THE TRANSLATION SHIFT IN THE LORD’S PRAYER BY
KING JAMES VERSION (KJV) FROM ENGLISH INTO
INDONESIAN
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
JIEN RIZKI MAGSARA RUMAHORBO Registration Number. 8146112017
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
i ABSTRACT
Jien Rizki Magsara Rumahorbo. Registration Number 8146112017. The Translation Shift in the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate School, State University of Medan, 2016.
This study deals with translation shift in the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian which taken in Matthew 6: 9 - 13. It was aimed to find out the types of the translation shift and techniques used in the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian. This study used descriptive qualitative method was the design describe in qualitative research. The source of data this research were focused on the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) which taken from Matthew 6: 9 - 13. The data of this study were collected from the words, phrases, or clauses which contained the types of translation shift in the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian which taken from Matthew 6: 9 - 13. The data were analyzed by variant types of category shifts to Catford’s theory whereas for translation techniques refer to Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory and Molina and Albir’s theory. Based on the data analysis, it was found that there are four kinds of category shifts used in translating the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian, namely: Structural shifts, Class shifts, Unit shifts, and Intra System shifts. Then the researcher found seven techniques used in translating the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian, namely: amplification, calque, discursive creation, literal translation, modulation, reduction and transposition. It has been showed the dominant shifts used in translating the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian was class shifts 50%. Furthermore, the structural shifts and unit shifts found 20.8% and intra system shifts 8.3%. The dominant shifts occurred when a translation equivalence of an source language items is a member of a different class from the original item. Whereas the dominant techniques used in translating the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian was amplification 36.4%. On the other hand, reduction and literal translation found 15.1%, calque found 12.1%, modulation 9.1%, discursive creation and transposition 6.1%. The dominant techniques occurred because a technique in process of translating to introduce details that are not formulated in the source language: information, explicative paraphrasing.
i ABSTRACT
Jien Rizki Magsara Rumahorbo. Registration Number 8146112017. Bahasa Pergeseran Makna di dalam Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan pergeseran makna di dalam Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia yang terdapat di dalam Matius 6: 9 - 13. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menemukan jenis dari pergeseran makna dan teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan di dalam Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia, Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) yang diambil dari Matius 6: 9 - 13. Data penelitian ini adalah kata, frasa ataupun klausa yang mengandung jenis dari pergeseran makna yang ada dalam Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia yang diambil dari Matius 6: 9 - 13. Data penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan jenis – jenis pergeseran dari teori Catford sedangkan jenis teknik penerjemahan merujuk kepada teori Vinay dan Darbelnet serta Molina dan Albir. Berdasarkan analisis data, penelitian ini telah menemukan empat jenis dari pergeseran makna yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia, yaitu: structural shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, dan intra – system shifts. Kemudian peneliti juga menemukan tujuh teknik yang digunakan dalam penerjemahan Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia, yaitu: amplication, calque, discursive creation, literal translation, modulation, reduction, dan transposition. Penelitian ini menunjukkan pergeseran makna yang dominan yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia, class shifts 50%. Selanjutnya, structural shifts dan unit shifts ditemukan sebanyak 20.8% dan intra – system shifts 8.3%. Pergeseran makna yang dominan ini terjadi ketika penyetaraan dalam terjemahan terhadap sumber bahasa yang merupakan anggota dalam kelas yang berbeda dari aslinya. Sementara teknik dominan yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan Doa Bapa Kami dalam Versi King James (KJV) dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia adalah amplification 36.4%. Di sisi yang lain, reduction dan literal translation ditemukan sebanyak 15.1%, calque ditemukan 12.1%, modulation 9.1%, discursive creation dan transposition 6.1%. Teknik dominan ini terjadi karena teknik dalam proses penerjemahan yang digunakan untuk memperkenalkan secara detail tidak dibentuk dalam sumber bahasa yang meliputi informasi, memparafrasekan secara terperinci.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The greatest praise and deepest gratefulness is delivered to The Almighty God in Christ Jesus whose mercies endures forever in the writer’s life and she can finish her thesis only by His grace.
This thesis is entitled “A Translation Shift in The Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian”. It is about the
types of shift and techniques in translating the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian.
In this opportunity, she would like to express a part of deepest appreciation to her first adviser Dr. Zainuddin, M. Hum who always guided her well in writing this thesis, and thanks also to her second adviser Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M. A who always given her valuable suggestions and motivation
during the academic year in English Applied Linguistics Study Program at State University of Medan for preparation to this thesis.
Then, her appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, as the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study
Program who has assisted her in processing the administration requirements during the process of this studies in the Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan. She offers her regards and thanks to Farid M. H, who has helped her in providing the academic administration.
She would also like to express her gratitude to her first examiner Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Hum, the second examiner Dr. Rahmad Hussein, M. Ed,
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valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements for this thesis. She also would like to express her thankfulness for all lecturers taught him during the academic years of English Applied Linguistics Study Program.
Then, she would like to express her hearty deepest thanks and gratitude to her beloved grandparents: M. Silalahi and T. K. Damanik who love and care her with all they are eventhough the distance far away and may God blessed them with His loving care. Special thanks to her parents: A. Rumahorbo and M. Silalahi. Thanks for everything they do for her, especially for their prayers even
when she was child until she finished her thesis to get the postgraduate title in her life. She would like to say thanks to her brothers, Sunpeter Dominggoes Rumahorbo, Obed Sapardan Rumahorbo, Gamaliel Kirenius Aditya
Rumahorbo who always support and amuse her when she was in the stuck
moment when she was doing her thesis, hopefully three of her brothers abreasted with her in doing their study in the future.
She also thanks to the two her beloved uncle and five aunty she ever have who care and give much motivations and supports with her while she was studying in postgraduate until she completed this thesis.
She would like to say her grateful to all her five close friends: Christine Ellysta Juliani Pangaribuan, Ika Susi Purba, Oriza Yanni Naibaho, Sri
Mayanti Sitorus, Devi Sri Wanti Sitepu who always support her since in the
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thesis. They listened, accompanied, laughing and angry to her with all different atmosphere that she passed.
She also like to express her thanks to another friends LTBI – B1 (2014), they are: Afer Jayanti Mendrofa, Bahrin Simamora, Edward Wilson Purba, Frida Dian Handini, Gabby Maureen Pricilia, Hajar Affiah, Ina Swari
Sijabat, Isrami Andika Pebianti, Mairtati Dewi, Makhraini Agustine,
Marwah, Nur Alfi Syahri, Nurlaili Khaira Khalid, Orli Binta Tumanggor,
Pranata Royganda Silaloho, Rahmad Huda, Saddam Syarif Nasution,
Sartika Dewi Harahap, Tita Nirmaliya Ginting, and all of their friendship also
for the cooperation.
She also did not forget to the two her sisters Leni Adventy Sitanggang and Safrika Sipayung with all of their advices and all her friends in there who cannot be mentioned one by one. Thanks for their love and supports during her study in postgraduate. And with all of my beloved students in STMIK – STIE Mikroskil for their loving, caring and understanding along preparing and
completing this thesis.
The writer wants conveyed special thanks to the dearest partner Pander Mujur Putra Limbong who always motivated her during completing this thesis
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1.3The Objectives of the Study... 6
1.4The Scope of the Study... 7
1.5The Significance of the Study... 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE... 9
2.1 Translation... 9
2.2 Types of Translation... 12
2.3 The Complexity of Translation... 13
2.4 The Equivalence in Translation... 15
2.5 Translation Shifts... 16
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2.8.1 Manual Text... 34
2.8.2 The Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) (Matthew 6:13)... 36
2.9 The Relevant Studies... 36
2.10 Conceptual Framework... 45
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 48
3.1 Research Design... 48
3.2 The Data and the Source of Data... 48
3.3 The Data Collection... 49
3.4 The Techniques of Data Collection... 49
3.5 The Techniques of Data Analysis... 51
3.6 Trustworthiness... 51
4.2.3 The reason of the dominant shift and techniques used in translating the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian based on Matthew 6: 9 – 13………80
4.4 Research Findings... 82
4.4 Discussions... 84
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS... 87
5.1 Conclusions... 87
5.2 Suggestions... 88
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LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1 The Examples of the Translation Definition...11
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LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 2.7 Translation Method ... 34
Figure 2. 10 The Conceptual Framework Diagram... 47
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ST : Source Text
TT : Target Text
SL : Source Language
TL : Target Language
KJV : King James Version
LAI : Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia
Pro : Pronoun
N : Noun
Adv : Adverb
Prep : Preposition
V : Verb
Det : Determiner
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX I... 90
APPENDIX II... 97
APPENDIX III...100
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the Study
Translation is an activity of enormous importance in the modern world and
it is a subject of interest not only to linguists, professional and amateur translators
and language – teachers, but also to electronic engineers and mathematicians
(Catford, 1965: 1). Books and articles on translation have been written by
specialists in all these fields. Writers on the subject have approached it from
different points of view – regarding translation as a literary art, or as a problem in
computer – programming, discussing the problem of faithfulness; of rendering, of
whether words or ‘ideas’ are to be translated, or of the routines to be set up, say
for stem and affix recognition in machine translation.
By this function, the translation is a skill that many people need to learn it
more. Translation not only found in academic field but also in every field. Catford
gives some subjects have approached translation from different points of view,
translation as a literary art used in literal translation by the poets or computer
programmers to solve a problem in computer programming. As translators, the
faithfulness by the original text must stronger to be translated, whether words or
ideas should be routines to be set up.
Translation is an important mode of literary communication. It is a typical
bi –lingual activity (Ray, 2008: 19). It comprises of various developing fields.
Translation is a process of retextualising the essence of the source language (SL)
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imitation of a text. It is a creative process in itself. Though creativity is an
essential criterion of translation, it is necessary to follow certain general rules for
its proper functioning and efficiency.
By this function, the writer wants to argue that the translation is very
important in literary communication. Translation is an art in literary
communication by using a bi – lingual activity. The process of translation in
literary should be a creative and give an essential sense of translation because it
would necessary to follow a general rules for its proper efficiency of the text in
literal translation. In other words, translation is defined as converting one
language (source language) to another (target language) so that the target language
could convey the intended message in source language. It is a process through
which the translator decodes SL and encodes his or her understanding of the TL
form, for instance:
1. SL : Our father which art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name.
TL : Bapa kami yang ada di surga, dikuduskanlah namaMu.
Based on the example above, it is clear that it showed ‘our father’ is
translated into ‘Bapa kami’ and ‘Thy name’ is translated into ‘namaMu’. In this
example occurred a shift in grammatical which is called structure shift. It occurred
from word structure of Modifier Head in source language (SL) becomes Head
Modifier in target language (TL).
Linguistically, translation is a branch of applied linguistics, for the process
of translation the translator consistently makes any attempt to compare and
contrast different aspects of two languages to find the equivalents. Translations
3
different. Equivalence is better understood as similarity, relevant similarity, not
someness or identity. Two texts can be similar in many ways. Many translators
have translated from source language into target language in order to make the
readers of the target language, especially ones who do not understand the source
language can consume the message of source language text as well. The bigger
gap between the SL and the TL, the more difficult to transfer the message from
the former to the latter will be. The difference between the SL and the TL and its
variation in their cultures make the process of translating is a real challenge.
Some scholars such as Theodore Savory (Munday, 2008) defines
translation as and ‘art’; others, such as: Eric Jacobson (Munday, 2008) defines it
as ‘craft’; and like others such as: Eugene Nida (Munday, 2008) defines it as a
‘science’. Horst Frenz (Munday, 2008) claims that translation is neither a creative
art not an imitative art, but stands somewhere between the two. When scholars
differ in their theories one may wonder whether it is possible to have general rules
for translation. But for the effective functioning of any field, it is essential to
formulate general rules. The general rules may change from time to time
according to the development of the situation. In spite of the changing need, there
is a need to form general theories for the proper functioning of a field. Hence,
taking into consideration the practicality of the nature of translation, there is a
need to formulate general theories for translation too (Ray, 2008: 19 – 20)
The language consists of three aspects. The first is ‘substance’; the signs
must have some kind of physical existence, whether it is noise or marks. The
4
patterning. The third is ‘situation’; the situation must take place in the context
which gives them meaning (Ray, 2008: 26)
By this function, translation of literature is a reflective picture whether
more or less true, more or less inspiring for those in active life. A writer needs
language to express his or her feelings, emotions, ideas; thoughts with his or her
own curiosity and intensity of commitment. Literature consists of prose, poetry,
drama, novel, fiction, short story, etc. Each age has its own particular lines of
interest and its own particular way of thinking and feeling about things. All kinds
of literature contained the existence of conventional patterning which gives them
meaning.
Translation, like creative literature, is an art. It needs some methods to be
succesful and artistically viable. Translation involves the process of change into
another language retaining the sense which is indeed the basic objective. The
main process of translation is the search for the right word in the correct
perspective.
Students of English Applied Linguistics in postgraduate of State
University of Medan are given the knowledge on translation as a part of the
subjects provided in the linguistic field. This subject is given to the students to
give the knowledge about translation. We know that translation is much needed
by someone to transfer one language to another language. By giving this subject,
it is hoped that it will give more chance to students or readers to get a job other
than to be a teacher as the main purpose of their studying in English Applied
Linguistics in postgraduate of State University of Medan. Besides, the other
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In translating text, there are so many aspects that should be remembered
by translator. One of them is mastering language both source language and target
language. It is one of the reasons why the researcher conducts the research related
to the students’ grammatical problems related to the linguistic aspect in English
language. The problems usually faced by students are lexical problems and
grammatical problems. Grammatical problems cover the problems related to the
word in relation to the other word. In getting a good translation, the translators or
students have to know the grammar of the two languages. So that’s why,
according to the researcher, this research is necessary to be done. By knowing the
problems, the teacher will choose the most appropriate of the strategy how to
solve the problem to get better students’ acquisition.
Based on the previous explanation, the writer thinks that this research is
necessary to be done to know the students’ grammatical problems in translating
English into Indonesian and the solution taken by students. Knowing the solution
done by students is very important because if they can solve their problem
appropriately, they will result a good translation. By identifying their problems,
the lecturer will identify it and have the solution how to improve the weaknesses.
It is hoped that by joining translation class, their ability in translating will be
better than before.
This research choose translation shift because beside we learn about
translation, we must learn shift definitely to make our mind more understand
about the translation, or how the sentences build in translating into target
language. Shift is a process that occurred from source language into target
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even the shift sometimes make us confuse to classify, the writer in this research
gives some efforts to make it clearly.
The writer chooses this title because nowadays the translation is an up to
date topic and she wants to research a shift of translation by using a media
especially The Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV), to make the readers
become interest to read and to fulfill her thesis by doing this research. The Lord’s
Prayer by King James Version (KJV) is a tool for the writer to do this study, this
is very phenomenal. There are many version of the Lord’s Prayer. The original
text came from Hebrew, then by many experts it translated into many kinds of
languages based on their own version. King James Version (KJV) used by
Christian Bible and it translated by Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia (LAI) into
Indonesian, see Appendix IV. This version used by Christian Bible when they
worshipped. That’s why the writer hope that the meaning in The Lord’s Prayer by
King James Version (KJV) can understand by the students because it has surface
and deep meaning by their thought. It would not difficult for the writer to guide
the students learn about shift in translation, because basically they have
understand in informal translation randomly, the writer only gives the way how to
translate well.
1.2The Problems of the Study
Based on the description of the background of the study state above, the
problems of the study are formulated as in the following:
1. What types of translation shift occurred in The Lord’s Prayer by King
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2. How are the techniques used in translating The Lord’s Prayer by King
James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian?
1.3The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problem of the study, the objectives of the study are
formulated as in the following:
1. To find out the kinds of shifts in translating The Lord’s Prayer by King
James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian.
2. To describe the techniques in translating The Lord’s Prayer by King James
Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian.
1.4The Scope of the Study
Having choosen and identified the problem, the writer focuses her study
on finding the kinds of shifts and the most dominant shifts in translating The
Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian. Kinds
of translation shift will find in this study should be Level shift, Unit shift,
Structural shift, Class shift and Intra System shift.
1.5The Significance of the Study
The finding of the study are expected to be relevant and significant
theoretically. The findings can give contributions to all readers for those who are
concerned with this field. In the following significances of the study are stated
theoretically and practically.
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Theoretically, the use of the finding is described for enrichment of
linguistics knowledge about translating from source language (SL) to the
target language (TL). It also improves the implication of shifts in
translating the text from source language (SL) to the target language (TL)
2. Practical perspective
Practically, the usefulness of findings is described by knowing the kinds of
shifts, it is expected that the translator will find the right way in translating
the document text especially the scientific text into Indonesian. It would
like to contribute the information to the practitioners, prospective,
translator and the students of translation courses and any others readers
87 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
From the overall analysis of the category shifts and translation techniques
in translating the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into
Indonesian, it concluded that:
1. There were four kinds of category shifts used in translating the Lord’s
Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian,
namely: Structural shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra – system shifts.
There were seven techniques of translation usage.
2. There were seven techniques used in translating the Lord’s Prayer by King
James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian, namely: amplification,
calque, discursive creation, literal translation, modulation, reduction and
transposition. The dominant shift used in translating the Lord’s Prayer by
King James Version (KJV) from English into Indonesian was class shifts
33, 3% and unit shifts 33, 3%. Furthermore, the structural shifts found 20%
and intra – system shifts 13, 3%. The dominant shifts occured when a
translation equivalence of an source language items is a member of a
different class from the original item. It is a change in word class. To sum
up, textual equivalence may required changes in units, number, person,
structure, etc. These grammatical changes are seen as those obligatory
shifts when dealing with two different linguistic code in his/her translation
of each element in discourse, so that to succeeded in reading the text as a
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of the lexical elements may have a certain effect on the target text lexical
cohesion network and meaning. Whereas, the dominant techniques used in
translating the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from English
into Indonesian was amplification 30, 8%. On the other hand, reduction
found 19, 2%, calque found 15, 4%, literal translation 11, 5%, modulation
11, 5%, discursive creation 7, 7%, and transposition 3, 8%. The dominant
shifts occured because a technique in process of translating to introduce
details that are not formulated in the source language: information,
explicative paraphrasing.
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the result of the study, some suggestions were proposed as
follow:
1. To translate the verses on a bible, the translator should take the simply
word category into consideration, because the simple words reflect not
only the types of value in the source language but also the characteristics
of the source term in the source text.
2. It is better to hire a translator or a preacher who has competence in two
languages and has experiences in translating a bible.
3. To translator of the Lord’s Prayer by King James Version (KJV) from
English into Indonesian expect to more accurately to translate in a
selecting words in the equivalent meaning. So that the translation product
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4. To another researcher who interests to develop and conduct this research,
suggested in order to more focus with another aspects, such as structural
shifts, and intra – system shifts, equivalent meaning, and so forth. Because
in this bible was found some problems that covered about words, phrases,
and clauses. Next another researcher will deeper in relating about
translation that is developed from the process side, and then it is found
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