COHESIVENESS OF GRAMMATICAL DEVICES IN THE OPENING
STATEMENT TEXT BY SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO AT BALI DEMOCRACY FORUM VII
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
DIAN AGUSTINA
1110026000097
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
i
Dian Agustina, Cohesiveness of Grammatical Devices in the Opening Statement Text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on Bali Democracy Forum VII. Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015.
The purpose of this research is to find out the forms of grammatical cohesion and its types in the speech text and analyze how the grammatical cohesion device utilized in the text. In this research the writer only analyzed forms of grammatical cohesion in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the former President of Indonesia along with the types of grammatical cohesion itself in the form of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.
The method that used in this research is descriptive qualitative. It means the writer tries to answer the questions by describing the problem in this research. From the data collected, the writer found four elements of grammatical cohesion that are appeared in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on Bali Democracy Forum VII. They are (1) Reference, types of reference found; personal, and demonstrative. (2) Substitution, types of substitution found; nominal, and clausal. (3) Ellipsis, type of ellipsis found is nominal. Then (4) Conjunction, types of conjunction found; additive, adversative, causal, and temporal. After analyzing the data, the writer concludes grammatical cohesion is indispensable to form a whole text, in this case the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on Bali Democracy Forum VII.
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I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the next.
Jakarta, July 2015
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First and foremost, praise belongs to Allah Subhanahu wata’ala, the Most Merciful of the world. The writer likes to thank Allah Subhanahu wata’ala, the lord of the world for giving her the best guidance, brightest lights and deepest mercy. The pour of blessing lead her to finish this thesis. Shalawat and Salam
always devoted to our Prophet Muhammad Shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam, peace be upon him, who has guided us from the darkness to enlightenment in the world.
In this occasion, the writer would like to express her gratitude for her advisors, Mr. Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H, M.H., M.Pd and Mr. Abdurrosyid, S.S., M.EIL who always give inspirations, encouragements, critiques, and sincere guidance for her to finish the thesis. Herein, she also would like to thankful to her examiner Mr. Dr. M. Farkhan, M.Pd and Mrs. Rima Muryantina, S.Hum., M.Ling who examine this thesis comprehensively and give the writer good suggestions that make this thesis better. The writer also would like to take this opportunity for expressing her deep and sincere gratitude and thankfulness to: 1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, the Dean of Faculty of Letters and
Humanities.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department.
3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department. 4. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for their valuable
knowledge.
vi pray and endless love.
7. Her friends especially Happy C Family for their support and suggestion in writing her thesis.
8. Her close companions, Fadillah Mahmudah, Adea Fitriana, Aida Soraya, Siti Aisyah, Yusron Amalia, Ega Dwi Rakhmawati, Lala Nufaela, Deri Indrya Santhi, Winda Ainur Happy, and Audia Eriana, for their motivation strength, supports, cares, entertaining and long friendship.
Finally, she realizes that this thesis is not perfect, that is why she welcomes to receive the criticism and suggestion for this thesis to be better. She hopes this thesis will be useful, particularly for her and for those who interested in this field.
Jakarta, July 2015
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APPROVEMENT……….ii
LEGALIZATION………....iii
DECLARATION……….iv
ACKNOWLEDMENT………...v
TABLE OF CONTENTS………...vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study………...1
B. Focus of the Study………...2
C. Research Question………...3
D. Objectives of the Study...………...3
E. Significance of the Study……….3
F. Research Methodology………...…..4
1. Research Method……….…….……….……..…..4
2. Data Analysis Technique……...………..……...…4
3. Unit of analysis………..…….……...5
4. Instrument of the Research………..………….….5
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK A. Previous Research………...6
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description………...27
B. Data Analysis……….28
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion………...67
B. Suggestion………...………...……...68
BIBLIOGRAPHY………...………69
APPENDIX…...71
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Cohesiveness in a text or discourse is the most crucial thing. The harmony and the links between one sentence and another sentence are the main key of determining legibility factor. A state element that refers to each other and has semantically relation, it is called cohesion. With cohesion, a discourse to be coherent: each part forming discourse.1
Discourse is a unit of the largest or highest language above the sentence or clause with the high coherence and cohesion that have sustained in the beginning and ending that delivered orally or writing.2 The discourse often discovered in human life, whether written or oral. Written discourse should be interconnected between one and another series to find an idea or concepts that presented in the discourse.3
A good discourse is inseparable from the cohesion and coherence elements. Cohesion has connection between sentences in a discourse, include grammatical and lexical stratum in particular.4 Coherence has a connection of cohesion meaning between parts of discourse.5 Cohesion discerns the relationship or bond discourse, while the coherence discerns a whole of meaning that conveyed by a discourse. If a discourse cohesive, it will be created coherency. Its means the
1
Kushartanti dkk, Pesona Bahasa (Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p.96
2
H.G. Tarigan, Pengajaran Wacana (Bandung: Angkasa, 1987), p.27
3
Ibid
4
Ibid,.p.96
5
M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion In English. (London: Longman, 1976), p.148
Content of discourse is correct.6 Without cohesion, it will not be created coherency, for instance, attention this following sentences:
In this research, the writer will only examine cohesion markers especially in grammatical cohesion. According to M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan’s theory, grammatical cohesion embraces four devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction7. In other words, cohesion learns to identify the structure that described in a text, through the elements which refers to each other and have grammatically related. Therefore, the writer choose grammatical cohesive device as object analysis because it is a base component to establish the text harmoniously.
The writer chooses an opening statement text as the source text for investigating the data because it has standard of textuality. The content of the text provides the relationship between words in a text. Therefore, the writer is interested in doing grammatical cohesion analysis in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as a former President of Republic of Indonesia.
B. Focus of The Study
This research focuses of grammatical cohesion according to M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan’s theory. There are four device of grammatical cohesion
markers consist of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Then, will be
observed in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII. The writer will analyze 32 paragraphs as the data.
6
Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2007), p.267
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C. Research Questions
Based on the focus of study, the research questions are:
1. What kinds of grammatical devices are used in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII?
2. Which grammatical cohesion device has the dominant frequency of appearance in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII?
3. How are the grammatical devices utilized in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII?
D. Objectives of the Study
Relating to the research questions above, the objectives of study are:
1. To know what kind of the grammatical devices that used in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII.
2. To describe the grammatical cohesion device that has the dominant frequency of appearance in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII.
3. To identify how the grammatical devices are used the cohesiveness of grammatical in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII.
E. Significance of The Study
will give the advantages for the readers and the writer herself to increase knowledge about linguistics and also to be another reference for other students who want to develop the similar study in the future.
F. Research Methodology
1. Research Method
Based on research questions and the objectives of the study, the method that is used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative method involves data collection procedures that result primarily in numerical data which is then analyzed primarily by non-statistical methods.8 It means the writer tries to answer the entire questions by describing the problem in this research.
2. Data Analysis Technique
To get the aim of the research, the writer conducts the following steps: 1. Determining source of data, the writer choose the text of opening
statement by President Republic of Indonesia 2. Collecting data
3. Looks for the theory cohesion from M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan
4. Reads the theory carefully
5. Looks for several previous researches to support this research 6. Analyzing data
7. Concluding the collecting data
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3. Unit of Analysis
As the unit of analysis, the writer used text of opening statement by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII on October 10th 2014.
4. Instrument of the Research
The researcher using qualitative method will argue that another human being is the only instrument that is sufficiently complex to comprehend and learn about human existence.9 That is why, the main instrument of this research is the writer herself to get more data she needs reading and understanding the book of theory also the text. The writer also is supported by other instruments, such as: journal and internet in the way analyzing, and concluding the findings in this research.
9
6 A. Previous Research
The idea on writing this thesis is based on some linguistics books that supply relevant information to the topic. The writer refers to some related analysis based on the grammatical cohesion in discourse, as follows:
Widhiya Ninsiana (2014) has analyzed „Grammatical cohesion devices on the
Indonesian translation of English bidding document’uses qualitative descriptive
approach integrated with established case study and having the orientation on such a product using holistic critical method which examines objective, genetic, and affective aspects. Her research findings thereof are as follows: grammatical cohesion devices in Bidding Documents translated into „Dokumen Tender‟
consisting of: First, cohesion marker of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. There are several grammatical cohesion devices in Bidding Document which experience to change and not to change in cohesion marker. It causes there are differences in grammatical structure, reference, and social culture context.1
On the research ‘Grammatical Cohesion in Students’ Argumentative Essay’, Alarcon and Morales have analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively method. 104 essays were collected and assessed by two interraters, but only 64 essays statistically qualified as the corpus of the study. From Halliday and Hasan (1976)
1
concept of grammatical cohesion was used as framework for the analysis of the essays. Reference had the highest frequency which is 90.67% of the total cohesive devices with mean score 53.37. Conjunction occurred 326 times in the essays, which is 9.08%. While substitution was the least used type of cohesion device which is only 0.25%. The cohesive devices are not significantly at 05 level of significance.
Based on the qualitative analysis, it was found out that certain cohesive types assisted the students in the argumentation process. For instance, the use of adversative conjunction helped the students establish counterclaims. However, „but‟ is the most frequently used adversative conjunction by the student which
may signify that their knowledge on the use of this kind of cohesion device is limited. There were instances where the students can use concessive like „yet or
however‟ to establish stronger claims. Hence, qualitative analysis supports the concept of form and function. In the students‟ argumentative essays, certain forms
were chosen over the others for a specific purpose that supports the overall objective of an argumentative text.2
Tahereh Rahmati Farmani, student of Islamic Azad University Iran, was conduct „A Discoursal- Grammatical Analysis of the 4th Chapter of Golestan:
The Merits of Silence’. Her analysis is based on Halliday and Hasan‟s Method in
Discourse Analysis (DA), at the macro level, cohesion factors and frequency of them are identified and analyzed, and the micro-level, the types of sentences and
2
frequency of them are analyzed. The total number of cohesion factors at the macro level is 688 cases, which indicate a high level of cohesion and coherence through the text.3
B. The Definition of Discourse
The study of discourse, or discourse analysis, is concerned with how speakers combine sentences into boarder speech units.4 Discourse is the way of combining and integrating language, actions, interactions, and ways of thinking, believing, valuing, and using various symbols, tools, and objects to enact a particular sort of socially recognizable identity.5 Unlike the sentence whose boundaries appear intuitively clear, the discourse unit is not as clearly definable.6 In other word, discourse has unlimited boundaries that cover a lot of domain, especially social domain. It is like a statement that reveals by Teun A Van Dijk, discourse is a category that belongs to and derives from the social domain.7
Generally, discourse refers to a text unity whether it is spoken language or written language, it does not need to refer the rational and logic contains. Such as, poem, tragedy, conversation, etc. a unity of discourse structure closer to lexical unity than syntaxes unity. A sentence series is called disourse if it has emotional
3
Tahereh Rahmati Farmani, A Discoursal –Grammatical Analysis of the 4th Chapter of Golestan: The Merits of Silence. Indian J.Sci.Res.Vol. 7(1), 2014 (Iran: Islamic Azad University), pp. 529-533.
Roy O.Freedle, Discourse Production and Comprehension. (Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1982), p.94
7
connection from a part to another part, In other words, its topic sentences should be supported by the other sentences.
C. The Definition of Text Unity
1. Text
Halliday and Hasan expressly an idea of „text‟. This becomes apparent in their
book Cohesion in English:
A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit, like
a clause or sentence; and it is not defined by its size. […] A text is
not something that is like a sentence, only bigger; it is something that differs from a sentence in kind. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit: a unit not a form but meaning.8
It is a glance about text definition according Halliday and Hasan. From their explanation above, text cannot be supposed by grammatical aspect but it is the semantic one. Text is a combination of the sentences that connect each other and make a unity.
Also, Halliday and Hasan through their book Cohesion in English propose “the word text is used in linguistics to refers any passage, spoken, or written, or whatever length, that does form a unified whole.”9
Widdowson (1979), “a text is a collection of formal objects held together by
patterns of equivalence or frequencies or by cohesive devices”. A text may be prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee. That is geographical length is not important for a text.11
For example: a. A single word: “DANGER” on a warming sign.
b. A stretch of language even though not a sentence: “NO
SMOKING” printed on a wall.12
A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a lexico-grammatical unit like a clause or a sentence, and it is not defined by size. A text does not consist of sentences. It is realized by or encoded in sentences. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentences not by size but by realization, the coding of one symbolic system in another.13
2. Texture
A text must have Texture, as what Halliday and Hasan proposed in their book the unity of text has strong connection with texture. The concept of texture is entirely appropriate to express the property of being text. A text has texture, and
this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text. It derivers that
texture from the fact that is function as a unity with respect to it environment.14
11
Mizan Mahbub, Text, texture, and Cohesion www.englishstudyhelp.blogspot.com downloaded on 23 April 21, 2015
12
Ibid
13
Ibid
14
Texture is shown by relations of meaning which exist within a text. The study on relation of meaning which exist within a text is then called Cohesion.15
Example:
If we find the following instructions in the cooking book;
Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish.
It is clear that „them‟ in the second sentence refers back to the „six cooking apples‟ of if first sentence. This anaphoric function ofthem gives cohesion to the
two sentences, so that we interpret them as a whole; the two sentences together constitute a text. So it is the texture which makes these two sentences a text.16
3. Cohesion
The term of cohesion is familiar in the study of language. Cohesion is part of the system of language. It is introduced by Halliday and Hasan in 1976, through their book Cohesion in English. The simplest definition proposed by Halliday and Hasan is that “it refers to relation of meaning that exist within the text, and the
define it as a text‖.17
Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text. Cohesion is correlation between clauses within a text or discourse grammatically or lexically.
15
Ibid p. 4
16
Mizan Mahbub, Op,Cit
17
Cohesion is the internal aspect of a text and all the internal aspect such as grammatical aspect and lexical one that develop the unity of the text.18
Halliday and Hasan, moreover, put forward that the function of cohesion is to relate one part of a text to another part of the same text. In other words, cohesion functions as a tie to link one sentence to another. The actualization of cohesion in any given instance, Halliday and Hasan examine, does not depend merely on the selection of the word apples we cannot see that it has cohesive power by itself, a cohesive relation is set up only if the same word or a word related to it such as fruit has arise previously. Halliday and Hasan point out that the cohesion lies in the relation that is set up between the sentences.19
For example:
International pop stars usually lead a very busy life. They need to give concerts, attend photo shootings, or have other important obligations. Very often they have to travel around the globe, jumping from one time zone to another without getting much sleep. There is no secret that many of them have a tendency to take drugs to be able to deal with the pressure. One of the most famous victims of drug abuse during recent years was Michael Jackson who died in 2009 only two months before his 51st birthday.20
Example above shows such a cohesive chain in which “international pop stars” in the first sentence is connected to all the other sentences via “they” in the
second and third sentence and “many of them” in the fourth sentence. One has to
18
Kushartanti et al, Pesona Bahasa (Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p.96
19
Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin, An Analisis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on The Journalistic Text of VoANEWS.com (UIN Jakarta: FAH, 2011), p.12
20
follow all the cohesive ties in the subsequent sentences in order to establish the Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan classify cohesion into two categories, grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion markers consist of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Whereas, the markers of lexical cohesion consist of reiteration and collocation. All of cohesion devices, being on the surface on the text, can be observed, counted, and analyzed.23
3.1.1 Grammatical Cohesion
1. Reference
Reference is the relation between an element of the text and something else by reference to which it is interpreted in the given instance.24 Reference item is one whose interpretation is determined in this way. The interpretation takes one of two forms. Either through Endophoric Reference or Exophoric Reference. Exophora signals that reference must be made to the context of situation, while Endhopra is textual reference: it is an internal cohesion within a text. Endhoporic divided into two types, Anaphoric and Cataphoric. For the Anaphoric reference, the elements
21
Ibid
22
Sanna-Kaisa Tanskanen, Collaborating Towards Coherence: Lexical Cohesion in English Discourse (Amsterdam: Jhon Benjamins Publishing, 2006), p.13
23
M.A.K. Halliday and Hasan, Op, Cit, p. 308
24
refer to the preceding text, and the Cataphoric reference, the elements refer to the following text. For example:25
See the following schemas:
Reference
(Situational) (Textual)
Exophora Endophora
[to preceding text] [to Following text]
Anaphora Cataphora
Scheme 1: Reference
The examples of anaphoric and cataphoric reference:
“They were walking along the street, the old-man and his
nine-year old grandson. It was just dust time for themto go home.”26
According to the example above, a word “they” refers to the old-man and his
nine-year old grandsonin CATAPHORIC side. Whereas, a word “them” refers to the old-man and his nine-year old grandson in ANAPHORIC side. People make
25
Mizan Mahbub, Text, texture, and Cohesion www.englishstudyhelp.blogspot.com downloaded on 23 April 21, 2015
26
reference to something for their interpretation. In English these items are personals, demonstrative, and comparative.27
1.1Personal Reference
Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The category of personal reference includes three classes of personal pronouns, possessive determiner (possessive adjectives) and possessive pronoun. It can be seen in the table below:
Table 1: Personal Reference
This reference has the system known as person where it is used in the special sense of role: first person, second person, and third person where three of them can be singular or plural.28
27
M.A.K. Halliday and Hasan, Op, Cit. pp. 33-38
28
This sentence below is one of example of personal pronoun “Tom and Smith
got gold medal on the badminton tournament yesterday; they are the best delegation from university”. Pronoun “they” refers to Tom and Smith, it‟s belong
to personal pronoun.29
1.2Demonstrative Reference
Demonstrative Reference is essentially a form of verbal pointing. The speaker identifies the referent by locating it on a scale of proximity. The system is follows30:
Semantic Category Selective Non-Selective
Grammatical
Function Modifier/ Head Adjunct Modifier
Class Determiner Adverb Determiner
The circumstantial (adverbial) demonstrative here, there, now, and then refer to the location of process in space or time, and they normally do so directly, not via the location of some person or object that is participating in the process; hence they typically function as Adjuncts in the clause, not as elements within the nominal group. They have a secondary function as qualifier, as in that man there.
29
Ibid
30
The remaining (nominal) demonstratives this, these, that, those, refer to the location of something, typically some entity-person or object- that is participating in the process; they therefore occur as elements within the nominal group. For instance, see these sentences below:31
“There’s a new mall in the Gading Serpong called Summarecon Mall
Serpong. Maybe we’ll go theretomorrow.‖32
1.3Comparative Reference
Comparative Reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similarity. This reference is divided into two: general and particular comparison.33
The system as follows:
31
Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin, Op,Cit, p.17
32
Ibid
33
Identity same equal identical, identically
General Similarity such similar, so similarly likewise
Difference other different else, differently otherwise
Comparison
Numerative more fewer less further additional; so- as- equally- +quantifier, eg: so many
Particular
Epithet comparative adjectives and adverbs, eg: better; so- as- more- less- equally- +comparative adjectives and adverbs, eg: equally good
Scheme 2: Comparative Reference
particular comparison must be a standard of reference by which one thing is said to be superior equal, or inferior in quality or quantity.34
2. Substitution
Another kind of grammatical cohesion is substitution. Substitution is a relation between linguistic items or it is as replacement of one item by another. Substitution, on the other hand, is relation within the text. A substitute is a sort of counter which is used in place of the repetition of particular item, for example:
a. My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one.
b. You think Joan already knows? I think everybody does.35
One and does are both substitutes: one substitutes for axe, and does for knows.
It follows that, as general rule, the substitute item has the same structural function as that for which it substitutes. In the above example one and axe are both Head in the nominal group; and does; knows are both Head in the verbal group.
Since substitution is grammatical relation, a relation in the wording rather than in meaning, the different types of substitution are defined grammatically rather than semantically. The criterion is the grammatical function of substitute item. In English, the substitute may function as a noun, as a verb, or as a clause. To these corresponds the three types of substitution: Nominal, verbal, and clausal.36
34
Halliday and Hasan, p.76
35
Mizan Mahbub, Op,Cit www.englishstudyhelp.blogspot.com downloaded on 23 April 21, 2015
36
2.1Nominal Substitution
Nominal substitution is substitution of nominal with an item that is appropriate with the nominal genus. It is commonly expressed with the substitute
one/ones (singular and plural) and same. One is not only as a substitution but also it is as a personal person and one is also as cardinal number. The item same, occurs as cohesive element of the comparative type. In such instance, some is reference item. But there is another cohesive use of same, as nominal substitute, typically accompanied by the. Unlike one, the same presupposes an entire nominal group including any modifying elements. For examples:
a. I’ve read several books by this author. But this one is the best , I
think.37
b. I lost my way in the museum- the same thing happened to me.
The meaning „ Ilost my way in the museum‟.
Hence the same, although itself a form of nominal substitute, is used as a means of substituting a nominal or other element in the process as a whole, including the process itself.38
2.2Verbal Substitution
The verbal substitute in English is „do’. This operates as Head of a verbal group, in the place that is occupied by the lexical verb; and its position is always final in the group. Here are two examples from alice; in both, the substitute is the word that has the form do (not did or don’t)
37
Anastasia Tsareva, Grammatical Cohesion in argumentative Essays by Norwegian and Rusiian learners (Oslo: The University of Oslo, 2010) p. 18
38
a. … the words did not come the same as they used to do.
b. I don’t know the meaning of half those long words, and, what’s more, I
don’t believe you do either!
The first do, in (a), substitutes from come; that in (b) substitutes from know the meaning of half those long words.39
2.3Clausal Substitution
Clausal substitution is one further type of substitution in which what is presupposed is not an element within the clause but in an entire clause the words used as substitutes are so and hot. There are three environments in which clausal substitution take place; report, condition, and modality. In each of these environments it may take either of two form, positive and negative; the positive is expressed by so, the negative by not.40
a). Everyone seems to think he‟s guilty. If so, no doubt he‟ll offer to resign.41
b). Has everyone come late? I hope not.
Here, so in (a) presuppose the whole of clause everyone seems to think he’s guilty and not in (b) presupposes everyone come late.
3. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is the omission of a word or part of a sentences, it is exactly the same as presupposition by substitution, except that in substitution an explicit „counter‟
is used, eg: one or do as a place – marker for what is presupposed, whereas is
39
Ibid,. p.112
40
Ibid,. pp. 130-131
41
ellipsis nothing is inserted into the slot. That is why Halliday and Hasan say that ellipsis can be regarded as substitution by zero.42
Example: Joan brought some carnations and Catherine some sweet peas.
The structure of the second clause is Subject and Complement. There is no possible alternative here; the second clause can be interpreted only as Catherine
brought some sweet peas. This structure normally appears only in clause in which
at least one element, the Predicator brought is presupposed to be supplied from the preceding clause. Actually, the normal sentence should be Joan brought some carnations, and Catherine brought soe sweet peas.
There are three types of ellipsis: Nominal ellipsis, Verbal ellipsis and Clausal ellipsis.
3.1Nominal Ellipsis
By nominal ellipsis we mean ellipsis within the nominal group. An elliptical nominal group clearly requires that there should be available from some source or the other information necessary for feeling it out. Normally, the source of information is a preceding nominal group.43
For example: My kids play an awful lot of sport.44
42
Halliday and Hasan, Op,Cit, p.143
43
Ibid, pp. 147-148
44
3.2Verbal Ellipsis
By verbal ellipsis we mean ellipsis within the verbal group. An elliptical verbal group presupposes one or more words from a previous verbal group. Technically, it is defined as a verbal group whose structure does not fully express its systemic features-all the choices that are being made within the verbal group system.45
For example: What have you been doing?-- Swimming
In example above, what is omitted is I have been swimming. It is only the lexical verb swim that is found in the elliptical verbal group. The elliptical form
swimming has various systematic features that are not found in the verbal structure.46
3.3Clausal Ellipsis
Clausal ellipsis means ellipsis within the clause. The clause in English, considered as the expression of the various speech functions, such as statement, question, response and so on, has two part structure consisting of modal element plus propositional element, for example:
„The dancers were going to perform the popular dance in the stage‟
[Modal element] [Propositional element]
What was the dancer going to do? Perform the popular dance in the stage.
45
Paul A.Crane, Texture In Text: A Discourse Analysis of a News Article Using Halliday and
Hasan‟s Model of Cohesion
46
In the answer, the modal element is omitted: the subject and, within the verbal group, the finite operator was. Hence there is operator ellipsis in the verbal group: (What were the dancers going to do? The dancers were going to perform the popular dance in the stage).
4. Conjunction
As the final type of cohesion relation that found in grammar, conjunction is the relationship which indicates how to subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the proceeding or the following (part of the sentence) this is usually achieved by the use of conjunctions also known as connective.
Conjunction is rather different in nature from the other cohesion relations, from both reference, on the one hand, and substitution and ellipsis on the other. It is not simply an anaphoric relation.47 Halliday and Hasan classified four types of conjunction there are: additive, adversative, causal and temporal.
4.1Additive Conjunction
Additive conjunction contributes to give additional information without changing information in the previously clause or phrase. Here are some items of the conjunction relations of additive type: and, and also, further (more), moreover, besides that, by the way, or, not, neither, etc. for example:
a. Besidesbeing mean, he is also hateful.
b. He no longer goes to campus andhe planning to look for a job.
47
The conjunction relationship in (a) is hypotactic (which combine a main clause with subordinate clause or phrase) and in (b) is paratactic (which have two main clause)
4.2Adversative Conjunction
The basic meaning of adversative relation is „contrary to expectation‟. The
expectation may be derived from the content of what is being said, or from communication process.48 Here are the conjunctive relations of the adversative type: however, but, in fact, nevertheless, instead etc.
For example: They failed. However, they are tried them best.
In this sense, the meaning are „as against‟. This is normally a true adversative
and it can be expressed in although clause. „They failed, although they are tried
them best’.
4.3Causal Conjunction
Causal conjunction expresses “result, reason and purpose”, and the simple
form of causal relation is expressed by so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly, and number of expressions like as a result (of that), in consequence (of that), because of that. All these regularly take place in the initial clause or sentence and they express causality.
For example: She was never really happy here. Soshe‟s leaving.49
48
Ibid,. p.250
49
The causal conjunction so creates a causal relation between the state was never happy and the event is leaving. The meaning of so is to introduce the consequence of the cause stated in the first sentence – because she was not happy.50
4.4Temporal Conjunction
The relation between the theses of two successive sentences that may be simply one of sequence in time. This temporal relation is expressed in its simplest form by then.
He stayed there for three years. Then he went on to New Zealand.
From example above, the temporal conjunctive link is established by means of the simplest form of the temporal conjunction then. It serves to create a sequence in time showing that one event happens after another.51
50
Ibid
51
27
PRESIDENT REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
A. Data Description
As in the previous chapter, the focus of thesis research is only grammatical cohesion as a part of discourse analysis. This chapter will explain analysis of opening statement text by President Republic of Indonesia at Bali Democracy Forum VII on 10 October 2014. Grammatical cohesion consists of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction as the markers.
Before the analysis, the writer will explain about the object of research. In this research, the writer uses the text of speech. It is officially issued by State Secretary of Republic Indonesia website www.setneg.go.id under the title Opening Statement by President Republic of Indonesia at Bali Democracy Forum VII on 10 October 2014.
B. Data Analysis
From the data above, the writer analyzes the cohesiveness on opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as a Former President Republic of Indonesia. The writer uses the theory of cohesion introduced by Halliday and Hasan which consists of grammatical and lexical cohesion, but in this research the writer focused on grammatical cohesion. It will be analyzed through the perspective of Reference, Substitution, Ellipsis and Conjunction. These are the analyses:
Text 1:
Grammatical Devices
Paragraph 1:
First of all, on behalf of the Government and the people of Indonesia, I am pleased to extend a warm welcome to all of you to the beautiful island of Bali. Your continuous and active participation in this Forum reflects your enduring dedication to the cause of promoting democracy.
From the paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices that appeared. First, the word “and‖ is called additive conjunction, one of grammatical
cohesion devices which have function to add information in the text that the President represented the government also the people of Indonesia to welcome delegation of ASEAN. Utilizing “and” as the additive conjunction above is
Second, the word “I‖ and “you” are called by personal reference. The word “I‖ in the text refers to the President. In the context, the President is someone who gives a speech in Forum. Then, the word „you‟ refers to all of the delegation who
attending the Forum. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.
Third, the word “your‖ is including personal reference. It is called possessive
determiner. The word ―your‖ refers to all of the delegation who attending the forum. These personal references make the audience to understand the speech well. If the President does not use „you‟ and „your‟ as the personal reference, the
listener cannot understand the speech well. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing possessive pronoun.
Fourth, the word “this” is called by demonstrative reference. “This” above
refers to the forum. The demonstrative reference is precise, because after the word „this‟ there is the word „forum‟. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point
out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing forum.
Paragraph 2:
We convene this Bali Democracy Forum in the midst of a historic year for Indonesia. We had just finished a series of elections, for President, Parliament, Regional Representative Council or the Senate, and local
Parliament. Some 135 million people took part in one of the world’s largest
electoral process involving half a million ballot booths, and organized independently by the Elections Commission (KPU). In the process, we elected
more than a thousand leaders at all levels. Members of the new Parliament
And on October 20, a new President—President-elect Joko Widodo—will be sworn in.
From the paragraph above, the writer found grammatical cohesion devices. First, the word ―we‖ is called as exophoric reference or anaphoric reference because it is reference outside the text but we can understand that the word “we” refers to president and Indonesia people. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.
Second, the word ―their‖ is called as personal reference. The word ―their‖ refers to Members of the new Parliament and the Senate. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing possessive pronoun.
Third, the word ―this‖ is called as demonstrative reference. ―This‖ refers something that has been mention before that is Bali Democracy Forum. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing Bali Democracy Forum.
Fourth, the word ―or‖ also ―and‖ are expressed additive conjunction, their function are adding information and as connection between sentences. It can be seen from the paragraph above that the speaker adding information around the election. Then, in the last sentence the word „and‟ has function as connection
addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of the series of elections.
Fifth, the word ―more‖ is particular numerative comparative. It‟s function to comparing something. On the text, the speaker, the president, try to compare members of leader who elected for the election. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of election commission (KPU).
Paragraph 3:
The elections were not easy. They were exhaustive, complicated, expensive, divisive, and even emotional –I suppose like any other elections in the world. No one said democracy was easy. But time and again, when the next President is sworn in days from now, Indonesia will have proved, to our people and to the world, that we can achieve peaceful and constitutional transfer of power.
From the paragraph above, the writer found grammatical cohesion devices. First, the word ―they‖,‖I‖, ―our‖ and ―we‖ are called personal reference. The word „they’ refers to the elections that happen in Indonesia. And the word „I’
refers to the speaker that is the President. Then, the word „we’ refers to the
President and Indonesia people. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subjects.
things in some way opposite to each other, the differences when comparing two things. It can be seen from paragraph above, the word „but‟ shows the contrasting
idea that expressed that no one said democracy was easy. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of time of election.
Third, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices which have function to add information in the text. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of difficulty of election.
Fourth, the word “one‖ is called nominal substitution. It refers to people. The
speaker uses nominal substitution to replace the same previous word in order to have no extravagant word. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of citizen.
Paragraph 4:
Indonesia of course is only part of many electoral events around the world. We congratulate the successful elections in Algeria, Brazil, Fiji, Iraq, Lebanon, India, Iran, Libya, Maldives, New Zealand, South Africa, Turkey, and many others. We welcome the recent peaceful transfer of power in Afghanistan, and the successful resolution of their electoral disputes.
to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.
Second, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It can be seen from paragraph above the information that the President congratulates the successful elections in many countries. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. These grammatical devices are appropriate to use because they are related to the context of peaceful of Afghanistan.
Paragraph 5:
This Forum also takes place during a challenging and turbulent time for
the world. At the macro-level, there is a worrying trend of deteriorating relations among the major powers – involving the United States, Russia, Europe, China, Japan. In the case of Russia – US, and Russia – Europe relations, this has been sparked to a large extent by political events in Ukraine. There is no clear sign as yet when and how the conflict in Ukraine will be resolved.
From the paragraph above, the writer found grammatical cohesion devices. First, the word ―this‖ is called demonstrative reference. It refers something that has been mention before for near proximity. ―This‖ above refers to forum. In the second sentence, there are the word ―this‖ too, but it has different reference. The word ―this‖ on the second sentence refers to relation between Russia-US-Europe. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. If the speaker uses „that‟ as demonstrative pronoun, it will be
before for far proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing forum.
Second, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It adds information that the forum not only takes place a challenging but also turbulent time for the world. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of relation among the major power.
Paragraph 6:
On top of that, we are also seeing democratic transitions in distress, in particular in the Middle-East. The political transitions in Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia, and Libya are still evolving, and some remain volatile. And there is no end in sight for the conflict in Syria.
There are grammatical cohesion devices in the paragraph above. First, the word ―we‖ is called personal reference. The word ―we‖ refers to the president as a speaker. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.
Second, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It adds information that the president congratulates the successful elections in many countries. The word “and” on the third sentence is similar with conjunctive adverb. It is show
existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of political transitions.
Third, the word ―there‖ is called demonstrative reference. Demonstrative ―there‖ refers to the location of a process in space or time, and it normally do so
directly, not via the location of some person or object that is participating in the process. On paragraph above, ―there‖ refers to the Middle-East countries. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of conflict in Syria.
Paragraph 7:
The international community is also facing the growing threat from ISIS, or ISIL, or IS. With billions of dollars at its disposal, ISIS is perhaps the richest terrorist group in history, and they are promoting a dangerous, exclusive ideology that is not only anti-democratic but also un-Islamic.
From paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices that appeared. First, the word ―or‖is called additive conjunction. “And‖ also ―or‖ are expressed additive conjunction, they function are adding information and as connection between sentences. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of ISIS.
Second, the word “but‖is called adversative conjunction. „but” have sense as
„against‟. The speaker uses adversative conjunction to show the existence of
grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of exclusive ideology.
Third, the word „they’ is called personal reference as subject. It refers to ISIS. The word ―its‖ is called possessive determiner. ―Its‖ refers to billions of dollar. Possessive determiner is one of personal reference. Personal reference is used by the speaker to be emphasized to avoid a repetition of the subject which is a waste of words. It clearly refers to previously mentioned subject, but it has to put the exactly personal reference in order not to create an ambiguous sentence. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject and possessive determiner.
Paragraph 8:
In Indonesia, the Government, as well as the public, including Islamic groups, have openly stated our rejection of the ISIS ideology, which contradicts our values of unity, tolerance, pluralism and respect for all religions. We have strictly banned ISIS in Indonesia, both as an organization and its ideology, and we prohibit any Indonesians to join ISIS activities abroad.
On the paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices. First, the clause “have openly stated our rejection of the ISIS ideology‖ is called nominal
Second, the word ―our‖, ―we‖, and ―its‖ are called personal reference. The words ―our‖ and ―its‖ are possessive determiner of president and Indonesian people. Whereas, the word ―we‖ is personal pronoun. The word ―we‖ refers to president and government of Indonesia. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject and possessive determiner.
Third, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It adds information that the president explain that Indonesia have banned organization of ISIS but also banned its ideology. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of value of unity.
Paragraph 9:
In my view, for the long-term, military measures alone will not be enough to deal with the ISIS threat. What will be equally needed after the use of force would be political and other measures that would address the root causes of the ongoing conflict. By doing so, hopefully, we will be able to break the cycle of violence and extremism on the ground.
On the paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices. First, the word ―my‖ and ―we‖are called personal reference. The word “my‖ is possessive determiner. The word ―my‖ refers to the president that has a point a view. Then ―we‖ refers to president and the entire guest in the forum. The President uses
to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing possessive determiner.
Second, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It adds information that the president hopeful can break the cycle of violent but also extremism on the ground. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of violence.
Third, the word ―not‖ is called clausal substitution. In clausal substitution there are three environments take place: report, condition and modality. In each of these environments it may take either of two forms, positive or negative. In this case, the word ―not‖ is take place in modality and include in form negative. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of the action of military.
Paragraph 10:
Ultimately, no matter where we come from and what political system we uphold, all of us must work together to promote a 21st century world of unity in diversity – what we in Indonesia call Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. A world where human dignity, peace and progress can spread to all corners of the world in the fastest time possible.
an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.
Then, the word “and‖ is expressed additive conjunction, they function are
adding information and as connection between sentences. It can be seen from paragraph above, the President try to adding the situation of the state. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of human dignity.
Paragraph 11:
It is in that context that we have chosen a theme that I believe is very relevant to many, if not all of us in thisroom: ―Evolving Regional Democratic Architecture: The Challenges of Political Development, Public Participation and Socio-Economic Progress in the 21st Century.‖
From the paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices that appeared. First, the word ―it‖, ―we‖, ―I‖ and “us‖ are called personal reference. The word “it‖ refers to the preceding sentence that is human dignity, the word ―we‖, ―I‖ and ―us‖ refer to president himself and entire guest in forum. The
Second, the word ―not‖ is called clausal substitution. In clausal substitution there are three environments take place: report, condition and modality. In each of these environments it may take either of two forms, positive or negative. In this case, the word ―not‖ is take place in modality and include in form negative. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of “Evolving Regional Democratic Architecture: The Challenges of Political
Development, Public Participation and Socio-Economic Progress in the 21st
Century.‖
Third, the word ―this‖ is called demonstrative reference. “This‖ above refers to the room that use to held the forum. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing place.
Then, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It function are adding information and as connection between sentences. From the paragraph above, the President adds the subject of the Forum. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of theme of Forum.
Paragraph 12:
The grammatical cohesion devices that appeared as follow: first, the word ―me‖, ―they‖, ―them‖ and ―our‖ are called personal reference. ―Me‖ refers to
the speaker that is the President, ―They‖ refers to the preceding text that is political development, socio-economic progress, and public participation is the three essential and complementary elements. ―Them‖ refers to possessive of they in preceding text. Then ―our‖ refers to the speaker and the audience. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.
Second, the word ―this‖ is called demonstrative reference. “This‖ above refers to point out that will be discussed in forum. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of topic the forum.
Third, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It function are adding information and as connection between sentences. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of topic the discussion.
succeed. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of countries.
Paragraph 13:
Democracy without political development is a democracy at a standstill. It is like walking on a treadmill: you know you are moving but you are not getting anywhere. This means that institutions do not develop. Those reforms do not take place. That political capacity does not grow. Eventually, you come to the realization that the world around you has fundamentally altered, but you are not politically able to adapt to it. Thus, in the absence of political development, we will end up with political decay.
On the paragraph above, the writer find the grammatical cohesion devices such as: First, the word ―it‖, ―you‖ and ―we‖ are called personal reference. ―it‖ refers to a democracy at a standstill. ―You‖ refers to the entire guest in forum. And “we” refers to the speaker and the audiences in forum. The President uses
personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.
Second, the word ―but‖ is called adversative conjunction. ‗but‖ have sense as „against‟. The speaker uses adversative conjunction to show the existence of
Third, the word ―this‖ is called demonstrative reference. ―This‖ above refers to the meaning of development institution is not in the right way. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of political development.
Then fourth, the word ―not‖ is called clausal substitution. In clausal substitution there are three environments take place: report, condition and modality. In each of these environments it may take either of two forms, positive or negative. In this case, the word ―not‖ is form of negative. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of political capacity.
Fifth, the word ―thus‖ is called causal conjunction. ―Thus‖ gives signals that information in the preceding clause of the content of the clause that follows the conjunction. The speaker uses causal conjunction to indicate a thought process in making decision. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of fundamental altered.
Paragraph 14:
On the paragraph above, the writer finds the grammatical cohesion devices such as: First, the word ―not‖ is called clausal substitution. In clausal substitution there are three environments take place: report, condition and modality. In each of these environments it may take either of two forms, positive or negative. In this case, the word ―not‖ is form of negative. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of democracy.
Second, the word ―it‖, ―their‖, ―they‖ are called personal reference. ―It‖ above refers to the people‟s expectations. ―Their‖ and ―they‖ refer to people. The
President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.
Third, the word “and‖ is called additive conjunction. It function are adding
information and as connection between sentences. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of the main business of democracy.
