The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose

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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.

THE MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF JHON SHORS BENEATH A MARBLE SKY INTO TAJ MAHAL BY MEITHYA ROSE

A THESIS

BY

NOVIE ANDRIANI KESUMA NIM: 080721004

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN

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THE MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF JHON SHORS BENEATH A

MARBLE SKY INTO TAJ MAHAL BY MEITHYA ROSE

A THESIS BY

NOVIE ANDRIANI KESUMA NIM: 080721004

Supervisor, Co. Supervisor

Dra. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.hum Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A NIP. 19570626 198303 2001 NIP.19680122 199803 2 001

Submitted to faculty of letters, University of North Sumatera Medan in Partial Fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature/Linguistics.

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN

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Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

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Accepted by the board examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree Sarjana Sastra from English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, Medan

The Examination is held at the Faculty of Letters, English Department, University of North Sumatera on Wednesday, December 23 2009

The Dean of the Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera,

Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph. D Nip: 132 098 531

Board Examiners:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank and praise to Allah SWT for blessing the writer in so

many ways give his guidance, love, health and capability in completing this Thesis to finish

her study from English Department, Faculty of Letters, university of North Sumatra. Prayer

is also for the writer so he can finish her study from university. Upon the last prophet,

Muhammad SAW.

The writer sincere thank is expressed to her supervisor Dra. Masdiana Lubis M.A.

Who has spent her precious time, to guide and give suggestions during the process of

writing this paper, and Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A. as a reader that give me

constructive criticism and suggestions. I also thank to Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D as the

dean of the Faculty of Letters, and Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum. And Drs.

Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum as the head and secretary of English study program for

their support and good co-operation in helping the writer finish this paper. And the writer

would also like to express her sincere gratitude to all of the lectures for their knowledge,

guidance and advice during her study in faculty.

Furthermore, the writer would also like to express her special thanks to her beloved

parents, sister who have patiently given their moral and financial, supported, advice, love

and prayer. I would like to give my special thanks to my parents special to my father

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Rizka Elfira, Selviana Tindaon, Poppy Amanda, and to my close friend Arie Ismail S. Sos for making my life more colourful and the best my friend Fitriani, Nanda Asri Nurul Huda no one can be like you.

Finally, the writer would like to admit this paper is far from being perfect, therefore,

she is open to constructive criticism and suggestions.

Medan, Dec,2009

Novie Andriani Kesuma

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, NOVIE ANDRIANI KESUMA, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except

where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published

else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or

awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been submitted for the aware of

another degree in any tertiary education

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : NOVIE ANDRIANI KESUMA

Title of thesis : The Morphemic Shifts in Translation of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose

Qualification : S-I/ Sarjana Sastra Study program : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reduplication at the discretion of the

Librarian of the English Department University of North Sumatera (USU) on the

understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of

Indonesia.

Signed :………..

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “The Morphemic Shifts in Translation of Jhon Shors Beneath A

Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose” merupakan sebuah analisis tentang

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1 .1 Background of the Analysis ………1

1 .2 Problem of the Analysis ………5

1 .3 Objective of the Analysis ………6

1 .4 Scope of the Analysis ………6

1 .5 Significances of Analysis ………6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2 .1 The Description of Translation ………10

2.1.1 Definition of Translation………10

2.1.2 Function of Translation ………11

2.1.3 Types of Translation ………12

2.1.4 Process of Translation ………17

2.1.5 Shifts in Translation ………19

2.2 The Description of Morpheme ………21

2.2.1 The Understanding of Morpheme ………21

2.2.2 The types of Morphemes in English and Indonesia ………22

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3.1 Research Method ………26

3.2 Data and Data Source ………26

3.3 Data Collecting Method ………27

3.4 Data Analysis Method ………27

CHAPTER IV THE MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF JHON SHORS BENEATH’S A MARBLE SKY A NOVEL OF TAJ MAHAL INTO TAJ MAHAL BY MEITHYA ROSE 4 .1 Morphemic Shifts from morpheme to word 4.1.1 Prefix 4.1.1.1 Prefix Un- ………29

4.1.1.2 Prefix Im- ………31

4.1.1.3 Prefix Re- ………31

4.1.1.4 Prefix Dis- ………32

4.1.1.5 Prefix Under- ………32

4.1.1.6 Prefix Out- ………33

4.1.1.7 Prefix A- ………34

4.1.1.8 Prefix Extra- ………34

4.1.1.9 Prefix Over- ………35

4.1.2 Suffix 4.1.2.1 Suffix –Ing ………35

4.1.2.2 Suffix –ly ………36

4.1.2.3 Suffix –s ………37

4.1.2.4 Suffix –er ………39

4.1.2.5 Suffix –less ………39

4.1.2.6 Suffix –est ………40

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4.2.1.2 Prefix Re- ………41

4.2.1.3 Prefix Under- ………42

4.2.2 Suffix 4.2.2.1 Suffix –ly ………42

4.2.2.3 Suffix –s ………43

4.2.2.4 Suffix –er ………43

4.2.2.5 Suffix –less ………44

4.2.2.6 Suffix –est ………44

4 .3 Others 4 .3.1 No shifts from Morpheme to Morpheme 4 .3.2.1 Prefix ………45

4 .3.2.2 Suffix ………46

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ………47

5.2 Suggestions ………48

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

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INTRODUCTION

Background of Analysis

There are some acceptable definitions which describe what translation is.

Translation means transferring the meaning of the source language into receptor language

(Larson, 1984:3). Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is

process of transferring the meaning of the source language or one’s own language into the

target language or another language. The form from which the translation is made will be

called the SOURCE LANGUAGE (SL) and the form into which it is to be changed will be

called TARGET LANGUAGE (TL). The form from the target language be translated

became a word, phrase, clause, sentence, and paragraph.

In translation, there are many translation shifts, translation shifts is defined as a

translation procedure involving the change in the grammar from the SL to TL (Newmark,

1988:85). While, the term shifts is used in the translation to refer to changes which may

occur in the process of translation (Dirk Delabatista,1992:226). Based on the definitions

above, it can be concluded that translation shift is the process of translation which involves

change in the grammar fro SL to TL.

In transferring the meanings, a translator not only be able to transfer the source

languages into the target language but also a translator must be able to understand the form,

semantic, grammatical, phonology and morphology. Besides, a translator must be able to

determine the meaning from two different languages to produce the perfect translation

because every language has the different morphemes. For example, English and Bahasa

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English Morphemes

(Sibarani,2002: 6,11)

Morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia

(Arifin & Junaiyah, 2009:vi,vii)

Prefixes = a-, un-, im-, in-, en-, and dis-.

Suffixes = -s,

Prefiks = di- , ke-, per-, meng-, ber-, ter-,

se-, dan peng-.

Suffiks= -an, -anda, -i, -kan, -wan, dan -in

Infiks = -el-,-em-,-er-, dan -in

Confiks = ke-. . an, ber-. . an, per-. .

.-an, peng-. . .-.-an, dan se-. . .-nya,

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit into which words can be analyzed. Based

on the definitions above, it can be concluded that morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit

of word which can be analyzed. For example, the base form such as like, popular, born, are

combined with prefix re-, un-, and suffix –ly become like + ly → likely, re + born →

reborn, un + popular → unpopular. Morpheme can be classified into Bound and free

morphemes. Free morphemes are linguistic forms which can be used on its own or which

can exist as independent word. For example Betty, horse, red, write, love, and drive. While

bound morphemes are linguistic forms which are never used alone, but must be used with

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e.g. write + ing → writing, love + ing → loving and drive + ing → driving (Sibarani,

2002:2).

This thesis discusses about the morphemic shift in translation. In most languages

such as English and Bahasa Indonesia, words can be divided into smaller forms. These

forms are the smallest linguistic unit that can have a meaning or grammatical function

called morphemes. While Shift is a translation procedure which involves the change in the

grammar from the SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). Shift is firstly proposed by J.C Catford.

There are two types of shifts, they are level and category shifts. A level shift occurs when

SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own

(Grammatical, lexical, etc). Category shift is generic term referring to shifts involving any

of the four categories of class, structure, system and unit (e.g. ST adjectival phrase

becomes an adverbial phrase in TT). (Catford (1965:80) in Hatim, 2000:15). Morphemic

shifts as a part of level shifts but in translation it can be realized as category shifts

especially in unit shifts as Hatim, (2000:16) says a translation through level shift could, on

a different occasion or by a different translator, be achieved through category shift.

The morphemic shift is chosen as the main topic of this thesis because in the

translation, many shifts are found. Sometimes, in translating the text from the different

language is very difficult. Every language has different rules. As Maurits (2008:8) argues

that “Setiap bahasa mempunyai aturan aturan sendiri. aturan aturan yang berlaku pada

suatu bahasa belum tentu berlaku pada bahasa lain”. [every language has its own the rule,

of course the rule of language is not effected to another language]. To translate the text a

translator must find the equivalence of the text in order to make the reader understand the

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penerjemah adalah kesepadanan antara teks yang diterjemahkan dan terjemahannya” [in

translation, a translator must find the equivalence of translation between the source

language of text which translated and its translation]. In translation, a translator faces some

difficulties in finding the equivalence of translation, so a translator make the shift in order

to keep the meaning of the text, so the message can be conveyed naturally.

In this thesis, a novel is used as a data because in Jhon Shors’ novel entitled

Beneath a Marble sky and its translation are found many morphemic shifts in translation of

the novel. For example:

1. Shift from morpheme to word: Un-

(SL)

Tidak (TL)

I was unable to see what the

lay beyond them (p.19 l.33)

Begitu tingginya hingga aku

tidak bisa melihat apa yang

terbentang di luar sana (p.26 l.2

The bound morpeheme un- are translated into tidak

The bound morpheme un- in unable is translated into the word tidak bisa. It shows

there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL.

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2. Shift from morpheme to phrase:

Un + popular→ Unpopular

(SL)

Yang tak (TL)

Despite the unpopular taxes, (p.238 l.22)

Selain pajak yang tak

merakyat, (p.333 l.7)

The bound morpeheme un- are translated into yang tak

The bound morpheme –un in unpopular is translated into the word yang tak

merakyat. It shows there has been morphemic shift. So, the word unsure becomes one

word in English and becomes the phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.

Based on the explanation above, I am interested to analyze the morphemic shift in

the translation in Jhon Shors’s novel entitled Beneath a Marble Sky into Taj Mahal by

Meithya Rose.

1.2 Problem of Analysis

In analyzing this thesis, the problems of analysis are:

1. What the morpheme are found in Jhon Shors Beneath a Marble sky into Taj Mahal

by Meithya Rose?

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3. Which morphemic shifts are the most dominant used in the novel of Beneath a

Marble Sky and into Taj Mahal by Meithya Rose?

1.3 Objective of Analysis

In analyzing this thesis, the objectives of analysis are:

1. To find out the morphemes used in the novel of Beneath a Marble Sky by Jhon

Shors and its translation.

2. To analyze the morphemic shift in the novel of Beneath a Marble Sky by Jhon

Shors and its translation.

3. To find out the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in the novel of Beneath a

Marble Sky by Jhon Shors

1.4 Scope of Analysis

The scope of this analysis is focused on morphemic shifts that consists of shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from morpheme to phrase. In this analysis, I limit the

analysis on the morpheme which added to the prefixes and suffixes.

1.5 Significances of Analysis

This analysis has some significance both theoretically and practically.

Theoretically, this analysis is useful for increasing the knowledge about translation

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will be useful for teaching and training of translation. Further, this analysis is expected to

be useful as references for those who are interested in translation.

1.6 Review of Related Literature

In this analysis, this thesis used some theories which are relevant to the basic principle of translation which support the framework of the analysis. Some theories are as

follow:

J.C. Catford (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15) classified the translation shift into

two major types of shift are identified: ‘Level Shift’ and ‘Category shift’.

Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic

level from its own (Grammatical, lexical, etc). For example, source text word play achieved

at the phonological level may be translated by exploiting the possibilities of the lexical

level in the target language.

Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of

class, structure, system and unit (e.g. ST adjectival phrase becomes an adverbial phrase in

TT). The category shifts may involve:

1. A ‘class shift’, when an SL item is translated by means of a TL item belonging to a

different grammatical class: e.g. the adjective in medical student becomes an

adverbial phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’;

2. A ‘structure shift’ involving a change in grammatical structure between ST and

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3. A ‘unit shift’ where a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL

sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed: e.g. the English

definite article translated by a change in word order in Russian;

4. An ‘intra-system shift’ which occurs when translation involves selection of a

non-correspond formally: e.g. an SL ‘singular’ becomes a TL ‘plural’

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful elements into which words can be analyzed.

(Sibarani, 2002:3,23). In this case, Robert Sibarani also classified the morpheme into free

morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morphemes are linguistic forms which can be used

on its own or which can exist as independent word, for example Betty, horse, red, write,

love, and drive while bound morphemes are linguistic forms which are never used alone

but must be used with another morpheme, e.g. as an affix. For example, the English suffix

– ing must be used with a verb stem, e.g. write + ing → writing, love + ing → loving and

drive + ing → driving.

Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. (Junaiy`ah,

2009:2,3) they also classified the morpheme into Free morpheme and bound morpheme.

Morfem bebas adalah morfem yang dapat berdiri sendiri, seperti jual, beli, duduk, dan

tidur. Morfem terikat adalah morfem yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri yang di sebut dengan

imbuhan seperti men + sapu → menyapu, me + tulis → menulis, me + jual → menjual.

In analyzing this thesis, I also use some previous studies that disccuss about shifts

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Sri Rahmadani Siregar (2008:55-56) in The Translation of Morphemic Shift in

Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah by Threes Susilawati presents about shifts in

morpheme, she concludes that morphemic shift in translation have different word classes in

target text: they can be noun, adjective and adverb phrase. Morphemic shifts occur to make

the readers easily in understanding the text translated.

Zahara Hijriani Rahmi (2004:54) in Dynamic Equivalence in the English

Translation of Sura Al-Waqi’ah of the holy Qur’an by Abdullah Yusuf Ali present about

Shifts from word in SL become phrase in TL despite that shift does not change the concept

of original meaning of word in TL.

From those explanations above, it can be concluded that a translator makes shift to

adjust the structure of source language to the appropriate structure in target language and

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2 .1 The Description of Translation

This Thesis talks about the morphemic shift in a translation from English to Bahasa

Indonesia, so the writer wants to explain about the translation in brief first.

2.1.1 Definition of Translation

There are many theorists describe what translation is in different ways. They have

their own explanation about translation.

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by

equivalent textual material in another language (TL) (Catford, in Machali 2000:5). it means

that the translation is changing of the text material of the source language (SL) to the target

language (TL) which in the target language the text has the equivalence in the source

language.

Translation means rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way

that the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988:). it means that the translation to translate

the meaning of the text to another language must be intended with the message of the

author.

Translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target

language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately

similar and (2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so

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Istilah translation mengacu pada pengalihan pesan tertulis dan istilah interpretation

mengacu hanya pada pengalihan pesan lisan. [the term of translation refer to the transfer

the meaning of the written message while the term of the interpretation refer to oral

message]. (Nababan,1997:12). It means that translation is transfer the meaning of written

message while interpretation refers to oral message translation.

Based on the definition above it can be conclude that the translation is process of

transferring the meaning from the Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL)

with focuses on the structure different language.

2.1.2 Function of Translation

In translation, the function of translation as an interlingua communication activity

in developing country to get the information and technology. This statement is the same

with Reiss arguments “interlingual translation (translation between two different

languages) is a bilingual mediated process of communication, which usually aims at the

production of a target language text that is functionally equivalent to source language text”

(Reiss in venutti, 2000:160). One clear statement is expressed by linguists. He states “...

Translation is a process of communication: the objective of translating is to import the

knowledge of the original to the foreign reader (Levy in venutti, 2000:148).

Based on the argument above we can conclude that the function of translation is not

only to transfer a message from one language to another but as a communicative facilitates

same as the languages function and we can differentiating both the original and translated

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2.1.3 Types of Translation

Many linguists make the divisions on translation. As Newmark, (1988:45) divides

translation into eight; they are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful

translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation and communicative

translation. Furthermore, the brief description of these types of translation will be discussed

below:

2.1.3.1 Word-for-word Translation

This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the target language

immediately below the source language words. The SL word order is preserved and the

words translated singly (Newmark, 1988:45). It means that each word or morpheme in

source language is translated by a word or morpheme in target language by their most

common meanings.

For example:

Source Language (SL) : His heart is in the right place.

Target Language (TL) : Kepunyaanya hati adalah dalam itu benar tempat.

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2.1.3.2Literal Translation

Literal translation in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their

nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly

(Newmark,1988:46). It means that Literal translation in which the SL grammatical

constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical

words are again translated singly.

For example:

Target Language (TL) : Hatinya berada di tempat yang benar

If we analyzed, the translation of target language is compatible with the English

grammar. TL follows the form of SL

2.1.3.3Faithful translation

A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the

original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures (Newmark,1988:46). It

means that to transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical

abnormality in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the

text realization of the SL writer.

For example:

Source Language (SL) : Ben is to well aware that he is naughty.

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In this case the meaning of this translation is faith with SL in TL.

2.1.3.4 Semantic translation

Semantic translation is differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take

more account of the aesthic value that is the beautiful and natural sound of the SL text,

compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetititon

jars in the finished version (Newmark, 1988:46). It means that in semantic translation it

may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral of functional terms but no

by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to readership. The

distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and

dogmatic, while the second is more flexible and allows for the translator’s intuitive

emphaty with the original.

For example:

Source Language (SL) : He is a book-worm.

Target Language (TL) : Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali membaca.

This translation is not difficult to understand though no culture equivalent but using

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2.1.3.5 Adaptation

This is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays and poetry; the

themes, characters, plots are usually reserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture

and text rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produces many poor adaptations,

bur other adaptation have rescued period plays (Newmark,1988:46). Besides for plays and

poetry, adaptation is used to translate the cultural utterance in different concept between SL

and TL.

For example:

Source Language (SL) : Dear sir.

Target Language (TL) : Dengan hormat.

Dear Sir is translated into Bahasa Indonesia becomes dengan hormat by using

adaptation, it is not translated becomes Tuan yang terhormat.

2.1.3.6Free translation

Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without

the form of the original (Newmark, 1988:46). It means that the linguistic structure of the

source language is ignored, and an equivalent is found based upon the meaning it conveys.

For example:

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In this case, this translation is often not to find equivalence of word or sentence but

the translator has to able to catch meaning in SL, such as the example above.

2.1.3.7Idiomatic Translation

Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort

nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the

original (Newmark, 1988:47). In this case this translation reproduces the message of the

original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring idioms where these do not

exist in the original text.

For example:

Source Language (SL) : Be my guest.

Target Language (TL) : Silahkan

In this case this translation reproduces the message of the original from the source

languages emphasizes for meaning with ignore the form of source language.

2.1.3.8Communicative translation

Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the

original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and

comprehensible to the readership (Newmark, 1988:47). It means that to translate the text a

translator must make the product of translation is clear and is easy to understand by the

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For example:

Source Language (SL) : Beware of the dog.

Target Language (TL) : Awas anjing galak.

SL sentence clearly shows that a dog is vicious without using the vicious word so

that TL has been equivalence with the SL.

2.1.4 Process of Translation

To transfer the meaning from the Source Language (SL) into the Target Language

(TL), a translator must be able to concern with the text and the message of the text of the

source language. To produce the good translation the translator can be passing the three

step process of translation. They are: analyze the source text, transfer the meaning and re

structurisation.

Analyze the Source Text

At the first time to analyze the text, as the translator must be able to analyze the

source text to find or understand the meaning from the source text of source text which

want to translated. To find or understand the meaning from the source language a translator

can reading the source text carefully. With the reading the text carefully a translator can

understand the meaning from the source text. Besides to understand the meaning from the

source text a translator must be able a good understanding to the elements of linguistic and

extra linguistic from the source text. The elements of linguistic may involve Structure from

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unit while the extra linguistic may involve concern with out of the linguistic element such

as the element of the Socio-cultural text which want to translated.

Transfer the Meaning

After a translator can understand the meaning of the source text, so a translator

transfer the messages from the source text into the target text, then to transfer that meaning

a translator must be able find the equivalence of the word which want to translated into the

target language.

Restructurization

In this case the translator focuses on the style of language to transfer the meaning

which is appropriate with the type of the text which wants to translate. A translator must be

able to require to pay attention to whom the product of translation in addressing.

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2.1.5 Shifts in Translation

Catford (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15) classified the translation shift into two

major types of shift are identified: ‘Level Shift’ and ‘Category shift’.

A. Level Shift

Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different

linguistic level from its own (Grammatical, lexical, etc). For example, source text word

play achieved at the phonological level may be translated by exploiting the possibilities of

the lexical level in the target language (Catford (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15).

B. Category Shift

Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four

categories of class, structure, system and unit (e.g. ST adjectival phrase becomes an

adverbial phrase in TT). (Catford, (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15). The category shifts

may involve:

2.1.5.1 A Class shift

A ‘class shift’, when an SL item is translated by means of a TL item belonging to a

different grammatical class: e.g. the adjective in medical student becomes an adverbial

phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’ (Catford, (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim

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2.1.5.2 A Structure Shift

A ‘structure shift’ involving a change in grammatical structure between ST and

target text TT: e.g. Jhon loves Mary becomes ‘is love at Jhon on Mary’ in Gaelic; (Catford,

(1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15).

2.1.5.3 A Unit Shift

A ‘unit shift’ where a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL

sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed: e.g. the English

definite article translated by a change in word order in Russian; (Catford, (1965: 80) in

Batil Hasim (2001:15).

2.1.5.4 An Intra-system Shift

An ‘intra-system shift’ which occurs when translation involves selection of a

non-correspond formally: e.g. an SL ‘singular’ becomes a TL ‘plural’ (Catford, (1965: 80)

(33)

2.2 The Description of Morpheme

This Thesis talks about the morphemic shift in a translation from English to Bahasa

Indonesia, so the writer wants to explain about the morpheme in brief first.

2.2.1 The Definition of Morpheme

There are many theorists describe what morpheme is. Morpheme is the smallest

meaningful elements into which words can be analyzed (Sibarani, 2002:3). It means that

morpheme is the smallest meaningful element which can be analyzed.

Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed

(Nida, 1967:6). In this case, that the morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.

The traditional term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is morpheme

(Fromkin, 1998:69). It means that morphemes are an unit of grammatical form.

The morpheme is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with

the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure

(Katamba,1988:24). It means that morpheme is the smallest difference in shape of word in

grammatical structure.

Morpheme is Linguistics a speech element having a meaning or grammatical

Function that cannot be subdivided into furthers such elements

(34)

Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. [morphe is the

smallest meaningful unit which has the meaning] (Junaiy`ah, 2009:2). It means that

morpheme is a linguistic unit which contains the meaning.

Based on the definitions above it can be conclude that Morpheme is a meaningful of

linguistic unit consisting of a→ is a word) or a word element (such as

the -s at the end of dogs. The word dogs consists of the word dog + suffiks s → dogs ) that

cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.

2.2.2 The types of Morphemes in English and Indonesia 2.2.2.1 English Morpheme

In English morpheme, morpheme can be classified into free and bound morpheme.

Free morphemes are linguistic forms which can be used on its own or which can

exist as independent word (Sibarani, 2002: 23). Root which are capable of standing

independently are called free morpheme (Katamba, 1988:41). Based on the argument above

it can be concluded that free morpheme are a word (can be nouns, adjectives, verbs,

prepositions, or adverbs) which are capable standing independently. For example: Betty,

horse, red, write, love and drive.

Bound morphemes are linguistic forms which are never used alone but must be used

with another morpheme. e.g Affix (Sibarani, 2002:23). While only roots can be free

morphemes, not all roots are free. Many roots are incapable of occurring in isolation. They

always occur with some other word-building element attached to them. Such roots are

(35)

conclude that the bound morpheme are linguistic forms which are never used alone and

must be used with another morpheme. For example write + ing → writing. in this case, the

bound morphemes also recognized affixes.

Affixes are the bound morphemes which are added to a word which change the

meaning/category or the grammatical function of the word (Sibarani, 2002: 26). This

argument also argument by theories which argument by Katamba says that “An affix is a

morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such

as a root or stem or base. Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morphemes”

(Katamba, 1988:44). Based on the definition above we can conclude that the affixes are the

bound morpheme.

In English morpheme, there are two types of affixes: Prefixes and Suffixes even

though in many languages, Infixation (the adding of infixes in word formation). Prefixes

are the affixes which are added to the beginning of the word. While Suffixes are the affixes

which are added to the end of a word, and infixes are the added within a word (Sibarani,

2002:26). It means that prefixes are the bound morpheme which added in the beginning of

word, suffixes are the bound morpheme which added in the end of the word and the infixes

are the bound morpheme which added inserted into other morphemes. For example :

Prefixes : Prefix -bi + free morpheme Polar → Bipolar

(36)

2.2.2.1 Morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia

In Indonesia morpheme, morpheme can be classified into morpheme bebas and

morpheme terikat. Morfem bebas adalah morfem yang dapat berdiri sendiri sedangkan

morfen terikat adalah morfem yang tak dapat berdiri sendiri. [free morpheme are the

morpheme can stand alone while bound morpheme are the morpheme cannot stand

alone](Junaiyah, 2009:2). It means that the morpheme in Indonesia can be classified into

two. There are morfem bebas and morfem terikat when the morfem bebas are the

morpheme can be stand alone and the morfem terikat is the morpheme which cannot stand

alone.

For example

Morfem bebas : Jual

Morfem terikat : Prefix Mem + free morpheme bantu → Membantu

Same as the English morpheme, in Indonesia morpheme the bound morpheme also called

affixes. “Imbuhan (afiks) adalah suatu bentuk (morfem) yang di lekatkan pada kata dasar.

Sedangkan prosesnya sendiri di sebut afiksasi (affixation).” [ Affixes is the form

(morpheme) which added to the base form while the process of the affixes is called

affixation] (Http/www.google.com which accesses on 16 April 2009). It can be conclude

that affixes are the form (morpheme) which added to the base form.

Affixes can be classified into 4 (four) they are: Prefixes, suffixes, infiks and

konfiks. Awalan (Prefiks) adalah imbuhan yang di lekatkan pada kata dasar. Infiks

(sisipan) adalah imbuhan yang dilekatkan di tengah kata dasar, while Sufiks (akhiran)

adalah imbuhan yang yang di lekatkan pada akhir kata dasar, and Konfiks (imbuhan

(37)

(Junaiyah, 2009 : 6,7). It means that Prefiks are the bound morpheme which added in the

beginning of the basic word, Infiks are the bound morpheme which added in the middle of

the basic word, while Suffiks is the bound morpheme which added in the end of the basic

word. and Konfiks are the bound morpheme which added in the beginning and in the end

of the basic word.

For example :

Prefiks : Prefix –Ber + Free morpheme segi → Bersegi

Infiks : Free morpheme Getar (Indonesia morphemes) + Infixes -el- → Geletar

Suffiks : Free morpheme ambil + suffiks –kan → Ambilkan

(38)

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Method

In this analysis, I use the library research to find theories dealing with this

subject from various books and dictionary. According to Bungin (2004:46) Penelitian

dapat pula di lakukan di perpustakaan, penelitian yang di lakukan di perpustakaan

ini mengambil setting perpustakaan sebagai tempat penelitian dengan objek

penelitiannya adalah bahan bahan kepustakaan [Research can be done by the library

and the references as the object of the research]

3.2 Data and Data Source

The data source of this analysis is written text, which were taken from one

of the best seller novels written by Jhon Shors, Beneath a Marble Sky’ in 2004. This

novel was translated by Meithya Rose, Taj Mahal in 2007. The data is collected by

closely observing the morpheme in SL and TL. By reading and analyzing them

repeatedly. Then the data were taken directly from the data source.

Data for analysis are words which have the bound morphemes from the novel

Beneath a Marble Sky, written by Jhon Shors and its Indonesian version Taj Mahal

(39)

3.4 Data Collecting Method

To collect the data, I applied the written method is by noting down the morpheme

from the original English novel as well as from its translated version. The English novel

version which entitled Beneath a Marble Sky by Jhon Shors consists of 4 chapters and 324

pages. While its translation Taj Mahal translated by Meithya Rose consists of 4 chapters

and 457 pages.

Data Analysis Method

In analyzing the data, I apply the qualitative method and to take an example these

analyze using the purposive sampling. Qualitative method is applied by making a

description of morphemic shift in the translation of Jhon Shors Beneath a Marble Sky into

Taj Mahal by Meithya Rose. Qualitative method means an analysis which uses some

instruments for collecting the data.

“Dalam Penelitian Kuantitatif proses pengumpulan data dan analisisnya

terpisah secara jelas, dan analisisnya dilakukan pada tahap akhir

pengumpulan data selesai. Tidak demikian halnya dalam penelitian kualitatif,

yang proses analisisnya harus di lakukan sejak awal bersamaan dengan

proses pegumpulan data.” (Sutopo, 2006:257)

In analyzing the data, procedures are applied:

(40)

2. Identifying and selecting the morpheme from the source language and the

target language.

3. Categorizing and underlining the morpheme from the source language and

the target language.

4. Analyzing the data by using J.C. Catford theory in Basil Hatim, 2001:15

In order to gain the most frequent of the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in the

translation of this novel I use Nawawi Formula (1991:127) as the following

X

N = -- X 100 %

Y

where, X = the number of each morphemic shift found in the novel

Y = the total number of all data

(41)

CHAPTER IV

THE MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF JHON SHORS BENEATH’S A MARBLE SKY A NOVEL OF TAJ MAHAL INTO TAJ MAHAL BY MEITHYA

ROSE

4.1 Morphemic Shift from morpheme to word

Morphemic shift from morpheme to word means the changes from morpheme in the

Source Language (SL) become word in the Target Language (TL).

Shifts from morpheme to word occurred in prefixes (un-, im- re-,dis-,

under-,out-,a-, extra- and over) and suffixes (-ingunder-,out-,a-, -lyunder-,out-,a-, -sunder-,out-,a-, -erunder-,out-,a-, -lessunder-,out-,a-, and -est) as follow:

4.1.1 Prefixes

4.1.1.1 Prefixes Un-

 Prefixes Un-Translated become Tidak

Un- (SL)

Tidak (TL)

I was unable to see what the lay beyond them (p.19 l.33)

Begitu tingginya hingga aku tidak bisa melihat apa yang terbentang di luar sana (p.26 l.2)

“I wouldn’t say so if it were untrue” (p.27 l.7)

“Aku tidak akan mengucapkannya bila itu

tidak benar” (p.36 l.22)

At first, I was uneasy with such glances, (p.41 l.27)

Mulanya rasa tidak nyaman menyerangku, (p.58 l.10)

“he said,”even if my view is unusual Among Muslims, (p.44 l.14)

“ia berkata, “meskipun pandanganku tidak lazim diantara orang orang islam

(p.61 l.31-32)

But we’re unlike our friends. (p.46 l.30) Tapi kita tidak seperti teman teman kita. (p.65 l.10)

(42)

 Prefixes Un- translated become tak

Un- (SL)

Tak (TL)

, was stained and his hair was unkempt. (p.79 l.14)

Rambutnya kusut tak terurus.(p.109 l.20)

, while armed guards kept unwelcome visitors at bay. (p.122 l.11)

, sementara para penjaga bersenjata menjauhkan tamu yang tak diundang. (p.170 l.23)

The bound morpeheme un- are translated into tak

 Prefixes Un- translated become tanpa

Un- (SL)

Tanpa (TL)

, his eyes unexpectedly swelled with tears. (p.82 l.32)

, matanya tanpa di duga menitikkan air mata. (p.114 l.18)

, leaving only three criminals unscathed. (p.98 l.11)

, hanya menyisakan tiga penjahat tanpa cedera. (p.136 l.6)

The bound morpeheme un- are translated into tanpa

 Prefixes Un- translated become Belum

Un- (SL)

Tidak (TL)

I reply, still somewhat unsure of the answer (p.11 l.8)

ujarku, namun masih belum yakin pada jawaban ini (p.14 l.10)

, unwashed soldiers and cooking fires mingled with the stench of rotting flesh (p.69 l.38)

, prajurit yang belum membasuh diri , dan tungku masak, berbaur dengan amisnya luka dari daging yang membusuk (p.98 l.21)

The bound morpeheme un- are translated into belum

The bound morpheme un- in the example above is translated into the word tidak,

tak,tanpa and belum. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to

find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme un– in English becomes the word in

(43)

4.1.1.2 Prefixes Im-

 Prefixes Im-Translated become Tidak/tak

Im- (SL)

Tidak (TL)

“impossible!” (p.11 l.26) “tidak mungkin!” (p.15 l.2)

I loved a man who cerished the

imperfections of my face (p.58 l.29)

Mencintai laki-laki yang memuja wajahku yang tak terlampau cantik (p.82 l.19-20) The baby grew impatient during our

second week in burhanpur (p.70 l.9)

Bayi di perut ibu semakin tak sabar pada minggu kedua kami di burhanpur

(p.98 l.33)

The bound morpeheme Im- are translated into Tidak/tak

The bound morpheme im- in the example above is translated into the word

Tidak/tak,dengan. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to

find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme im– in English becomes the word in

Bahasa Indonesia.

4.1.1.3 Prefixes Re-

 Prefixes Re-Translated become kembali

Re- (SL)

Kembali (TL)

Such blood could reunite the empire again (p.12 l.14)

,Darah itulah yang bisa menyatukan

kembali kerajaan ini (p.15 l.30)

Father returned to his Peacock Throne. (p.23 l.6)

Ayah melangkah kembali ke singgasana meraknya (p.30 l.24)

..., these entertainers recreated the famous acoount my great-great- grandfather, (p.25 l.24)

Para penghibur ini menggubah kembali kisah terkenal kakek moyangku, (p.34 l.17)

...of a person I hardly recalled.(p.48 l.16) ... dan mimpi tentang seseorang yang sulit kuingat kembali. (p.68 l.2)

...,they should recover(p.55 l.16) ...,pohon-pohon itu akan segar kembali.” (p.77 l.20)

(44)

The bound morpheme re- in the example above is translated into the word kembali.

It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same

equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme re– in English becomes the word in Bahasa

Indonesia.

4.1.1.4 Prefixes Dis-

 Prefixes Dis-Translated become Tidak

Dis- (SL)

Tidak (TL)

, he was disinterested at best, in my effort (p.52 l.16)

, ia tidak tertarik , paling tidak, dengan usahaku (p.73 l.14)

He looked displaced in his chain mail, (p.62 l.24)

Ia terlihat tidak nyaman dalam baju jirah (p.88 l.13)

Dara shook his head in disbelief (p.67 l.9) Dara menngelengkan kepala tidak percaya (p.94 l.24)

The bound morpeheme Dis- are translated into tidak

The bound morpheme dis- in the example above is translated into the word tidak,.

It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same

equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme dis– in English becomes the word in Bahasa

Indonesia.

4.1.1.5 Prefixes Under-

 Prefixes Under-Translated become bawah

Under- (SL)

Di bawah (TL)

Isa had designed the gardens so that

Underground passages from the river

(45)

would always keep their canals and fountains flowing. (p.118 l.37)

di bawah tanah dari sungai akan selalu menjaga kanal-kanalnya dan air mancur tetap mengalir. (p.165 l.31)

I tumbled underwater, not knowing up from down from sideways. (p.275 l.32)

Under + water → Underwater

Aku jatuh terguling-guling di bawah air dan tak lagi tahu arah. (p.387 l.16)

The bound morpeheme under- are translated into di bawah

The bound morpheme under- in the example above is translated into the word di

bawah. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same

equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme under– in English becomes the word in Bahasa

Indonesia.

4.1.1.6 Prefixes Out-

 Prefixes Out-Translated become Luar

Out-

, pergi ke gundukan lumpur di luar sana! (p.24 l.20)

The bound morpeheme Out- are translated into luar

The bound morpheme out- in the example above is translated into the word luar. It

shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent

in TL. The bound morpheme out– in English becomes the word in Bahasa Indonesia.

4.1.1.7 Prefixes A-

 Prefixes A-Translated become di

A- (SL)

Di (TL)

, sitting atop a cushion was my mother, Arjumand. (p.13 l.16)

Di dalam toko itu Arjumand tengah duduk

(46)

Somewhere amid the chaos was Isa. (p.169 l.27)

Di suatu tempat di tengah kebalauan itu, mataku terhenti pada Isa. (p.235 l.12) The bound morpeheme a- are translated into di

The bound morpheme a- in the example above is translated into the word di. It

shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent

in TL. The bound morpheme a– in English becomes the word in Bahasa Indonesia.

4.1.1.8 Prefixes Extra-

 Prefixes Extra-Translated become Sangat

Extra -

“kehidupan kakek dan nenek buyutmu

sangat hebat,” (p.16 l.21)

The bound morpeheme Extra - are translated into Sangat

The bound morpheme Extra- in the example above is translated into the word

Sangat. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same

equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme Extra– in English becomes the word in Bahasa

Indonesia.

4.1.1.9 Prefixes Over-

 Prefixes Over-Translated become Terlalu

Extra - (SL)

Terlalu (TL)

“Overambitious? (p.140 l.34) “Terlalu berambisi? (p.194 l.29)

(47)

The bound morpheme Over- in the example above is translated into the word

Terlalu. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same

equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme Over– in English becomes the word in Bahasa

Indonesia.

4.1.2 Sufixes 4.1.2.1 Suffix –ing

 Suffix Ing-Translated become Saling

Ing - (SL)

Saling (TL)

,whispering as young women (p.9 l.28) ,mereka saling berbisik (p.12 l.18) The bound morpeheme Ing – are translated into saling

 Suffix Ing-Translated become Sambil/sembari

Ing - (SL)

Sambil/sembari (TL)

,meeting their stares (p.11 l.18) sembari menatap mata mereka (p.14 l.23)

,subduing a smile, (p.13 l.20) ,jawabku sambil menyembunyikan senyum

bahagia (p.17 l.6)

The bound morpeheme Ing – are translated into sambil/sembari

 Suffix Ing-Translated become yang/lalu/sesaat/ tengah

Ing - (SL)

Yang (TL)

Standing next Mother was her slave, (p.16 l.17)

Yang berdiri di samping ibu adalah

budaknya, (p.21 l.4) ..., I noticed Aurangzeb glaring at me (p.25

l.7)

, Aurangzeb melepaskan tatapan yang menusuk (p.33 l.24)

Pausing from his calligraphy (p.17 l.8) berhenti sesaat dari kaligraphy yang tengah di tekuninya (p.22 l.7)

(48)

I found my self wishing, (p.58 l.28) Kudapati diriku tengah berharap,(p.82 l.18-19)

..., stopping at a stand of lemons (p.31 l.30) , lalu berhenti di kios penjual jeruk nipis (p.43 l.3)

The bound morpeheme Ing – are translated into yang/lalu/sesaat/tengah

The bound morpheme Ing- in the example above is translated into the word

saling,sambil/sembari,yang,lalu/sesaat/tengah. It shows there has been morphemic shift

which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme -Ing in

English becomes the word in Bahasa Indonesia.

4.1.2.2 Suffix –ly

 Suffix –ly Translated become Dengan

-Ly (SL)

Dengan (TL)

My guardian,Nizam,Patiently rows our boat acroos the Yamuna (p.9 l.17)

...,dengan sabar mengayuh perahu menyusuri yamuna (p.11 l.26) ...,Mother’s slave, she cared for his wounds

and treated him kindly(p.16 l.33)

...,Ibu merawat luka-luka Nizam dengan baik(p.21 l.22)

The bound morpeheme -ly are translated into dengan

 Suffix –ly Translated become Secara

-Ly (SL)

Secara (TL)

Dara took such thoughts seriously, (p.17 l.31)

Dara mengungkapkan gagasan itu secara serius, (p.22 l.29)

...,you’d see things differently.(p.65 l.30) ...,kau akan melihat berbagai perkara

secara berbeda.“ (p.92 l.29)

The bound morpeheme -ly are translated into dengan

 Suffix –ly Translated become Yang

-Ly (SL)

(49)

Dara took such thoughts rarely, (p.17 l.31) Dara mengungkapkan gagasan itu yang serius, (p.22 l.29)

...,you see things differently than we.(p.37 l.1)

...,Engkau melihat banyak hal dengan cara

yang berbeda.“ (p.50 l.21)

The bound morpeheme -ly are translated into yang

The bound morpheme -ly in the example above is translated into the word dengan

and secara. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the

same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –Ly in English becomes the word in Bahasa

Indonesia.

4.1.2.3 Suffix –s

 Suffix –s Translated become plural

-s (SL)

Plural (TL)

When I see them I feel as if I’m moving forward into places harboring no regrets (p.9 l.23)

Place+ s→ Places

Aku merasa seolah melaju ke tempat -tempat yang tidak melabuhkan sesalan. (p.12 l.5)

, of the dreams they counter. (p.9 l.29)

Dream + s→ Dreams

, juga tentang mimpi - mimpi yang mereka jelang. (p.12 l.9)

The bound morpeheme – s are translated become plural

 Suffix s-Translated become para

-s (SL)

Para (TL)

, the poets claimed, (p.13 l.17) , seperti yang dilukiskan para pujangga, (p.17 l.2)

His wives, the most powerful of the harem’s residents, (p.15 l.12)

Para istri---penghuni harem yang paling

(50)

 Suffix s-Translated become banyak

-s (SL)

Banyak (TL)

,I have enemies.(p.10 l.17) , aku mempunyai banyak musuh.(p.13 l.9)

...,you see things differently than we.(p.37 l.1)

...,Engkau melihat banyak hal dengan cara yang berbeda.“ (p.50 l.21)

The bound morpeheme – s are translated into banyak

 Suffix -sTranslated become dua

-s (SL)

Dua (TL)

,my granddaughters believed me instinctively, (p.11 l.1)

,dua cucuku ini percaya begitu saja. (p.13-14 l.34-1)

, thanks to my brilliant girls (p.25 l.32) , berkat dua wanitaku yang cerdas ini.” (p.33 l.15)

The bound morpeheme – s are translated into dua

The bound morpheme -s in the example above is translated into the word para dan

banyak,dua and even suffix –s translated to show the meaning is plural in the target

language. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the

same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –s in English becomes the word in Bahasa

Indonesia.

4.1.2.4 Suffix –er

 Suffix –er Translated become lebih

-er (SL)

Lebih (TL)

Within Agra’s alleys greater varieties of clothing were also visible (p.35 l.15)

Di gang-gang agra lebih banyak corak pakaian yang bisa disaksikan. (p.48 l.10) Most of the children were younger than

we, (p.35 l.27)

(51)

The bound morpeheme –er are translated into lebih

The bound morpheme -er in the example above is translated into the word lebih in

the target language. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to

find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –er in English becomes the word in

Bahasa Indonesia.

4.1.2.5 Suffix –less

 Suffix –less Translated become tak

-less (SL)

Tak (TL)

,regardless of whether at war abroad or at court conducting the Empire’s affairs (p.16 l.37)

,tak peduli baik pada saat perang di negri luar maupun membereskan urusan-urusan kerajaan dalam istana (p.21 l.23)

The night was cloudless and the moon full, (p.92 l.5)

Malam tak berawan dan bulan purnama. (p.127 l.13)

The bound morpeheme –less are translated into tak

The bound morpheme -less in the example above is translated into the word Tak in

the target language. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to

find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –less in English becomes the word

in Bahasa Indonesia.

4.1.2.6 Suffix –est

 Suffix –est Translated become paling

-less (SL)