AN ANALYSIS OF TOM SAWYER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS
PUNISHMENT IN THE NOVEL
THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER
BY MARK TWAIN
THESIS
BY:
SITI HAIKAL SAFITRI
09360284
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
AN ANALYSIS OF TOM SAWYER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS
PUNISHMENT IN THE NOVEL
THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER
BY MARK TWAIN
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to
achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
SITI HAIKAL SAFITRI
09360284
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
This thesiswritten by Siti Haikal Safitri was approved on October 31, 2013
This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of the Faculty ofTeacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang
and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
If you stay, stay forever.
If you go, do it today.
If you change, change for the better.
And if you talk, mean what you say.
DEDICATION:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah,all praise to Allah SWT, the main source of strength who always gives strength and patience to finish this thesis. Shalawat and Salam may always be upon to the holy prophet, Muhammad SAW.
The researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude to her first advisor Dra. ThathitManonAndini, M.Hum andher second advisorKhairudin,M.Pdfor their suggestion, invaluable guidance and advice during the consultation period, and their comments, valuable time, and correction during the completion of this thesis.
Her sincere gratitude and appreciation are also extended to FardiniSabilahM.Pd, the chairwoman of English Department at University of Muhammadiyah Malang who has given the opportunity to the researcher in order to conduct the research.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Literature ... 7
2.2Novel ... 8
2.2.1 Elements of Novel ... 9
2.2.1.1 Character … ... 9
2.2.1.2 Characterization ... 10
2.2.1.3 Plot ... 11
2.2.1.4 Setting ... 14
2.2.1.5 Conflict ... 14
2.2.1.6 Theme ... 15
2.3Attitude ... 16
2.3.1 Characteristic of Attitude ... 17
2.3.2 Attitude’s Component ... 18
2.3.3 The Factors that Influence the Attitude ... 19
2.4Punishment ... 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Research Design ... 21
3.2Approach ... 22
3.3Research Object ... 23
3.4Data Collection ... 23
3.5Data Analysis ... 24
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1Research Findings ... 25
4.1.1 Tom’s Attitude towards Punishment ... 25
4.1.2 Factors that Influence Tom’s Attitude towards Punishment ... 31
4.1.3 The effects of Tom’s Attitude towards Punishment ... 32
4.1.4 Lesson ... 33
4.2Discussion ... 33
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 36
5.2 Suggestion ... 37
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Abrams, M. H. 1999. Glossary of Literary Terms, seventh edition. United States of America. Heinle Thomson Learning.
Ary,Donald. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. Eight Edition.Wadsworth Thomson Learning. United States of America.
Bertens, Hans. 2002. Literary theory, the basis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Costello, Patrick J.M. 2003. Continuum Research Methods, Action Research. London. Biddles Ltd. Coyle, et. al. 1986.A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory.The British Library.
Culler, Jonathan. 1997. Literary theory a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dayakisni, Tri &Hudaniah. 2001. PsikologiSosialBuku 1. Malang. UMM Press.
Gottschall, et. al. 2005.The Literary Animal Evolution and The Nature of narrative. USA: Northwestern University Press.
Hesiningsih. 2006. Analysis of Huckleberry Fin’s Struggles in Mark Twain “The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn”. Unpublished Thesis.University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Icek, Ajzen. 2005. Introduction to Research in Education Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. England: Open University Press.
Jose Falcon, Maria and Falcon, Fernando. 2006. Punishment and Culture. Netherlands. The imprints Bill Academic Publisher.
Kennedy, X. J. 1983. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Third Edition.Canada. United States of America.
Koesnosoebroto, Sunaryono B. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction.Jakarta. LembagaPendidikanTenagaKependidikan.
Macmillan. 1984. An introduction to Literature. New York. Macmillan Publishing Company. Macmillan. 1987. An Introduction to Literature. New York. Macmillan Publishing Company. Meyer, Michael. 1990. Introduction to Literature. Second Edition.The Bedford.
McKeon, Michael. 2000. Theory of the novel, a historical approach. London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Quinn, Edward. 2006. A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms Second Edition. New York: An Imprint Infobase Publishing.
Vockell, Edward L. 1983. Educational Research.New York.Macmillan Publishing Company. Wolfreys, Julian. 2001. Literary theories, a guide and glossary. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents such topics as: background of study, statement of problems, purposes of study, significance of study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms. Each topic is presented as follows.
1.1 Background of Study
Literature is a creative expression of ideas, thoughts, or feelings of what have been experienced by someone and expressed through language. Literature is a form of literary reflection of one's attitude toward the symptoms of the surrounding natural environment as outlined in the form of art.
Literature is a work of fiction which is arranged with a wonderful choice of words and it affects the reader or listener emotion. According to Meyer (1990:5), “Literature as a fiction consisting of carefully arranged words designed to stir the imagination. Stories, poems, and plays are fictional. They are made up – imagined – even when based upon actual historic events”.
Novel is one of literary work that reveals aspects of a deeper humanity and served with delicate. Novel as a work of fiction offers a world that contains an idealized model of life, which is about an imaginative world built through the intrinsic elements such as themes, events, plot, character, setting, and point of view, which is of course in the characteristic of narrative.
2
usually containmessages to be conveyed by the writer to the reader. The message can be a motivating force, social criticism, religion, and also the struggle of life conveyed through the interaction of the characters in the novel.
In this study, the writer chose Mark Twain’s novel “The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer” as the object of research. The selection of this novel is because Mark Twain’s works have been greatly designed as materials or reading sourcesfor students of English as a foreign language; therefore the novel is easy to be understood. The writer of this study focused on the main character’s attitude, Tom Sawyer, toward punishment. The writer chose to analyze main character’s attitude because attitude plays a major role in human life.If an attitude is formed in human beings then that attitude will also determine how to behave toward objects around and the attitude is often used to predict behavior, whether the behavior of individuals or groups.
Attitudes were grown throughout the development of the person concerned in relation to a particular object; the attitude is the result of human learning.Ajzen (2005:3) “An attitude is a disposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to an object, person, institution, or event”. Attitude is an internal state which influences the choice of individual actions against some objects, persons, and events.
The study that addressed a novel by mark twain previously has been done by Hesiningsih (2006) entitledAnalysis of Huckleberry Finn’s Struggles in Mark Twain
“The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”. She analyzed Huck’s struggle in the novel. From the finding of her research, she described Huck’s struggles and what caused the
3
struggling was caused by the facts that his father was cruel, and his close friend was sold into slavery.
In real life, people need the struggle to achieve the aspired goals. A struggle can not be separated from an attitude and mindset to create a change. One form of this attitude is the attitude toward punishment. Attitude toward punishment will bring major changes in the character’s behavior in order to reach the goal of life from a struggle and a change in attitude.
From the reasons above, the writer is interested in analyzing the works of Mark Twain’snovel series and focused on Tom’s attitudes toward punishment, so it isentitled “An Analysis of Tom Sawyer’s Attitude towards Punishment in the novel
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain”.
1.2 Statement of Problems
From the explanation in the background of study above, the researcher arrange the statement of problem as follow:
1. How is Tom Sawyer’s attitude towards punishment in the novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain?
2. What are the factors that influence the formation of Tom Sawyer’s attitude in the novel “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain?
4
Based on the statement of problems above, purposes of the study are:
1. To describe Tom Sawyer’s attitudes toward punishment in the novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain.
2. To know the factors that influences the formation of Tom Sawyer’s attitude in the novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain.
1.4Significance of Study
The findings of the study are expected to give some positive contributions. The significances of the study are:
1. For the readers
This study is useful to provide information about attitude and the factors that influence the formation of attitude. In addition, this study will be used for consideration or comparison and an important reference for further research. 2. For the researcher
This study is a tangible application of theories acquired during the lecture.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study is the attitudes of the main character in the novel created by Mark Twain “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”. As there are many aspects in the main character’s attitude, the study is limited on the main character’s attitudes towards punishment.
5
To make it easier to understand the terms used in this study, it is necessary to assert the terms. Affirmation of the term in this study is intended to avoid the erroneous interpretation of the key terms used in this study. The terms used in this study are as follows:
1. Analysis is to identify separated parts that arise (this responds roughly to the action of tearing it to pieces), to determine the relationship among the parts and to discover the relation of the parts of the whole (Kennedy, 1983:5). 2. Tom Sawyer is the main character in the novel “The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer”.
3. Attitude is a disposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to an object, person, institution, or event (Ajzen, 2005:3).
4. Punishment is imposed upon the offender as a consequence of human action (Maria and Fernando, 2006:13).
5. Novel is a book long story in prose where the author tries to create the sense of actual life (Kennedy, 1983:180).
6. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is the title of the novel.
