[urrent
Upilates
ol
Initial
$h0rh attf, $ttohe
ilaltagenteltl
in
Primary
Care
CEE
DING
3(}(}1{
I
sEMfitAB
flASl0ilAL
SABTU,I
APfrIL 2016
07.00
-
16.00
wtB
)
+'r* coNtttturxG IrrEDrcAL EDUcATrox
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN t}AIiI ILMU KESEHATAN UNIVERSITAS MUHATIMADIYAH YOGYAGARTA
q
I
DAFTAR
ISI
Kata
Pengantar...
...i Kala5ambutan...
...r;DaJiar
1si...
...viiClinicul Practice Guideline For Manageruent Stroke
Puticttts lrt Prinrary Health Cctre
(Phc:)
...1Prut/'. Dr. dr. Rusdi Lamsudin, Sp S(K)., M.Med.Sc
Surgicul lnclic'ation For
Stroke.
...J rlr. Endro Basulci Sp.BS(K) M.KesRccent Theraplt Of Autte Stroke
/
Tia In Prime TirueAt
Priman,Cure...
...17Dr. dr.
Tri
Wahyulictti Sp.S., M.Ka,sCurrent Update Management And Rehabilitation Of Septic Shock In Printary Health
Care...
...61dr. Rizka HumardewayantiAsclie, Sp. P D-KPTI
PenatalaksanaanShock : Therapy CairanDan
MonitoringHemodinamikTerkini...
...69 dr. Bhirowo
Yudopranoto, Sp. An-KAKVSyok Hipovolemik Pada
Anqk.
...73Dr.nted.dr. Intan Fatah Kumara, MSc., Sp.A
dr. Nurnaningsih, SpA(K)
vii
Diagnosis Dan Terapi Syok Kardtogenik Pada Layanan Primer...
dr. Erika Maharani, Sp JP(K)
Resusitasi Cairan Pada Syok Akibat Trauma...
dr. Ardi Pramono, SPAn, M.Kes
Tatalaksana Keperawatan Pasien Shock Di Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer ...
Sttdiman, Ns., M.Kep Panitia Pelaksana
76
79
91
95
Ct r r a nt U p tl a t es o { lt i t i al 5h o ck a tzd S t r o i; r: i\,|il t t it St t t t(. I i t
Ist {)rintriru
{lnrt
Recent
Therapy
of Acute
Stroke /
TIA
in prime
Time
at
Primary
Care
Dr. dr.
Tri
Wahyulioti Sp.S., M.Kes Departemen NeurologiFakultas Kedokteran dan llmu Kesehatan
Un iv ers it as Muhamm adiyah Yo gyak art a
Abstract
TIA, or
traruient ischemic attack,is a
',mini stroke"that occuls when
a
blood clot blocks an arteryfor
a
shorltirne. The only difference between
a
stroke andTIA
is thatwith TIA
the
blockageis
traruient (tenporary).
TIAsynlptoms
occtu rapidly
and
last
a
relatively short tinie.Unlike
a
strokc, whena TIA
is
ovcr, thorc's no permancntinjury
to
thc brain. Thcrc'sno wily
to
tcll if- symptornsof
astroke will lcad
to
aTIA
or a major stroke. It's important tomanagc imnrcdiately
for
any
TIA
sylptonrs.
Because, lnpeoplc wlro have
a
TIA,
the incidcnceof
subsequent strokcSaturday, April 9th 201 6
Asri Mcdical Ccntc.r of Yogyakart;r 1.7
i*
t"t:t:r'ti j: l..i tttitli::,;:'i' !iiiiiir! liiit:it. iuti! ,\lrtrl;r fvitit!tt ';'ttt t:!
i t i i::' r i i t i.t.i t' t.i t...t t r i'
is as high as
l1o
over the next 7 days and 24-21)'Yt over lte following 5 ycars.Effcctive
trcatment
of
strokecan prcvcnt
long-term
disability and save lives.
The
spccific trcatmcntsrecommended
depend
on
whethera
strokeis
causcd bya
blood clot
obstructingthe flow
of
blood
to
the
brain(ischaemic stroke)
or
by
bleedingin
or
aroundthe
brain(haernonhagic slroke).
It
is
veryirportant
to
determaine adiagnosi.s
of
an
ischaernic strokeor
haemonfiagic sfl'okebecause
the lalsc
Ircdicationcart rnke
the
bleecling thatoccurs in haeuronhagic strokes worse.
Key word :
TIA,
stroke. acute, therapyIntroducfion
A
transient
ischaemic
attack
(TIA)
or
"mirli
stroke"
is
caused by a temporary disruptionin
the bloodsupply
to part of the
brain.The disruption in blood supplyresults
in
a
lack
of
oxygento
the
brain. This can causesudden
syrptorns
similarto
thoseof
a
stroke, such asspeech and visual disturbance, and nrrnbness or weakness in
the face. arnrs and legs.However, a TIA does not last as long
Saturday,Aprij .,'i',116
i--*.i.rt:'L! Li :tiilNt:;ti
!tiiiili
,:iiitttl,titti
.:::,i:i:i;t: lvl.tititii,i;;lii,')ii itt ilt iit:tt':: i.-;'i',as
a
strokc. Thc effects often only lastlbr a
tbw minutes or hours and lirlly rcsolve within24
hou's. But, in people whohave
a TIA,
the incidenceof
subsequent stroke is as high as I I o/o over the next7
days and 24-29o/o over the following 5years.
The incidence
of
TIAs
increases with age,liom
l-3
cases per 100,000 in those yolmger than 35 years to as lrulny
as 1.500 cascs per 100,000 in thosc olilcr than [i5 years. The
incidence
of
TIAs
in
men
(101
cases
per
100,000population)
is
significantty higher thanthat in
wornen (70per
100,000).The incidenceof
TIAs
in
blacks
(98per100,000 population)
is
higlier than thatin
whites(81
per 100,000 population).The causes TIAs
Durng
a
TI{
oneof
the blood vessels that supplyyour
brain
with
oxygen-richblood
becorres blocked.Thisblockage
is
usually causedby
a blood clot that has formed elsewherein
yourbody
and fravelledto
the blood vesselssryptying the brain, although
it
can also be caused by piecesof
fatty nraterialor
air
bubbles.Certain things can increaseSaturday, Aprll 9 th 207 6
L'tirr*i!
Liyeiilt:s o{ btil-ial Sliack itttd Slrol;e kltncgemtntI tr. ]) r i rri s t' tl i.itre
your
chances
of
having
a TIA,
inch.rding:srnokinghypertensiorl obese, higfu cholesterol levels, alcohol, atrial
ftrillatiorL
diabetes,over
60
yearsof
age,ras
(peopleofAsiarq African
or
Caribbean are alsoat
a
higlrer riskof
having a TIA).
Preventing TIAs
ATIAis
oftena sigt
that
another one rnay follow and you areat a
highrisk
of
havinga
flrll, life-threateningstroke
in
the near flture.Regardlessof
whetheror
not you have hada TIA or
stroke in the past, there are a nurnberof
ways you can lower your risk
of
having either in the f,rture'These include Lifbstyle changes:
.
maintaining a healthy weight.
eatinga
healthydiet-a
low-fit, rcdtrccd salt,high-fibre
diet
is
usually recommended, includirrg plentyof fi'esh fruit and vegetables
exercising rcgularly
-
for
most people. at lcast 150minutes
of
nnderate-intensity aerobinc activity, suchas
cycling
or frst
walking,
every
week
brecommended
o
Sat.r ' jay, Apn, .' L 101ir
a
a
C t r rt n I Ll p d a tes tti lr i t iitl Si r o tk a nd 5 i r tt it t: A,li] r t {t tt t t ii: !-t i
irr [)r'iittttt u {..o; ,,
stopping
smoking-
if
you
srnoke, stopping maysignificantly reduce
your
risk
of
havinga
stroke inthe future
cutting
dorvnon
alcohol-
you
should aimnot
toexceed
the
recomrrended alcohollimitsofthree
tofour rmits
a
dayfor
rnen and trvoto
tlree turitsa
dayfor wornen
In
additionto
lifestyle changes, nnst people who have had aTIA will
need
to
take one
or
rtore
daily
medicationsindefinitety
to
help reduce their chancesof
havinga
stroke or another TIA.Diagnosis
Ruling
out
metabolicor
drug-induced causesof
syrptoms consistentwith
a
transient ischemic attack (TIA)is
important.lnitial
assessmentis
ainred
at
excludingemergency
conditions
that can
mimic
a TIA
(eg,hypoglycemia,
seizure,
or
inh'acranial henrorrhage).A
lingerstick
blood
glucosetest
shoulclbe
perfbrmed andblood drawrr
lor a
complete bloocl court (CBC), coagulationSa turday, Ap ril 9rt 201.6
L..'.urrtniLirdati:soI IrtiIiitl 5!toi:kitrulStroke:Niittttlli'trl{'rrI
l*
1:lriinu rv i-'.i;rt22
studies,
and
sertrr
electrolyte levels.Obtain
a
l2-lead electrocardiogam (ECG) with rhythm strip, and evaluate forsynptorrntic
arrhyhmiasor
evidenceof
ischemia.Braininraging
is
recon'unendedwithin
24
hours
of
symptomonset.Brain iuraging
can identifi an
areaof
ischemiain
asn'rany as 2501, ol'patients, and
TIA
mimicsnuy
be identifiedas
well.
Vessel irnaging can identiffa
stenosisor
occlusionthat may
warrantearly
intervention.Elecffoencephalography(EEG) may be indicatccl to evaluiate for seia:rc actffiy.
Signs and symptoms
The
main syrptomsof a
TIAcan
be
renremberedwith the word FAST Face-Arms-Speech-Trne.
.
Face-
droppedon
one side (notbe
ableto
srnile,nrouth or eye rnay have droPPed)
.
Atms-
weakness or nurnbness in one arm.
Speech- shrred, garbled, not be able to talk at all.
Time-
it
is tirneto
take care furrnediatetyif
you seeany of these signs or synPtonr's
Saturday, April 9th 2016
l-rtrrntLipilittesoi
jii.it.iitlsiio,'i..riitiiii:.i:i;t: i\v.i.;.;;i:i.i;;1i;.1;1;:.r ' rjJ: r. i . .
lnitial vital signs should includc
thefollowing:Ten:perahre,
Blood
prossrx-c,
Hcart
rate
andrhythnl Respiratory rate and pattern, and Oxygen saturation.
The exarnincr should assess the paticnt's overall health and
appearance,
nuking
an
assessnrclltol'
the
following: attentivcness, abilityto
interactwith thc
cxamincr, Ianguagcand memory skills, hydration statm, development.
Risk Stratilication Scores
In
pcople
who
have
a
TlA,
the
incidcnce o1.subsecluent stroke is as high as 1l%o over the next 7 days ancl
24-29"/,,
over
the
following
5
yeal.s.Appropriate riskstrati{icatiou utust be employed
to
L.llsure that diagrostic andthcrapcutic intcrventions
are
tar-gctcdto
thc
highcst-riskpatients.A
nulber
of
risk
stratification scoles are availableto
assistin
llis
task,but thc
rnost widcly validatedis
thcABCD2 scorc.(See Table
I
below.)Saturday, Ap r ll9,s 201. 6
Asri Medical Center of Yogvakarta 23
I
pointA: Age >60 years
1 point
B
:
Blood
pressue: Systolic>140
nrn Hg
ordiastolic >90
nrn
HgUnilateral weakness with or without speech inpairment C: Clinical features
2 points
I
pointSpeech inpairment without
unilateral weakness
2 points
D:Duration >60 min
I
pointl0-59 min
I
pointD: Diabetes
[image:11.462.30.448.40.575.2]{'t s' r u
*
Li lt t}il
ts a { It r i f iol 5h a ck n t ul St r o k e Mn nage rnant ltz l]rim*rtl CsraTable 1.ABCD2 Score
ln<lividurls with an ABCD2 score
of
6
or
7
have8% risk
of
stroke within2
days, whereas those withABCD2 scorc lowcr than
4
havca l%
risk of strokc withindays.Some
of
thcsc paticntswith
lowcr
scorcs nuyhave
non-TIA
events ratherthan
ffue TIAs.lt
hasproposed
that this
scoring systemcan
be
used tostratiland
to
predictthe
severityof
recurrent strokeTIA.
24
Saturday, April 9th 201 6L''trtr(iri
llr,ialt'qoi
ltriiiizl !,ittt,!,.irii iiri:i:r:iv,lii:titlt)?\{:t!ii:i
Pt iiltis:t i.'ilr
Physical Examination
The goals
of
the physical examination are to urcoverany
neurologic
deficits,
to
evaluate
for
underlyingcardiovascular
risk
frctors, and
to
seck any
potentialthrombotic
or
embolic sourceof
the
event. Global CNS depressionand
ainvay
or
cardiac compromiseare
not[pically
features
of a TIA. In
filct,
the
level of
corsciousness
and
newologic
examinationfindings
areexpected to be at the patient's baseline.
Ideally,
any
neurologic deficits shouldbe
recordedwith the aid
of
a
formal and reproducible stroke scale, suchas the National Institutes
of
Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).A
stroke scale prompts the examiner to be thorough and allows
different
examinemto
repeat
the
examination reliablyduring subsequent phases
of
the evaluation.Any
neurologrcabnormalities should suggest
the
diagnosisof
sfroke
(or ongoing neurologic event) rather than TIA.Sa ttr rday, Ap ril9il. 201,6
26
t-' r ir r,t
i!
Li t, ii tt l " c o I I n i ti nl 5i t it tk it r td St r o k e Mn n itSc fft( t i i
ln l:trirnarv Carr
N eurologic Examination
A
ncur:logic cxaminationis
the
forurdationof
ttr
TIA
evaluationand
shouldfocus
in
particularon
theneurovascular
distribution
suggestedby the
patient'ssymptoms. Subscts
of
the
netnologic examination incfudethe
following:Cranialnerve
testing,
Determinationsomatic rnotor strength, Somatic sensory testing, Speech and
language testing.
.Assessment
of
the
cerebellar system @esure to watch the patient walk)
For
sonratic motortesting
test
musclereflexes
of
the
biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, patellaq andAchilles.
In
additioq inspect posture andlook for
tremors-Tcst
the
sfrengthof
the
shoulder girdle, upper extremities,abdominal muscles,
and lower
exftemities.Test
pmovement
of
major jointsto
look for
spasticity, clonts,rigrdity.
Saturday, Aprii ,'Li' 2016
Cru'rtnt L[pdales ai lnit:ial Shotk tnrl Styr:i;t: Aikitnigjitt:rti itt I)rintnru {liit't'
Stroke Scale
The
National
Institutesof
Health
Stroke
ScaleNIHSS)
(see Table2
below) is used nrostly by stroke teamslbr
quaffirying neurologic impairmcnt.It
enables rapiddetemrination
of
the
severity and possible locationof
thestroke.
A
patient's score on theNlllSS
is str-ongly associatedwith
outconrc, andit
can help idcntdy thosc patients whoare
likely
to
benefitfrom
thrombolyic therapy and thosewho are
at
highe.
risk
for
developing hemomhagiccomplications
of
tluombolytic use.The NIHSSis
easily usedand
focuseson
the
following6
nrajor
areas
of
theneurologrccxaurinationievel
of
corLsciousness, VisLalliurction,
Motor
firnction, Sersation and neglcct, Ccrcbcllarlimctinn ancl Language.
Saturday, April 9il' 2016
28
tJ.rit'rtni Littiar,'. r:{ lnifia! 5ltack util|tyoke Mrtnrtgtrrtnt
fr.
itriir;
rry{itrt
Table 2. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
(NTHSS)
Saturday, Aprii :t* 201,6
Asri Medical Cer,;er of Yogyakarta
Category Score
-Description
la
level of consciousness (LOC)0 Alert
I
Drowsy2 Stuporous
3 Coma
1b LOC qucstions
(rxrnt[
agc)0 Answers both
corrcctly
I
Answcrs Icon'ectly
2 Incorrcct on
both
lc
LOC
comrrxnds (open and close eyes,grip and release nonparetic hand)
0 Obeys both con'ectly
I
Obcys Icon'ectly 2 Incorrect on
both
2 Best gaze (follow finge0
0 Normal
1 Partial gaze
palsy
2 Forced
devration
., Best visual (visuiil lields)
0 No visual
loss
I
Paftialhemianopia
[image:15.463.119.452.58.552.2]\.' ! ! !' t' ( it i Li p d a t t:s o
i
l t r i t iai Si r a' i. ii i t,i :) i :i: i;i: it,i;i : ii!'ir? tt
1 i !it; {)t
irril-l
{-'iu't' hemianopia 3 Bilateralhemianopia
4 Facial palsy (show tecth, raisc brorvs,
squeeze eyes shut)
0 Nornral
1 Minor 2 Partial
3 Completc
5
Motor
arm
left*
(raise 90o,hold
10 seconds)0 No drift
I
Drift2 Cannot resist
gra\{ry
3 No effort
against
grauly
4No
movertent
6
Motor
arm riglrt* (raise 90o,hold
10seconds)
0 No drift
1Drift
2 Cannot resist
gravity
3 No ellbrt
agairst
grauty
4No
rnovement
7
Motor leg
left*
(raise30", hold
5 seconds)0 No drift
I
Drift2 Cannot resist gravrty 3 No effot
against
graviry
Saturday, April 9th 2016
{', ts- r u
*
Li y }', t',-'' t' " r i I ial Si r o r:k a rrl
St rt:kt: M n t tit ! t t r i( fi tln l:trim*rq Ctrt'
4No
nrovement 0 No drift
1m
2 Cannot resist
Savity
3 No effort
against
gavity
4No
rnovernent
B
Motor
leg
riglrt*
(raise
30o, hold
5 seconds)9 Limb ataxia (finger-nose, heel-shin)
0 Absent
I
Presentin
Ilimb
2 Present in 2 limbs
10 Sensory
$inprick
to face, arrq leg)0 Normal
I
Partial loss2 Severe loss
0 No neglect
I
Partialneglect
2 Conplete
neglect
11 ExtinctiorVneglect
simultaneous testing)
(double
0 Normal
articulation
l
Mild tonnderate
dysarthria 2 Near to
txdntelligibl
e or worse
t2
Dysartkia
(speech clarityto
'Ynarna,baseball, huckleberry,
tip-top,
fifty-fiftv')
30 Saturday, April 9th 2015
l3
Best
languagex*
(name
items,descnbe pictures)
0 No aphasia
I
Mild
tomoderate aphasia
2 Severe
aphasia
3 Mute
Total 0-42
*
For limbs with arrputation,joint
fusion,etc, score 9 and e4plain.
*x For intubation or other physical barriers to
speech, score
9 and exphin. Do not add 9 to the total score
Cr*-rcnt Llpd.ales o{ }rit:iitl Sitotk
i*ul
St.roi;t: }vlattit!*tit:rtil:t
{}rintnrst CcrtThe NIHSS
is a
42-point scalc, rvith nrinor strokesusually being corsidered
to
resultilr
il
score lower than 5.An
NIIISS
score higherthan
l0
corrclatcswith an
g0%lkelihood
of
visual
flow
deficits
olt
angiography. yet,discretion must
be med in
assessing the magnitudeof
theclinical deficit;
for
instance,if a
patient'sonly
deficit isbeing mute, the
NIHSS
scorewill
be 3.
Additiornlly, thescale
does
not
rrcasuresonrc delicits
associatecl withpostcrkrr circulation strokes (eg, verligo and ataxia).
Saturday, April 9tt 2016
Currant Littdatcs sl ln)ticl Sltock cnd Stroke Mnrvtgemant {n l}yim'trv t)art
Managernent
The
following shouldbe
done
urgentlyin
patientswith
TlA:Evaluation,I{isk
stratification(eg,
with
theCalifornia
or
ABCID score), Initiationof
stroketherapy.
For
paticntswith
a
rccent
(<l
wcck)
TIA"guidelines reconrrrrcnd
a
timely
hospital
refi:nll
withhospitalizetio
n
for the following:.
Crescendo TIAs.
Duation of symptons longer thanI
hour.
Synptorrratic internalcarotid
stenosis greaters0%
.
Known
cardiac
source
of
embolm
(eg fibrillation).
Known hypcrcoagulable state.
Appropriate combinationof
the
Califomia scoreABCD score (category 4)
Afthough
the
symptomsof
a
TIA
resolvein a
fewminutes
or
hourswithoutany
specific
treatment youSaturday, April 9th 2016
Asri Medical Center of Yogyakarta
t. !:;:'t'i!i Li::1i,ii;..,:.'i !;;tii,:t .1..,1]t1 t. ti;:r' .,; t,i;, \,,i;t:::t.t.,:|1t.. :
i1i !'" it:t,'t:1y tl. ; :
nccd
trcatmcntto
h.lp
prevent anotltcrTIA
or a
fiJlstrckc happcning
in
the futule.A
TIA
isa
waming sign thatyou arc
at
a
significantly increasedrisk
of
havinga
fi-rllstrokc
ur thc
near futu'e,with the
higltcst riskin
the daysand rveeks {bllowing the attack.A stroke is
a
serious healthcondition
tlratcan
causc
pcrnunont disability
arul
canbe fatal in sorle cases, but appropriate treatnrcnt following a
TIA can
help
to
reducc
your risk of
havingone.You
treatment
will
depend
on your
individualcircunstances, such as your age and nredical history.In sonrc
cases, surgery may be needed
to
r.mblock the carotid afieries(the
rrnin
blood vessels that supply thebrair with
blood).The healthcare team can discuss treatment options with you. and tell you about possible benefits and risks.
Pharmacologic rnanagement
for
transient ischemtcattacks
(TIAs)
is
aimedat
reducingboth
short-term andlong-term
risk
of
stroke.In
viewof
the high shorl-term riskof
stroke
after
TIA,
antithnombotic therapy should beinitiated as soon as intracranial hemorrhage has been ruled
out.In view
of
the high short-term riskof
stroke after TIA, antitluombotictherapy should
be
initiatedas
soon
asSaturday, April 9tt, 2016
C ur r - r;t LI y ii c t i::; r t ! I n i I inl 5l t o ck u rd St r oke Nfu urtge rnent
ln Priint rrt Cara
intracranial hemonhage
has
been nrled
out.noncardioembolic
TIA,
the
following antiplatelet agentsall reasornble
frst-line
optiors forffiial therapy:
V
.
Aspirin (50-325 mg/day).
Aspirinplm
extended-release dipyridannle.
ClopidogrelStroke
prevention rnedication typicalty recornnrendedcardioembolic
TIA
is as follows:.
For
patientswith
atrial fibrillation afterTIA,
long-term
anticoagulation
with
warfrrin international norrnalizedratio
[fNR],
2-3);325 m/day
for
those unable
to
takeanticoagulants
F
are
iefi
a
ln
acutc
myocardialinfirction
(MI)
withventricular
tlrombus,
oral
anticoagulationwarfirin
(targctlN&
2-3;
concurrcnt asprinup
to162
mg/dayfor
ischemic coronary afterytcADl)
34
Satur,iay,,.r,pril v ir 201 6C*rran! Littti.i,stt:s af' jtr.itial 5ita* nizl 9!ri:i:t: lrlii:it:.,::i1ii:i'i!
itt {}rint*ry {.nrr'
.
In
dilated cardiomyopathy,oral
anticoagulation withwarhrin (target INR, 2-3) or antiplatelet therapy
. In
rheumatic
mitral valve
disease,
oralanticoagulation with warfarin (target
IN&
2-3)For
patientswith
TIA
dueto
50-99% stenosisof a
rrnjor intracranial afiery, the following is recommended:.
Aspirin 50-325 rcrdday rather thanwarhrin \-/
.
Maintenanceof
blood
pressurebelow
140/90mm
V
Hg and total cholesterol below 200
m{dL
t/
.
Angioplastyor
stent placenrentis
investigational andof urknown
utility
t/
Antiplatclots
Platclcts
are blood
cells
that
hclpblood
to
clot(thickcn).
lf a
blood
vesselis
damaged, platelets sticktogethcr
to
form
a
blood
clot
to
prevent
bleeding.Antiplatelet agents
inhfuit platelet
fi"rnctionby
blockingcyclooxygenase
and
subsequent aggregation. Antiplateletrnec'licincs
work
by
reducingthe
abilityof
the platelets toSaturday, April 9tr, 2016
Cur r u
*
Li it tl a I t:s o I I r r i I ial 5l t o ck n nd St r o k e Nl {t t tit Sl tw n tln Prirnct rtl C.ara
stick together and fbnn clots.
If
you have hada TlA, it
blikely that you
will
bcolllred
antiplatelet rn:dication.Two
comrron antiplatelets offeredto
pcoplchave
had
a
TIA
arc aspirin and clopidogrcl. Aspirinalso
somctimcsbc
takcn with another antiplatclctcalled dipyridanrole because this can
be
more effectivetaking these medications separately.
The
rnain side
effectsof
antbhtelet nredicationsindieestion and an increased
risk
of
bleeding-
for
exampyou may bleed
for
longerif
you cut yourself, and youbruise easily.Antiplatelet Agents are :
-
Aspirin. Aspirinblocks
prostaglandin synthetaseand
this,
in
turn,
inhibits prostaglandin syitlrcsisprevents fornration
of
platelet-aggregatingA2.
Aspirin
25
rE/dipyridannle
200
ntg
:aspirin-dipyridamole therapy has been shown to
cardiovascular
events following
TIAs.
Eachcontains
25 rrg
of
aspirin and 200 mgof
Satr-rr iiay, April'; :'20'1.6
t--tii rttrl
ilpiiittt:so
liiitiiti !:liittrir rriti.i :\i ti)i;t.i.v,tiittit,itt;ft:r;!it; {}t intr"nt {'rtt't,
for a daily total dose
of
50 mgof
asplrin and 400 mgof
dipyidamole.
Aspirin
ineversibly
inhibits
formation
of
cyclooxygcnase,
thus
prcvcnturg
Ibrmation
of
throrrboxane
N., a
platelet
agg€gator
andvasoconstrictor. Platelet inhibition lasts
for
the life
of
acell (approximately
l0
days).Dipyridanrolc
is a
platelct
adhcsion inhibitor
thatpossibly inhibits
red
blood
cell
(RBC)
uptake
of
adenosine,
itself
an
inhibitorof
platelet reactivity. lnaddition,
it
may
inhfoit
phosphodiesterase actMty.leading to
increased
cyclic
3,,5,-adenosinennnophosphate
within
plateles
and
lbrmationof
thepotent platelet activator thromboxane
N..
Clopidogrel
:
Clopidogrel selectively inhibitsthe
bindingof
adenosine diphosphate(ADP)
to
its platelet receptorand
subsequentADP-mediated activation
of
theglycoprotein
GPIIbAIIa
corrple4
thereby
inhfoitingplatelet aggregation.
Saturday, Ap rilgtt 201,6
{'.tirr*,-! 'ri triin{rs
ol
lrrilial Slnck ntrl Strokc Mnnit.\ement{tt l} r i i *,i t' tl l.^. i.t r'.'
-
Dipyridannle
:
Dipyridannle
is
administered toconplement
usrnl warhrin
therapy.It
inhfoitsadhesiorl which rnay inhfoit adenosine uptake
by
RBCs'It
may
increasecyclic
3'.5'-adenosine(cAMP)
within
plateletsand
fonnationof
theplatelet activator ttromboxane
42. In
addition, it reducethe risk
of
stroke whenwed
asinstead of aspirin.
-
Ticlopidine:
Ticlopidineis a
second-line antiptherapy
for
patientswho
cannot tolerateor
dorespond
to
aspirin therapy.In
sorne circurnstances, itbe an altemative to clopidogrel Anticoagulants
Anticoagulant medicines
can
hep
to
prcventclots
by
changing the chemical conpositionof
the blooda
way that prcvcnts clots.They are usually offcrcd towho have had
a
TIA ifthc
blood clot that catscd youroriginated
in
yoLrt' hcart. Thisis
often duelo
acalled
atrial
fibrillation,which
causesyour
heart toinegularly.Anticoagulants agents are :
Saturday,
Apri'
rih 2016Asri Med-ica; C.-,
Jl.
t).ttirtn! Liptiitlt:s,;ti'ltriliiti Siri:;l; ituii
iiri:i:i:
i',.,iti:i,ititit,ti:iit
1)t iillt tt,l i'_.'it:,,Warfrrin
:
Warfrrin
interfereswith
hepatic synthesisof
i,itamin K-dependent coagulation factors.
It
is
used forprophylaxis
and
treatment
of
venous
thrombosis.puknorary embolisrrg
and
thromboembolic disorders.A
side effect
of
all
anticoagulantsis
the
risk
of
bleedngcaused by the reduction in the blood's ability
to
clot. you may need regularblood
tests while taking warfarin, sodoctors can ensure your dose is not too high / low.
,
Antilrypertensives (blood pressure medication)
If
you
have high blood pressue '(hvperlension), youwill be
offered
a
t),pe
of
medicationcalled
anantihypertensive
to
controlit.
This
is
became high blood pressure significantly increases yor.r riskof
havinga TIA
or stroke. There are lotsof
different ty;esof
'redicine that can help control your blood prcssrrc,
incluiling:
\A/
.
thazrdc diuretics.
angiotensin-converting ev.)me (ACE) inhibitors.
calcium channel blockers.
beta-blockersSaturday, April 9rr, 2016
40
{.|:ir r
*it
l !'/ ii rt t t:'; t 1 i t t i i ii tl Sl r tt r:k it r t d St r ttkt: NI it t t ii (('r,/{'ril{n l}rit*ti rti
iitrr
Sorne people may be offered
a
combinationol'two
or
threediffercnt rrcdications.
Paticnts
may
be
sigrrfficantly hlpertcnsivc. Unlessthere
is
specific conccmfor
end-organ danragcfrom
ahlpertensive emergency, blood pressrne should
be
rnanagedconseruatively while ischemic stroke is being ruled out.
For
acute ischemic stroke,the
AHAinitiating antilrypefiensive therapy
only
if
blood
pressurehigher than 2201120 rnrn
Hg
or
if
mean arterialexceeds 130 mrn Hg. Unless there is
a
cornorbid cardiacother condition tlrat necessitates reduction
of
bloodallowing
the
patient'sblood
pressureto
autoregulate athigher level (during
the
acute phase) nray heS cerebral perfi"sion pressure.Statins
If
you have high cholesterol, youwill be
advisedtake a nredicine known as a statin. Statins reduce the level
cholesterol
in
your bloodby
blocking an enrynre in thethat
produces cholesterol Statins may alsohep
toSaturday, April 9th 2015
t
trt'rt nt Ll pdtttt:s rtl lniiiei Siitti l, it r r:i i!i'iii:t: i\,1,i t :'t{Jirii , r lI t t {}r. i ni ;i t.t! {l a t.,.
your
risk
of a
stroke whatever your cholcstcrol level is, soyou llray
bc
olli:rcda
statin even il'yorx' cholcstcrol level isnot
pafticularly high.Examplesof
statinsoften
offered topeople who have had
a
TIA
include atorvastatin, simvastatinand rosuvastatin.
Surgcry
In
son-rc cascs,a
surgical proccdu'c callcd a carotidenda(erectomy mrly
be
recommended alter havinga
TIA.Acarotid
crxlarterectomyis an
opelation
that
ir-n.olvesrenmving
pafl
of
the
liningof
tlrc
carotid afiety. plus anyblockage that has brrilt
.p
in the artcry. The carotid arteriesdeliver blood
to
your
brain. Whcnhtty
dcposits build upinside
thc
caroticl arteries, they bcconrc hard and narow,nnking
it
nyorc difficultfor
blood
to
flow
through themThis is known as atherosclerosis and
it
can lcad to TIAs andstrokes
if
the
blood
supply
to
thc
brain
becomesdisrupted.By unblocking the carotid arteries in people whose
afieries
ate
nroderatelyor
severelyrnrowed,
a carotidendafterectomy can significantly reduce the risk
of
having astroke or another TIA.
Saturday, Ap r il 9 a. 201. 6
42
C.urrant Llrrdntr.s o/ lrriticl Shack nnd Stroke hLcnogemant
{n l:'rirntt r.tl Cayt
Driving
after aTIA
Although
a TIA
shouldn't have any long-termon
your
darty
activities,
you mtst
stopimmediately.Ifyour doctor
is
happy that you have nndegood
recoveryand
thereare
no
lasting effects after orcmonth you can start driving again.
Prognosis
With passive reporting the early risk
of
strokeTIA
is approximately4%
at2
days, 8o/o at 30 days, andat 90
days.Whenpatients
with
TIA
areprospectively, lrowever, the incidence
of
stroke is as highl1o/o
at
7
days.Thc probabilityof
strokcin thc
5following
a
TIA
is
rcporledto
bc
24-290/,
lrtpatients
with TIAs
or
stroke havean
incrcascd riskcoronary artery disease.
Patient Education
Before bcing discharged from
the
hospital,who
havebeen
diagnosedwith
TIA
mmt
receiveSaturday, April 9th 2015
C m' r en t L) p d a t cs oi Itti t
itl
Sh o & n nrl 5 t r ok
Nl tt n a gt r nc n thr Printcry Cn't
instruction
to
ensure that they understandthe
needfor
aconplete and rapid
workrp
tl,roWh close follow-up care.Also essential
for
patientsis
educationon
stroke symptoms,the
needto
call
enrcrgency services inrnediatelyif
anyof
these
synptorns
occur,
and
the
contact nurnber
forernergency services (911 in the United States and Canada).
Despite program efforts
in
public educatioq rnanypatients still
do
not seek nredical attention after experiencingTIA
synptoms.A
2010 population-based study found that3l% of
all
patientswho
experienceda
recurrent strokewithin
90
daysof
theirfrst TIA
or
minor stroke had not sought nredical attention after the initial event.Public health professionals
and
physicians need todo
ff)ore, suchas
promotingand
participatingin
medicalscrccning
frirs
and
public otrtreach prograrns.In
additioqpatients need
to
be educated about lifestyle nrodffication andcardiovascular risk fictors
Saturday, April 9th 2016
-44
C w' r
tnl
L I y ti * t cs r: { ln i t:isl 5h o ck uti
St r * f; e klit n n g: rn* n!{n Prirusrq {ara
Noncardioembolic transient ischemic attack
Antiplatelet agents, rather
than
oral
anticoagulants,are reconrlrcnded as initial therapy. Aspirin 50-325 mg/da1;
a
combinationof
aspirin and extended-release diplridarnoh, and clopidogrel areall
reasonable fost-line optiors (class Ireconnnendation).
The AHA/ASA
guidelines state thatthe
combinationof
aspirin and clopidogrel mightbe
consideredfor
initiationwhhn
24
hoursof a
minor ischemic strokeor TIA
and lbr contirurationfor
2l
days.
However,the
combinationaspirin and clopidogre[ when initiated days
to
years after aminor stroke
or TIA
and continued2 to 3
years, increasesthe
risk of
hemonhage relativeto
either agent alone and bnot
recomnrcndedfor
routine
long-termprevention after ischemic stroke or TIA.
Cardioembolic transient ischemic attack
In
patientswho
have atrial fibrillationin
associatbnwith
a
TIA,
long-term anticoagulationwith
warfrrin
to
aSaturday, Ap t il 9 th 20'1, 6
l'ii.i ri:rt! i-i tt!itii:g r:1" ltt.ii titi 5!r r.:r'k l tzri Sirtti;t: i"4ti*i7t;i:tttt:fi|
)it {riutnrry {.'rit't
target
intemational nonnalizedratio
(lNR) of 2-3
istypically
recorrncnded.
Aspirin
325
n'dduy
isrecornnrended
for
patients
unable
to
take
oralanticoagulants. However,
the
additionof
clopidogrel to aspirin therapy, conparedwith
aspirin therapy alone, might be reasonable. For most patients witha
stroke or TIA in thesetting
of
AF,
it
is
reasonableto
initiate oral anticoagulationwithin
14
days afterthe
onsetof
neurological synptorns'Anticoagulation
can
be
delayedbeyond
14
days
in
thepresence of higfu risk for hernonhagic conversion'
The
2014 AHA/ASA
guidelinesalso
state
thatbridging
therapywith
subcutaneou low-rnolecular-weightheparin
(LMWH)
is
reasonablefor
patientswith
atrialfibrillation
who
require
tenporary
intemrptionof
oralanticoagulation but are at high risk for stroke.
In
acute myocardialinfirction
(MI)
with
left
venfricular thrombus, oral anticoagulation with warfarin (targetIN&
2-3) is reasonable.
ln
dilated
cardiomyopathy,
either
oral anticoagulationwith
warfarin (target
IN&
2-3)
or antiplatelet therapy rnaybe
considered.In
rheurrntic mitralSaturday, APril 9th 201 6
46
Ct*'rtnt Ll p$ nir.s cf' lnif kil Sltock ntzd Str':i,:e Mitnagtrnrn!
{n Frimcrry Care
vahe
disease,oral
anticoagulationwith
warfrrin
(targetIN&
2-3)
is
reasonable. Antblatelet agentswould
nornormally
be
addedto
warhrin
urless patients experiencerecunent embolism despite
a
therapeuticINR.
The beneftof
warfrrin aftersfoke or
TIA
in patients with sinus rhythmand
cardiomyopathy clnracteized,by
systolic dysf,mction has not been established.In
mitral
valve
prolapse, long-term
antiplatelettherapy
is
reasonable.In
mitral anrular
calcification,antiplatelet therapy can
be
considered. Patients with mihalregurgitation can
be
consideredfor
warfrrinor
antiplatelet therapy.In
aortic valve disease, antiphtelet therapy rnay beconsidered.
For
patientswith
mechanical prosthetic vahes,oral
anticoagulationwitlr
warfrrin (targetIN&
2.5-3.5) brecomnrended.
For
those
who
experienceTIAs
despitetherapeutic
IN\
aspirin 75-100 rrrdday can be added to theregimen. Patients
with
bioprostheticvahes
and no
othersource
of
thromboembollsmwho
experienceTIAs
can becorsidered
for
oral
anticoagulationwith
warbfo.
(targetrN&
2-3).Saturday, April 9th 2016
C.wrent Llp'lutes ctl
hitinl
Slrccknnr! Strake hlrtn*gerncntht l>rinmrtlCrrt
Intracranial
atherosclerosisThe
2014AIWASA
guidelines statethe
followingfor patients wittr stroke
or TIA
dueto
50-99% stenosis of annjor intracranial artery:
,./ .
Aspirin
50-325
@day,
rather than
warhrin,
isrecorrrnended
,/ .
Maintenanceof
blood
pressurebelow
140/90nm
Hg
and total
cholesterolbelow
200
mddL
isrecornrnended
.
Exffacranialor
intracranial bypass surgeryis
notreconnnended
.
Angioplastyand
stent placementare
investigationaland of unknown utility
A
randomizedtrial
has
shown
that
aggressive rnedicalrBnagement (antiphtelet therapy combined
with
intensivernanagement
of
vascular
risk
fictors)
is
safer
thanpercutaneou translurninal angioplasty
and
stenting (PTAS)in
patientwith
70-99%
stenosisof
a
major
intracraniala(cry. Enolkncnt in this trial was stopped after 451 patients
rurderwent randomization because the 30-day rate
of
strokeSaturdav, April9th 201,6
Asri Mc.j..cal Ce- .el of Yogyakarta
I
Currcnt Llpttliles of lttilinl Shock nnd Stroke Managerrrcnt
[fl Primarv Cart
or
deathwas
l4.7Yoin
the PTAS grorp and 5.8% in themedical-management goup.
Long-Term Monitoring
Patients selected
for
outpatient care should have aclear follow-rp plan and
stroke
prevention initiated asdescribed, including antiplatelet medicatbn
and
risk-rnodification Antblatclet agents
Spically
shouldinitiated
as
soonas
intracranial bleedingis
nrled out.noted (see above),
the
agentto
be
used varies with patient and the specific indicationThe
following rrrcasures shouldbe
includedin
anyterm rrrcnitoring of TIA patients:
.
Anhhyperlensivecontrol
shouldbe
optimizedpatients with hlpertersion
. Lipid
control
should
be
initiated,including a statin agent
.
Blood
glucoseconffol
should
be
optimizedpatients with diabetes
Saturday, April 9th 2016
Asri Medical Center of Yogyakarta
t'.rs'rtnt Llp'lntcsol {rtif irt" Slratk itnd Stroke Manugtrncnt
ltt
?rinnry Cwt
A
snroking-cessation stratery,which
may
inchrdemedicatioq shouid be initiated
Heavy drinkers should eliminate
or
reduce alcoholconsunption
Overweight patients should
be
encouragedto
loseweight
All
patients should be encouraged to exerciseRecommendations
These guidelines cover
both
ischaemic stroke andtrarsient ischaemic attacks (TIAS). Separate guidelines exist
or
are
being preparedfor
intracerebral haernorrhage andsubarachnoid haenronhage.
The
classesof
evidence andlevels
of
reconrnendations usedin
these guidelines are defined according
to
the criteriaof
the Euopean Federationof
Neuological SocietiesSaturday, April 9th 201 5
Asri Medical Center of Yogyakarta
o
a
a
a
Currcnt Llptd tlcs aj'
lnitkil
Sltock nnd Stroke Monogernent[n Priynsrv Care
tiG s:
iEs
PU6'=-U
S$a
E8E, or
a.E I
EH5
E.:l
E;l
t
*'88
E ; AA
F
:bE
g
U EEP EEIIo oOO c uv=
I
u TEr
i;"
c
a-E sa-E
c !EEb,
qtr: i oft!r.i!!
? e q E --E'
.ge&ro=E6E
t:;tXEE;
b;PEETEE
EEEEE,*tg.
E HEEE E
I;
- u"ic " o? E
5 S E
e*
x€
3
hq=od-i-g.T E
E;
E;;
Ef;EEEXHg
raptu*=b"
EEEEEg;E
o r d tr'v hq c*o*;EiE9
fi i c o -e q o o o d c 8t p a c D s ? g E E o o EF $g
E aP
.Qo5
Eli
EgE EES .sEE E14U$t
EE EE
EiE
EEEE
E"8
E 6E
= -'Q
b a-!l?o
*En
t u;
EEg !t! LYU o Ell eIdo;o ioH fi -9o:c >tot;Ex >r
Yoy aat
{
E
.HE
fr
3BEA
EE:;
a
$;ii
: FE i i9
r
e flI $9
9ptre".E
qrU^-C.Y
e$h8EEE
p;:E5e:
H
3€
!
E H EIEEiEflE
oBEh'E2c
EtE
EEfiEdts,i*j..tti q E f o o E I E 8N E o r? c a fi q ( o o E o u o E
,
!
q E:
o g E a E * E o E E o tEE f,E gEEE =E ip
f;88
E€Eg
"€uPIr€*
$!::
ob = I
ssEh
EEEfi
E i tr il E n o q c e u -f g E T o o i! r b e E H r.l;
DSaturday, April 9th 2016
Asri Medical Center of Yogyakarta
Table 9.2 De{initions {or levels of recommendation (from [583]).
o
an
(,
v\)
x-(^
ea,
:t-.jv>
\t
^=
Level A Established as usefuTpredictive or not usefullpradictive for a diagnoslic measure or established as
effective, ineffective or harmful for a therapeutic intervention; requires at least one convincing Class I
study or at least two consistent, convincing Class ll studies
Established as usefuUpredictive or not uselu,lredictive for a diagnostic measure or established as effective, ineffective, or harmful {or a therapeutic rntervention; requires at least one convincing Class ll
study or ovenvhelming Class lll en/idence
Established as usefu7predictive or not usefuUpredlctive for a diagnostic measure or established as
effective, ineffective or harmful for a therapeutic interventron; requires at least tr,!o Class lll studies Recommended best practice based on the axperience of the guideline development group. Usually based
on Class lV evidence indicating large clinical uncertainty, such GCP points can be useful for health workers
Level B
Level C
Good Clinical Practice (6CP) points H
7
9-.)
Ai LD
*'!) rDE o!) ts\<
hJ>
<'o
31
I'N,
tD o\
ffiuli
l:r P il
\-52
Curt'ent Llpttielcs r:l'iirificl S!nck tnd Strol;e Mitnngernent
ln Primartt Carc
Sroke services and stroke unit
Recommendations
.
lt is recornrnended that all stroke patients should betreated in a stroke unit (Class l, Level A).
.
lt is recornmended that lrealthcare systems ensure thatacute stroke patients have access to high technology
medical and surgical stroke care when required (Class lll,
Level B).
.
The developrnent of clinical networks, includingtelemedicine, is recommended to expand access to
high-technology specialist stroke care (Class ll, Level B).
Diagrostic innging
Recommendations
r
ln patients rvilh suspected TIA or stroke, urgent cranial CI{Class l), or alternativety MRI (Class ll), is ncommended (Level A).
.
lf fulRl is used, the inclurion of diffusion-weighted irnaging(DW) and T2t*veighted gradient echo sequences 1s
re(ommended (Class lt, LevelA).
'
ln patients with TlA, minor stroke, orrecovery immediate work-up, urgent vascular imaging or MR angiography) is ((lass l, A),
Saturday, April 9th 201.6
Ctrrcni
Ll.ttlates ojbtitid
Sltock anri Sirake Manogernt:ntlit Prinnry Cwt'
Other Doagnosis Tests
Rerommendations
r
!n patients with acute stmke and Tl,{ early dinicalevaluation, including physiological parameters and routine
blood tests. is recommended (Class l, Level A).
.
For all stroke and TIA patients, a sequence of blood tests is recornmended (table 9,3, table 9.5).o lt is recornmended that all acute stroke and T[,A patientr
should haw a 1Z-lead ECG, ln ddition continuous E(G
recording is recomrnended for ischaemic stroke and TIA
patient: (Cla:s t, Letel A).
.
[t is recornmended that for stmke and TtA patients :eenafter the acute phase, 24-h Holter ECG rnonitoring should
he pe#ormed when anhythmias are suspected and no
other causes of stroke are found (Class l, Lerel A).
.
Echocardiography ir recommended in selected patients(Class lll, Lercl B).
Satur.rlay, April 9th 2016
Curr
u*
Lllt d n t e s o f ln i t'ktl Sl t o ck n nd St r o ke Mit n t ge meutIn Primurv Care
Managenent of Vascular Rlsk
Eecprrrnendethns
' Blgcd pEsaire sfEukt hE clucfieo rEgulrry. tt ts
feromnErE€d uElt hlgh EBd Frscjfe $Euld E nanrgEd Qlrh ilfusryE lTEdtca$rn ir6 h{r}rtrluJlred
Fnrmradog(al lhEraFy LE E{ lri drnlrE at
mnnrl ler€ls gf 14
fPdrt tillurB dlnbEtsE,ar cfrunlf, rxld
anlil?ErtEmhE m€dlatE{r E lntlclted tcts l, LRH 4.
r EIEECI EuEose stro{:lu be chB(Hl rErylarly. It b rffirnnreDJed trlat daDetEs ghflJld be marraqed vl,tth lfesty'e mEdltEto[ arld ltddl:UellDe.l Fhilrnafffogl{al
tner+I {ga5r lv Lerd ci. h d3e[c paenls, htgh bhsd
FrEsurE lls"rE EB ,rt;lnaEd htefEl$eu {€ta55 l, Lelel {l
atrnlng ior lsrg! bgril# l3offilrflml{q Flass l4 LsfEt rl. wnere FerHe tEatrmnt stsjld lrl|lucle !n Bt. lorEngn cofterur€ ErrlTrfle lrfilHto] or sngb&n{n rece@r rntrJsnlrt {clars I, l-sl€l A}
r Blaod rhdc6teml shauE E ElErXEd r€gulxly. I ls
reffimtEffil$Ihet hlgh blffid {ndE5terol (E.9. tot}
l50r€tt l3.gmnsuD snoukr bE rnfi4ed ${fi $ttrqle
flEdtfl(3Itrr (cless lY LEtcl q trrd a ltaIn itrla5 1.
l-fi,td Al.
. lt E rsEEmn€ndE{t tfiitclgErstG rmoxtEg bE dlsEuJralEd
trlss lll, L€t el E).
. lt E rEEomrEr{rErl fint hem,y lrse of iholEl bE
clssrraged (oE ll. LErsl E).
t R€qur phyrlcal aEt[lty E resmr€ldEd {ElEs lll, Ls\E q.
. a EtEt l$r' h satard 5ltjt3ted f.t htgl ln liut afrd \ESFEot€s 3rd rLtr lll llre E rEmm]r€nu€{r {o& ll, L€r€ E.
. lubJerts wlEl 3n €lalBlEd Eodf rlrralB lrr:lg are
reomnErroed to tete r urggrrt-rE[tuchg dlgt (El6 lt, Lere E.
r Antrqrldnnt vttamh $JpplEm€BE a{e not rtrsrnrnsrlEd {ClsE l, lrrg Al.
. HoTTEIE r€pE0Elmnt tntr#t ls nst lEtrIrnEnded iff tne pflrrsy praEnflon of strd{E iEl6 t. tB€t A).
54
Saturday, April 9th 2016Cts'rcnt Llpilatcsof
[nitki
Slro*l*d
Strok MsvrLt4ttncntltr Prinut"rtl Crn'e
Prinnry Prevention - Anfithrpntbic Therapy
" Lorl-dcce arpirin is rBcsmfi?rded in r.Em€n aged 45 !.aar: flr rnore wtlo re rtot Et increaged dd< for lntrecerebrd haerylsrrh€e and who hav* good gastrrJntectinal tdrance; ho!.,Errerr its effect is very srnall (Class l, Lerrpl A).
.
lt is recsnmerrded that lorv-dcre aspirin rrry bersrsi&red in rnBn fs fte primsy prerrerxlrr of
rnyoerdid hrfarction; trowwer. it does nct rpduce the risk
of isdraernk 5tulte (Cks 1. terre{ A},
. Afltidratrht EsEflts otlnr tfran aspitn am not recomnrended
for primary shtg{<e pr*rent}rn {Chs,V, 6Cp}"
.
Asfrdrin nry be recorrrrended lor pxients with ncn-vakr.rler AF who are yo.rnger than 65 yean and frce of vrcula risk factss (Chs l, Lerrel A..
lhlees *wrbaiir$<ated. eitlpr aspirin or aa oralanlimaguhr.rt {nt€matimal ncrmaked ratio flf{Rl t.A-3.0}
is rxonxner#Bd for patientr with non-vaha.dar AF r+ho
are aged 65-75 yean md fee af rrascuhr risk fartor,s (Class I tsvel A).
.
Lhles: contrairdcated, an oral antiroagul*nt tf{R 2.0-3.0}i: reromrnended far patients wifi non-rrahaJar AF wfro are agrd >75. or wtro are ya"rrger but hane risk lartors
ardr al higt| bhod prer*nq [eft rrrnficular d6function.
q dabeter rrpilihJs (Clar l, t-srel A).
,
lt ic rscsmendsd that patients !v,i6 AF u*ro are unahleto receive ord anticaa$,iants shoutd be sffsrcd asphin
(flarr L Levd A).
.
lt h rxornmendcd *rat paient5 wifi AF who hatremxhmkal prosth*tic h*art vahrcs shcr.rld receive
[ongrterm antiroeryrlatic* r+ith a target INB based om rtre
prosltr*i: {ype. but nd less than INR 2-3 {Clnss ll, Lor*l B}"
.
Lour<Jpse xpirin is reronrrended for patients u4th aqrnptcrnati< inp'nal ramtid art€ry (lCA) stenoris >5016to rpdure th*ir drk of vascular e\rents (Clss 11, LorEl E).
Saturday, April 9th 201 6
56
C. urr e nt Ll trt d t l t s t: !' l i i i t ktl Sl i o
*
ri n.d St r o k c Nliut fi q t rrrc ntln Primarv Care
Secondary Prevention
Optimal rnanagement of vascular risk frctors
Rerommendetlons
. lt is recrynmended rltat blood prrrsui€ b€ che<ked regrlorly" Blood prerure lcniveriqg ir reronnflsfided aftei'
tte acute phase, includng in patieflts with nornral blood prersure {Ckss t, ta/el A).
" tt i: reromrnended that blood glueos* lhould be rhe<ked reElularly. 11 ie recorrrnerded drat diabetes drould be
nranaged widr li{estyle moditi(Eti,on and individualEed pharrmr,:l,rgieal therapy {Class l\4 CCP).
. ln patienls with type 2 diabetea who do not need insulin, traatment witt| f,ioglitarnnE is rpcornrrerd*d after stroke {f,ltsss lll. Lev*l B).
. statin theraty is rerorrurended in subj*ds with
nsr-cardir:*mbalic stroke (Cln55 l, Lscel Al.
. lt is r*commended that rigarette sEnohinq be drcnr:raged (Class lll, Leirel C],
. it is rec,:nrmended that healy u*e ol alcohol be di:couraged (Class tV. GCP).
. ftequlo,r phryncd activity b recomrnended {Claas lS GCP}.
. A diet lerw in sah ard seturated fat high in fruit and veg€tnbles. and ri<h io fibre is re(ffnm*adsd ({lass l{ GCPi.
. Subiects with an elevated hody mass indeot are recomnrended to ddopt a weight-reducing diet (da5s lV,
Lelsl (i.
. Antioxidant vitamin s-rpple.rnents ar* not rec(}nrn]Ended (Class l, level A].
. Hormonp reSa<ement th*raFry i! n$t recomnr*nded for
rhe secondary p{evprnion of stroke {Cless l, Level A},
. h is recrrnrrnended that deep-clis,:nCered breathing aurh as obrtru.tive sle*p aFnoea be trentFd rrvith continuous pr: itive airwqy Frplstre breathing {Claso tll. Laiel G(P}.
. lt i: recemrnended thgt €ndovascular cls*re of FFO b*
con*dered in p*tients with <rlptogenic stroke and high risk PFO {llass M GCP}.
Saturday, Ap r il 9 th 20L 6
Asri Medical Center of Yogyakarta
Ctu'rent Llp'lates ai
hiticl 5ln&
itnrl Strakc Mn na*etncntilt
l>i'inrcry CnreAntithrombotic therapy
R€(ommendetlons
. lt b rc<a*rmended $al patients re<eirre antithronrb<dk tlerapy {Class l, Loel $.
r h k reco*vnended that patienB not req.rhng
antkoaErlation shquld receirE antiplx*let therapy (Cfa* l,
Lercl A)- Where possible, combined aspririn and dipyridannle, or dopidogpd alone, should be giwn. Ahernatimly, aspirin alooe or triffusal done rnry be u:*d
(Ctass l, Lnrel A].
. Ihe cnmbination of aspirin and <lopidogrel ir not recomm+nded in patients with recent isfraernic strc&e,
exceFt in $niipnts with specific indcations (e.9. un*able angina or non-Q-ware Ml ff rpcenl stpntiflg); traatrEent sh*.rld be qiven for r*p to 9 months alter thp eryent Klass l, Le\ipl A),
. tt ts re(rrmrnended that patients r*-ho harn a stroks fli antiplatelet therapy shorld be re-evduated for pathophy:iology and risk Iirtors (Clasr I{ 6CF}.
r Oral antiroagulation {lNR 2.0-3,0} is reconrmended afler i:<haemic atrol<e areodated with Af tClass l. Lelel A]. Oral anticoagulation h not recomrnended in patients \.r,ith con"rorbid conditions such as falls, poor <onplian<e. urrontrCled epileply, r gastrointesinal bleedng {Class
Itl, lelel C)" lncrea$ng age alone is not a conraindication to oral antkoagulation {Chss l, Lelel AI
. ft is re(offan€fided that patimts nith cardoernboli< sboke r.nrelated to AF:hou,ld reeive antico.gulaftts {lNR
2.0-3.0) if thp rhk of recunence is hiEh (Cla:s t{, LE /el C).
e lt k rxamrnendsd that aflti.oa$Jlation *mrtrd not be u:+d after ncn-cardio+mb,o{i< isdramic stro&e, except in tom€ spe{ific 5ltuatiom, such as aortir ath.eromas"
fusiform aneurysnrs of the basilar ortery cer,vkal artery dsaectiol't. or patent feranren crrah in lhe presence of proven deep vein thrombo,sb (DMO or arrial septal aneurysm (Class lV GCPI
r tt is recsrilnerd€d that <omtrined low dme apirin ard dipyridrnole *ouH be giwn if oral anticoagdation is
contdrdicated (Class lV, GCP).
Saturday, April9th 201,5
58
C ur r
tnt
Llpt d a t es o,f ln i tinl Sl rc ck t n.d S t r o k e M a n n gr: ment{n Primarv Carc
Conclusion
Pharmacologic managenrnt
for
transient ischemicattacks
(nAs) is
ainrd at
reducingboth
short-term andlong-term
risk
of
stroke.In
view of the higlr short-term riskof
stroke after
TIA,
antithrombotic therapy should beinitiated as soon
as
intracranial hennnhage has been ruled out.Saturday, April 9th 2016
Cttrr*tt
Llprllttr:s oi htitial Slrrst"k nnd StT oke iv'lftntt4i:n{ntltr l'rinr.nty Cnrt References
l.
Ringleb, M.G. Bousser, G. Ford,P.
Bath,M.
Brainin, V.Caso,
A
Cervera, A.1 Chamorro, Charlotte Cordonnier, L.Csfua,
A.
Davalos,H.
-
C. Diener, J. Ferro, W. Hacke, M.Hennerici,
M.
Kaste,P.
Langhorne,K.
Lees,D.
Leys, J.Lodder, H. S. Markus, J. - L. Mas, H. P. Mattle, K. Muir, B.
Norrving,
V.
Obach, S. Paofucci, E.B.
Ringelstein, P. D.Schellinger,
J.
Sivenius,V.
Skvortsova,K.
StibrantSunnerhagen,
L.
Thomassen, D. Toni, R.r von Kummer, N.Gunnar Wahlgren,
M. F.
Walker,J.
Wardlawm20ll
-Ischaemic stroke and transientischaemic attack
-
EuropeanHandbook of Neurological Management: Volume 1, 2nd EditionEdted by N. E. Gilhus, M. P. Barnes and M. Brainin
201 1 Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-l-405-18533-2
2.
WilliamJ.
Powers, MD, FAHA, Chair; Colin P. Derdeyn,MD, FAHA, Vice Chair;Jos6 Biller, MD, FAHA; Christopher S. Coffey, PhD; Brian L. Hoh, MD, FAHA;Edward C. Jauch,
MD, MS, FAHA; Karen C. Johnston, MD, MSc;S. Claiborne
Johnston, MD, PhD,
FAHA;
AlexanderA.
Khalessi, IvfD,MS,
FAHA;ChelseaS.
Kidwe[ MD,
FAHA;
James F.Meschia, MD, FAHA;Bruce Ovbiagele.
MD,
MSc, MAS,FAHA;
Dileep
R.
Yavagal,
MD,
MBBS,
2015.AHA/ASGuidelines
for
the Early Management offatientsSaturday, April 9th 201 6
Asri Medical Center of Yogyakarta 59
60
Cun'ent Llyrtiaics t:! )rritktl Sltotk r,"ttd StrokcMtriitgtttwnt
In l!rimurq Carc
With
Acute
Ischemic Stroke Regarding EndovascularTreatment.
A
Guideline for Healthcare Professionals Fromthe
American
Heart
Association/AmericanStrokeAssociation. Stro k e. 2015;46:000-000.
3.
Ashish Nanda,Niranjan N Singh, Robert E O'Conno, 2015-
Transient Ischemic Attack, Treatment and ManagementMedscape Medical News. Updated:Dec 01,2015
4.
[Guideline] National Institutefor
Health
andExcellence
(NICE)
Stroke
Guidelines. Availablehttp//zuidance.nic e. ore.uk/CG68/Guidance/pdf/Enslish.
Accessed: September 22, 2010.
5.
Wu CM, Mclaughlin K, Lorenzetti DL, Hill MD, MannsGhali WA. Early risk of stroke after transient ischemic
a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern2007 Dec 10. 167 (22):2417 -22.
6.
AmarencoP,
GoldsteinLB,
SillesenH,
BenaventeZweifler RM, Callahan
A
3rd, et aL Coronary heartrisk in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack and
known coronary heart disease: frrdings from the
Prevention by Aggressive Reduction
in
Cholesterol(SPARCL) tr'nL S tro k e. 201041(3) :426-30.
Saturday, April 9th 2016
Asri Medical Center of Yogyakarta
Cw"rent Llp,lutes a{
lrif
kti Slratk nnd Strai:t: M*n*gtrtrcnt lit l>rinutril Crirt7.
Chandratheva A, Lasserson DS, Geraghty OC, Rothwell PM.Population-based
study
of
behavior immediately aftertransient ischemic
attack
and
minor stroke
in
1000consecutive patients: lessons
for
public education. Stroke.2010 Jun. al (6):1 108-14.
8.
Bos MJ, vanRln
MJ, Witteman JC, Hofman A, KoudstaalPJ,
BretelerMM.
Incidence and prognosisof
transientneurological attacks. JA M A. 2007 D ec 26. 298(24):2877-85.
9.
Giles MF, Ahers GW, Amarenco P, Arsava EM, Asimos AW,Ay H, et al. Early stroke risk and ABCD2 score performance
in
tissue-vs
time-defnedTIA:
A
multicenter strdy.Neurology. 2011 Sep 27 . 77(13):1222-8.
10. Shcchan OC, Mcrwick A, Kelly LA, Hannon N, Marnane M,
Kync L, et al. Diagnostic usefulness of the ABCD2 score to
distinguish transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic
strokc from nonccrebrovascular events: the North Dublin TIA
Study. Stroke. 2009 Nov. 40(Il):3449-54.
ll.
TsivgoulisG,
StamboulisE,
ShamraVK,
Heliopoulos I, VoumvourakisK,
TeohHL,
et
al.
Multicenter externalvalidation
of
the ABCD2 scorein
triagingTIA
patients.Neurology. 2010 Apr 27 . 74(17):1351-7.
Saturday, April 9th 2016
Cur r ent LI p d a t r,s a { }r t i
titl
Sl rc ck nnd S t r o ke Mn n c gu nant{n Prirnarv Carc
12. Asimos
AW,
JohrsonAM,
Rosamond WD.evaluation of the ABCD2 score accuracy for predicting
ischemic stroke in admitted patients with transient ischemb
attack. Ann Emerg Med. 2010:201-210
13. Chandratheva
A,
GeraghtyOC,
Luengo-FernandezRothwell PM. ABCD2 score predicts severity rather than
of
early recurrent events after trarsient ischemic aStrok e. 2010 May. 4l(5):85 1-6.
14. Stead LG, Suravaram S, Bellolio MF, Enduri S, Rabinstein
Giknore RM, et al. An assessment of the incrementalvalue
the ABCD2 score in the emergency departrnent evaluation
transient ischemic atlack.
Ann
EmergMed.
2011 J57( I ):46-51.
15. Fothergill A, Christiarson TJ, Brown RD Jr, Rabinstein
Validation and refinement of the ABCD2 score: a popula
based analys its. S n"o k e . 2009 Aug. 40(8):2669 -7 3.
16. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavall6e PC, Meseguer E,
L,
Slaoui T, et al. Does ABCD2 score below 4 allowtime to evaluate patients with a transient ischemic attac
Stroke. 2009 Sep. 40(9):3091-5.
17. Merwick
A,
Albers GW, Amarenco P, Arsava EM, AyCalvet D, et al. Addition of brain and carotid imaging to
Saturday, April 9t'. 2016
Asri Medical Center of Yogyakarta
t...-. i ; r r * *
i
L i ;L, i, t l t:s tti
i t t.i t i a i 5h ts i :k t t ui 5 i t' o k i: ;\'4 i;i n t tt t r *: ri tJti iltint*r:1
{.trt
ABCD'zscoretoidentifypaticntsatearlyriskofstrokeafter
transient ischaemic attack: a multicentre observational study.
Lancet Neuro
l.
2010 Nov. 9( 1 1):1060-9.18. Wu CM, Manns BJ,
Hill MD,
Ghali WA, Donaldson C,Buchan
AM.
Rapid evaluationafter
high-riskTIA
isassociated with lower stroke risk' Can J Neurol Sci ' 2009 Jul'
36(a):450-5.
19. [Guideline] Furie
KL,
Kasner SE, AdamsRJ,
et
aLGuidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke
or
transient ischemicattack
a
guidelinefor
healthcareprofessionals from the american heart association/american
stroke associa tion. S tro k e. 20 1 1 Jan. a2Q):227 -7 6'
SaturdaY, APtil9th 2016