AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESS AND SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE OF NEWS GENRE IN “TIME” ONLINE MAGAZINE
A THESIS BY
HANNY ESTER SIDABUTAR REG. NO 100705022
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESS AND SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE OF NEWS GENRE IN “TIME” ONLINE MAGAZINE
A THESIS
BY:
HANNY ESTER SIDABUTAR REG NO. 100705022
Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,
Prof. Dra., Tengku Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D Dr. Dra., Nurlela, M.Hum NIP. 1954091980032003 NIP.195904191981022001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF HUMANITY
Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of
Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination
Head, Secretary,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A.,Ph.D
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural
Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies,
University of Sumatera Utara on 17th April 2014.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
NIP. 195110131976031001
Board of Examiners
...
2. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D ...
3. Prof. Dra., Tengku Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D ...
4. Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A. ...
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All praise and thankfulness to Jesus Christ for the abundance of His timeless
blessings, particularly at the moment I wrote this thesis. I believe that I could not
have this done without His will.
I would like to express a very special gratitude and high appreciation to my
Supervisor, Prof. Dra. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D., and my Co-Supervisor Dr. Dra.,
Nurlela, M.Hum for their willingness and assistances to spend much time to guide
me in writing and completing this thesis.
I also would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of
Faculty of Cultural Studies, Univeristy of Sumatera Utara
Secretary of English Department, Mr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A.,Ph.D and to all
lecturers of English Department for everything they already taught me during my
academic years.
A deep appreciation to Bang Am for his unforgettable faithful services to
English Department. Thank you for helping us through many burdensome troubles.
May God give you a very good seat in heaven.
A huge gratitude for my families who give their endless love and undying
support. To my wise father, Ganda Sidabutar and my genius mother, Sangkot Erni
Malini Simorangkir, thank you for helping me through the hard time. To my gentle
brother, Henry Josua Sidabutar and my choosy sister, Hildanti Lusiana Sidabutar,
and granny of mine, thank you for helping me a lot. I am grateful for being a part of
our great family.
Most of all, a heap of thanks to all friends of mine, Tami, Hetty, Laura (the
neurotic goofballs I entrust my college years to), Cindy, Zega, Krista, Elsye, Apri,
Wina, Eka (the brave grown-ups, I don’t even know why I call you so), Deny, Petrus,
Yudi, Boy, Dicky (the perky men whom I enjoy being with), Yossi, Septi and Anok,
every person in our class 2010 B; thank you for sharing great moments in those
wonderful years. It is a huge honour being thrown to those laughable memes. I can
imagine myself without all of you would be a lonesome road. I thank God for
introducing all of you to me.
I may forget to mention some names, but I thank every one for helping and
supporting me; for every clarity that people brought to me in the crucial moment;
every noble deed I received from those whom I forgot. Those days are gone. I thank
you.
Medan, April 2014
The Writer,
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, HANNY ESTER SIDABUTAR, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis
except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no
material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which
I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the main
text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree
in any tertiary education.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : HANNY ESTER SIDABUTAR
Title of Thesis : An Analysis of Transitivity Process and Schematic Structure
of News
Genre in “Time” Online Magazine
Qualification : S-1 / Sarjana Sastra
Department : English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of
the Librarian of Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of
Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation
under the law of the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed :
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “An Analysis of Transitivity Process and Schematic
Structure of News Genre in “Time” Online Magazine” contains of a study of
transitivity process and schematic structure of news genre in six political articles in
the online website of Time magazine.
The analysis of transitivity process in this study uses Systemic Functional
Theory by M.A.K Halliday to identify transitivity process which is divided by
Halliday into 6 processes, namely material process, mental process, verbal process,
relational process, existential and behavioural process. The schematic structure
analysis in this study uses model of genre by J.R Martin who divides the structure of
news genre into Newsworthy Event, Background Event, and Source.
From the analysis, it is found that the material process appears 48 times,
mental process appears 11 times, relational process appears 15 times, verbal process
appears 20 times, existential process appears 5 times and behavioural appears 2
times. From the schematic structure analysis, it is found that Newsworthy Events
ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Transitivity Process and Schematic
Structure of News Genre in “Time” Online Magazine” berisi kajian tentang proses
transitivitas dan struktur skematika genre berita (news genre) yang terdapat pada
enam artikel politik yang terdapat di situs online majalah Time.
Analisis proses transitivitas di dalam skripsi ini menggunakan teori Linguistik
Sistemik Fungsional oleh M.A.K Halliday untuk mengidentifikasi proses transitivitas
yang dibagi Halliday menjadi 6 bagian, yaitu proses material, proses mental, proses
verbal, proses relasi, proses eksistensi dan proses tingkah laku. Analisis struktur
skematis di dalam skripsi ini menggunakan model genre oleh J.R Martin yang
membagi struktur genre berita menjadi Newsworthy Event, Background Event, dan
Source.
Dari hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa proses material muncul sebanyak 48
kali, proses mental muncul sebanyak 11 kali, proses relasi muncul sebanyak 15 kali,
proses verbal muncul 20 kali, proses eksistensi muncul 5 kali and proses tingkah laku
muncul 2 kali. Dalam analisis struktur skematis ditemukan bahwa Newsworthy
Events muncul sebanyak 6 kali, Background Events muncul sebanyak 17 kali, dan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... iv
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
LIST OF TABLES ... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Problem of the Study ... 4
1.3 Objective of the Study ... 4
1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. An Overview of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Theory ... 6
2.1.1 Metafunction of Language ... 7
2.1.1.1 The Ideational Function ... 7
2.1.1.2 The Interpersonal Function ... 8
2.1.1.3 The Textual Function ... 8
2.1.2 Transitivity System ... 8
2.1.2.1 Process and Participant ... 9
a. Material Processes ... 10
b. Behavioural processes ... 11
d. Verbal processes ... 13
e. Relational processes ... 14
f. Existential processes ... 15
2.1.2.2 Circumstances ... 17
2.2 Model of Genre by J. R. Martin ... 18
2.2.1 Schematic structures of text ... 19
2.2.2 Purpose or goal of text ... 19
2.2.3 News Genre ... 20
2.2.3.1 The Schematic Structure of News Genre ... 21
a. Newsworthy Events ... 21
b. Background Events ... 21
c. Sources ... 21
2.4 Relevant Studies ... 22
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method ... 24
3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 24
3.3 Data Collecting Method ... 25
3.4 Data Analysis Method ... 26
CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESS AND SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE OF NEWS GENRE IN “TIME” MAGAZINE ONLINE 4.1Analysis of Transitivity Process ... 29
4.1.1 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Senate Renews Ban on Plastic Guns, Rejects Expanded Restrictions” ... 29
4.1.3 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Pivotal Senator Backs Out of Iran Sanctions Push” ... 36
4.1.4 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Senator Will Fast To Support Immigration Reform” ... 39
4.1.5 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Women in Federal
Workforce Face More Obstacles Than Men” ... 43
4.1.6 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Newtown Anniversary Comes One Painful Day Early For Obama” ... 47
4.2 Findings of Transitivity Process’ Analysis ... 60
4.3 Analysis of Schematic Structure ... 60
4.3.1 Analysis of Schematic Structure in “Senate Renews Ban on Plastic Guns, Rejects Expanded Restrictions” ... 61
4.3.2 Analysis of Schematic Structure in “White House Touting Mental Health Funding After Sandy Hook School Shooting” ... 62
4.3.3 Analysis of Schematic Structure in “Pivotal Senator Backs Out of Iran Sanctions Push” ... 63
4.3.4 Analysis of Schematic Structure in “Senator Will Fast To Support Immigration Reform” ... 63
4.3.5 Analysis of Schematic Structure in “Women in Federal
Workforce Face More Obstacles Than Men” ... 65
4.3.6 Analysis of Schematic Structure in “Newtown Anniversary Comes One Painful Day Early For Obama” ... 66
4.4 Findings of Schematic Structure’s Analysis ... 68
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion ... 71
5.2 Suggestion ... 73
REFERENCES ... 74
LIST OF TABLES
page
Table 1 : The Distribution of Transitivity Process in 60
Six Political Articles of “Time” Online Magazine
Table 2 : The Distribution of Transitivity Process in 69
Six Political Articles of “Time” Online Magazine
Table 3 : The Relationships between Transitivity Processes 69
with Schematic Structures in Six Political Articles of
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “An Analysis of Transitivity Process and Schematic
Structure of News Genre in “Time” Online Magazine” contains of a study of
transitivity process and schematic structure of news genre in six political articles in
the online website of Time magazine.
The analysis of transitivity process in this study uses Systemic Functional
Theory by M.A.K Halliday to identify transitivity process which is divided by
Halliday into 6 processes, namely material process, mental process, verbal process,
relational process, existential and behavioural process. The schematic structure
analysis in this study uses model of genre by J.R Martin who divides the structure of
news genre into Newsworthy Event, Background Event, and Source.
From the analysis, it is found that the material process appears 48 times,
mental process appears 11 times, relational process appears 15 times, verbal process
appears 20 times, existential process appears 5 times and behavioural appears 2
times. From the schematic structure analysis, it is found that Newsworthy Events
ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Transitivity Process and Schematic
Structure of News Genre in “Time” Online Magazine” berisi kajian tentang proses
transitivitas dan struktur skematika genre berita (news genre) yang terdapat pada
enam artikel politik yang terdapat di situs online majalah Time.
Analisis proses transitivitas di dalam skripsi ini menggunakan teori Linguistik
Sistemik Fungsional oleh M.A.K Halliday untuk mengidentifikasi proses transitivitas
yang dibagi Halliday menjadi 6 bagian, yaitu proses material, proses mental, proses
verbal, proses relasi, proses eksistensi dan proses tingkah laku. Analisis struktur
skematis di dalam skripsi ini menggunakan model genre oleh J.R Martin yang
membagi struktur genre berita menjadi Newsworthy Event, Background Event, dan
Source.
Dari hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa proses material muncul sebanyak 48
kali, proses mental muncul sebanyak 11 kali, proses relasi muncul sebanyak 15 kali,
proses verbal muncul 20 kali, proses eksistensi muncul 5 kali and proses tingkah laku
muncul 2 kali. Dalam analisis struktur skematis ditemukan bahwa Newsworthy
Events muncul sebanyak 6 kali, Background Events muncul sebanyak 17 kali, dan
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
When people write or speak in a language, they deliver meaning so that people who read their writing or people whom they talk to can understand them. Therefore, we can consider that language is used to make meaning. Showing how language is related to its use and how meanings are built up through the use of words are the main concerns of functional linguistic. It indicates that there are three
important elements as the main object of the systemic functional theory: language,
meaning and grammar.
With language, functional diversification is modeled through metafunctions -
ideational, interpersonal and textual. Ideational function is concerned with
representation. Ideational function is divided into experiental and logical function.
Interpersonal function is concerned with interaction, and textual function is
concerned with information flow (Martin & Christie : 2000, 13). These
metafunctions have a systemic relationship with the lexicogrammar of the language.
Each function is realized by different system. Textual function is realized
through theme system. Interpersonal function is realized through the system of mood.
Ideational function is realized through transitivity. There are three important
elements in transitivity system. They are : circumstances, processes and participants.
Circumstances represent time, place, manner, cause, accompaniment, matter and
regarded as various actions. There are indeed six different process types identified by Halliday: material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and existential.
The relationship between language metafunctions and lexicogrammar shows that meaning and grammar have a connection in arranging texts. There are many types of text that people know. Some of them are recount, report, analytical exposition, narrative, procedure, anecdote, description, explanation, discussion, news and many more.
These various types of text are called genre. Moreover, the term ‘genre’
refers to different types of texts that enact various types of social contexts. Gerot & Wignell said that genre is defined as a culturally specific text-type which results from using language (written or spoken) to (help) accomplish something (2001 : 17). Texts of all types have three particular things which have associated with genre :
a. Purposes or goals of the text b. Schematic structures of the text
c. Lexicogrammatical choices of the text
Generally, news genre exists in articles of newspaper and magazine. In this study, the writer chooses Time online magazine’s political articles as the source of data. The online edition is chosen because it is more actual, more up to date, easier to access, and cheaper than the printed edition. In this online edition, there are many
articles with various topics. There are US News, politics, world news, business,
technology, health, science and entertainment. The reason why the writer chooses political articles is due to challenging issue of political news. Politics is a topic that many people around the world are fond of, since it portrays human problems in the real life situation. Politics also can provoke people with its news. Political news encourages people to view things from different perspectives so that we can be more critical.
In this study, the writer chooses to analyze the transitivity process and the schematic structure in six political articles of Time online magazine. The reason why the writer chooses to analyze the schematic structure of news genre is due to the particular stages that genre should have to achieve its goal. It is important to know what stages a text should pass through to get its goal so that we can learn how to arrange a good news text. The transitivity process is chosen to analyze due to the important role of grammar to build up a text. Through the choice of verbal groups, we can understand the events in the news.
1.2. Problem of the Study
From the preciding background, there are two problems which are focusing in this study. The problems are as follows :
1. What kind of transitivity process occur in Time online magazine’s six political articles?
2. What schematic structures of news genre occur in Time online magazine’s six political articles?
1.3. Objective of the Study
In regards to the problems of the study, the objectives of this study are :
1. To find out and identify types of transitivity process which occur in Time online magazine’s six political articles by referring to systemic-functional theory by M.A.K Halliday.
2. To find out and analyze the schematic structures of news genre which occur in Time online magazine’s six political articles by referring to genre model by J.R Martin which developed by Linda Gerot and Peter Wignell.
1.4.Scope of the Study
second political article is entitled “White House Touting Mental Health Funding
After Sandy Hook School Shooting” published on December 10, 2013. The third
article is entitled “Pivotal Senator Backs Out of Iran Sanctions Push” published on
December 11, 2013. The fourth article is entitled “Senator Will Fast To Support
Immigration Reform” published on December 12, 2013. The fifth article is entitled
“Women in Federal Workforce Face More Obstacles Than Men” published on
December 13, 2013. The sixth article is entitled “Newtown Anniversary Comes One
Painful Day Early For Obama” published on December 14, 2013.
1.5.Significance of the Study
Theoritically, this study is expected to enrich more studies which discuss the discourse analysis study in terms of transitivity and genre analysis.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This study is based on the analysis of Systemic Functional Theory of M.A.K.
Halliday and model of genre by J.R Martin. Therefore, it is necessary to explain the
framework of those theories in this chapter.
2.1 An Overview of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Theory
The most influential systemic functional theory is M.A.K. Halliday’s which
was first introduced in his book, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, in 1985.
This theory has been developed through the works of Halliday and his associates.
Systemic functional linguistics is increasingly recognized as a very useful descriptive
and interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning-making
resource (Enggins, 2004 : 2). Therefore, we may have a notion that systemic
functional theory views language as a meaning-making resource. This might be
related to Halliday’s view of language.
According to Halliday & Matthiessen (2004 : 10), grammar as system,
enabling us to show the grammar as a meaning-making resource and to describe
grammatical categories by reference to what they mean. This perspective is essential
if the analysis of grammar is to be an insightful mode of entry to the study of
discourse.
For Halliday, language is a ‘system of meanings’. That is to say that, when
point of view the grammar becomes a study of how meanings are built up through
the use of words. It indicates that the relations between language, meaning and
grammar are the main object of the systemic functional theory.
The relations between language, meaning and grammar as the main object of
systemic functional theory describe the actual use of language, texts and their
contexts. In addition to the texs and contexts, the object of study focuses on the
structures and how those structures construct meaning.
From those statements, we may have understanding that systemic funtional
theory is used for analyzing and describing how language makes meaning through its
choice of words and structures or grammar.
2.1.1 Metafunction of Language
Halliday & Matthiessen (2004 : 29) suggested that there are two basic
functions of language : making sense of our experience, and acting out our social
relationship. With language, functional diversification is modelled through
metafunctions - ideational, interpersonal and textual. The term ‘metafunction’ was
adopted to suggest that function was an integral component within the overall theory.
Ideational linguistic resources are concerned with representation, interpersonal
resources with interaction, and textual resources with information flow (Martin &
Christie : 2000, 13).
2.1.1.1 The Ideational Function
Halliday (1985) claims that the ideational meaning relates to the inner and
outer worlds of reality; it is “language about something”. In other words, language
lexicogrammar of every language are dedicated to that function. The ideational
function is distinguished into two components, the experiential and the logical. The
experiential or representational function of language (clause) is realized by the
transitivity system of language (clause).
2.1.1.2 The Interpersonal Function
If the ideational function of the grammar is ‘language as reflection’, the
interpersonal meaning is ‘language as action’. The interpersonal meaning is an
interpretation of language in its function as an exchange. It is concerned with
language as action. The interpersonal meaning of language in its function as an
exchange is realised by the mood system. The mood system is represented by the
mood structure of clause, which comprises two major elements: (1) mood, and (2)
residue (Halliday, 1985).
2.1.1.3 The Textual Function
The textual meaning of language is an interpretation of language in its
function as a message, which is a text-forming function of language. The textual
meaning of language is realised by the theme system of language. The theme system
of the clause is represented by the thematic structure of the clause, which comprises
two major elements: (1) theme, and (2) rheme (Halliday, 1985).
2.1.2 Transitivity System
As it was explained before, transitivity system belongs to the experiential
metafunction. Transitivity is a system in which clauses are organized to represent
clause in its who=does=what-to-whom, who/what=is-what/who, when, where, why,
or how function (Gerot & Wignell, 2001: 52).
In analysing transitivity system in a clause, it is necessary to describe three
aspects of the clause: First, the selection of process. The process choice will be
realized in the verbal group of the clause: Last year Diana gave blood. Second, the
selection of participants. Participants will be realized in the nominal groups: Last
year Diana gave blood. Third, the selection of circumstances. Circumstantial
meanings are expressed through adverbial groups or prepositional phrases: Last year
Diana gave blood (Enggins, 2004: 214).
2.1.2.1 Process and Participant
The transitivity system construes the world of experience into a manageable
set of process types (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 : 170). Processes are different
kinds of goings on, which necessarily involve different kinds of participants in
varying circumstances. Processes are realised by verbs, but some verbs do not show
an action but rather express states of being or having. Halliday identifies there are six
different types of Process.
Material Doing Bodily, physically,
materially
Behavioural Behaving Physiologically and
psychologically
Mental Sensing Emotionally, intellectually, sensorily
Verbal Saying Lingually, signalling
Relational Being Equal to, or some attribute of
These are the examples of transitivity process which esist in clauses :
Process type Example (Process + participants underlined; Process in bold; circumstances in italics)
Material During the European scramble for Africa, Nigeria fell
and
to the British.
the British ruled it until 1960 Behavioural people are laughing
Mental The Ibos did not approve of kings.
Verbal so we say→that every fourth African is a Nigerian
Can you tell us about the political and cultural make-up of Nigeria?
Relational that every fourth African is a Nigerian. Existential so today there’s Christianity in the south (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 : 171)
a. Material Processes
The actions are usually concrete and tangible. Material process are process of
doing & happening (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 : 179). They express the idea that
some entity physically does something-which may be done to some other entity.
Clauses with a material process is obligatorily to have a doing (process) and a
doer (participant). The entity who or which does something is the actor. There
optionally is an entity to which the Process is extended or directed. This entity which
may be done is the goal.
The exhausted bushwalker dropped his pack
Participant :
Actor
Process :
Material
Participant:
Goal
There are two varieties of Material Processes: creative and dispositive. In the creative
Handel wrote the Messiah
Actor Material Goal
In the dispositive type, we have doings and happenings.
Kerr dismissed Whitlam
Actor Material Goal
The gun discharged
Actor Material
Material processes ‘take’ both the active voice (as above) and the passive.
Whitlam was dismissed by Kerr
Goal Material Actor
The gun was discharged
Goal Material
b. Behavioural processes
These are processes of (typically human) physiological and psychological
behaviour, like breathing, coughing, smiling, dreaming and staring (Halliday &
Matthiessen, 2004 : 248). In this process, there is one obligatory participant: the
behaver. The behaver is a conscious being. But the process is one of doing, not
sensing, such as:
She lives in a beautiful old house
He listens carefully
Behaver Behavioural Circumstance : manner
Behaviourals can contain a second participant that is called the behaviour.
He smiled a big smile.
Behaver Behavioural Behaviour
c. Mental processes
While material clauses are concerned with our experience of the material
world, mental clauses are concerned with our experience of the world of our own
consciousness (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 : 197). Mental processes are processes
of sensing (feeling, thinking, perceiving). There are three types of mental processes :
affective or reactive (feeling), cognitive (thinking), and perceptive (perceiving
through the five senses). The participants in mental processes are called senser and
phenomenon. The phenomenon is that which is sensed: felt, thought or seen.
That microwave doesn’t like you
Participant:
Senser
Process:
Mental
Participant:
Phenomenon
There are clauses with senser or phenomenon only, such as:
Mark understood
Senser Mental : Cognitive
Loneliness hurts
The clause may also contain both Senser and Phenomenon, such as:
Mark likes new clothes
Senser Mental : Affect Phenomenon
d. Verbal processes
Verbal processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically
signalling. The process of a ‘verbal’ clause is realized by a verbal group where the
lexical verb is one of saying (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 : 254). There are three
other Participants that may be incumbent upon Verbal Processes: Receiver is the one
to whom the verbalisation is addressed, Target is the one acted upon verbally
(insulted, complimented, etc), and Range/Verbiage is a name for the verbalisation
itself.
John told Jenny a rude joke
Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage
Keating slurred Howard
Examples of verbal processes are listed below.
TYPE Examples of verbs
activity Targeting praise, insult, abuse, slander, flatter, blame, criticize, chide
talking speak, talk
Semiosis (neutral
quoting)
say, tell; go, be like
Indicating tell (sb that), report, announce, notify, explain, argue, convince (that), persuade
(sb that), promise (that)
ask (sb whether), question, enquire (whether)
Imperating tell (sb to do), ask (sb to do), order, command, require, promise, threaten, persuade
(sb to do), convince (sb to do), entreat, implore, beg
(Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 : 255)
e. Relational processes
Relational processes involve states of being (including having). Relational
clauses serve to characterize and to identify (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 : 210).
They can be classified according to whether they are being used to identify
something, quality to something. Processes which establish an identify are called
Identifying Process and processes which assign a quality are called Attributive
Processes. Each has its own characteristic participant roles. In Attributives there are
Carrier and Attribute.
Barry Tuckwell is a fine horn player
In Identifying Processes the participant roles are token and value.
Barry Tuckwell may be the finest living horn player.
Token Identifying Value
Relational Processes can be further sub-classified according to whether they are:
intensive, possessive or circumstantial.
Intensive Possessive Circumstantial
Circumstance as Attribute Circumstance as Process
Paul Keating is arrogant. Paul Keating has dark hair.
The yolk is in the centre. Albumen surrounds the yolk.
Listed here are some of the more common Relational Process:
Atributive Identifying
Be become go
Get turn grow
Keep stay remain Look appear seem Smell taste feel Sound end up turn out Last weigh concern Cost has belong to Need require
be become equal
add up to play act as
call mean define
represent spell express form give constitute imply stand for symbolise realise indicate signify betoken take up span resemble occupy own include involve contain comprise provide cause
(Gerot & Wignell, 2001 : 71).
f. Existential processes
Existential process represents that something exists or happens. Existential
clauses typically have the verb be. The entity or event which is being said to exist is
labelled, simply, Existent. In principle, there can ‘exist’ any kind of phenomenon that
action or event, as in is there going to be a storm?, therewas another robbery in the
street (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 : 258)
There’ s a unicorn in the garden.
Existential Existent Circumstance:place
“There” has no represential function; it is required because of the need for a
Subject in English. Existential processes are expressed by verbs of existing: ‘be’,
‘exist’, ‘arise’ and the Existent can be a phenomenon of any kind.
There ensued a protracted legal battle
Existential Existent
Existential ‘there’ is not to be confused with Circumstantial ‘there’:
There ’s your book (right where you left it)
Attrib:Circ Attributive Carrier
There ’s even a book about great Australian dunnies
Existential Existent Circumstance:matter
‘There’ ‘There’s your book’ tells where the book is. ‘There’ in ‘There’s even a book
about great Australian dunnies’ is telling yout hat such a book exists.
Examples of verbs serving as Process in existential clauses
Type Verbs
Neutral Exist exist, remain
Happen arise; occur, come about,
happen, take place + circumstantial feature Time follow, ensue
Place sit, stand, lie; hang, rise, stretch, emerge, grow
Abstract erupt, flourish, prevail
2.1.2.2 Circumstances
The circumstantial category answers such questions as when, where, why,
how, how many and as what. They represent meaning about :
Time (temporal) : tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long? For example : He goes to church every Sunday.
Place (spatial) : tells where and is probed by where? How far? For example : He goes to church every Sunday.
Manner : tells how
-Means : tells by what means and is probed by what with?
For example : He goes by taxi.
-Quality : tells how and is probed by how?
For example : He loved her madly, deeply, truly!
-Comparison : tells like what and is probed by what like?
For example : He was jumping arounf like a monkey on a roof.
Cause : tells why
-Reason : tells what causes the Process and is probed by why? Or how?
For example : The sheeps died of thirst.
-Purpose : tells the purpose and is probed by what for?
For example : He went to the shop for cigarettes.
-Behalf : tells for whose sake and is probed by for whom?
For example : He went to the shop for his mother.
Accompaniment : tells with(out) who or what and is probed by who or what else?
Matter : tells about what or with reference to what and is probed by
what about?
For example : This book is talking about functional grammar.
Role : tells what as and is probed by as what? For example : He lived a quiet life as a beekeeper.
2.2 Model of Genre by J. R. Martin
In analysing the schematic structure of news genre, the writer uses model of
genre by J. R. Martin. Genre commonly refers to various types of art and literary
works. For example, in music, there are pop, rock, blues, jazz, etc. Those are the
genres in music. From that example, we may have a notion that genre refers to
different types in art. Genre in discourse analysis also refers to different type of texts.
Genre represents the system of staged goal-oriented social processes through which
social subjects in a given culture live their lives (Martin & Christie : 2000, 22).
Social because we participate in genres with other people, goal-oriented because we
use genres to get things done; staged because it usually takes us a few steps to reach
our goals. In a brief sentence, I may take a notion that Martin defines genre as “types
of texts which have various social goals or roles or functions and stages”.
Martin states that the number of recognizably distinct genres in any culture
may be quite large, but not unmanageably so. In contemporary western culture we
could name many spoken genres whose patterns of meaning are more less
predictable, such as greeting cards, service encounters, casual conversations,
arguments, telephone enquiries, instructions, lectures, debates, plays, jokes, games
specific genres. (Martin & Rose, 2008 : 8). Furthermore, Gerot and Wignell (2001)
gives more genres of written texts, they are spoof/recount, recounts, reports,
analytical exposition, news item, anecdote, narrative, procedure, description,
hortatory exposition, explanation, discussion and reviews.
Genres are culture specific, and have associated with them are purpose or
goal of the text, schematic structures of the text, lexicogrammatical choices of the
text .
2.2.1 Schematic structures of text
The schematic structures of each genre are also different. The term schematic
structure simply refers to the staged, step-by-step organization of the genre, or, in
Martin’s terms:
Schematic structure represents the positive contribution genre makes to a text: a way of getting form A to B in the way a given culture accomplishes whatever the genre in question is functioning to do in that culture. (Martin 1985b : 251) in (Enggins 2004 : 59).
2.2.2 Purpose or goal of text
The social purpose is the goal that shows the function of the text. The social
purpose of text is varied, depends on the genre of the text. For example,
Men think that they are dogs so they go to the psychiatrists. After a while the
doctors say they are cured. The men meet friends on the streets. The friends
ask them, ‘How fo you feel?’ ‘Fine’, the men say. ‘Just feel our noses.’
The original of this text is a type of Narrative. The purpose of texts of the
genre is to relate an amusing or unusual experience in an entertaining way (Gerot &
2.2.3 News Genre
Martin & Christie assumes that news genre as one of the most influential
textual domains in contemporary society, that of mass-media news reporting. The
texts of news genre known as 'hard news'. This hard news category includes reports
which are primarily grounded in a material event such as an accident, natural
disaster, riot or terrorist attack, and those grounded in a communicative event such as
a speech, interview, report or press release (Martin & Christie, 2000 : 110).
Following Martin’s idea of news genre, Gerot & Wignell develop a simple
explanation. They don’t use the term ‘hard news’ anymore to refer to the text of
news genre but simply use the term news text. According to Gerot and Wignell (2001
: 200), news genre is a type of text which function is to inform readers, listeners or
viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generally, news genre exists in articles of newspaper and magazine. The articles of
news are also varied from politics, world news, business, technology, health, science
and entertainment.
Before getting into the schematic structure of news genre, it is important to
explain the structure of news from journalism perspective. Every news story should
have a clear and obvious structure. The most common structure for news stories is
the inverted-pyramid structure. In an inverted-pyramid news story, the lead, the “nut
graf”, and the main point of the story are all in the same sentence, and that sentence
comes first (Kershner, 2005 : 60). The rest of the story in the inverted-pyramid
2.2.3.1 The Schematic Structure of News Genre
In news genre, the schematic structures are divided into three stages. They are
newsworthy events, background events and sources.
a. Newsworthy Events
Newsworthy events recounts the event in summary form. This is like the summary of
the news in few clauses.
Example:
Moscow A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear
catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
b. Background Events
Background events elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances. In
this structure, the events in the news are explained, what the event is, how it happens,
why it happens, when it happens and who gets involved.
Example:
The accident, which occured 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread
radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of
the then Soviet Union.
c. Sources
Sources are comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities or expert on
the event.
Example:
A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of
2.4 Relevant Studies
There are some books and theses which also discussed about transitivity
process and schematic structure of genre that the writer uses as references. Those
books and theses are reviewed as the following:
Halliday & Matthienssen (2004) identifies that there are six transitivity
process. They are material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioural, and existential.
This book helps the writer to identify six processes in six political articles of Time
Online Magazine.
Martin, J.R. & Christie, Frances (2000) identifies that there are many genres.
One of them is news genre which schematic structure consists of newsworthy event,
background event and source. This book helps the writer to identify the schematic
structure of news genre in six political articles of Time Online Magazine.
Gerot & Wignell (2001) develop simple understanding about functional
grammar and genre. This book helps the writer to get knowledge about transitivity
process as well as to identify the schematic structure of news genre in six articles of
Time Online Magazine.
Harahap, UN (2012) compares the schematic structures of narrative genre in
“Beauty and the Best” and recount genre in letter “Weekend at the Beach”. The
result shows that the structure of narrative genre is Abstract, Orientation,
Complication, Evaluation, Resolution and Coda while the structure of recount genre
is Orientation, Events and Re-orientation. From this thesis, the writer may take a
look at how Ummi Natsiroh classified structure of a genre.
Frismatiladanis (2009) analyzes type of process and finds out the schematic
structures in narrative genre using systemic functional linguistics theory by Halliday.
finds that each story has the schematic structures: Abstract, Orientation,
Complication, Evaluation, Resolution and Coda. But there are two stories which do
not have “Evaluation”. From this thesis, the writer knows that a text does not always
have complete schematic structure. This thesis is a reference to the writer to analyze
transitivity process and schematic structures. Instead of narrative genre, the writer
chooses news genre to analyze.
Indra (2005) analyzes the schematic structure and transitivity process in three
short stories in Annida, A Moslem Magazine. Those short stories are The Words on
the Ceiling, A Letter for Grandma, The Wise King using systemic functional theory.
The result shows that not all of schematic structure of narrative genre and types of
transitivity process exist in those short stories. This thesis helps the writer to analyze
schematic structure and transitivity process. Instead of narrative genre in short
stories, the writer choose news genre in political articles.
Lubis, DS (2009) analyzes six experiental functions occur in four selected
articles of Reader’s Digest Magazine using systemic functional theory. The result
shows that material function dominates other function, followed by relational, verbal,
mental and existential function. This thesis helps the writer to identify transitivity
process in verbal groups. Instead of random articles of Reader’s Digest Magazine,
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Method
This thesis applies qualitative method. Qualitative method is characterized by
observation and description in forms of words or sentences. Djajasudarma (2006:11)
states that qualitative methodology is a procedure that produces descriptive data in
the form of written or oral language in society. He also said that the collected data
are not numbers, it can be words or descriptions of something (Djajasudarma, 2006 :
16).
The reason why the writer chooses this method is regarding to the data which
will be analyzed. The writer considers the data are fulfilled the criteria to use
qualitative method that the data are formed in group of words not numbers.
3.2 Data and Source of Data
The data for this study are taken from Time online magazine’s articles. The
online edition is chosen because it is more actual, more up to date, easier to access,
and cheaper than the printed edition. In this online edition, there are many articles
with various topics. There are US News, politics, world news, business, technology,
health, science and entertainment.
In this study, political articles are chosen because political news is intriguing
to many people. There are six articles from six different days of publications which
because at the publication time, those news were overwhelming and being top news
of the world. The articles are chosen intentionally from six different days
respectively to make the proportion of the data equal. Those articles are :
1. “Senate Renews Ban on Plastic Guns, Rejects Expanded Restrictions” published on December 09, 2013, written by Maya Rhodan.
2. “White House Touting Mental Health Funding After Sandy Hook School Shooting” published on December 10, 2013 written by Noah Rayman.
3. “Pivotal Senator Backs Out of Iran Sanctions Push” published on December 11, 2013 written by Dan Kedmey.
4. “Senator Will Fast To Support Immigration Reform” published on December 12, 2013 written by Alex Rogers.
5. “Women in Federal Workforce Face More Obstacles Than Men” published on December 13, 2013 written by Nate Rawlings.
6. “Newtown Anniversary Comes One Painful Day Early For Obama” published on December 14, 2013 written by Zeke J Miller.
The data which are used for the analysis of transitivity process are the clauses
found in those political articles, while the data for the analysis of schematic structure
are the whole text of those political articles.
3.3 Data Collecting Method
The selected political articles from Time online magazine are chosen
intentionally from Monday, December 09, 2013 to Saturday, December 14, 2013.
There are some steps that the writer did in collecting the data. First, the writer opened
articles which were published from Monday to Saturday, started from December 09,
2013 to December 14, 2013. Last, the writer printed those six political articles. Those
six political articles are chosen from six different days respectively to make the
proportion of the data equal and fair.
3.4 Data Analysis Method
The writer analyzes the data using the qualitative method. The qualitative
method is used to get the result of analysis in description form. There are three steps
that will be done in analyzing the data : data reduction, data display, and conclusion
drawing/ verification (Miles & Huberman, 1994 : 10).
The first step is reducing the data to analyze. The writer selected which data
was necessary to analyze and which one was not. The second step is displaying the
data. After reducing the data, the writer displayed the data in specific form whether it
was tables, matrices, graphs, charts or networks. The last step is drawing a
conclusion.
Regarding to this data analysis method, the writer makes several steps in
conducting the analysis. They are:
1. Reading the selected political articles from Time online magazine as the object of
the research.
2. Dividing the data into clauses and reducing the data which is unnecessary.
3. Identifying the verbal group that belong to the transitivity process.
5. Identifying the texts that belong to the schematic structures of news genre
(newsworthy event, background event, source) in accord with the characteristic
of each structure.
6. Drawing a conclusion based on the findings of the analysis.
For example :
Congress renewed an expiring ban on plastic firearms that can go
undetected in metal detectors on Monday, though tougher restrictions on the
guns did not pass. The Senate approved the 10-year extension, narrowly missing
the midnight deadline.
We can divide them into five clauses :
1. In data 1 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal: the
circumstance is Circumstance of Time.
Congress renewed an expiring ban on plastic firearms that can go
undetected in metal detectors on Monday,
Congress renewed an expiring ban on plastic firearms that can go undetected in metal detectors
on Monday,
Actor Material Goal Circ: Time
2. In data 2 occurs Material Process; the participant is Actor; there is no
circumstance.
tough tougher restrictions on the guns did not pass.
tough tougher restrictions on the guns did not pass.
Actor Material
3. In data 3 occurs Verbal and Material Process; the participants are Sayer
and Verbiage; the circumstance is Circumstance of Manner (quality).
The Senate approved the 10-year extension narrowly missing the
midnight deadline.
The Senate
approved the 10-year extension
Narrowly missing the midnight deadline. Sayer Verbal Verbiage Circ: Manner
(Quality)
Material
The schematic structure of the text is newsworthy event because it
CHAPTER IV
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESS AND SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE OF NEWS GENRE IN “TIME” MAGAZINE ONLINE
4.1ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESS
In this chapter, six political articles from “Time” online magazine are
analyzed by applying the theory of transitivity. The analysis of transitivity process
consists of material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and existential that are
found in the six selected texts.
In addition, the analysis of the schematic structures of news genre consist of
newsworthy event, background event and source.
The analyses are as follows:
4.1.1 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Senate Renews Ban on Plastic Guns, Rejects Expanded Restrictions”
1. In data 1 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal: the
circumstance is Circumstance of Time.
Congress renewed an expiring ban on plastic firearms that can go undetected
Congress renewed an expiring ban on plastic firearms that can go undetected in metal detectors
on Monday,
Actor Material Goal Circ: Time
2. In data 2 occurs Material Process; the participant is Actor; there is no
circumstance.
though tougher restrictions on the guns did not pass.
though tougher restrictions on the guns did not pass.
Actor Material
3. In data 3 occurs Verbal and Material Process; the participants are Sayer and
Verbiage; the circumstance is Circumstance of Manner (quality).
The Senate approved the 10-year extension narrowly missing the midnight
deadline.
The Senate
approved the 10-year extension
narrowly missing the midnight deadline Sayer Verbal Verbiage Circ: Manner
(Quality)
Material
4. In Data 4 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal; the
Circumstances are Circumstance of Time and Cause.
Last week the House passed the measure, which is now headed to the
President to be signed into law.
Last week the House
passed the measure which is now headed to the President
to be signed into law.
5. In Data 5 occurs Relational: Attributive Process; the participants are Carrier
and Attribute; there is no circumstance.
The bill that passed the Senate on Monday is less stringent than the one
proposed by Senator Chuck Schumer, who pushed for a ban on detachable
metal parts which can be removed to pass through security screenings
The bill that passed the Senate on Monday
is less stringent than the one proposed by Senator Chuck Schumer who pushed for a ban on detachable metal parts which can be removed to pass through security screenings
Carrier Relational:
Attributive
Attribute
6. In Data 6 occurs Relational: Identifying Process; the participants are Token
and Value; the circumstances are Circumstance of Time and Place.
The rejection of Schumer’s push by Republican lawmakers marks yet another
setback for stricter gun legislation since the Dec. 14 massacre at Sandy Hook
Elementary School in Newtown, Conn.
The rejection of Schumer’s push by Republican lawmakers
marks yet another setback for stricter gun legislation since the Dec. 14 massacre
at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn.
Token Relational: Identifying
4.1.2 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “White House Touting Mental Health Funding After Sandy Hook School Shooting”
1. In Data 1 occurs Verbal Process; the participant is Sayer; the
circumstance is Circumstance of Time.
Vice President Joe Biden will announce Tuesday
Vice President Joe Biden will announce Tuesday
Sayer Verbal Circ: Time
2. In Data 2 occurs Verbal Process; the participants are Sayer and Verbiage;
the circumstance is Circumstance of Cause (purpose).
that the Obama administration is promising $100 million
that the Obama
administration
is promising
$100 million
to improve mental health services as part of its response to the deadly school shooting in Connecticut almost one year ago
Sayer Verbal Verbiage Circ: Cause (Purpose)
3. In Data 3 occurs Verbal Process; the participant is Sayer.
a White House official said.
a White House official said.
4. In Data 4 occurs Verbal Process; the participant is Sayer; the
circumstances are Circumstance of Accompaniment and Cause (purpose).
The White House, with Biden at the forefront, has pledged to find ways
to stop mass shootings,
The White House,
with Biden at the forefront,
has pledged to find ways to stop mass shootings,
Sayer Circ:
Accompaniment
Verbal Circ: Cause (purpose)
5. In Data 5 occurs Mental Process; the participants are Sayer and Verbiage;
the circumstance is Circumstance of Cause (purpose).
but it failed to push any new gun control legislation through Congress,
even after the massacre of 26 people, including 20 children, at Sandy
Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., late last year.
but it failed to push
any new gun control legislation through Congress even after the massacre of 26 people, including 20 children,
at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., late last year.
Senser Mental Circ: Cause (purpose) Circ: Cause (reason) Circ: Place Circ: Time
6. In Data 6 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstance is Circumstance of Role.
A Biden-led task force identified mental illness as another focus in the
A Biden-led task force
identified mental illness as another focus in the effort to stem shootings,
Actor Material Goal Circ: Role
7. In Data 7 occurs Material Process, the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstances are Circumstance of Role and Manner.
and the White House has already set it as a priority, including by
enforcing a 2008 law that requires insurers to treat mental health as a
physical ailment.
and the White House
has already
set
It as a
priority
including by enforcing a 2008 law that requires insurers to treat mental health as a physical ailment. Actor Material Goal Circ:
Role
Circ: Manner
8. In Data 8 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstances are Circumstance of Time, Place and Accompaniment.
Biden will unveil the new funding Tuesday afternoon at the White House
“with families who lost loved ones during the shooting in Newtown,”
Biden will unveil
the new funding
Tuesday afternoon
at the White House
“with families who lost loved ones during the shooting in Newtown,”
Actor Material Goal Circ: Time
Circ: Place
Circ:
9. In Data 9 occurs Verbal Process; the participant is Sayer.
The White House official said.
The White House official said.
Sayer Verbal
10.In Data 2 occurs Material Process; the participant is Actor; the
circumstance is Circumstance of Place.
The money comes from existing government funding: $50 million from
the Department of Health and Human Services to expand behavioral
health services for people with mental illness or addiction, and another
$50 million from the Department of Agriculture to expand mental health
services in rural areas.
The money
comes from existing government funding: $50 million from the Department of Health and Human Services to expand behavioral health services for people with mental illness or addiction, and another $50 million from the Department of Agriculture to expand mental health services in rural areas.
4.1.3 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Pivotal Senator Backs Out of Iran Sanctions Push”
1. In Data 1 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstance is Circumstance of Matter.
A key Senate Democrat has agreed to withhold his vote for further
sanctions on Iran
A key Senate Democrat
has agreed to withhold
his vote for further sanctions on Iran
Actor Material Goal Circ: Matter
2. In Data 2 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal.
until the Obama administration’s nuclear talks run their course.
until the Obama administration’s nuclear talks
run their course.
Actor Material Goal
3. In Data 3 occurs Verbal Process; the participant is Sayer; the
circumstance is Circumstance of Matter.
According to the Wall Street Journal, Senator Tim Johnson said
According to the Wall Street
Journal,
Senator Tim Johnson said
4. In Data 4 occurs Mental Process; the participant is Senser; the
circumstance is Circumstance of Accompaniment.
that he agreed with Secretary of State John Kerry
that he agreed with Secretary of State John Kerry Senser Mental Circ: Accompaniment
5. In Data 5 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal.
that additional sanctions could drive Iranians away from the negotiating
table.
that additional sanctions could drive Iranians away from the negotiating table.
Actor Material Goal
6. In Data 6 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor, Recipient
and Goal.
Johnson helms the Senate Banking Committee, a pivotal position for
introducing sanctions legislation.
Johnson helms the Senate Banking
Committee,
a pivotal position for introducing sanctions legislation.
Actor Material Recipient Goal
7. In Data 7 occurs Verbal Process; the participants are Sayer and Target.
Congressmen on both sides of the aisle have criticized the Obama
Congressmen on both sides of the aisle
have criticized
the Obama administration’s handling of negotiations,
Sayer Verbal Target
8. In Data 8 occurs Relational Attributive Process; the participants are
Carrier and Attribute.
arguing that a recent interim deal was too weak
arguing that a recent interim deal was too weak
Carrier Relational:
Attributive
Attribute
9. In Data 9 occurs Mental Process; the participant is Phenomenon.
and a new round of sanctions was needed
And a new round of sanctions was needed
Phenomenon Mental
10.In Data 10 occurs Material Process; the participant is Actor.
should a long-term fix fall through.
should a long-term fix fall through
4.1.4 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Senator Will Fast To Support Immigration Reform”
1. In Data 1 occurs Behavioural Process; the participant is Behaver; the
circumstances are Circumstance of Time and Cause (purpose) .
After a year of frustrating setbacks for immigration reform activists,
Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin has decided to stop eating for one
day to call attention to the cause.
After a year of frustrating setbacks for immigration reform activists, Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin has decided to stop eating
for one day
to call attention to the cause
Circ: Time Behaver Behavioural Circ: Time
Circ: Cause (purpose)
2. In Data 2 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstances are Circumstance of Place and Time.
Fast4Families, a group that advocates a path to citizenship for illegal
immigrants through coordinated hunger strikes, met with the Illinois
Democrat on the National Mall Wednesday,
Fast4Families, a group that advocates a path to citizenship
for illegal immigrants through
coordinated hunger strikes,
met with the Illinois Democrat
on the National Mall
Wednesday,
3. In Data 3 occurs Verbal Process; the participant is Sayer.
a Durbin aide said,
a Durbin aide said,
Sayer Verbal
4. In Data 4 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal.
and Durbin accepted the group’s invitation to the join the fast.
and Durbin Accepted the group’s invitation to the join the fast.
Actor Material Goal
5. In Data 5 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstance is Circumstance of Time.
President Barack Obama and First Michelle Obama met with
Fast4Families late last month.
President Barack Obama and First Michelle Obama
Met with Fast4Families late last month.
Actor Material Goal Circ: Time
6. In Data 6 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal.
“This fast will coincide with the observance of the feast of Our Lady of
Guadalupe, the patroness of Mexico and one of the most solemn days on
the Catholic calendar for many,”
This fast will coincide with the observance of the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the patroness of Mexico and one of the most solemn days on the Catholic calendar for many
7. In Data 7 occurs Verbal Process; the participants are Sayer and Verbiage.
Durbin said in a statement.
Durbin said in a statement.
Sayer Verbal Verbiage
8. In Data 8 occurs Existential Process; the participant is Existent; the
circumstances are Circumstance of Cause (reason) and Cause (purpose).
“There is no excuse for the failure of the U.S. House of Representatives
to call our bipartisan Senate bill for a vote.
There is no
excuse
for the failure of the U.S. House of Representatives
to call our bipartisan Senate bill for a vote. Existential Existent Circ: Cause
(reason)
Circ: Cause (purpose)
9. In Data 9 occurs Mental Process; the participants are Senser and
Phenomenon.
[House] Speaker [John] Boehner is ignoring the injustice of our broken
immigration system; the suffering of millions of innocent Dreamers and
the values at the heart of this great immigrant nation.”
[House] Speaker [John] Boehner
is ignoring the injustice of our broken immigration system; the suffering of millions of innocent Dreamers and the values at the heart of this great immigrant nation.”
Senser Mental Phenomenon
10.In Data 10 occurs Mental Process; the participants are Senser and
Last week, Boehner revived the hopes of immigration reform advocates
by hiring Rebecca Tallent, a top policy aide on this issue.
Last week,
Boehner revived the hopes of immigration reform advocates
by hiring Rebecca Tallent, a top policy aide on this issue. Circ:
Time
Senser Mental Phenomenon Circ: Manner
11.In Data 11 occurs two Material Processes; the participants are two Actors
and Goal; the circumstance is Circumstance of Time.
The Senate passed a reform bill earlier this year
The Senate passed a reform bill earlier this year
Actor Material Goal Circ: Time
that has yet to be taken up by the House.
that has yet to be taken up by the House.
Material Actor
12.In Data 12 occurs Material Process; the participant is Actor; the
circumstance is Circumstance of Time.
Durbin will fast from 7 p.m. Thursday until 7 p.m. Friday.
4.1.5 Analysis of Transitivity Process in “Women in Federal Workforce Face More Obstacles Than Men”
1. In Data 1 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstances are Circumstance of Time and Matter.
Despite years of gains toward equality, women in the federal workforce
experience more challenges than men, according to a government report
released on Thursday.
Despite years of gains toward equality, women in the federal workforce
experience more challenges than men,
according to a government
report released on Thursday.
Circ: Time Actor Material Goal Circ: Matter
2. In Data 2 occurs Verbal Process; the participant is Sayer; the
circumstance is Circumstance of Place.
The report, from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,
said
The report, from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,
said
Sayer Circ: Place Verbal
3. In Data 3 occurs Relational Attributive Process; the participants are
Carrier and Attribute.
that the biggest obstacles hindering women’s advancement to top
positions was a lack of flexibility for women raising young children and
that the biggest obstacles hindering women’s advancement to top positions
was a lack of flexibility for women raising young children and a lack of mentoring and training for top jobs.
Carrier Relational:
Attributve
Attribute
4. In Data 4 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstance is Circumstance of Matter.
According to the AP, women make up 44 percent of the federal
workforce, but just 30 percent of senior executive service positions.
According to the AP, women make up 44 percent of the federal workforce, but just 30 percent of senior executive service positions.
Circ: Matter Actor Material Goal
5. In Data 5 occurs Material Process; the participants are Actor and Goal;
the circumstance is Circumstance of Manner.
