According to Kartini Kartono, Neuroses is mental disorder that

causes a sense of distress and deficit to the function of the people mentality.

“Psychoneuroses called neuroses, mental disorder that causes as sense of distress and deficit in functioning”

Kartono adds that neuroses are characterized by anxiety, depression and other feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proportion to the circumstance of

people’s life either internal relationships or external affairs. Neurotic generally is not sick, but his/her mentality is only disturbed by the lost of the sense of reality seen

from the neurotic’s psychosis.15

Basically neurosis is not a disease and the people who have gotten neurosis commonly called as a normal people. They only suffer mentally as symptom of

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conflict in their life and cannot be handled. Neurosis can cause by external and

internal cases. The dangerous threatment which has continued is the one of neurosis.

Such as the longest war threatment.16 The react neurosis, who had suffered it, they

usually anxious of something, the existence of anxiety, full of complaint or problem.17

The writer can make analogy that Neurosis is characterized by anxiety, depression, feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proposition of the circumstances of

person’s life. Neurosis is serious failures to adjust, so what the meaning of neurosis is exactly. Neurosis is a psychological symptom which has been marked by some treatments and anxieties because of difficulty of conflict and phobia. Most

psychological theories of neuroses stress the importance of parents-child relationship and early life experiences as contributing influences in the development of

personality flaws that predispose the child to neurotic behavior in later years. This symptom appears because the people use mechanism of defenses excessively.

Basically, neurosis includes some several of patterns, such as anxiety disorders,

compulsive-obsessive disorders, and Phobic disorders.

¾ Kinds of Neurosis Syndrome Reactions viewed from theory of Alfred

Adler

As the writer has read, Alfred Adler is an Austrian medical doctor, psychologist and founder of the school of individual psychology. In collaboration

with Sigmund Freud and a small group of Freud's colleagues, Adler is among the

16_{Sarlito W. and Sarwono, Pengantar Umum Psikologi (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 2003), P.124} 17_{Clifford T.Morgan and Richard A., King, Introduction to psychology (Tokyo:McGrow-Hill,}

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founders of the psychoanalytic movement as a core member of the Vienna

Psychoanalytic Society. He is the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality. Adler's book, Über den nervösen Charakter (The Neurotic Character) defines his

earlier key ideas. He argues that human personality can be explained teleological, separate strands dominated by the guiding purpose of the individual's unconscious

self ideal to convert feelings of inferiority to superiority (or rather completeness). The desires of themselves ideally are countered by social and ethical demands. If the corrective factors are disregarded and the individual over-compensated, then an

inferiority complex will occur fostering the danger of the individual becoming egocentric and aggressive or worse.

Adler said that neuroses has an important certain social problem, this case neuroses including dependence of people means that they are sensitive people who always try to protect themselves and rely on other people. Their energy is not much

and depends to other people. When they had suppressed, they will open their mindset

which namely neurotic; phobia, obsessive-compulsive, anxiety and others, depend on

their lifestyle.18

9 Anxiety Reaction

It’s probably the most common neurotic condition, are emotional. A person an

anxiety state is extremely irritable, or constantly worried and fearful. Usually he has accompanied bodily symptoms-nausea, sweating, palpitations of the heart. These

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reactions do not consist of occasional periods of worry over rational or partly rational

problems, such as the normal person has, but prolonged periods of extreme, diffuse, and uncalled for nervousness and apprehension.

Anxiety reactions are caused by a great anxiety and stress. Anxiety is

much like stress in the way our bodies respond. There is feeling of being threatened, of being apprehension, tension, and worry. Anxiety affects a person’s performance.

People can usually perform simple task better under higher anxiety. Since most situations are rather complex, it is not surprising that highly anxious people cope less adaptively of effectively.

Clinical picture in generalized anxiety reactions. Individuals suffering from

generalized anxiety disorder live in a relatively constant state tension, worry, and diffuse uneasiness. They are oversensitive interpersonal relationships, and frequently feel inadequate and depressed.19

9 Obsessive-Compulsive Reaction

In obsessive-compulsive disorders, individual feel compelled to think about something that they do not want to think about or to carry out some action against their will. These individuals usually realize that their behaviors are irrational but

cannot seem to control it. The incidence of obsessive-compulsive reactions has been variously estimated to be from about 12 to 20 percent of the anxiety reactions.

An obsession is a thought or image that keeps intruding into a person’s consciousness. The person finds the thought distressing and inappropriate and tries to suppress it, but still return. For example, an individual might have persistent fearful thoughts about coming into contact

19_{James C. Coleman et al., Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life ( London : Scott,}

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with dirt or contamination or about hurting someone else. A compulsion is an action that a person fells compelled to repeat again and again, in a rigid, stereotypical fashion, though he or she has no conscious desire to do so. People suffering from either obsessions or compulsions or, as are usually the case from both-are said to have obsessive-compulsive disorder.20

9 Phobic Reaction

Phobia is a persistent fear of some object or situation the presents no actual

danger to the person or in which the danger is magnified our of all proportion to its

actual seriousness.21 Phobic disorder occurs more commonly among adolescents and

young adults than among older people. It is also more frequently diagnosed in females than in males, possibly because strong fears have traditionally been more

compatible with female roles than with male roles of our society. People who suffer from phobias usually admit that they have no real cause to be afraid of the object or situation, but say they cannot help themselves. In addition a phobia may generalize to

fear of situation only minimally related to the basic trauma.

D. Novel Analysis of A Thousand Splendid Suns

As the result of this research that neuroses syndrome reactions had a lot of influences to human behavior when they have difficult problem either internal

problem or external problem in their life. It can be seen in the character of Mariam that she could not feel happy in her life; Mariam had internal and external problem. Those problems made her life depressed. She experiences abnormal psychology

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which is Neuroses syndrome reactions. In the writer’s opinion, A Thousand splendid suns is a predictable story which most of us probably have heard or read. However,

Hosseini retained his original idea and his writing based on real life that happened around him. He invited the readers to open the novel page per-pages of novel which

made them understand what actually happened in Afghanistan especially as a woman. He skillfully narrated the despair and suffering of Mariam who had many life

conflicts influencing her psychic where the influence made her characteristics uncertain. The storyline is carefully developed to retain the reader’s interest throughout the book.

E. Conclusion

The behavior of human beings relates to psychological aspects. The neurosis syndrome reaction is one of psychological aspects which have a lot of influences to

human behavior when they have difficult problem in their life, when they get a war in country and also when they have the authority. There is only crisis of humankind, discrimination, hopeless, patience, suppressed, and so on. There is no tolerance or

amnesty in their life. It is just against or quiet. All of people believe that life in this world is not easy; people have to face all of problems and they have to flee from an

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Mariam’s syndrome is to get free from her life. It is because when Mariam

is born, Mariam’s mother calls her harami. Mariam wants to be another daughter, playing and going to school. Mariam cannot feel happy in her life. Mariam feels Jalil (Mariam’s father), Rasheed (Mariam’s husband), Afson, Khadijah, and Nargis

(Mariam’s stepmothers) and also the situation of war are became the effect of her life depressed. There are anxiety reaction, phobia reaction, and obsessive-compulsive

reaction in her life. Based on the analysis, the writer can make a final conclusion that in the novel of A Thousand Splendid Suns is clear neurosis syndrome reactions concepts which is reflected in the characters of Mariam had.

F. References

Novel:

Hosseini, Khaled. A Thousand Splendid Suns. London: Bloomsbury, 2007.

Books:

Beaty, Jerome et al. The Norton Introduction to Literature. New York: W.W Norton and Company, 1973.

George, Boeree C., Personality Theories.Yogyakarta: Prismasophie, 1997.

Hamid, Mohsin. The Reluctant Fundamentalist. Florida: Harcourt, 2007. Hoeper, Jeffrey D. and James H.Pickering. Concise Companion to literature. New York: Macmillan, 1981.

James, Coleman C., et al. Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life. London: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1964.

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Karen, Kuehner and Jane Bachman G. FICTION. New York: The Mc-Graw Hill Companies, 1976.

Kartono, Kartini. Patology Sosial 3. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali, 1997.

Kennedy, X.J. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1966.

King, Richard A. and Clifford T. Morgan. Introduction to psychology. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill, 1956.

Lauren, Alloy B., et al. Abnormal Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972. Nevid, Jeffrey S., et al. Psikologi Abnormal. Jakarta: PT Gelora Aksara Pratama,

2005.

Perrine, Laurence. Literature, Structure, Sound, and Sense. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984.

Rosenhaim, JR and Edward W. What Happens in Literature. Chicago: The University Chicago Press, 1960.

Sarwono, and Sarlito W. Pengantar Umum Psikologi. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 2003.

Stanford, Judith A. Responding to Literature Stories, Poems, plays, and

Essay. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1992.

Supratiknya, A. Mengenal Perilaku Abnormal. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1980. Tarigan, Henry Guntur. Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar Sastra. Bandung: Angkasa, 1985.

Websites:

Book reviews a Thousand Splendid Suns. Accessed on March 21, 2009

http://www.helium.com/items/822825-book-reviews-a-thousand-splendid-suns-by- khaled-hosseini?page=2

Characterization. Accessed on June 6, 2009

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Dynamic character.Accessed on June 6, 2009

http://fictionwriting.about.com/od/glossary/g/dynamic.htm

Fictional character. accessed on June 6, 2009

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fictional_character#Names_of_characters

Round Character. Accessed on April 29, 2009

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G. Writer’s Curriculum Vitae

: Tangerang, June 23, 1985 : Indonesia

: 176 cm, 71 kg : Moslem

: Ds. Jatiwarigin RT 03/01 Kecamatan Mauk Kabupaten Tangerang Propinsi Banten 15530

: 081311411985

: [email protected]

: A drop of ink can move a million people to think ( Setetes tinta bisa menggerakan sejuta manusia

untuk berfikir)

: TPA Madrasah Qur’aniah Mauk ( Kindergarten) : SDN Gintung 1 Mauk ( Junior High School) : MAN 1 Mauk ( Senior High School)

: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

3. Informal Education

2007 - 2008 2003 - 2004 2004 - 2005

: Computer Course at BINUS Bintaro

: English Language Course (EIC) at Tangerang : English and Computer Course (PEC) at Tangerang

4. Qualifications

1. English literate (Oral and Written)

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knowledge. Hopefully, the writer and the readers can understand the novel after having read the result of the analysis of the Mariam characteristic. As well as their image through neurosis syndrome reactions approach of the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini. Beside those, may this research findings can be an

inspiration for other researchers to research things about character in novel.

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of Research

The objectives of research are intended to:

- Describe the characters of Mariam by analyzing the evidence from the

dialogues, her act, and her statement in the novel deeply.

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- Reveal the reflection of Mariam’s neurosis syndrome reactions that are implied in

the novel.

2. The Method of Research

In this research, the writer uses descriptive-qualitative method by trying to analyze how the characteristic of Mariam and neurosis syndrome reactions are

reflected in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns.

3. Technique of Data Analysis

In this research, the writer uses psychological approach to analyze the data, because literary works that the writer analyzes is novel that describes about abnormal

psychological situation of Mariam and this matter is related to neurosis syndrome reactions. In this analysis the writer does: reading these novel A Thousand Splendid Suns deeply, collecting the resources, analyzing the data, classifying the characteristic

of main female character, interpreting the result, give some marks in each line of the novel and then collecting the data analyzed by qualitative analysis and compared with

many relevant theories.

4. The Instrument of Research

The instrument of this research is the writer herself. He reads A Thousand

Splendid Suns novel written by Khaled Hosseini carefully and deeply, and identifies

the neurosis syndrome reactions that occur in Mariam’s character. The writer looks

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the main data taken from the novel of A Thousand Splendid Suns to find out the

evidences and other aspects to neurosis syndrome reactions.

5. The Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini which is published by Bloomsbury, London in 2007 consist of 372

pages.

F. Time and Place

This research was conducted in last semester at the academic year of 2009-2010 in the library of UIN Jakarta and Faculty of Adab and Humanity’s library of UIN

Jakarta.

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CHAPTER 11

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

As the writer has explained in chapter one, there are several elements in a novel,

which the readers need to know well, such as character. Character is the most arguably important single component of the novel. In this chapter two, the writer tries

to explain all about the elements of novel and when someone talk about character they should know about characteristic and also character because those words are definitely related.

A. Characteristic

Characteristic is a way to identify a character. The characteristic of character is the identification of a character, which is described physically or seen from attitudes and how the characters behave. It is also the main point to really know how a

characteristic is. Characteristic is also a method which is used by the author to illustrate character. Characteristic is the method an author uses to reveal or describe character and their various personalities.2 A character has some different Qualities

or values (Moral, emotional, and intellectual).3

2

http://www.wilmette.nttc.org/wjhs/staff/barbaric/characterization.htm accessed on June 6, 2009

3_{Edward W and JR Rosenhaim, What Happens in Literature (Chicago: The University}

Chicago Press, 1960), P. 79

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Such as the novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist,4 Mohsin Hamid describes about

the main male character Princeton, he was an attractive and smart man in his novel. Characteristic is the way in which writer develops characters and reveals those characters’ trait to readers. The names of characters are often quite important for

story because the author may develop characters through their actions, their physical appearances, their speech and gestures and expressions, and their names. Character

my also be classified as round or dynamic and flat or static character. It means that round character tends to be dynamic, while flat character tends to be static. The developing of the major character may be round; sometime the point of story may

depend on the characters’ abilities to change. Minor characters are often static, and their growth is not usually relevant to the development of the story. The readers may

be able to develop a character through the character’s dialogue; responses to conflict that arise in the plot, revelatory and thought.

A dynamic or round character is mayor character in a work of fiction that encounters conflict and is changed by it. Dynamic characters tend to be more fully developed and described that flat, or static, character.5

Round character is character that is complex and realistic; they represent a depth of personality which is imitative of life. They frequently possess both good and bad traits, and they may react unexpectedly or become entangled in their own interior conflicts.6

4_{Mohsin Hamid, The Reluctant Fundamentalist (Florida: Harcourt, 2007), P.8} 5

http://fictionwriting.about.com/od/glossary/g/dynamic.htm accessed on June 6, 2009

6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fictional_character#Names_of_characters accessed on June 6, 2009

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So, these characters have been fully developed by an author, physically,

mentally, and emotionally. A round character is usually a main character that develops over the course of the story. A flat character is a character that has hardly any development. Example of round characters from various genres include Frodo

Baggins of the Lord of the Rings, Arthur Dent of the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, Professor Snape from Harry Potter and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock

Holmes.

Flat character is character that is not very complex and do not change in surprising ways, but they must be careful not to late terms like flat and round or mayor and minor turn into value judgment. Because flat characters are less complex than round ones.7

Supporting characters are generally flat, as most minor roles do not require a great deal of complexity. In addition, experimental literature and postmodern fiction

often intentionally use flat characters, even as protagonist. The readers will also learn about the characteristic of characters. A character may be humankind, an alien, an animal, a god, an artificial intelligence or an occasionally inanimate object.

B. Character

The term character applies to any individual in a literary work. The characters

in fiction are customarily described by their relationships to the plot of a story; by the degree of development that are given by the author. The story and plays a part in the action within the story-teller, but also a story (for any narrator) to tell In addition to

Company, 1973), P.103

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being the narrator, he is character; someone who acts, appears, or is referred to as

playing a part in a literary work.8

In literary work story, there is a representation of humankind who has a role in the story. He or she is called actor or character. A character or actor usually refers to

somebody who has a duty to carry out as role in the story. The relationship between

plot and character is a vital and necessary one. Without character there would be no

plot and, hence, no story.9 The character is an actor appears in fiction work.10

For most readers of fiction the primary attraction lays in the characters, in the endlessly fascinating collection of men and women whose experiences and

adventures in life form the basis of the plots of the novels and stories in which they appear. A character is divided into two: Main and minor character.

1. Main Character

The major or main character of the plot is the protagonist; his opponent, the character against whom protagonist struggle or contends is the antagonist. The protagonist usually easy enough to identify; he or she is the essential character without whom there would be no plot in the first place. It is the protagonist’s fate (the conflict or problem being wrestled with) on which the attention of the reader is focused.11

2. Minor Character

The character which appears only few times and takes the short portion is called minor character as he or she usually is flat character often are

8_{Ibid. P.102}

9_{James H.Pickering and Jeffrey D.Hoeper, Concise Companion to literature (New York:}

Macmillan,1981), P.23

10

http://en.wikipedia.org/WIKI/Fictional_character#Names_of_characters accessed on October 25, 2008

Company, 1973), P. 24

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convenient devices to draw out and help us to understand the personalities of characters who are more fully realized.12

The writer concludes that the main character has a big part in the story. He or she

always develops the story and almost appears on the text. He or she is also an important role in a story and becomes a central attention in novel. The protagonist is

the main character of the novel, the one who deals with truth and being conflicted by other characters. The opponent of protagonist is known as the antagonist or in the event that opposing force is not person. He or she forces the antagonist character and

often gives any trouble or even conflict to the protagonist character.

C. Novel

1. The Understanding of Novel

Literary work is an application of feeling and language toward real life and one of literary work form is a novel. The novel has long been the favorite of both

writers and readers. For more than two hundreds years, only the lyric poem has rivaled the novel in attracting outstanding practitioners. A novel is book-length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense that, while we read, we experience

actual life.13

The word of novel is from word Latin novellus / novies it means “New” said new, because if compare with other literature such as poetry, drama, etc. So the kind of thus novel disappear later.14

12_{James H.Pickering and Jeffrey D. Hoeper, Concise Companion to Literature (New York:}

Macmillan Publishing, 1981), P. 26

13_{X.J Kennedy, Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (Boston: Little,}

Brown and Company, 1966), P. 231

14_{Henry Guntur Tarigan, Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar Sastra (Bandung: Angkasa, 1985), P. 164}

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Novel is longer (at the least 40.000 words) and complex than short story, it is not limited by limitedness of structural. Commonly, a novel talks about characters and attitudes in their life activity by stressing in sides of strange from the story.15

And also has been pressed in dictionary of the American college, Novel is a story

fiction with long story of prose describing of characters, movement and real life

which representative in condition crowded.16 The word of fiction itself is from Latin

Language fictio, it means to form, to create, to organize, to create.17

So, the writer can analogize that novel is a fiction story that concisely forms and creates something that has been imagined by characters or a movement with real

life which has been represented in plot in the form of writing until it becomes a novel. In this era of globalization, novel which has increased rapidly has become the most

interesting industry that takes the creative human’s intention to spill their abilities and to describe their creation by creating a novel or making other literary works which has some benefits in business world.

2. The Element of Novel

a. Setting

All stories, like all individuals, are embedded in a context or setting - a time

and place. The time can be contemporary or historical or even mythically vague. It can be very limited, only a few minutes elapsing or some years. The place can be rather fixed and interior or varied. It can be foreign or American to tie to region or a locale.18

15

http://id.wikipedia.org./wiki/Novel accessed on October 11, 2008

16_{Ibid. P. 164} 17_{Ibid. P. 120}

Company, 1973), P.157

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The setting of work of fiction establishes its historical, geographical, and physical

environment. Setting, however, means more than just the approximate time and place in which the work is set: setting also encompasses a wide variety of physical and cultural features. Historical context establishes social, cultural, economic, and

political environment. A story of geographical context can also help readers to understand characters’ behavior. The important thing is that character and plot are so

closely interrelating as to be ultimately indistinguishable, so are a character, a plot, and a setting. Their relationships can not be separated.

b. Plot

Plot simply means the arrangement of the action, an imagined event or a series of such events. The first part of the action called the exposition, introduces the characters, situation, and usually time and place. The second part of the plot, the rising action: events that complicate the situation and intensify or complicate the conflict or introduce new ones. The turning point or climax of the action is the third part of the story, the appearance of the character. From this point on the complications that grew in the first part of the story. The fourth part of the story, the reverse movement or falling action. The story ends at the fifth part the conclusion: the point at which the situation that was destabilized at the beginning of the story becomes stable once more.19

The reader’s interest and involvement in a story are heightened by its conflict.

Action usually involves conflict. Work of plot explores one or more conflict and moves the story from exposition to resolution. The writers commonly use established techniques like flashbacks and foreshadowing to vary chronological order.

19_{Ibid. P. 15}

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A flashback is moving out of sequence to examine an event or situation that

occurs before the time in which the action of the story takes place. Foreshadowing is the presentation in a story of early situations. Characters or objects seem to have no special importance, but that in fact are later revealed to have great significances.

c. Point of View

The mediation involves both the angle vision the point from which the people, events, and other detail are viewed and the words in which story is embodied. The viewing aspect is called the focus, and the verbal aspect the voice. Both are generally lumped together in the term point of view. The teller of a story or novel-the voice that speaks all the words read in it is called the narrator.20

All works of fiction are told or narrated by someone, and one of the first choices that writers make is who tells the story. This choice determines the story’s point of view the angle or vantage point from which events are presented or

described. Point of view is the position from which the details of the work are

reported or described.21 When deciding a point of view for fiction, the writer can

choose to tell the story in the first person or in the third person.

1. First-Person Narrator

In this situation the narrator is a character who uses the first person I (or

sometimes we) to tell the story. This character may be a major character telling his or

Company, 1973), P.66

21_{Judith A. Stanford, RESPONDING to LITERATURE Stories, Poems, plays, and Essay (New}

York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1992), P.39

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her own story or a minor character that play only a small part or no part at all in the

story events.

First-person narrator is a narrator who is also a character in the work and who uses “I” or “we” to tell story. First-person narrators can report their own thoughts but no the thought of others. They may offer evaluations and judgment of characters and events.22

2. Third-Person Narrator ( he, she, they)

Writers can use third-person narrators who are not actually characters in the story these narrator falls into three categories.

The third-person point of view may be omniscient; that is, it may reveal the thoughts of all or most of the characters. In contrast, limited omniscient point of view focuses on the thoughts of a single character. One type of limited omniscience is the objective point of view, in which the author makes no commentary but records only those details that can be seen and heard, rather as newspaper reporter does.23

a. Omniscient

Some third-person narrators are omniscient (all-knowing) narrators, moving at will from one character’s mind to another. As a result, they can present events and

characters more fully than first-person narrators can. Omniscient is a narrator who

knows everything and can report external actions and conversations as well as the

internal thoughts of all characters and who often provides evaluations and judgments

of characters and events.24

22_{Ibid. P. 39}

23_{Jane Bachman G. and Karen Kuehner, FICTION (New York: The Mc-Graw Hill}

Companies, 1976) PP.152-153

24_{Judith A. Stanford, RESPONDING to LITERATURE Stories, Poems, plays, and Essay}

(New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1992), P.39

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b. Limited Omniscient

Third-person narrators have limited omniscience, focusing on only what a single major or minor characters experiences, in other words, events are limited to the character’s perspective, and nothing is revealed that the character does not see, hear,

feel, or think.

Limited omniscient is a narrator who can report external actions and conversation but who can describe the internal thoughts of only one character. A limited omniscient narrator may offer evaluations and judgments of characters and events.25

c. Objective

Third-person narrators can also use an objective (or dramatic) point of view,

remaining entirely outside the character’s minds and recording the action as a camera would. With objective narrators, events unfold the way they would in a play or movie. Narrators tell the story only by reproducing dialogue and by providing

descriptions of the action. Objective is narrator who, like a camera, shows external

events and conversations but cannot look inside the minds of characters or offer

evaluations and judgments.26

d. Theme

Your teacher may well explain a story by summarizing its theme. Some refer to the central idea, the thesis, or even the message of the story, and that is roughly what is mean by theme; a generalization or abstraction from the story.27 The theme of a

25_{Ibid. P. 39}

26_{Ibid. P. 39}

Company, 1973), P. 223

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piece fiction is its controlling idea or is central insight. It is unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story.28

The theme in literature is an important subject and experience of our public and

private life such as, love, friend and hope. The common experiences in life can become a theme in literature.

D. The Abnormal Psychology

Apparently the behavioral of abnormal does not get a lot of attention. Moreover,

only a few people from whole get treatment in the hospital. Most of people never looking for aid of psychologist or psychiatrist. Only a few of people have not accused

guilty for a crime with reason of abnormality.

In fact, the abnormal psychology has almost influenced everyone in many manners. The pattern of abnormal psychology which concludes symptom of function

psychology or the symptom of behavior has been classified by psychiatrist as psychological disorder or some symptoms mentality which can be diagnosed, including anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, dysfunction of sexual, and also the

symptom of abuse essence. To understand an abnormal behavior better, the psychoanalyst can analyze the complex interaction between factor biology and

environment situation. The psychoanalyst also looks at social and cultural aspect to understand the symptom mentality. Abnormal psychology is one of the psychological

28_{Laurence Perrine, Literature, Structure, Sound, and Sense (London: Harcourt Brace}

Jovanovich, 1984 ), fifth edition, P. 90

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branches which effort to understand the pattern of abnormal behavior and some

manners to help the people who get the symptom mentality.29

Neurosis syndrome reaction is one of the parts of an abnormal psychology which can explain and help people mentality.

E. Neurosis Syndrome Reactions

1. The Definition of Neurosis Syndrome Reactions

In this chapter, the writer will describe neurosis syndrome reactions and check what the theoretical perspective at the neurosis syndrome disorders is.

The term of “neurosis” was firstly founded by a British namely William Cullen (1769). At the first, he thought that neurosis was only disorder around neurotic symptoms. Around two centuries later, Sigmund Freud suggested the source of neurosis was intrapsychic conflict. On the contrary, behaviorists argued that the source of neurosis is faulty learning to avoid the anxiety. According to behaviorists, the point of neurosis is the lifestyle of defensive by decreasing of purpose anxiety.30

Moreover, According to Kartini Kartono, Neuroses is mental disorder that

causes a sense of distress and deficit to the function of the people mentality.

“Psychoneuroses called neuroses, mental disorder that causes as sense of distress and deficit in functioning”

Kartono adds that neuroses are characterized by anxiety, depression and other

feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proportion to the circumstance of people’s life either internal relationships or external affairs. Neurotic generally is not

29_{Jeffrey S. Nevid et al., Psikologi Abnormal ( Jakarta: PT Gelora Aksara Pratama,2005), P.4} 30_{A. Supratiknya, Mengenal Perilaku Abnormal (yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1980), PP. 36-37}

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sick, but his/her mentality is only disturbed by the lost of the sense of reality seen

from the neurotic’s psychosis.31

Basically neurosis is not a disease and the people who have gotten neurosis commonly called as a normal people. They only suffer mentally as symptom of

conflict in their life and cannot be handled. Neurosis can cause by external and internal cases. The dangerous threatment which has continued is the one of neurosis. Such as the longest war threatment.32 The react neurosis, who had suffered it, they

usually anxious of something, the existence of anxiety, full of complaint or problem.33

The writer can make analogy that Neurosis is characterized by anxiety, depression,

feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proposition of the circumstances of person’s life. Neurosis is serious failures to adjust, so what the meaning of neurosis is

exactly. Neurosis is a psychological symptom which has been marked by some treatments and anxieties because of difficulty of conflict and phobia. Most psychological theories of neuroses stress the importance of parents-child relationship

and early life experiences as contributing influences in the development of personality flaws that predispose the child to neurotic behavior in later years. This

symptom appears because the people use mechanism of defenses excessively.

Basically, neurosis includes some several of patterns, such as anxiety disorders, compulsive-obsessive disorders, and Phobic disorders.

31_{Kartini Kartono, patology social 3 (Jakarta:CV. Rajawali, 1997), P.67}

32_{Sarlito W. and Sarwono, Pengantar Umum Psikologi (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 2003), P.124} 33_{Clifford T.Morgan and Richard A., King, Introduction to psychology (Tokyo:McGrow-Hill,}

1956), P. 406

An analysis of neorosis syndrome reactions in Mariam's character in the novel of A Thousand splendid suns by Khaled Hosseni

AN ANALYSIS OF NEUROSIS SYNDROME REACTIONS IN

MARIAM’S CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL OF A THOUSAND

SPLENDID SUNS BY KHALED HOSSEINI

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2010

AN ANALYSIS OF NEUROSIS SYNDROME REACTIONS IN

MARIAM’S CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL OF A THOUSAND

SPLENDID SUNS BY KHALED HOSSEINI

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2010

AN ANALYSIS OF NEUROSIS SYNDROME REACTIONS IN

MARIAM’S CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL OF A THOUSAND

SPLENDID SUNS BY KHALED HOSSEINI

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2010

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF

HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

TABLE OF CONTENTS