A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER
IN THE NOVEL THE RELUCTANT FUNDAMENTALIST (2007)
BY MOHSIN HAMID
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Letters Scholar
H E L E N D R A NIM 104026000892
ENGLISH LETTER DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
ii
IN THE NOVEL
THE RELUCTANT FUNDAMENTALIST
BY MOHSIN HAMID
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Strata 1 Degree
H E L E N D R A
Approved by:
Moh. Supardi, M.Hum
Nip: 196407101993031006
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
iii
Name : Helendra
Nim : 104026000892
Title : A Postcolonial Analysis of The Main Character in the Novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist byMohsin Hamid
The thesis has been defended before the Faculty Letters and Humanities’s examination committee on March 03, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the degree of strata one.
Jakarta, March 03, 2011
The Examination Committee
Signature Date
1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd (Chair Person) 19640710 199303 1 006
2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary) 19781003 200112 2 002
3. Moh. Supardi, M.Hum (Advisor)
4. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Examiner I) 19781003 200112 2 002
iv
and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the next.
Jakarta, March 03, 2011
i
Helendra, A Postcolonial Analysis of the main character in the novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid, Thesis. Jakarta: Adab and Humanities Faculty, English Letters Department, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University. Strata One Degree, 2011.
The objective of the research in this thesis is to get the description of Changez’s character in the novel “The Reluctant Fundamentalist” based on Hybridity Theory of postcolonial analysis and in order to find out how is Hybridity and the hybrid identity affect the character of Changez, since the writer assumes that the character has undergone the hybrid identity.
In the research, the writer decided to use the qualitative method with descriptive analysis method in analyzing the Changez Character of the novel; the writer would like to find the data analysis with hybridity and the hybrid identity’s construction process of the narrator protagonist; so it would get the result by data analysis and the concept. The research used verbal data; such as texts as the basic analysis and in solving the research problems
v
All praise be to Allah, the only God who always gives the writer mercies and
blessing also guidance, so this paper could be finished well. Peace be upon to dear
prophet Muhammad SAW for his conveying the words of God, the light of
humanism.
Here, the writer would like thank to his beloved parents: father (M. A. Rody)
and mother (Indrawana) and his brothers (Handersa, Higra, Hofrindi) and my
beloved girl (Elly Novitrie) for their support, understanding, advices, contribution,
love, moral, and financial encouragement.
The writer also wants to give his gratitude to Mr. Supardi, M.Hum as the
writer advisor for his time, guidance, patient, kindness, and contribution in
correcting and helping him in finishing this paper.
The writer would like to give his special thanks and appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Komaruddin Hidayat, MA. The Rector of State Islamic University
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
2. Dr. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag. The Dean of Faculty Adab and Humanities.
3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. The Head of English Letters Department.
4. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. the secretary of English letters Department.
vi
6. The lectures and the staffs of Faculty of Adab and Humanities for teaching
precious knowledge, sharing philosophy of life, and for giving wonderful study
experience.
7. His beloved friends Jay(who gave the writer to choose this novel to be
analyzed), Abi(the spirit of young Tan Malaka), Apen (the new reborn of the
sufist), Kahfi (who gave the writer many references about postcolonial studies),
Hardiansya Suteja, Mpoy, Tb. Faisal, Gogon, Rio, Norman, Mirza, Aswar,
Bayu, Jawir, Bejo, Roy, Hendi, Andri, Niko, Jongkok, Ambon, Idham and other
that can’t be mentioned one by one (thanks for your spirit, laziness, happiness,
sadness, faces that give the writer inspiration to contemplate the true meaning
of life although always in process “becoming” and “being” in exist)
8. His beloved friends in all extra organizations and institutions KM UIN, HMI,
PMII, FKE (Forum Kajian Ekonomi), Wahid Institute, ICAS (Islamic College
for Advance Studies) Joy, Onge, CC KM UIN Syifak, IPS(Institute Perennial
Studies), Formaci, KOMPAK, thanks for giving the enlightenment
“Aufklarung”.
9. To those, that the writer cannot mention one by one either directly or indirectly
helping her in completing this paper.
Finally, the writer hopes this paper will be useful especially for the writer and those
who are interested in it. May Allah bless us. Amien.
Jakarta, January 2011
vii
ABSTRACT ... i
APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ...
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study ...
1
B.
Focus of the Study ...
5
C.
Research Question ...
5
D.
Significance of the Study ...
6
E.
Research Methodology ...
6
1.
The Purpose of the Research ...
6
2.
Research Method ...
6
3.
Research Instrument ...
6
4.
Data Analysis Technique ...
7
5.
Analysis Unit ...
7
6.
Time and Place of the Research...
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A.
Character and characterization ...
8
viii
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
A.
Data description ...
14
B.
Postcolonial analysis in Hybridity and
hybrid identities in Changez ...
20
1.
The Distance to the Natives and
Eastern stereotypes ...
21
2.
The Distance to Europe (here the U.S.) ...
23
3.
Resistance
Sit es...
26
3.1 Hybridization as a Strategy
for Indigenous Resistance ...
26
3.2 The Identity Of The Liquid ...
28
3.3
Critics of the tradition and religion ..
30
4.
Changez Identity Reconstruction ...
33
4.1 Meeting with “
TheOthers” ...
34
4.2. In Betweenness/Third Space ...
36
4.3 Memory and Novel Structure ...
38
4.4 Odyssey and Nostalgia ...
40
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A.
Conclusion ...
44
B.
Suggestion ...
48
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The existence of literature becomes a part of human life since the
civilization and human culture appears in this world. According to Sapardi
Djoko Damono, Sastra adalah lembaga sosial yang menggunakan bahasa sebagai medium; bahasa itu sendiri merupakan ciptaan sosial.1(Literature is social institution that using the languange as the media; languange is social
idea). Technically, anything spoken or written is literature.
There are some kinds of types of literature as the art of work, such as:
poetry, prose, short story, fiction, play or and novel.2 The novel is one of the literature works. It falls into narrative categories, fiction story. The word
“novel” usually means something new – novelty. Some of the earliest novel, written in the seventeenth and eighteen centuries, would have been just that. Some of the modern novels have different definition. The Oxford dictionary describes a novel as a fictitious narrative prose or tale presenting a picture of a
real life, especially of the emotional crises in the life-story of the men and
women being portrayed.3 Another dictionary, Longman, describes a novel as a story in prose about imaginary people long enough to cover a book, or as an
1
Sapardi Djoko Damono, Sosiologi Sastra Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas,(Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, 1984), p.1
2
C. Alton, Morris, Biron Walker, Philip, Bradshaw, Imaginative Literature Fiction, Drama, Poetry, (USA: Harcourt, Brace & Inc, 1968), p. 114
3
A S Hornby. Oxford Advance Learners’ Dictionary, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.792
imaginative storybook.4 Novel was a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length, portraying characters, action, and scene representative of real life in a
plot of more or less intrigue.5
One thing readers need to keep in mind is that there are two main attitudes
or positions that the readers can take when studying a novel. The first attitude
they can hold that what important is the content or the word which the author
has created. This is a world that the readers can see people, places, things, and
events, to which they respond with like or dislike, pity or criticism, as the
reader do to the real world. Studying from this position, the readers will
discuss the characters almost as if they were being with ability to choose their
actions.6
The second position is that readers can see the novel as a ‘text’, as a
created work of art, and to look at it in much more detached and analytical
way. Characters are devices, which the author uses and manipulates to create a
particular effect. Studying with this attitude, the readers will be more likely to
consider what a character’s role is in the construction of a plot, or the effect of
using particular language to describe a place or person.7
Furthermore, in studying fiction, the readers will know the aspects of the
fiction, such as theme, plot, character, setting, and narrative point of view.
These aspects are called intrinsic elements. The intrinsic elements are very
4
Pearson Longman. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, (Great Britain: Longman Group, 1987), p.706
5
Steven Croft and Helen Cross, Literature, Criticism, and Style, (New York: Oxford, 1997), Vol.1, p.7
6
Ibid.
7
important in the fiction story, to describe a story, make a story come to life.
Besides, the readers have also to understand the background of the author and
the social background where the story has been created, these are called
extrinsic elements.
Mohsin Hamid was born in 1971 in Lahore. He attended Princeton
University and Harvard Law School, and worked as a management consultant
in New York and London. He now writes full-time as the author of two
novels; Moth Smoke(2000) as his first novel and The Reluctant Fundamentalist(2007) as his second novel, living between Lahore where he was born and other places, including New York and London.8 Changez as a main character in The Reluctan Fundamentalis novel, a Pakistani tries to find new life and he decides to go to America to study then he graduates from
Princeton University with the best grade and then he works at a financial firm
in Manhattan as a consultant. He slowly becomes radicalized by America's
response to the 9/11 attacks. This novel is told by monolog style. He sees an
American in the district of Old Anarkali in Lahore and invites him to have tea
and then dinner with him in one of the establishments there. For the rest of the
afternoon and late into the evening Changez recounts how he came to be the
man he now is, from graduating from Princeton and landing a great job to
once again living in Lahore.
The novel is briskly told in 184 pages. Hamid tells the story in first person
point of view, with Changez as the narrator and the reader in the position of
8
the operative. "Excuse me, sir, but may I be of assistance?"(p.1) it begins. "Do
not be frightened by my beard: I am a lover of America." (p.1) As his story
unravels, it becomes clear that something terrible is going to happen between
Changez and the American.
Changez fights with his feelings to decide the difficult thing between to
keep staying in America where he loves or to go back to his country although
finally he opts to go back to Pakistan. We can see this is as an identity crisis
and we can analyze it by using postcolonial theory which usually tries to
understand the power and continued dominance of Western ways of knowing.9 Nyoman Kutha Rama states that where there is domination, there is
resistance. In the history of colonialism, the construction on non-European
identity as the subordinate vis-à-vis the superiority of the European is
disseminated in many mode of thought and knowledge about the other,
including literature. As part of the history of decolonization, the native writers
reacted in opposition to these representations, by writing themselves about
their own identity and culture. Many of them were educated in the language
and culture of the colonizers.10
Therefore, in this paper, the writer chose this novel entitled The Reluctant Fundamentalist written by Mohsin Hamid. Then the writer tries to analyze the causes of identity crisis which arouses in the main character who struggles
with his feelings to decide whether he still stays in America or goes back to
9
Ania Loomba,1998. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. Great Britain: London and New York Routledge, pp. xvi, 16-17, 21, 34-35, 48
10
Nyoman Kutha Ratna. 2005. Sastra dan Cultural Studies: Repsentasi Fiksi dan Fakta,
his country Pakistan which he loves them both. It is important to study the
novel because Pakistanis an ex-colonized country that has tried to find his own
identity and in this novel it is portrayed by Changes as main character but he
is trapped to the crisis identity, which one he must choose as reconstruction
process of native identity after the long experience of colonization. To answer
this, the writer uses postcolonial approach to understand the novel
comprehensively.
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, the writer will focus on
Changes as the main character of novel The Reluctant of Fundamentalist on analyzing the identity crisis by using postcolonial approach through the main
character.
C. Research Question
Based on the focus of study above, the writer formulates the research
question as follow:
1. How does the author describe the major character in the novel?
2. How does the author describe the major character’s identity crisis of the
novel The Reluctant of Fundamentalist?
D. Significance of the Study
The result of this research is expected to give new perspective in
E. Research Methodology
1. The Purpose of the Research
The research aims to analyze the major character and
characterization and the crisis of identity of the major character in The Reluctant of Fundamentalist novel by using hybridity and identity of the hybrid in postcolonial theory.
2. Research Method
The method used in this reseach is qualitative method with the
analytic-descriptive method. The writer analyses the unit of analysis by
using every reference related to the study. He also tries to answer from the
research questions by analysing the novel and quoting some words or
sentences from the novel to support the analysis.
3. Research Instrument
The instrument in this research is the writer himself by reading and
analyzing the novel of The Reluctant Fundamentalist. Besides analyzing the data, the writer also puts it as the evidence in this research.
4. Data Analysis Technique
In analyzing and describing the data, the writer uses the following
techniques and steps, namely; first of all, reading the novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist completely, carefully, and accurately. secondly, the writer identifies the data by classifying character and characterization, especially
giving some marks for the words or sentences in the novel that show them.
Finally, organizing the data and analysing them.
5. Analysis Unit
The analysis unit for this research is the novel of The Reluctant Fundamentalist written by Mohsin Hamid published by the Penguin Group and printed in Great Britain in 2007.
6. Time and Place of the Research
The research was conducted on May 2009 to February 2011 in the
library of Letters and Humanities faculty, the main library of State Islamic
University Jakarta, the library of Islamic College branch of London, the
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Character and Characterization
Character is someone who acts, appears, or is referred to as playing a apart
in literary work.1 It means that this person takes a part in the action of fictional story. A character is one of the important elements in literary works. Since a
character is one who related directly to the condition or conflict that happened
in the story, he or she often represents what the story wants to tell through the
dialogues, the attitudes or the expressions. By understanding the character in a
story, it can help to understand the story. Anyone can repeat what a person has
done in story, but considerable skill may be needed to describe what a person
is.2
Robert Diyanny states that character in fiction can be conveniently
classified as major and minor, static and dynamic. A major character is an
important figure at the center of the story’s action or theme. The major
character is sometime called a protagonist whose conflict with an antagonist
may spark the story conflict. Supporting the major character is one or more
secondary or minor character whose function is partly to illuminate the major
characters. Minor characters are often static or unchanging: they remain the
same from the beginning of a work to the end. Dynamic character on the other
1
J. Paul Hunter, et.al., the Norton Introduction to LiteratureShorter Eight Edition, (USA: W.W. Norton and Company, 2002), p. 102
2
X. J. Kennedy, Literature: an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama (New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 1991), p.65
hand, exhibits some kind of change of attitude, of purpose, of behavior – as
the story progresses.3
Diyanni also explains that characterization is the process of conveying
information about characters in narrative or dramatic works of art or everyday
conversation. Characters may be presented by means of description, through
their actions, speech, or thoughts. A characterization is the creation of
fictitious character in other words; it means by which the writer brings
character to life.4 in other hand, the process of conveying information about characters in fiction is call characterization.5
Characterization, in literature, is the presentation of the attitudes and
behavior of imaginary persons in order to make them credible to the author’s
audience.6 A good deal of characterization, the art, craft and method of presentation or creation of fictional personages involves similar process,
leaderless, grouping, job-sharing and structure –well beyond the parameters of
contemporary democracy. Richard Gill said that a character is a person in
literary work and Characterization is the way in which a character is creates.
From those distinctive, Characterization could understand as a method and
Character is the product.7
From those understanding, we can conclude that characterization is a
method used by the author in developing his story and character. In other
3
Robert Diyanni, Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), pp. 54-55
4 Ibid. 5
http://fictionwriting.about.com/od/glossary/g/RoundCharacter.htm accessed on December 9, 2010 at 21:05
6
Encyclopedia Americana volume 6, (Grolier incorporated, 1985), p. 291 7
word, characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the
personality of character. It means characterization refers to the way in which
the author and the actors establish character, through particular feature of
dialogues, action, gesture (manual, facial or both) and so on.
B. Hybridity and Hybrid Identities in Postcolonial Studies
The term postcolonial refers to all aspects of culture that is influenced by
the process of colonial occupation, until recently.8 According to Loomba, Postcolonial studies is a resistance to the domination and the legacies of
colonialism.9 The study was sued "social hierarchy, power structure, and colonial discourse".10 Colonial discourse is the construction of knowledge that works in a binary opposition that is spread through a system of representation.
It contains the ideology that places Europe superior to the colonized.11
Foulcher, Keith and Tonny Day said that postcolonial approaches in
literature are reading strategies that consider and put forward the effects of
colonialism and its impact on literary texts, and the position of the subject of
post-colonial writers and narrative voice.12 This approach is used not to reveal the practices that are directly sue colonial domination. Postcolonial
8
Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffith, and Helen Tiffin, ed. 1989. The empire writes back: Theory and Practice in post-colonial literature. London and New York: Routledge. p.2
9
Ania Loomba. 2003. Kolonialisme/pascakolonialisme. Translated by Hartono Hadikusumo. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya.
10
Gilbert, Helen and Joanne Tompkins. 1996. Post-colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics. London and New York: Routledge. p. 2
11
Ania Loomba,1998. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. Great Britain: London and New York Routledge, pp. 47-46, 68, 105, 181-181, 232
12
approaches used to direct the formation of hybrid cultures and identities from
the experiences of colonialism and all forms, as well as subjectivity and
representation in ways that preserve the view, or which undermines the
cultural logic of colonialism and domination systems, or who are still
influenced by the cultural logic.13
Understanding cultural identity that is used in this discussion is the
definition put forward Hall14 that looked at identity shaped by place, time, history, and a particular culture. The concept involves understanding and
Becoming and being associated with the past and future. Identity has a history,
origin, and also underwent transformation. In this sense, the identity must be
placed in relation to the “Continuity” and with the experience of
“Discontinuity” with cultural roots as a result of colonization.15
Identities are the names we give to the different ways we are positioned
by, and position ourselves within, the narratives of the past. cultural identities
are not fixed and is not essential but a positioning, identification of an unstable
act made in the context of the discourses of history and culture. The definition
of cultural identity can explain the formation of new identities and the concept
of cultural hybridity.
13
Ibid. p. 5
14
Stuart Hall. 1994. Cultural Identity and diaspora. Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A reader. edited by Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp. 394-395.
15
Ascroft, Griffiths and Tiffin considers hybridity in postcolonial studies as
a strength rather than as a weakness.16 Hybridity shows the nature of the interplay between the culture of the ruling and the ruled. This concept
emphasizes the ability of colonized cultures to survive and how he had
become embedded in the form of a new culture.
According to Homi Bhabha,17 hybridity is the third space, the space threshold (liminal space), or the space between (inbetweenness) in which
differences overlap. The exchange of values, meanings and priorities in it, not
always be collaborative or dialogical, but contrary, invites conflict, and not
balanced. The third room provides a place for the development of selfhood
strategies that create new signs of identity, and a place for cooperation and
contestation in search of community identity. Hybridity is also a political
solution to exit the binary opposition between Other and Self identity and
emerged as the Other of Itself.18
Hybridity has the character of mimicry. According to Bhabha:19
“Mimicry is, thus the sign of a double articulation; a complex strategy of reform, regulation and discipline, appropriates the Other as it visualizes power. Mimicry is also the sign of the inappropriate, however, a difference or recalcitrance which coheres the dominant strategic function of colonial power,
16
ibid. p.183 17
Graves, Benjamin. 1998. Homi K. Bhaba: The liminal negotiation of cultural difference. accessed via http://www.poscolonialweb.org/poldiscourse/Bhabha2.htm on December 12, 2010 at 23:10
18
Bhabha, Homi K. Cultural Diversity and Cultural Differences. The pos-colonial studies reader. edited by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. London and New York: Routledge, p. 209.
19
intensifies surveillance, and poses an immanent threat to both normalized know ledges and disciplinary powers”
Mimicry means that in the colonial context also means scorn
(mockery), a sign of colonial authority as well as a sign of failure to
colonial rule. The desire to dominate and retain power, leading to the
colonial government created the colonized as “Other”, and “Knowable”.
The nature of this ambivalence of colonial discourse was to create a hybrid
character of a people who ruled that "Almost but not Quite the Same",
which was difficult to be conquered and become a threat. Ambivalent
nature of colonial discourse is what open space for the resistance of the
colonized.20
20
CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL
In this chapter, the writer discusses the character of Changez as the Major
Character in the novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist. Then the writer analyzes the character of Changez viewed from postcolonial identity theory.
A. Data Description
The following are some words or sentences from the novel that show
Changez’s characteristics.
1. The Characteristic of Changez
No Chapter Corpus Characterization
1.
I
VII
“in my case I[Changez] reached my senior year without having received a single B” (p.4)
“I myself had among the top exam result in Pakistan…”(p.4)
“ I was on the track to graduate summa cum laude”(p.6)
“Students like me were given visas and scholarship, complete financial aid…”(p.4)
“I, ……, was once again ranked number one”(p.121)
Smart
2. I
V
“But even among all that skin, I knew in my senior year that I was something special”(p.5)
“there was much for me to be proud of: My genuine aptitude for our work…..”(p.65)
Self Confident
3. I
III
I
“I was a perfect breast, if you will- tan, succulent, seemingly defiant of gravity..”(p.5)
“not one of us was either short or overweight.,.”(p.38)
You[Changez] are polished, well-dressed’’(p.8)
Good looking
4. I
VII
“I knew moreover that I ought to remain calm, but I was getting annoyed” (p.8)
I also found myself better equipped to regard as misguided-or at least myopic- the resentment which seethed around us as we went………”(p.97)
Patient
5. I
VIII
“My voice rising and taking on an edge”(p.8)
“You[Changez] have a temper”(p.8) “Say it to my face, coward, not as you run and hide”(p.116-7)
Emotional
6. II
III
“I held down three on campus jobs….” (p.11)
“I worked hard – harder, I suspect, than any of the others: subsisting on only a few hours of sleep a night – and I approached every class with utter concentration” my tenacity was frequently commented upon, with approval, by our instructors”(p.41)
7. II
III
“When my turn came, I said I hoped one day to be the dictator of an Islamic republic with nuclear capability; the others appeared shocked, and I was forced to explain that I had been joking”(p.29) “you are dangerous, ice man,” I replied- attempting to approximate a naval aviator’ drawl – and the two of us exchanged grin. But aside from light-hearted banter of this kind, there would be little in the way of fun and games at the workplace.”(p.35)
Humorous
8. IX “I had not shaved my two-week-old beard. It was, perhap, a form of protest on my part, a symbol of my identity,”(p.130)
Rebellious/resistant
B. Data Analysis
The above data about the characterizations of Changez that are found in
the novel of The Reluctant of Fundamentalist are explained below.
Changez, a Pakistani narrator from Lahore, was 22 years old when he
graduated from Princeton University In 2001. He is the main character of the
novel. Changez says that he never received a single B and he is one of the top
valuation firm in New York that held any training for the new worker,
Changez ranked as the best among the six of his fellows “I, ……, was once
again ranked number one”(p.121) In other words, he also studied at Princeton university and easy to get a job there.
Changez has a good self confident. His confidence makes him easy to
adapt to his new environments like in his campus. “But even among all that skin, I knew in my senior year that I was something special”(p.5) By his
confidence Changez thinks that he has high sense of creativity “there was much for me to be proud of: My genuine aptitude for our work…..”(p.65)so he feels that he can solve whatever problems when he faces.
Changez is good looking. He has fresh face and ideal body “I was a perfect breast, if you will- tan, succulent, seemingly defiant of gravity..” “not one of us was either short or overweight.,.”(p.38) he is attractive man. So when he spent on a student summer holiday in Greece. And met Erica, girl
students from the National College of Arts who seems interested in him and
also Jim as the interviewer Underwood Samson Firm said You are polished, well-dressed’’ so this is not astonishing for Changez to find a job and girl
easier although he failed both of them next.
Changez is a patient man. He can stand not to be angry when he got an
interview when Jim asked whether Changez got financial aid or not. Changez
suspected this was not permitted to be asked also about religion, for example,
and sexual orientation. Changez was uncomfortable for this question. But he
annoyed” (p.8) He was also angry when Changez works to value an ailing cable operator in New Jersey. He got bad treatment from employees, for
examples his telephone extensions and fax machine would mysteriously stop
working. Once Changez’s tires are slashed, Changez remains calm and
consider those as natural things. I also found myself better equipped to regard as misguided-or at least myopic- the resentment which seethed around us as we went………”(p.41) Changez does not want to be alarmed by those
situations. That is all because of his patient.
Changez is also an emotional person. This is showed when Changez was
asked about his financial aid, the first time he can stand. But next he answered
Jim question by rising his voice. “My voice rising and taking on an edge”(p.8)and because of that Jim said to Changez “You have a temper”(p.8) Besides that, in different occasion when he was walking to his rental car in the
parking lot of the cable company in New Jersey, Changez was approached by
man he did not know. An employee in the parking lot says, “Fucking Arab.”(p.117) Changez replied by saying. “Say it to my face, coward, not as you run and hides” (pp.116-7) then faces him with a tire iron angrily. But
fortunately tragic tragedy between Changez and an employee did not happen
because Jim stopped it.
Changez is hardworking and ambitious man. This is showen when he was
as student of Princeton, a prestigious university, while he works in New York
in Underwood Samson, one of the famous valuing firms which always select
campus jobs….” (p.11) “I worked hard – harder, I suspect, than any of the others: subsisting on only a few hours of sleep a night – and I approached every class with utter concentration” my tenacity was frequently commented upon, with approval, by our instructors” (p.41) These show that Changez is a hardworking and ambitious man.
Change has a sense of humour. It can be seen when he gathered with his
fellows in Greece after graduation from Princeton. Everyone has to say what
he/she wants to be and Changez said that he wants to be a dictator. Actually he
only makes a joke. “When my turn came, I said I hoped one day to be the dictator of an Islamic republic with nuclear capability; the others appeared shocked, and I was forced to explain that I had been joking” (p.29)
And again sense of Changez’ humor is showed in training when most of
his fellows were seriously pay attention to listen the training result, Changez
and Wainwright mere just relaxed. The training announces who will get the
first ranking. Wainwright whispered to Changez that no points for second
place. And Changez replied by saying you are dangerous, ice man. “you are dangerous, ice man,” I replied- attempting to approximate a naval aviator’
drawl – and the two of us exchanged grin. But aside from light-hearted banter of this kind, there would be little in the way of fun and games at the workplace.”(p.35) Changez has sense of humor, so he can easily adapt to wherever he likes. It is why he could come in and out to the new environment.
Changez has rebellious character. It can be seen after the 9/11 attacks.
When the time comes for Changez to return to New York, he told his parents
that he wanted to stay longer, but their parents would hear it. His mother
urges him to shave off his beard when Changez arrives at New York, but
Changez does not do it. “I had not shaved my two-week-old beard. It was,
perhap, a form of protest on my part, a symbol of my identity,”(p.130). He had been brave to decide the options for himself although the people around him
whisper and stare with dislike sense. Inspite of the fact that finally Changez
chooses to go back.
From those characteristics, it can be concluded that Changes is almost a
perfect man, but he has also ambivalent characteristic. His ambivalence is
only signs as a hybrid because Pakistanis an ex-colonized country that has
tried to find his own identity. In this novel it is portrayed by Changes as main
character but he is trapped to the crisis identity as reconstruction process of
meeting two cultures after the long experience of colonization
C. Postcolonial Analysis in Hybridity and Hybrid Identities in Changez
Hybrid identity here refers to the concept of hybridity Bhaba, namely
mixing of symbols and cultural practices of colonizers and colonized as a
result of meetings with the colonization of indigenous people. Hybrid in this
study focuses on what is called (Mentally crossed), not a hybrid resulting from
mixed marriages or hybridization process biologically.1
1
The category of hybrid native in this novel belongs to the main character
"Changez" in the language of Trinh. T. Minh-ha2, "people who stand where the boundary was not determined in which they regularly pass in and out”. In
other words, the hybrid natives are those that go beyond "the bounds of " a
Pakistan culture and entered the European culture offered by the occupation.
1. Distance to the Natives and Eastern stereotypes
The indigenous of the hybrid in The Reluctant Fundamentalist is shown as
a native Pakistan who is clearly distinguished by depictions of indigenous
people generally. In this novel, natives Pakistans are generally shown within
the framework of the Eastern stereotypes, native hybrid is shown as the
natives are able to escape the stereotype that is attached to the East by the
European identity.
In The Reluctant of the fundamentalist, Pakistan and the people of Pakistan
are depicted in poverty and static. Pakistan is represented by a static depiction
of Lahore as one province in Pakistan which is the background story as a static
city, not progress.
“I did not grow up in poverty. But I did grow up with a poor boy's sense of longing, in my case not for what my family never had, but for what we had had and lost. Some of my memories held onto imagined memories the way homeless people hold onto lottery tickets (Hamid 2007, 71)
“Perhaps we currently lack wealth, power, or even sporting glory….commensurate with our status as the world’s sixth most populous country, we Pakistani tend to take an ordinate pride in our food” (Hamid 2007, 101)
2
Leela Ghandi. 1998. Teori Postkolonial: Upaya Meruntuhkan Hegemoni Barat.
“Now our cities were largely unplanned, unsanitary affairs” (Hamid 2007, 34)
Changez is indigenous to that apart from these stereotypes. He is a native
representation that shows the different between native Pakistan as static
people given by stereotype of Europe. Changez ia a native that can come out
from the stereotype of backwardness. He is an intelligent man has a strong
business instincts readings. Follow the development of world politics, and
insightful knowledge of East and Europe. He is also elected to be one of the
few natives who are able to enter to the American university.
“They were almost all intelligent, and many were brilliant, but whereas I was only one of Pakistanis in my entering class-two from a population of over a hundred million souls” (Hamid 2007, 3) “I reached my senior year without having received a single B” (Hamid 2007, 4)
“I myself had among the top exam results in Pakistan” (Hamid 2007, 4)
“two of the six analyst in my entering class-those ranked fifth and sixth-were indeed among the employees our firm. But I, Jim informed me, was once again ranked number one” (Hamid 2007, 121)
Changez appears as an indigenous who tends to escape from stereotypes
East, here depicted Changez drinking which is the stereotype of the east
strictly prohibited. and Changez is also associated with Erika, a girl who he
met in greece after his graduation from Princeton university, without going
through the bonds of marriage first, it shows a personal resistance hybrid
escaping his roots of culture.
“Arriving in town, we found a café near the harbor with tables shaded by blue-and-white umbrellas. She ordered a beer; I did the same” (Hamid 2007, 27)
“She kissed me on the cheek hours later” (Hamid 2007, 57)
“relationship…many parents were strict, and sometimes weeks pass without us being able to meet those we thought of as our girlfriends” (Hamid 2007, 69)
Release of figures which represent indigenous hybrid with Eastern
stereotypes, is also shown through a physical description. In the novel, native
Pakistan Eastern, people of indigenous Pakistan men are described bearded
and bearded, wearing a shirt or a typical Pakistan, cap, turban, and sandals
without socks. The women are described with veil and wear dresses that are
not tight. Cloth that covers the whole body except the face and fingertips.
“I was something special. I was a perfect breast, if you will- tan, succulent, seemingly defiant of gravity- and I was confident of getting any job I wanted” (Hamid 2007, 5)
“in a subway car, my skin would typically fall in the middle of the color spectrum” (Hamid 2007, 33)
“it struck me then…that shorn of hair and dressed in battle fatigues, we would have been virtually indistinguishable” (Hamid 2007, 38) “Then he said “you are polished, well-dressed. You have this sophisticated accent” (Hamid 2007, 8)
“I….wore a starched white kurta of delicately cotton over a pair jeans” (Hamid 2007, 48)
In this novel, indigenous hybrid Pakistan can be differentiated clearly
through their physic and clothes compare to europeans in visible with the
other. The symbol of Europeans which are attached by the native hybrids are
shown through clothing and drinking habit.
2. The Distance to Europe/west (here the U.S.)
Civilizing mission assumes the European culture as a superior culture.
Culture and European knowledge disseminated to create native knowable,
of imitation do not deliver the same exact replica of the original. Colonial
policy in precisely the mission of giving birth civilized natives who remain
strangers even threaten.
In The Reluctant Fundamentalist, indigenous people of the hybrid show their ability in creating distance with Europe. Changez is the figure of the
indigenous people who really know their position as the colonized and had to
fight. Measures passed into European culture is not shown as a form of
exaltation or recognition of the superiority of European culture. Changez is not
a native who feels inferior to the state of his nation in front of the Europeans.
“We were marvelously diverse..and yet we were not; all of us, Sherman included hailed from the same elite universities-Harvard, Princeton, Standford, Yale; we all exuded a sense of confident self satisfaction; and not one of us was either short or overweight” (Hamid 2007, 38)
However, it is shown as a strategy as indigenous in defense and fighting
foreign domination. His decision to continue school into the United States
constituted with a very clear purpose, namely to restore self-esteem and
creating a generation of Pakistani families who excel.
“but I am not poor……,But status, as in traditional, class-conscious society, declines more slowly than wealth…..confronted with this reality, one has two choices: pretend all is well or work hard to restore things to what they were. I chose both”(Hamid 2007, 9-11) Changez of resistance attitude can be seen with him became a lecturer at a
university in Pakistan, then he chose the young generations who qualified as a
[image:33.612.115.514.144.505.2]“I had in the meanwhile gotten a job as a university lecturer, and I made in my mission on campus to advocate a disengagement from your country by mine”(Hamid 2007, 179)
He presented himself as a bright young lecturer and gave encouragement
to his students to resist American domination.
“I was young popular among my students-perhaps because I was young,….to persuade them of the merits of participating in demonstrations for greater independence in Pakistan’s domestic and international affairs….come to label anti-America” (Hamid 2007, 179)
Changez is at the beginning of his coming to America portrayed very love
America and tries to identify themselves as Americans, at some point in his life
Changez decided to stop being indigenous abused by Americans. Changez
realizes that the American people is the party that wins when he refused to be
bound by Pakistan.
With this in his mind, and his criticism of civilizing mission and the way
Americans view on Pakistan that stereotype, and his anger against the
American people are racist against the natives, Changez keeps at a distance to
America.
Natives of Hybrid in The Reluctant Fundamentalist prove native who, according Bhabha " Almost the Same but Quite" with Europe. Action figures
passed into European cultural hybrid shows success in making themselves
"Almost the Same" with the Europeans. This is an effect on behavior and
perception of Europe figures against them, which is different from the behavior
“But not on that day. On that day, I did not think of myself as a Pakistani, but as an Underwood Samson trainee, and my firm’s impressive offices made me proud” (Hamid 2007,34)
“in a subway car, my skin would typically fall in the middle of the color spectrum. On the street corners, tourists would ask me for direction. I was, in four and a half years, never an American; I was immediately a New Yorker” (Hamid 2007,33)
“When asked where I was from, that I was from New York. Did these things trouble me, you ask? Certainly, sir; I was often ashamed” (Hamid 2007, 65)
However, indigenous hybrid only "Almost not Quite the Same" with
Europe. Hybrid indigenous figures are able to show he was different and did
not confirm the assumption of European culture superiority.
3. Resistance Site
In the Reluctant of Fundamentalists, hybrid is the figure of the indigenous
natives who resist. They are described as superior indigenous than others
because of native state of self-consciousness will be dominated. They also
displayed more superior than the American figures for its ability to resist.
Resistance is the ability to culture out of Pakistan into the American culture.
They are, to borrow a phrase Macaulay, physically indigenous groups
(blood and color) but European in tastes, views, morals and intellect.3
3. 1 Hybridization as a Strategy for Indigenous Resistance
In this novel is the result of active indigenous actions and aware of
its role in the fight against domination. The process of hybridization in an
effort to produce a superior indigenous itself, is also shown in this novel
3
Macaulay, T. B. 1835. Minute on Indian Education. Quoted in Deepika Bahri.
Mimicry,ambivalence and hibridity. Accessed via
as an act made possible and supported by tradition and indigenous
capabilities.
Like Changez knows himself consciously to go to America to
improve the status of their families and make for his country no longer
colonized.
“but I am not poor……,But status, as in traditional, class-conscious society, declines more slowly than wealth…..confronted with this reality, one has two choices: pretend all is well or work hard to restore things to what they were. I chose both” (Hamid 2007, 9-11) “It seemed to me then- and to be honest, sir, seems to me still- that America was engaged only in posturing As society, you are unwilling to reflect upon the shared pain that united you with those who attacked you. You retreated into myths of your own difference, assumptions of your own superiority. And you acted out these beliefs on the stage of the world, so that the entire planet was rocked by the repercussions of your tantrums, not least my family. Such an America had to be stopped in the interests not only of the rest of humanity, but also in your own” (Hamid 2007, 167-8)
The situation in Pakistan, with America setting out to attack
Afghanistan in retaliation against the Taliban, and the tensions between
India and Pakistan rising to dangerous heights, obviously also affects
him. Indeed, he resents American attitudes both on the smaller,
inter-personal scale, as well as on the global stage more and more. The Reluctant Fundamentalist reduces the geo-political to the individual and personal. Changez finds changes are too much, the price too great. He
withdraws: instead of an America-like role of imposing change (as he had
in his valuation-job) he wants an end to such interference from outside.
self-preservation, but far more far reaching has terrible consequences, and
he must do what he can to oppose it.
3.2 The Identity of the Liquid
Hybrid identity is fluid, a continuous process between associate
themselves with one culture or get away from him. Here, hybrid identity
is an act of positioning by indigenous and continuously changing,
depending on interest. This identity allows natives to be free to exit into a
culture and to establish ourselves as a part of several cultures at once.
“But not on that day. On that day, I did not think of myself as a Pakistani, but as an Underwood Samson trainee, and my firm’s impressive offices made me proud” (Hamid 2007, 34)
“When asked where I was from, that I was from New York” (Hamid 2007, 65)
The liquid identity, Changez can be freely positioned himself as a
Pakistani or an American. Self-identification that is relative to the root of
Pakistan or the United States experienced as a process of negotiation that
continues until the boundary between the two disappear and become a
special roots that are individualized. The identification itself is positioned
in between two cultures and depending on its interests. Identification of
Changez as America is also positioning itself to create distance with the
roots tradition, with the values in Pakistan and Islamic tradition in which
he grew up. His departure from Pakistan's cultural values and Islamic
Identification of Changez as America is positioning itself to follow
thought in American values and culture as well as to match and be treated
the same as an American. Resembling an American means having the
power to threaten Americans. Occupiers are trying to assimilate the
colonized that they are no longer strangers, because the nature of the
foreign colonized and wild is a threat to the colonists. By assimilating the
colonized, the colonizers aimed at creating a controllable and predictable.
Nevertheless, the colonists wanted the colonized remain distinct from
himself, not rival him. The ability of the colonized to become like the
colonizers would damage hierarchy built by the colonizers.
Changez ability to become like Americans is also the ability of
coming into forbidden places for himself as indigenous.
“But not on that day. On that day, I did not think of myself as a Pakistani, but as an Underwood Samson trainee, and my firm’s impressive offices made me proud” (Hamid 2007,34)
“I attempted to act and speak, as much as my dignity would permit, more like an American” (Hamid 2007, 65)
In this case, Changez is a mimicry human that means also a
sneer(mockery). By dressing up like the Europeans and entered the
forbidden room for him as a native, Changez has successfully mocked
Europe.
Liquid hybrid nature of indigenous identity in The Reluctant Fundamentalist is also evident from the use of the name. As Changez own name, most people do not like the name of pakistan. The identity of
the liquid showed the ability to enter another cultural space that allows
the seizure of power.
“at Princeton, I conducted myself in public like a young prince, generous and carefree. But I also, as quietly as I could, held down three on campus jobs- in infrequently visited locations, such as the library of the Program in Near Eastern Studies- and prepared for my classes throughout the night. Most people I met were taken in by my public persona….where I saw shame” (Hamid 2007, 11)
“I was aware of an advantage conferred upon me by my foreignness, and I tried to utilize it as much as I could” (Hamid 2007, 42)
In this case, the identity of the liquid is a way to survive and resist the
domination of which thus becomes possible in a cultural encounter.
3.3 Critics of the Tradition and Religion
Natives of the hybrid in The Reluctant Fundamentalist is shown capable of keeping a distance to natives generally and Eastern
stereotypes. They represent the indigenous people who could fight, do not
dwell on its limitations, is critical of tradition and religion, and care about
the fate of their nation. Idealized representations of indigenous hybrid in
The Reluctant Fundamentalist, a hero and symbol of resistance, is a critique of the roots of tradition and religion, and society is assumed to be
based on those values.
Changez is a native figure who is not afraid to step into the foreign
enrich themselves with knowledge of Europe and thus have the power to
choose the values and conscious choice.
“I spent four and half years in your country…..I worked in New York, and before that attended college in New Jersey. Yes, you are right; it was Princeton” (Hamid 2007, 3)
“we were taught by professor from the most prestigious institutions- a Wharton woman, for example, instructed un in finance” (Hamid 2007, 36)
In a narrative level, Changez is a native figure in the most superior
reluctant Fundamentalist. Actions are shown as the actions of conscious
and within the framework of resistance against European domination.
“I reflected that I had always resented the manner in which America conducted itself in the world; your country’s constant interference in the affairs of the others was insufferable. Vietnam, Korea, the straits of Taiwan, the middle east, and now Afghanistan; in each of the major conflicts and standoffs that ringed my mother continent of Asia, America played a central role. Moreover I knew my experience as a Pakistani- of alternating periods of American aid and sanctions- that finance was primary means by which the American empire exercised its power” (Hamid 2007, 156)
In addition to distance from Europe, he was also able to create
distance with the roots of tradition and religion. It is evident from his life
choices based on foreign cultures than in Pakistan and Islamic traditions.
Actions for drinking, and then act to make love with Erika is the life
choices that are based on some specific considerations as the native
hybrid.
“Arriving in town, we found a café near the harbor with tables shaded by blue-and-white umbrellas. She ordered a beer; I did the same” (Hamid 2007, 27)
As a native hybrid, distance Changez with his religious roots and
traditions are seen when he told how the culture of Pakistan. And how the
style of dating people in Pakistan.
“relationship where often conducted over fleeting phone calls, messages through friends, and promises of encounter that never happened. Many parents were strict, and sometimes weeks pass without us being able to meet those we thought of as our girlfriends” (Hamid 2007, 69)
Changez meeting with the European system of education made him
critical of the social order, tradition, and Islam in Pakistan as well as a
religious tradition that endured.
Hybrid identity as a hero and symbol of resistance in The Reluctant Fundamentalist revealed by their concern about the future of the nation. Concern is evident from the objectives outlined in the hybridization
process itself. Changez privileges obtained from the position and the
descendants of noble families in the community, used Changez to take
sides on the colonized natives. He realizes his role in improving and
promoting community and nation.
“I am not poor, far from it; my great-grandfather, for example, was a barrister with the means to endow a school for the Muslim of the Punjab. Like him, my grandfather and father both attended university of England” (Hamid 2007, 9)
Hybrid identity as a hero and symbol of resistance was also revealed
from the efforts made Changez in encouraging his students to reject
“I had in the meanwhile gotten a job as a university lecturer, and I made in my mission on campus to advocate a disengagement from your country by mine” (Hamid 2007, 179) “I was young popular among my students-perhaps because I was young,….to persuade them of the merits of participating in demonstrations for greater independence in Pakistan’s domestic and international affairs…come to label anti-America” (Hamid 2007, 179)
“I became a mentor to many of these men and women” (Hamid 2007, 180)
“the first of our protests to receive much attention took place not far from where we are now” (Hamid 2007, 179)
The spirit of resistance in Changez students protested in the streets
reject domination by America.
4. Changez Identity Reconstruction
Indigenous hybrid, as an indigenous identity is a follow-positioning that
takes place continuously formed in the tradition and experience colonized. In
other words, indigenous hybrid is an indigenous identity reconstruction
process that has been broken(split identity) due to a meeting with colonialism.
“I said I was from Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan, ancient capital of the Punjab, home nearly as many people as New York, layered like a sedimentary plain with the accreted history of invaders from the Aryans to the Mongols to the British” (Hamid 2007, 7)
“Perhaps it was my speech: like Pakistan, Amerika is, After all, a former English colony, and it stands to reason, therefore, that an Anglicized accent may in your country continue to be associated with wealth and power, just as it is mine” (Hamid 2007, 41-42)
In The Reluctant Fundamentalist, indigenous reconstruction process is represented by a figure who is the narrator Changez as a protagonist. This
Changez is educated in the traditions and culture of Pakistan and Islam and is
also educated in American schools and culture.
4.1 Meeting with “The Others”
Meeting with colonialism is also meant the collapse of a building
identity. Through civilizing mission, the arrival of Europeans to the
colonies, and colonial policies, natives are taught in a new culture
introduced to him as an advanced and modern culture. The experience of
this culture clash becomes more complicated because the construction of
identity for indigenous Eastern European-made inferior spread and
embedded in indigenous soul.
“Perhaps it was my speech: like Pakistan, Amerika is, After all, a former English colony, and it stands to reason, therefore, that an Anglicized accent may in your country continue to be associated with wealth and power, just as it is mine” (Hamid 2007, 41-42)
Colonial education although it may save the natives from illiteracy,
create a permanent duality in self-indigenous because it teaches the
knowledge and history that was not theirs. Duality in Changez is shown
with the pull between traditional values and religion in Pakistani culture
with the values of modernity and religion in European culture. Inferiority
is ingrained in Changez as a native, from European-made construction,
making Changez want to be together with its European friends. Be
Changez a mimic man. This is shown by the business Changez who
always imitate European dress code at the beginning of education in
“I did not think of myself as a Pakistani, but as an Underwood Samson trainee, and my firm’s impressive offices made me proud” (Hamid 2007, 34)
“in a subway car, my skin would typically fall in the middle of the color spectrum” (Hamid 2007, 33)
“it struck me then…that shorn of hair and dressed in battle fatigues, we would have been virtually indistinguishable” (Hamid 2007, 38)
“Then he said “you are polished, well-dressed. You have this sophisticated accent” (Hamid 2007, 8)
“I….wore a starched white kurta of delicately cotton over a pair jeans” (Hamid 2007, 48)
However, Changez mimicry in this case is alienation. Changez
alienated from its European friends, although he had to imitate European
dress. He never considered the same by his friends, because he will always
feel weird also deemed too ridiculous. Impossibility itself treated the same
by its European friends.
“On the street corners, tourists would ask me for direction. I was, in four and a half years, never an American; I was immediately a New Yorker” (Hamid 2007, 33)
“I felt a peculiar feeling; ..perhaps it was because I had recently lived such a transitory existence-moving from one dorm room to the next- and longed for the settled nature of my past” (Hamid 2007, 50)
“that I was a man lacking in substance and hence easily influenced by even a short sojourn in the company of others” (Hamid 2007, 125)
He felt himself confronted with the European civilization that never
asked for but make him proud but still foreign to him at once made him
estranged from his past. Changez is the outsider to the culture of Europe as
well as for Pakistani culture.
and it smacked of lowliness…. I had changed; I was looking about me with the eyes of a foreigner, and not just that particular type entitled and unsympathetic American” (Hamid 2007, 124)
He no longer felt as a Pakistani, because what the people of Pakistan
did can not be understood by him and ethnocentric view of Europe is in a
static society. For those of Changez, Pakistan now is the other.
Alienation Changez against tradition analogous to the relationship
with the brothers and the surrounding community. Meeting with European
knowledge to open a different perspective, so that tradition and religion
foreign to him like the alienation of himself against his culture. After
living many years with them, one day he realized that his birthplace to be
foreign to him.
4.2 In Betweenness/Third Space
'Between Space' as a cultural meeting space, a place of distinction
overlaps. The exchange of value and meaning that occur are not always
dialogical, but may contradict and conflict. In this novel, 'Between Space'
a meeting between the European culture with the indigenous culture of
Pakistan. The conflict in the space between represented by conflict in the
relationship with the Alien American Changez. Changez represents the
culture of Pakistan, while Americans represent European culture.
The difficulty will be the occurrence of a dialogue between Pakistan
and the indigenous cultures of Europe, seen from the cultural conflicts that
between Changez and the American people's hard to say as a dialogue in
the true sense.
“You seem worried. Do not be; this burly fellow is merely our waiter, and there is no need to reach under your jacket, I assume to grasp your wallet, as we will pay him later, when we are done.”
[image:46.612.115.507.153.541.2]“ Come, tell me, what were you looking for ? Surely, at this time of day, only one thing could have brought you to the district of Old Anarkali -- named, as you may be aware, after a courtesan immured for loving a prince -- and that is the quest for the perfect cup of tea. Have I guessed correctly ? then allow me, sir to my favorite among these many establishment. Yes, this is the one. Its metal chairs are no better upholdstered, its wooden tables are equally rough, and it is,