THE INTERFERENCES OF ENGLISH TOWARDS
INDONESIAN
A PAPER
BY :
EMMA LISTIAWATI REG. NO. 102202006
ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM DIPLOMA III FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN
It has been proved by Supervisor,
NIP: 19610204 198601 2 001 Dra. Persadanta br Karo, M.Hum
Submitted to the Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for English Study Diploma III Program.
Approved by
Head of Diploma III English Study,
NIP : 19521126 198112 1 001 Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A.
Accepted by :
The Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the DIII examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study of University of North Sumatera.
The examination is held on October 2013
Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera
Dean,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP : 19511031 197603 1 001
Board of examiners:
1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) ____________
2. Dra. Persadanta br Karo, M.Hum. (Supervisor) ____________
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I am, EMMA LISTIAWATI, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper.
Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no
material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by
which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main
text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another
degree in any tertiary education.
Signed : ...
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : EMMA LISTIAWATI
Title of paper : THE INTERFERENCES OF ENGLISH TOWARD
INDONESIAN
Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya
Study Program : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion
of the Liberarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture
Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation
under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.
Signed : ………
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to give all honor and praise to Allah SWT who
has been my inspiration and my strength in life. He has given me the ability to
complete this paper. I realize that without his grace, I can’t finish this paper well. I
believe that I’m nobady without Him.
Furthermore, I find so many supports from people around me to complete
this paper. I realize that this paper is not perfect yet. I would be grateful if readers
of that it will be useful as material for Diploma III English Study Program
students who are interested in literature.
I would like to thanks:
1. Dr.Syahron Lubis,M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture for his leadership
2. Dr.Matius C.A.Sembiring, M.A as the Chief of Diploma III English Study
Program for his guidance,criticism and helpful suggestions.
3. Dra.Persadanta br Karo,M.Hum as my Supervisor for the knowledge,
advice,comments,corections,and motivations.
4. Dr.Siamir Marulafau,M.Hum. as my Reader for the advice and the precious
time in reading and correcting this paper completeness.
5. My lovely parents, my father Alm.Sulastono and my mother Fatmawati
thanks for your prayer,love,patience,supporting me morally, spiritually, and
financially. I love you more than anything. I present this paper for you.
6. My eldest sister Mira Lestari,S.S. You are the most important people in my
prayer,patience,support,conviced and encouraged me to be able to complete
this paper. You know how many drops of my tears. Your greatest gift in my
life.
7. My brother Eko Wilastra, for your presence in my life.
Medan, October 2013
The Writer,
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
This writing is talking about the interferences of English towards
Indonesian. English is the first foreign language in Indonesia. It is taught to the
students of Indonesia at the private or public schools. Indonesian is the national
language. Language is the medium among the people of Indonesia when they are
communicating on their lives.
The title of this paper is ‘The Interferences of English Towards
Indonesian’. So in this paper the writer will show the readers some of the
Indonesian which are interfered by the English. The data analyzed are taken from
written text, so it means that the method used to write this paper is library
research.
The writer of this paper has some reasons in writing or using this title.
First of all she wants to say that this title is relatively new. This title has never be
written by the senior students who have finished their study from the Faculty of
Culture Study of the University of North Sumatera. So the writer is interested in
writing it. Other reasons for the writer to write the interferences of English
towards Indonesian because the facts always come to her mind while she is going
around. She can find it at the public services, hotels, hospitals, government’s
office, etc. For examples, at the doors of some saloons and restaurant written the
words ‘open’ and ‘closed’. The terms may mean ‘buka’ and ‘tutup’. On this
situation can be seen clearly the process of interferences because Indonesian still
hospital we can see the written text ‘toilet’, ‘entrance’, ‘exit’, etc. These three
English terms have interfered the Indonesian words. For the purposes of the words
the Indonesian has its terms, they are ‘kamar keci’ instead of ‘toilet’, ‘pintu
masuk’ instead of ‘entrance’, ‘pintu ke luar’ instead of ‘exit’.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
There are some Indonesia words or phrases interfered by the English
words or phrases, therefore the problem of the study is ‘How far the English
interferences the Indonesian?’
1.3 The Scope of the Study
While we are writing something there can be large things to be discussed,
so to do this activities of course time, money, and knowledge must be available.
To these situations the writer of this paper does not own so much , money, and
knowledge, therefore she wants to limit her study just deal with the words or
phrases used by Indonesian in writing text. To know it more details that she has
six months period of time to write it and so her understanding about interferences
are also a little bit small beside the financial she owns is not a lot and so the
knowledge. So her writing about the interferences of English towards Indonesian
she limits only deal with the words or phrases only.
1.4 The Purposes of the Study
As a student of the English Study Diploma III Program, she wants to
finish her study, therefore she is required to write a paper to be submitted to the
board examination of the Faculty of culture Study. The other r4eason for her to
seemed not to be realized by the people who did the interferes of the English
towards Indonesia. The subjects she wants to write down is the fact. Many people
can see the interferences although they do not realize it. So the last aim of the
writer to write this type of paper if to apply the k knowledge she received from the
lecturers in the last three years during the class.
1.5 The Method of the Study
There are various of techniques can be applied in order to write a skill
writing, or in this circumstances it is called a paper as the final duty for any
student who wants to finish his or her study from the English Study Diploma III
Program at the Faculty of culture Study at the University of North Sumatera. For
examples, field research method, library research method, or experimental
method. These three different methods are differentiate by the techniques applied
by the writer to have the data of the writing. In order to write this paper the writer
take written text as the data to be analyzed. Therefore the technique applied by
the writer is library research. The required data were taken from written text.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Weinreich (1953) defines interference as the term interference implies
the rearrangement of pattern that result from the introduction of foreign elements
seemed not to be realized by the people who did the interferes of the English
towards Indonesia. The subjects she wants to write down is the fact. Many people
can see the interferences although they do not realize it. So the last aim of the
writer to write this type of paper if to apply the k knowledge she received from the
lecturers in the last three years during the class.
1.5 The Method of the Study
There are various of techniques can be applied in order to write a skill
writing, or in this circumstances it is called a paper as the final duty for any
student who wants to finish his or her study from the English Study Diploma III
Program at the Faculty of culture Study at the University of North Sumatera. For
examples, field research method, library research method, or experimental
method. These three different methods are differentiate by the techniques applied
by the writer to have the data of the writing. In order to write this paper the writer
take written text as the data to be analyzed. Therefore the technique applied by
the writer is library research. The required data were taken from written text.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Weinreich (1953) defines interference as the term interference implies
the rearrangement of pattern that result from the introduction of foreign elements
phonemic system, large part of the morphology and syntax, and some areas of the
vocabulary.
Stork (1972:115) defines that interference is the errors made by carrying
over the speech habits of the native language or dialect into second language.
Features of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary may cause interference when
a person is learning to master the patterns of a second language. Therefore we can
obtain that interference occurs when two or more language are used by a speaker
during communication. Interference may occur in dialects of a language, and it
may also occur between a native language and a foreign language. There is a very
important thing we can conclude from language interference, that is that language
contact has taken place. In terms of their frequency of usage, language
interferences can be divided into three types:
- Active interference
- Passive interference
- Variation interference
Sociologists say that human beings are social creatures. A man does not
live alone. He lives in a society. He communicates with other by using language.
Human beings use language to interact with other members of the same speech
community. Language is not instinctive and is merely human activities. An
outstanding linguist, Edward Sapir, defines that language is purely human and
non—distinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, desires by means of
Language is the most fundamental means of human communication. This
does not mean that other means of communication which are not important. In
communication human beings can also use signals, clapping, codes, whistling,
winks, and so on. But these tools of communication are not as perfect as language.
Language, as used when two or more people are in communication, is a social
event. Neither of the two speakers has invented the means he is using, but each of
them has received and then learned the language front the group or society to
which he belongs.
Language is mostly a collection of a system of conventional symbols
with possibilities for learning. The symbols are considered as the unitary elements
of transmissions. And symbols are primarily vocal which are produced by organ
of speech, and secondary system such as writing. The understanding of a language
is a big event that helps to make the culture of the human beings magnificent.
Since the language is an achievement to the transmission of states of emotions,
and purposes. Furthermore it is because of the language that human beings are
able to use his knowledge.
A language, which is not a dead language, extends as the progression of
community or people who use the language. A highly developed language gives a
capacity for conveying ideas about variety of things. A life language must have
potentialities for expressing new terms and new concepts. A life language is
forced to respond the reality in the situation or in the manner that suits its own
expressed in a developed language. If a language shows no new life, the country
or the community will lag behind.
The progression of industry, science, and technology make people from a
certain society or community possible to interact with people from different
language, culture, and background. For example, an Englishman, who comes here
and interacts with our community, of course needs a medium of communication
which is understood by himself and by the people he meets. In this case one must
switch the language.
In our country, there are three categories of language. The first category
is the ethnic language. The second category is the national language, that is
Indonesian. And the third category is foreign languages. The mastery of a
language, whether it is an ethnic, national, or foreign language is very important.
It is virtually used on the principle that language is learned to get more perfect in
using it. The mastery of a language, particularly a foreign language, is not merely
knowing its grammar. It is not an easy task, since it involves situations or extra
linguistic factors such as behavior of speakers, regional background, and culture.
The mastery or the use of a language corresponds to the ability of speakers who
use the language. The use of a foreign language may occur when someone meets a
foreigner. And the use of a foreign language is often affected by many factors
such as the ability, prestige, requirements etc. In short, the mastery and the use of
a language, especially a foreign language, is much dependent on the ability and
the situation or the context. And the use of the second language besides the native
This writing is based on sociolinguistics. The focus of this writing is on
language contact. Language contact often results in language interference. The
major discussion will be about the understanding of language contact and
language interference, pattern of language contact, and language capability. The
languages in contact here are English and Indonesian. Even though the focus of
this thesis is sociolinguistics, it would be misleading to say that the role of other
aspects of language can be ignored. Language cannot be described without the
reference to all other parts. That is why the writer includes the relationship
between sociolinguistics with other branches of language study. Not all aspects of
sociolinguistics are English and Indonesian. Even though the focus of this writing
is sociolinguistics, it would be misleading to say that the role of other aspects of
language can be ignored. Language cannot be described without the reference to
all other parts. That is why the writer includes the relationship between
sociolinguistics with other branches of language study. Not all aspects of
sociolinguistics are covered in this analysis, only the one which is involved is
taken into account.
There are reasons why the subject matter analyzed in this writing is
significant in the understanding of language and language development. The
reasons are as follows:
- Languages interchange and affect each other when they come into contact.
- English, as a foreign language, is an international language. It is used all over
the world. And there are many countries which use English as their medium of
- English is widely learned by our people. It is learned in formal and in informal
education. In formal education English is learned from junior high school up
to university. And in informal education English is learned such as in English
courses.
- Our people are mostly bilinguals. We usually speak more than one language
such as the ethnic language and the national language. But here we deal with
3. THE INTERFERENCES
Dealing with the discussing of this writing, the writer is concerned with
the sociolinguistic concept and theory, especially in the case of language contact
and language capability. In this writing, the writer attempts to reach the following
purposes :
To explain the relationship between language contact and language capability.
To give an explanation of how the use of foreign. languages occurs in our daily
necessities.
To know the reasons why people of our speech community (Indonesian) use
English language.
To know bow foreign languages, particularly English, involve in the development
of our national language.
To fulfill one of the requirements to finish her study from the Diploma Three
Program of English Department at the Faculty of Culture of North Sumatera
University.
Theory is a way or a guide to aim an analysis or research. The objective
of the theory is to explain the relationship between the problem and the analysis.
An appropriate theory, which is applied in the appropriate problem and time, is
very help full to find the way out of the problem. A theory should be selective and
relevant to the object being analyzed. There are steps to analyze an object. The
first step is to identify, and the second is to study precisely, so that it can be
It is important that every scientific analysis has a theory as a starting
point. Even though it is realized that a good theory is concerning with the
relativity. One theory may be good in one particular period of time, but is left in
another time. The-basic theory used in this writing is mainly based on Weinreich
(1953) monumental work. The writer also takes other relevant concepts from the
related field relevant to the analysis. In other words, it can be said that the theory
above is basic while the others are only complements.
The term of bilingualism comes front the word bilingual that means the
use or involving two languages in an event of communication. Bilingualism may
occur in regional languages or in dialects of a language. A nice example of
bilingualism can be seen in our community. We have our own national language,
that is Indonesian, and we also have many regional languages and dialects. We
usually combine Indonesian with our own regional languages or dialects in
communication, especially with people from the same community and to whom
we have intimate friendship. Bilingualism may also involve different languages or
roots of languages. It usually occurs because of the ability of speakers.
There are at least two sources of bilingualism. Language capability
means having ability and capacity to use the elements of a language, such as its
grammar, phrases, dictions, etc. Capacity is taken by learning and intention..
Someone cannot do much if he is not capable to speak or to use a language
properly. It is impossible to master a language — especially. Foreign language —
if someone is not eager to pay attention much. Bilingualism can take place if two
participants and the degree of intimacy. If the relationship between speakers is not
an intimate one, the probability of using a language besides the native language is
smaller than that if they have an intimate One.
Borrowing means to take possession or use things from another source.
In linguistics, borrowing means the introduction of elements of a language into
another language. The development of a language has a very close relationship to
the matter of borrowing. As we know, new terms come up proportionally with the
development of science, technology, and industry. A language has to absorb terms
from other sources in order to make the language in the process of development.
A language will be left behind if it does not follow the nature of the development.
With regard to Indonesian language, there are many Indonesian vocabularies
which are absorbed from languages of the same roots or from the different roots
(foreign languages), such as from English, Arabic, Sanskrit, etc.
There are three ways of absorbing vocabularies of English to Indonesian:
Immediate absorption means that there is no medication or replacement of words
of the target language. The words of the target language are directly absorbed.
This means that the phonological units of the target language are changed into the
host language. The change, however, has to be made necessarily, so that the result
still can be traced to the original.
Example:
English Indonesian
Interference - interferensi
Information - informasi
icecream - eskrim
Loan shift means that words of the target language translated into the
host language. Loan shift has a relationship with translation and the use of
dictionary. Loan shift occurs in the matter of increasing one’s vocabularies. By
increasing vocabularies one can easily use alternative words for a term in an event
of communication. In Indonesian to say ‘bilingualism’, for instance, one can say
‘bilingualisme’ or ‘kedwibahasaan’. Or one who does not remember the
Indonesian term for ‘to come into the end’ he can say ‘expired date’ instead of
‘masa berlaku’.
Active interference means the habits of one language which are
transferred into another language. The habit may occur because of prestige
motive.
Example :
A : Why you terlambat?
B : Sorry Pak. Ban kreta saya tadi bocor di jalan..
A : Kalau ban kreta you itu bocor tidak perlu ditambal dulu baru ke kantor,
tetapi titipkan dulu kretanya, lalu naik angkot saya you ke kantor. You tau
next time, kan? Terima kasioh banyak Pak. Saya sudah tahu next time
untuk tidak terlambat lagi.
A : Okay. Jangan janji tinggal janji, tetapi usaha.
The word you in the conversation is called active interference, because the
Passive interference means when words, terms, or sentences of the target
language are used in the host language during communication. It is assumed that
the use of the target language is more adequate to what will be expressed.
Example :
Perumtel bakal go public, yang berarti juga harus mengikuti ketentuan Bapepam
seperti lazimnya. Di antaranya adalah: harus terbuka dengan posisi keuangan yang
jelas dan bias diikuti umum.
Go public
Variation interference means the use of words, terms, or sentences of the target
language to vary words, terms, or sentences of the host language for the same
meaning or explanation.
is a term in business. It means the expansion of a company to gain
capital by selling its shares to the public.
The English words surprise, capability, capabile, and acceptable vary
Indonesian words kejutan, kemampuan
- Phonic interference
, mampu, and cocok. Besides the types of
interference described above. Language interferences can be analyzed in terms of
their structural patterns. Such interferences can be divided into three types:
- Grammatical interference
- Lexical interference
Grammatical interference is the transference of the grammatical system
of a language to another language. There are many cases that the grammatical
structure of the native language tends to be transferred to the foreign language,
Example :
In English, modifiers precede in a modification structure and in general
that position constitutes ths signal of modification. Sometimes, however, English
has the modifiers which occur after the head words. In Indonesian in general we
have the head words which occurs before the modifier. kucing manis
2) Case pattern
English Indonesian
some books - beberapa buku
some pens - beberapa puplpen
In English, the plurality of countable noun is often shown by modifier
and suffix-s such as in the examples above. But in Indonesian it is wrong to say
beberapa buku-buku or beberapa pulpel-pulpen. It is hypercorrect. Lexical
interference is the transference of the lexical items of a language into another
language. Lexical interference refers to the lexical items which are associated with
the meaning and the sense relation between them. And meanings refer to semantic
varies considerably from culture to culture. Some meanings found in one culture
In English speaking countries, the sentence good evening means that we
are going the sleep or we ask someone to go to sleep. If we translate it literally
into Indonesian it can be Selamat malam. However, it does not always mean what
we intend. It can be a greeting. Good evening must be interpreted
Patterns of language contact between English and Indonesian can be
divided into the manner and kind. Manner of language contact refers to how the
contact takes place which can be divided into the situation and the habit of the
contact. Meanwhile, kind of language contact includes code switching and code
mixing.
selamat malam
Situation deals with the context in relation to the existence or the
environment of a speaker to use a language. And context means where a speaker
have to organize and recognize himself in an event of communication. With
regard to language, it varies not only according to the characteristics of a speaker,
but also according to the context in which he finds himself. The same speaker uses
different linguistic varieties in different situations and for different purposes. The
kinds of subject matter, for example will have an effect on the language produced,
or topics such as academic lecturers are more likely to select relatively formal
The underlined English words knock out, ring, fit
Examples of the use of English as the habit of the speakers:
are commonly used in
sport context, especially in boxing. Habit expresses repetition of an action, or an
automatic response to a specific situation acquired as a result of repetition. With
regard to the use of English, habit is one’s behavior that makes himself familiar in
using or selecting words, terms, or sentences of English. He perhaps is more
comfortable in using English rather than his mother tongue. It is known that there
are many people of our country, especially those who have involved in learning
English, use that language as their characteristics.
- Well
-, minggu depan kita sambung lagi. Untuk eskarang cukuplah sekian dulu.
Thank you very much
-. Kau memberikannya pada saat yang kuinginkan
Allright, allright,
- Kau harus bersikap sedikit
kita pergi ke tempat itu malam ini juga
gentleman
- Bersahabat itu artinya saling pengertian dan saling
, jangan jadi pengecut
-take and give
I’m sorry
- Kedua laki-laki yang berada di samping bintang film itu adalah , aku lupa membawanya. Kebetulan tadi malam ada tamu
-bodyguardnya
That’s right
- Itu tidak
Apa yang dikatakannya itu sesuai dengan apa yang kulihat
fair
- Kalau aku dapat undian harapan aku mau beli rumah, tanah, mobil,
perabot-perabot mewah,
. Kita sama-sama bekerja disini tapi gajiku lebih kecil
-and so on, -and so on
Please,
- Anda tidak boleh
pergilah kau ke rumahnya. Katakana bahwa kau memang bersalah
complain. Semua ini semata-mata karena biaya yang tidak
- Dari mana kau dapat income
- Jangan marah-marah. Itu soal biasa
kalau kau tidak bekerja?
just take it easy
- Oh ya, sekarang usdah jam 10.00 pagi. Aku pergu dulu, .
- Model pakaian itu sudah
bye-bye
out of date
-, jangan dipakai lagi. Kita bias malu
karena kau nanti pasti ditertawakan orang.
Yes
-, akan saya laksanakan. Tapi mana uang kopinya? Saya tidak bisa lancar
bekerja kalau tidak ada uang kopinya.
No, no
-. aku tidak bias menerima alasanmu itu-. Besok kau tidak perlu datang
lagi. Mulai hari ini kau kupecat.
Very good
- Wah film-film
, kau memang orang yang paling bisa kuandalkan, Sharif
hot
Code mixing is the interchange between two or more languages in an
event of communication. Code mixing can occur because of the ability and the
habit of speakers to use more than one language when they are communicating
with others.
semua. Sayang sekali aku tidak punya uang untuk
menontonnya
Example of code mixing:
A : Hello, how are you?
B : Fine. Thanks.
A : Mengapa kah kamu tidak masuk kuliah?
B : Saya terlambat bangun. Tadi malam saya menonton video di rumah
tetangga. Filmnya hot.
B : Aku sudah lulus mata kuliah itu
A : Kau sudah lulus?
B : Yes
A : Kapan?
B : Tahun yang lalu
A : Kenapa kau tidak beritahu aku?
B : You never ask me
In the example above, A and B involved in two languages. They
interchange English and Indonesian. The process of code mixing and also code
switching not only occur in the case of transferring of a foreign language into
another language. Code mixing and code switching can also occur in one
language, such as in its variations. In real communication, a speaker never uses on
variation in communication. He may change from a variation to another variation,
such as from his dialect to his idiolect, or vise versa.
It has been mentioned that language contact, or the use of a language
other than the mother tongue or native language has a relationship with the
competence of the speaker. Someone is not born with a language. He must learn
it, and someone cannot directly master two languages all at once. He must also
learn the second language. It can be said the language capability means having
ability and capacity to master a language. And the mastery of a language, weather
it is a foreign language or a native language, must be taken by teaching and
learning. The mastery of a foreign language (in this case we deal with English) is
involves the culture of the foreign language. Many linguists say that a language
has a relationship with the culture to which that language belongs.
There are three aspects of foreign language capability:
- Teaching
- Learning
- Motivation
Teaching English can be divided into two types:
a. Teaching English as a second language (TESL)
b. Teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL).
Both a second and a foreign language refer to the target language, that is
English. This distinction is based on the social function of the language in the
country where it is taught.
Second, language situation prevails in the countries which are used by
have been existed until recently protectorates or colonies. In such countries the
language of the ruling power is the official language, which is used for
government, education, commerce, and international communication. In other
words, the language is used for social intercourse within, the country. A second
language is not often only taught as a subject but as a medium of instruction as
well. The second language is needed for communication with one’s own
community.
In TESL situation, the learners have greater exposure to the language
since it is used in the country, and there is a greater motivation to learn the
The target language is a foreign language when it is taught in the country
where it is not the mother tongue of every group within it. Furthere more, the
language is not used for communication within the country. The language is
taught to cater to a wider social needs out side the country. There is often the need
to expand overseas trade or to increase understanding between countries by
increasing ease of contact through common language. English, being an
international language, is widely taught as a foreign language.
In TEFL situation, there is a little exposure to the language out side the
classroom, and since the language is not used in the community, there is a little
social pressure to learn the language. he problem of motivation becomes greater if
English is a compulsory subject for every One in a TEFL situation, In our country
English is a compulsory subject from junior high school up to university.
There are some principles of teaching:
- Importance of motivation to the learners,
The most important and the basic tasks of teaching are to release, instigate,
and increase motivation such as interest, desire, and wish to learn.
- Personal relevance
Teaching materials are effective in an ordered manner depending on the
degree of their personal relevance to individual students. The production and the
use of teaching materials require judgments of their relevance to individuals to be
taught,. such as interest, abilities, etc.
Successful English language learning depends on. elaborate interaction of
takes place. The motivation for English language learning is likely to be
influenced by general climate of opinion in the learners home community about
English language learning. This may or may not be favorable. The learner may
come from a social background which regard that English language learning as a.
waste of time and no practical value. On the other hand, he or she may come from
a social group which accepts English language learning as culturally desirable,
and possession of English language as a mark of the educated person. Re or she
may come from some communities which value the knowledge of English
language highly, and regard it s social, professional, and economic assets.
It is agreed that motivations always help particularly when one is
learning a complex and difficult skill. Mastery of English is certainly that.
successful English language learners are always motivated to learn the language
and they persist in. spite the complexity that accompanying the learning. This
means that they are able to tolerate and accept the difficulties, particularly in the
early Stages when they are unable to communicate in English language because of
their lack of mastery.
Motivation relates to the personality of the learners. The most successful
English language learners tend to find interest in their ideas, experiences,
attitudes, and costumes. Open and friendly people are likely to have this kind of
motivation than persons who have close mind and rely only on. their own ideas
and way of doing things.
Motivation of learning a foreign language can be divided into:
Instrumental motivation is a motivation when the students learn a foreign
language for instrumental purposes. For example, it may be a compulsory school
subject or it may be required for post—graduate work, for his career, or for travel
abroad. Instrumental motivation is the commonest among adults.
b. Integration motivation
Integration motivation means learning a foreign language because of the
learner needs or wishes to identify with or become integrated into the society
whose language it is. Integration motivation takes place in the case the students
learn a particular language with desire to identify with the native speakers and to
enrich their life by contact with another culture.
Learning is defined as an increased probability of occurrence of a
response when its stimulus is presented. Learning is a progressive change from
low to high expectancy of response occurrence. The change may take place
gradually, over a long period of time, or it may occur rapidly. A person who finds
himself with a subject such as English language may at first unable to speak but
after suitable training and practice is able to master the language.
Linguistic behaviorists interpreter human behavior as connections
between stimuli and response. This stimuli Response is the pattern of learning.
Each specific reaction of human beings is are exact response to a stimulus.
Spoken and written words, and pictures are example of stimuli.
The process of learning is an individual experience of every human
being. Learning takes place whenever an individual behavior is modified, such as
new skill. Using symbols, deducing, referring, and concluding are all the activities
involved in learning.
Language learning has been categorized into two kinds: mother tongue or
native language learning and second or foreign language learning. Learning
mother tongue or native language usually begins when a child born arid then he
enters the formal education and guided to master his own. Whereas second or
foreign language learning usually begins when someone has mastered his mother
tongue or his native language, or it may be as a compulsory subject when he
enters formal education.
Successful English language learners are those who master the language
to the point of using the language comfortably and effectively for whatever
purposes they may have in mind. Those purposes are varied such as some English
language learners are interested mainly in reading materials written in English.
Linguistic change refers to the modification or replacement of features of a
language. The change is divided into two kinds internal change and external
change. Internal change is the change in a language concerning its history.
Whereas external change is the change in a language caused by foreign languages.
The change, weather it is the internal change or external change, may affect the
sound system, grammatical system, or the vocabulary.
Language contact can be resulted from the interference of a language to
another language. According to the frequency of the usage, interference can be
divided into : active interference, passive interference, and variation interference.
interference, grammatical interference, and lexical interference. Basically, patterns
of language contact can be divided their manner and kinds. Manner of language
contact refers to how the contact between two languages Can take place. in this
case the contact is divided into the situation and habit, Situation is affected by the
context in relation to the existence of a speaker. And habit is the one’s behavior
that makes himself familiar in using a language besides his mother tongue. Habit
is acquired as a result of repetition.
Kind of language contact refers to the types of the contact. Code
switching and code mixing are types of language contact. Code switching is the
process of changing from one language to another language. The change can be
caused by the environments or attitudes of a speaker. Code mixing is the
interchange or combination between two or more languages in communication. In
daily communication, code mixing and code switching can occur in the case of
transferring a foreign language to the mother tongue. The switching and the
mixing process can also occur within a language, such as in its variation, dialect,
4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion
The writer may give a conclusion to it that the most dominant English
words interferences the Indonesian are exit, information, open, closed, toilet, café,
room, bill, saloon, beauty, no smoking, sale, discount, travel, movie, seat, queen
bed, super market, money changer, fly over, service, door smeer, chef, porter,
flight, destination, take off, landing, etc.
From the description in written in the previous chapters, it can be
concluded that language is the expression of ideas, emotions, and drives.
Language is merely human. Language contact is a natural process when a speaker
from a speech community communicates with people of the different community.
Language contact can take place when a speaker uses more than one language in
communication, or when he has to change a language to another language. The
contact can be within a language, such as in its variations or dialects, or it can be
the mother tongue with a foreign language. Language contact may result in
bilingualism, borrowing, translation, and linguistic change.
Bilingualism means involving two languages in an event of
communication. Borrowing means the introduction into a language of elements
from another language. The borrowing words can. exactly the same with the
original or it can be modified. Translation, is also part of language contact. The
aim of translation is to reproduce as accurately as possible all the grammatical and
lexical features of the target language. There are three sides involved in translation
emitter receives information in the host language which is done by interpreter or
translator,
The event of language contact can be caused by the ability of a speaker to
use more than one language. The ability can be obtained by teaching, motivation,
and learning. Teaching and learning are the activities of teachers and learners.
Whereas motivation is learners’ personality. And motivation is the key to help
learners in learning a complex and difficult skill. Motivation of learning a foreign
language is divided into two purposes: instrumental motivation and integrative
motivation. Instrumental motivation means when a learner learns a foreign
language for instrumental purposes. Integrative motivation occurs in the case
when a learner learns a foreign language with desire to enrich his life by contact
4.2 Suggestion
As it has been mentioned in the previous chapters that English is the first
foreign language taught to the students in Indonesia though the school is private
or public. Besides the English as a foreign language there also other foreign
languages taught to the students at school, such as Germany, French, Dutch,
Japanese, and Mandarin. So the writer on this occasion encourages the other
students to write about the interferences of those languages towards Indonesia. It
will help the readers understand that there some words or phrases have been
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aranguren, J.L. 1967. Human Communication. New York: World University
Library.
Brown, Gillian. 1996. Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Burt, Marina Et al. 1977. English As a Second Language. New York: Regents
Publishing Company, Inc.
Corder, S.Pit. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Middlesex: Penguin Books
Ltd.
Eco, Umberto. 1979. A Theory of Semiotics. USA: Bloomington.
Freeborn, Dennis. 1987. A Course Book in English Grammar. Hongkong:
Macmillan.
Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Lado, Robert. 1966. Linguistics Across Cultures. Michigan: The University Of
Michigan Press.
Lewis, Michael. 1987. The English Verb: an exploring of structure and meaning.
Hongkong: Macmillan.
Ogburn, William. 1958. Sociology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin co.
Stork, F.C. 1982. Learning About Linguistics. London: Hutchinson.
Trudgil, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics. Harmmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.
