AN ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW
A THESIS
BY
M. HARYADI SYAHPUTRA
REG.NO. 100705095
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
Approved by THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA (USU) MEDAN as a thesis for THE SARJANA SASTRA EXAMINATION
Head, Secretary,
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of SarjanaSastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.
The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Saturday April 25, 2015.
The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. SyahronLubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. MuhijarMuchtar, MS ……….
RahmadsyahRangkuti, MA. Ph.D ……….
Dr.EdySetia, M. Ed. TESD
Dr. H. SyahronLubis, MA
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I M. HARYADI SYAHPUTRA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTEHR DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THE THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
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ABSTRAK
Skripsiiniberjudul “An Analysis of Expressive Illocutionary Acts in the Oprah
Winfrey Show: A pragmatic Study”.
Pemilihanjudulinididasarkanpadakesadaranpentingnyamemahamipenggunaanbahasa yang digunakan Oprah Winfrey dan J.K. Rowling di dalamOprah Winfrey
Show.Skripsiinimembahastindakilokusiekspresif yang
termasukdalamanalisisprakmatikpadaujaran-ujarandalamtalk showtersebutdiatas. Dari beberapateorispeech act yang telahditemukanolehbeberapaahli, sepertiteori Yule, teori Austin, teoriPeccei, dan lain-lain, teori Searle
telahdipilihuntukdigunakandalamskripsiini. Dalamskripsiini, studikepustakaandigunakanyaknidenganmengumpulkanbahan literature
sepertibuku-buku, jurnal-jurnal linguistic danskripsi yang berkaitandenganjudul di
atas.Bahan-bahan literature
tersebutkemudiandipelajariuntukdapatditerapkandalammencariujaran-ujaranlangsungdari talk show tersebut. Dari analisistersebut, diperoleh 44 tindakilokusiekspresif yang ditemukandalam talk show tersebutdenganpengklasifikasiansebagaiberikut: expressives for thank 3 (6,81%), expressives for congratulation 14 (31,81%), expressives for whises 4 (9,09%), danexpressives for attitudes 24 (52,27%) sementaraduatipelainnyayaitu, expressives
for apologiesdanexpressives for greetingstidakterklasifikasi.
Sedangkandalamhalpengaplikasiannyadiperolehsebagaiberikut: literal direct 37
(84,09%), literal direct + non literal direct 4 (9,09%), danliteral direct+ nonliteral direct 3 (6,81%).
ABSTACT
This thesis is entitled “An Analysis of Expressive Illocutionary Acts in the Oprah Winfrey Show: A pragmatic Study”. The selection of the title is based on the consideration of the importance of understanding the language used by Oprah Winfrey and J.K. Rowling in Oprah Winfrey Show. This thesis discuss about
expressives illocutionary acts that includes to pragmatics analysis of utterances used in aforementioned talk show. From several theory of speech act that is found by experts, such as Yule’s theory, Austin’s theory, Peccei’s theory etc., Searle’s theory has been selected to be used in this thesis. In this thesis, library research is used in collecting literary material such as books, linguistic journals, and thesis related to the title. Then, the materials are studied to be applied in searching for direct utterances in the talk show. From the result of the analysis, 44 expressives illocution have been found in the talk show that can be classified as follow: expressives for thank 3 (6,81%), expressives for congratulation 14 (31,81%), expressives for whises 4 (9,09%), and expressives for attitudes 24 (52,27%), while the other two types which
are expressives for apologies and expressives for greetings cannot be classified. The
application resulting this: literal direct 37 (84,09%), literal direct + non literal direct
4 (9,09%), and literal direct+ nonliteral direct 3 (6,81%).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study………...1
1.2 Problem of the Study……….4
1.3 Objectives of the Study………..4
1.4 Scope of the Study……….5
1.5 Significances of the Study……….6
CHAPTET II RIVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 The Understanding of Pragmatic………7
2.1.1 The Relationship between Pragmatics and Semantics…9 2.1.2 Context in Pragmatics………12
2.1.3 Goals of Pragmatic Theory………14
2.2 The Overview of Speech acts………...15
2.2.1 Speech Acts………...15
2.2.2 Types of Speech Acts………16
2.3 Understanding of Illocutionary Act………..18
2.3.1 The Defenition of Illocutionary act………...18
2.3.3 The Classification of Illocutionary Acts………....22 2.4 Relevant Studies………...26
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design………..29 3.2 Data and Data Source………...30 3.3. Data Collection………31
CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN THE OPRAH WINFRET SHOW
4.1 The Six Types of Expressive Illocutionary Acts……….33 4.2 Ways of Performing Expressive Illocutionary Acts..…..39 4.3 The Table of Analysis Result………….………..46
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions………..48
5.2 Suggestions………...49
ABSTRAK
Skripsiiniberjudul “An Analysis of Expressive Illocutionary Acts in the Oprah
Winfrey Show: A pragmatic Study”.
Pemilihanjudulinididasarkanpadakesadaranpentingnyamemahamipenggunaanbahasa yang digunakan Oprah Winfrey dan J.K. Rowling di dalamOprah Winfrey
Show.Skripsiinimembahastindakilokusiekspresif yang
termasukdalamanalisisprakmatikpadaujaran-ujarandalamtalk showtersebutdiatas. Dari beberapateorispeech act yang telahditemukanolehbeberapaahli, sepertiteori Yule, teori Austin, teoriPeccei, dan lain-lain, teori Searle
telahdipilihuntukdigunakandalamskripsiini. Dalamskripsiini, studikepustakaandigunakanyaknidenganmengumpulkanbahan literature
sepertibuku-buku, jurnal-jurnal linguistic danskripsi yang berkaitandenganjudul di
atas.Bahan-bahan literature
tersebutkemudiandipelajariuntukdapatditerapkandalammencariujaran-ujaranlangsungdari talk show tersebut. Dari analisistersebut, diperoleh 44 tindakilokusiekspresif yang ditemukandalam talk show tersebutdenganpengklasifikasiansebagaiberikut: expressives for thank 3 (6,81%), expressives for congratulation 14 (31,81%), expressives for whises 4 (9,09%), danexpressives for attitudes 24 (52,27%) sementaraduatipelainnyayaitu, expressives
for apologiesdanexpressives for greetingstidakterklasifikasi.
Sedangkandalamhalpengaplikasiannyadiperolehsebagaiberikut: literal direct 37
(84,09%), literal direct + non literal direct 4 (9,09%), danliteral direct+ nonliteral direct 3 (6,81%).
ABSTACT
This thesis is entitled “An Analysis of Expressive Illocutionary Acts in the Oprah Winfrey Show: A pragmatic Study”. The selection of the title is based on the consideration of the importance of understanding the language used by Oprah Winfrey and J.K. Rowling in Oprah Winfrey Show. This thesis discuss about
expressives illocutionary acts that includes to pragmatics analysis of utterances used in aforementioned talk show. From several theory of speech act that is found by experts, such as Yule’s theory, Austin’s theory, Peccei’s theory etc., Searle’s theory has been selected to be used in this thesis. In this thesis, library research is used in collecting literary material such as books, linguistic journals, and thesis related to the title. Then, the materials are studied to be applied in searching for direct utterances in the talk show. From the result of the analysis, 44 expressives illocution have been found in the talk show that can be classified as follow: expressives for thank 3 (6,81%), expressives for congratulation 14 (31,81%), expressives for whises 4 (9,09%), and expressives for attitudes 24 (52,27%), while the other two types which
are expressives for apologies and expressives for greetings cannot be classified. The
application resulting this: literal direct 37 (84,09%), literal direct + non literal direct
4 (9,09%), and literal direct+ nonliteral direct 3 (6,81%).
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I.1 Background of the Study
Human beings can communicate with each other. We are able to exchange knowledge, beliefs, opinions, wishes, threats, commands, thanks, promises, declarations, and feelings. We can laugh to express amusement, happiness, or disrespect, we can smile to express amusement, pleasure, approval, or bitter feelings, we can shriek to express anger, excitement, or fear, we can clench our fists to express determination, anger or a threat, we can raise our eyebrows to express surprise or disapproval, and so on, but our system of communication before anything else is language.
Language is a link between thought and sound, and is a means for thought to be expressed as sound. Thoughts have to become ordered, and sounds have to be articulated, for language to occur. Saussure (1916) says that language is really a borderland between thought and sound, where thought and sound combine to provide communication.
Lado (1962:2) says, “Language is primarily an instrument of communication among human beings in a community.” It is clear that language as a tool of communication. It means speakers using language to deliver messages from theirmind to the hearer or from the writer to the reader. In addition, people can put forward their ideas, either spoken or in written. Language is considered to be a product of social contact.
Linguistics is the scientific study of human’s language. Pragmatics, as a branch of linguistics, plays its role to study about the meaning of language and its relation to the context. Yule (1996:3) says that pragmatic is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves.
There are five types of general functions performed by speech acts (Yule 1996:53). They are declarations, representatives, expressives, directives and commissives. Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance. It brings extra linguistic state of affairs into existence, as we declare war, appoint, veto and so forth. Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speakers feel. Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone to do something. Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action.
More deeply Yule says expressive illocution describes and expresses psychological state of the speaker. It can be statement of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow. In other words, expressives more concern with a feeling and behavior. For example : “I’m really sorry!”, “Congratulations!”.
I.2 Problem of the Study
The problems will be analyzed in this thesis are as follows:
1. How many expressive illocutionary acts exist inThe Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010)?
2. Which type of expressive illocutionary acts is the most dominant appearedin The Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010)?
I.3 Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem of the analysis above, I expect some objectives as follows:
1. To find out the number of expressive illocutionary acts in The Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010).
2. To determine the most dominant of expressive illocutionary acts in The Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010).
I.4 Scope of the Study
Pragmatic is the base of this thesis in which the analysis unit of pragmatic is speech act. According to the theory of and Searle (1975)Yule (1996), there are five types of general functions performed by speech acts: Declarations, Representatives, Expressives, Directives and Commissives.
I.5 Significances of the Study
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 The Understanding of Pragmatic
According to Yule (1995: 4), pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication. Pragmatics is about how people understand other’s thought and idea which are expressed through verbal communication.
Furthermore, Mey (1993:42) stated that pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society. Levinson (1996:21), added that pragmatics is the study ofthe relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. So pragmatics can be defined as a study talking about the relationship between language and context, in which the contextual meaning of an utterance can be different from the grammatical meaning.
From the definition above, we can conclude that pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which concerns with language use in context and the study of meaningrelated to the context or situation. It explains the way language use understood wellafter connecting it to the situation where, when and by whom it is uttered.
by a listener (or reader). It has consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people meant by their utterances might mean by themselves. Yule (1996: 3) explains Pragmatics as below:
1) Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. 2) Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.
3) Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. 4) Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
Basically, pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (writer) and interpreted by a listener (reader). Therefore, pragmatics focuses on what people mean by their utterances might mean by themselves. In other words, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. The term of pragmatics also focuses on the ability or proficiency to make a use of language that relates with determinant factors of communicative acts. It means pragmatic discussed the structure and the form of language to the context situation and at the same time is closely related to the atmosphere of hearer, speaker and surroundings.
Through pragmatics, one can understand the real meaning of an utterance, the motivation of someone to say something by its relation to the context. Actually, basedon the definition of pragmatics, we can explore some understanding about the factswith which pragmatics deals:
1) Facts about the objective facts of the utterance: who the speaker is, when theutterance happened, and where;
2) Facts about the speaker’s intention. What language the speaker intends to use, what meaning he intends to be using.
(As quoted from www.wikipedia.org) Pragmatics studies the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated. Another perspective is that pragmatics deals with the ways we reach our goal in communication. Pragmatics explains language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, as explained by semantics. As a field of language study, pragmatics is fairly new. Its origins lie in philosophy of language and the American philosophical school of pragmatism. Pragmatics is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects for language learners to grasp, and can only truly be learned with experience.
2.1.1 The Relationship between Pragmatics and Semantics
Semantics and pragmatics are both related to the way meaning is derived from language. Semantics studies the meaning that words and certain combinations of words hold for both the speaker and listener. Pragmatics deals with how the context in which words are used can dictate their true meaning at that particular time. Semantics and pragmatics are closely related as they both are attempts to understand the meaning of language beyond the literal definition of words.
Pragmatics and semantics are two branches of linguistics that discussed the same field namely meaning.Both deal with the meaning of words that uttered byhuman being in their own language, but it is important to make a clear distinctionbetween them so that there is no more misunderstanding about the study object of the two linguistics’ branches.
its direct or literal meaning, but words can also have connotation, or implied meaning. Some words or phrases create a feeling that goes beyond literal meaning.
Pragmatics is a way of looking at how communication goes beyond what is literally said. For instance, if someone speaks with a tone of sarcasm, the overall meaning that is communicated by what they are saying is completely different than what the words alone would mean. People often misunderstand words that are taken out of context. This too is a part of pragmatics, as the meaning that is communicated changes depending on the context in which it is used.
For more understanding about the distinction between pragmatics and semantics, let us see some examples below:
a) “I have no money.”
Semantically, this sentence is a statement to inform that the speaker has no money. But, pragmatically, it is a request. It means that the speaker asks someone as the hearer to treat the speaker.
b) “Don’t make a noise”
Base on semantically, this utterance means, the speaker inform that the hearer so noisy. But, it would means opposite to the semantic meaning when it was happened in the class, when the teacher (speaker) explain the subject, the sentence “Don’t make a noise” means the teacher ask the student to silent.
Semantically, this sentence is a statement to inform that the hearer has a pretty smile. But, based on pragmatics, it is a praising. It means that the speaker try to seduce the hearer.
It can be difficult to distinguish between semantics and pragmatics because they cover such similar concepts. Much communication takes place outside of what is literally spoken because connotation, context, and tone all play a part in how words are interpreted. Semantics and pragmatics are both attempts to understand how people process and use these functions of language as part of the overall communication process. Semantics and pragmatics work together to decipher the complex process of communication through language.
2.1.2 Context in Pragmatics
Context and Pragmatics are two influentially interrelated concepts, that context is required to realize language use in pragmatic perspective. Context, as a dynamic environment enables interlocutors to interact in accordance to both persons‟ socio-cultural background. In addition, context helps understand factors in producing, and interpreting speech oriented in users.
change as well.The following sentence: “What time is it?” may have different meanings as it relates to different contexts, as follows.
1) The speaker produces interrogative sentence that asks the time to the hearer. The speakers or interlocutors are probably friends who start leaving for campus;
2) The speaker expresses annoyance to ahearer, who probably comes late to an appointment; and
3) the speaker remembers that it’s time for her/him to go home.
As context is one aspect of several related aspects in Pragmatics, one must learn context being at work in speech situation. The speech situation calls for aspects of the followings:
1) Addressers and addressees, speakers (writers) and hearers (readers), which these terms do not restrict pragmatics to the spoken language. Addressers are persons produce utterances, and addressees are persons to whom the utterances are addressed;
2) Context of utterance which includes relevant aspects of the physical or social setting of an utterance, which Leech refers to any background knowledge assumed to be shared by speaker and hearer which contributes to interpretation of what speaker means by a given utterance;
3) Goals of utterance, which means function of an utterance which explains the speaker’s intention in producing utterance;
4) The utterance as a form of act or activity called a speech act; and 5) The utterance as a product of a verbal act.
1) Physical Context: Where the conversation takes place, what objects are present and what action are taking place.
2) Epistemic Context: The background knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers.
3) Linguistic Context: It is concerned with sentence or utterances preceding a certain sentence utterance in communication event.
4) Social Context: Concerned with social relation and setting background that complete the relationship between speakers and hearers.
2.1.3 Goals of Pragmatic Theory
Akmajian, 1980 (in Risana, 2005:13) summarizes the minimal requirements on an adequate pragmatics theory as follows:
a). A pragmatic theory must contain a classification of speech acts
b). A pragmatic theory must contain analysis and definitions of various speech acts. c). A pragmatic theory must contain a specification of various uses of expression, it
must be said that :
i. Expression e is standardly (literally and directly) used to do x (in context c). ii. Expression e has n different uses.
iii. Expression e has e’ have the same use or uses
d). A pragmatic theory must relate literal and direct language use to such phenomena as :
i. Linguistic structure (semantic, syntax, phonology)
iii. Speaker meaning, implication, (pragmatics) presupposition and understanding.
In pursuing these pragmatic goals over the last ten years, there are five disciplines have been interested, they are philosophy, linguistics, psychology, sociology and anthropology (Akmajian (1980). Philosophers have been mainly concerned with the categorizing types of speech acts and defining each category. Linguistics concern with specifying expressions in the language have which uses or conditions on uses. Psychologist has evaluated this investigation of how information concerning language use in processed, store, and acquired. Finally, anthropologist and sociologist concerned with regularities between language use and social role, as well as the structuring of speech acts into conversation, in short, goal.
From the explanation above, we may see that a successful pragmatics will require the cooperation of many disciplines.
2.2 The Overview of Speech Act 2.2.1 Speech Acts
Yule (1996:47) proposes that speech acts is performed action via utterance. Speech act is a theory which analyses the role of utterance in relation to the behavior of speaker and listener in interpersonal communication. In brief when speakers are saying words, they not only produce utterance containing words and grammatical structure, but they also perform action in those utterances.
Speech act theory was first develoved by J.L. Austin in a series of lecturer at Oxford University. His book How to Do Thing with words, is the first to introduce
performatives. A speech act is the action performed by language to modify the state of the object on which the action is performed.
In order to define performatives, Austin refers to those sentences which conform to the old prejudice in that they are used to describe or constate something, and which thus are true or false; and he calls such sentences "constatives". In contrast to them, Austin (1962:5) defines "performatives" as follows:
1) Performative utterances are not true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable; instead when something is wrong with them then they are "unhappy", while if nothing is wrong they are "happy".
2) The uttering of a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a certain kind of action (Austin later deals with them under the name illocutionary acts), the performance of which, again, would not normally be described as just "saying" or "describing" something.
2.2.2 Types of Speech Acts
Austin in Yule (1996:48) described kinds of acts, they are locutionary act, illocutionary act and Perlocutionary act. As explain below:
1. Locutionary act
Locutionary act is the basic of utterance that is producing a meaningful linguistics expression. In performing a locutionary act, a speaker uses an identifiable expression, consisting of a sentence or fragment of sentence from language.
2. Illocutionary act
do something. In utterance, speaker performs an illocutionary act in using a particular locution to refer. Such utterance has illocutionary act force of a statement, a confirming, a denial, a prediction, a promise, a request, etc. 3. Perlocutionary act.
Perlocutionary act is an act that is uttered to affect the listener. An utterance that is uttered by someone often has effect to the listener. Which can be expected or unexpected affect that created by the speaker. So, in other word, a perlocution is listener behavioral response to the meaning of the utterance, not necessarily physical or verbal response, perhaps merely a mental or emotional response.
There is an example of speech acts. A child refuse to lie down and go to sleep, then his mother says, “I’ll turn your light off”. The locutionary act is utterance of this sentence “I’ll turn your light off”. However, the mother may be intending that the utterance to be interpreted as a threat. The threat here is the illocutionary acts. It means that child does not sleep, his mother will turn off the light. As consequence behavior of that child, he must be frightened into silence and sleep is Perlocutionary act.
2.3 Understanding of Illocutionary Act 2.3.1 The Defenition of Illocutionary act
Hallion(2001:13), to give a better understanding about illocutionary acts, Searle contrast it with Perlocutionary acts. In this explanation, an illocutionary acts “ a linguistics acts performed in uttering certain words in a given context” while a Perlocutionary acts is” a non-linguistics act performed as a consequence of performing the locution and illocutionary acts”. For example, the utterance “Good Morning” is the illocutionary acts of greeting, this illocutionary acts effects on the listener’s perception to bring a Perlocutionary acts replying “Good Morning”. In this research, the researcher use illocutionary acts further development.
Illocutionary acts have three important characteristics (Akmajian 1980, in Wahyuni, 2005:18), they are :
1. Illocutionary acts can often be successfully performed simply by uttering the right explicit performative sentence with the right intention and believe and under right circumstances.
2. Illocutionary acts are the central to linguistic communication. Our normal conversations are composed in large part of statements, requesting, ordering, greeting and so forth. The performed acts aregoverned by rules. When one does perform perlocutionary acts of persuading, one does so by performing illocutionary act of stating or informing.
3. The most important characteristic possessed by illocutionary acts used to communicative have the feature that one performs them successfully simply by getting one’s illocutionary intention recognized.
Speech acts in general, and illocutionary acts in particular can be performed in variety of ways. According to Akmajian et.al, (1980) there are some ways of performing of speech acts:
1. Literal Act, happens if the speaker means what he says in his utterances. 2. Non Literal Act is the contradiction of literal act where the speaker does not
mean what he says.
3. Direct Act, is when a speaker does not perform that act by means of performing any other act.
4. Indirect Act, happen when a speaker performs that act by means of performing another speech act.
In communicating, sometimes we find a speaker says an utterance to hearer, but the hearer cannot understand what a speaker intend to. It may be possible for a speaker to state something successfully but still fail as communication. The reason for that may be the hearer asleep, the hearer not know what the words mean or the hearer may not know the language. Thus, to be successful in communication, the hearer must identify what it is the speaker means to do (state, order, ask, report, promise, etc.)
There are six possibilities of the ways of performing illocutionary acts as quoted by Risana (2005:21-22), they are:
1. Literal direct act
It is literal when the illocution of the act most directly indicated by literal reading of grammatical form the vocabulary of the utterance.
2. Non literal direct act
3. Literal direct act + Non literal indirect act
In literal direct act, the speaker means what he says literally and it is not performed any other act. In nonliteral indirect, the speaker does not mean what his word means literally and he performs the act by means of performing another speech act.
4. Literal direct act + Literal indirect act
In literal direct act, the speaker means what he says literally and it is not performed by means of performing any other act. In literal indirect, although the speaker means what he says, but it is performed by means of performing any other act.
5. Non literal direct act + Non literal indirect act
In nonliteral indirect act, the speaker does not mean what these words mean literally and it is not performed by means of performing any other. In nonliteral indirect act, the speaker does not mean what his words mean literally but it is performed by means of performing any other acts.
6. Non literal direct act + Literal indirect act
In nonliteral direct act, the speaker does not mean what his words really mean and it is not performed by mean of any other act. In literal indirect act the speaker means what he says but it is performed by means performing any other act.
No Utterance Speech Act 1 Speech Act 2
Direct Indirect
1 Please, come back! Literal
(Request)
_____
(Means: very thick)
(First, it is used sarcastically to point out that the wife does not like her husband leave the house. Secondly, it is used to ask her
6 The typical example of nonliteral direct act and literal indirect act are rare and hard to find.
Nonliteral Literal
2.3.3 The Classification of Illocutionary Acts
The classification of illocutionary acts propose by Searle (1976) is a development of ideas that appears in Austin’s theory. They are five basic kind of action that can perform in speaking by mean of the following five types of utterance that is developing by Yule (1996:53-54), they are:
A. Declaratives
instructing, confirming, cursing, declaring, disapproving, dismissing, naming, resigning, etc.
Example: I quit from this job resigning
Searle (1975:13) states it is the defining characteristic of this class that the successful performance of one of its members brings about the correspondence between the propositional content and reality, successful performance guarantees that the propositional content corresponds to the world.
B. Representative
Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be case or not. The type include arguing, asserting, boasting, claiming, complaining, criticizing, denying, describing, informing, insisting, reporting, suggesting, swearing, etc.
Example: I met your parent yesterday informing
Searle (1975:10) states that the point or pupose of the members of the representative class is to commit the speaker (in varying degrees) to something’s being the case, to the truth of expressed proposition. All of the members of the representative class are assessable on the dimension of assessment which includes
true and false.
C. Expressives
Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speakers feel. The acts are apologizing complimenting, condoling, congratulating, deploring, praising, regretting, thanking, etc.
Expressing gratitude is considered to be one universals of interpersonal communication, in particular in realization of the politeness principle. Thanking is classified as an expressive illocutionary act that can be defined as an expression of gratitude on the part of the speaker to the addressee. For example : ‘Thank you so much for coming.”
1. Expressives for Thank
Apologizing is an expression of regret. Some definitions of apologizing such as; acknowledge faults or shortcoming failing, defend, explain, clear away or make excuses for by reasoning. There also some related terms of apologizing : alibi out of, apologize for, ask forgiveness, beg pardon, express regret, plead guilty, do penance and so on. For example: “I beg your pardon.”
2. Evpressives for Apologize
Congratulating, applauding and condoling are the kinds of expressives for congratulation. Those show the speaker’s sympathy toward what has been happening to the hearer.Congratulating expresses the feeling of pleasure toward the hearer’s luck, applauding expresses the feeling of honor toward hearer’s ability, while condoling expresses the feeling of compassion toward the hearer’s
sadness. For example:“I congratulate you for your graduation.” 3. Expressive for Congratulating
Greeting is an expression of welcoming. It is also the act of greeting by the speaker to the hearer. For example: “Good morning, mom.”
Wishing is the expression of speaker’s desire and wants in order to expect it becomes reality. For example: “I wish you were here.”
5. Expressives for Wishes
This kind of expressives is about criticizing, complaining, and deprecating that express the feeling of disagree or dislike with the hearer’s attitude. Those expect the hearer to mull over the speaker’s utterance. For example: “That’s no good.”
6. Expressives for Attitudes
D. Directives
Directives are those kinds of speech acts that the speakers use to get someone else to do something. The acts are advising, asking, begging, challenging, daring, demanding, forbidding, insisting, inviting, ordering, permitting, recommending, requesting, suggesting, etc.
Example: Don’t go to the party! Forbidding
Searle (1975:11) says that the illocutionary point of these consists in the fact that they are attempts (of varying degrees, and hence, more precisely, they are determinates of determinable which includes attempting) by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.
E. Commicives
Commissives are those kinds’ acts that the speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. The acts are committing, guaranteeing, offering, promising, refusing, threatening, volunteering, vowing etc.
Searle (1975:11) says that commissives then are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker (again in varying degrees) to some future course of action.
2.4 Relevant Studies
In the completing of this thesis, I use some previous researches that discuss the same topic, illocutionary acts, as references to completing this thesis. Here they are as follow:
Maznilkhairi (2011) in his thesis “An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in The
Pursuit of Happyness” analyzes Directive illocutionary acts in the movie. He uses library research with descriptive method in the analysis. He finds that there are two types of directive illocution in that movie; they are direct directives and indirect directives. The author concluded from the number of the utterances in directive illocutionary act that has the highest percentage of all is the presence of DirectDirectives.
LiaAgustinaDamanik (2012) in her thesis “Speech Act Classification
InSlumdog Millionaire” analyzes illocutionary acts in the movie. She uses library
behabiives(23,5%), exercitives(9,5%), commisives (4,74%), and verdictives (2,11%). She finds that the most dominant illocution appeared is expositives.
Risana A. Silalahi (2005) in her thesis “Expressive Illocution on James
Herriot’s All Things Wise and Wonderful : A Pragmatic Analysis” analyzes
expressive illocution in the novel. She uses library research with descriptive method in the analysis. She describes that there are six types of expressive illocution; they are a. Expressives for Thank, Expressives for Apologize, Expresives for Congratulation, Expressives for Greetings, Expressives for Wishes, and Expressives for Attitudes. She finds the most dominant expressives used in the novel is expressive for thanking.
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design
This thesis will be done by applying the qualitative method of case study. Case study research is a study which explores a problem with the detailed limitation, has deep data retrieval, and includes various sources of information. Qualitative research method is a procedure generates data in the form of descriptive words written or spoken from people and observed behavior. With the qualitative research, researcher can follow and understand the chronology and causality in research. (Miles &Huberman, 1992). They are five characteristics of qualitative research as quoted from Aulia (2010:29), as follow;
a. Qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument.
b. Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of wordsof pictures rather than number.
c. Qualitative research is concern with process rather than simply withoutcomes or products.
d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively.
The design of this research is descriptive qualitative method since the data are in the form of words. This point discusses the way to collect, analyze, and get thevalid data due to the need of completing the research objectives. Therefore, evenwhen certain statistics were calculated, it is used to form a descriptive qualitativeconclusion to describe the illocutionary acts occurred on the speech.
3.2 Data and Data Source
The data are taken from the websit and
Full Videos 10/03/2010. The primary source of this study is Oprah Gail Winfrey utterances during the show occurred. The data of this research is every sentence in those utterances that contain the illocutionary acts.
This Oprah Winfrey’s talk show was chosen as the data source because Oprah Winfrey as we know is one of the greatest talk show host and the most influentialwoman in the world. The Oprah Winfrey talk show script contains many of conversation, in situation ask question and respond question directly and spontaneously between Oprah and her guest star in her talk show.
3.3. Data Collection
The speeches are taken from the website that is mentioned above. The data were copied from the site and pasted in the page. Read the script of the speeches formany times is a must in order to get a better understanding of the speeches. Related to the data collection, this research uses the following steps. First, browses the website
“YouTube” which is content of Oprah Gail Winfrey’s utterances and copying the
script from www.harrypotterspage.com. After getting the data, the next step is selecting, and picking up the data referring to the problems of this study by classifying and selecting an illocutionary act. The last step is arranges the data systematically deal with the objective of the study.
Moreover, Nawawi’s formula is applied to count the percentage of data, to find the most dominant type of expressive illocution and the way it is performed.
Calculating data with distributive frequency is calculating the frequency of the data then frequency is percentage. From that explanation before, the percentage of each classification of illocutionary acts was calculated through the following formula from Nawawi:
�
�X 100% = N
Where,
X = Number of the subcategory of expressive illocutionary.
N = The percentage of subcategories illocutionary act.
This study using several steps to analyze the data, they are:
a. Firstly, identifying and classifying the data based on Searle’s theory.
b. Secondly, analyzing the illocutionary acts that must be made in order to reach the successfulness of the speech acts.
c. Thirdly, counting the result of illocutionary acts.
d. Fourthly, finding the most dominant type of illocutionary acts.
CHAPTER IV
THE ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
IN
THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW
4.1 The Six Types of Expressive Illocutionary Acts
As mentioned in the previous chapter, Expressives are defined as part of illocutionary acts in which the state what the speaker feel. More deeply expressive illocution describes and expresses psychological state of the speaker, it can be statement of pleasure, joy, sorrow, etc. The data of this thesis is consisting of dialogues. Each dialogue will be analysed based on the speaker and condition, supported by Searle’s speech act theory to decide which expressive illocutionary act the utterance will be. The whole dialogues will be collected by following how they are uttered originally in the show.Here below are the data of expressives illocutionary acts I find in The Oprah Winfrey Show:
1) Expressives for Thank
Thanking is an expression of gratitude on the part of the speaker to the addressee whose past or future act benefits the speaker; or a grateful feeling of kindness, favour, or the like expressed by words. Below the data of thanking expressives found in Oprah Winfrey Show 10/03/2010:
No Utterances
1. Winfrey: Well thank you.212 2. Rowling: Thank you.275
2) Expressives for Apologize
Apologizing is an expression of regret. It can be defined as the speaker to defend, explain, clear away or make excuses for by reasoning. Some related terms of apologizing are: alibi out of, plead guilty, lie out of, excuse, do penance, and so on. But there is no expressives for apologize found in Oprah Winfrey Show.
No Utterances
- -
3) Expressives for congratulation
Congratulation is expression of pleasure and best wishes on the occasion of another’s good fortune or success. Congratulating, applauding and condoling kinds of expressives for congratulating. Those show the speaker’s sympathy toward what has been happening to the hearer’s luck, applauding expresses the feeling of honor toward hearer’s ability or toward something good, while condoling express the feeling of compassion toward the hearer’s sadness. Below the data of congratilationexpressives found in Oprah Winfrey Show 10/03/2010:
No Utterances
1 Winfrey: … it was beautiful. Scotland is beautiful.18
2 Rowling: It’s stunning. Yeah, it’s stunning.19
3 Winfrey: And the greener is greener than anything I’ve ever seen other Ireland.20
4 Rowling: It was huge.26
6 Winfrey: That’s such a great analogy.43 7 Rowling: This felt so extravagant!102
8 Rowling: Yeah, it was, yeah. You’re good.155 9 Winfrey: I was going to say, you’re doing well!208
10 Rowling: well, exactly, but you’re quite good at this, you know?211 11 Rowling: It’s such a huge …239
12 Winfrey: You became a Beatle!270 13 Winfrey: That is pretty good.272
14 Winfrey: That so much fun, Jo. That was really fun.274
4) Expressives for Greetings
Greeting is an expression of welcoming. The speaker action of giving a sign of welcoming or recognizing to the hearer. But there is no expressives for greetings found in Oprah Winfrey Show. The host never say any greeting utterance to the guest during the show. The show starts from introductory video clip by Winfrey with Rowling sitting next her.
No Utterances
5) Expressives of Wishes
Wishing is an expression of a desire or hope for something to happen. The speaker’s desire and wants in order to expect it becomes reality. Below the data of expressives of wishes found in Oprah Winfrey Show 10/03/2010:
No Utterances
1 Rowling: … I just wanted the last words to be ‘all is well’.34
2 Rowling: I really hope so. I’m very frustrated by fear of imagination. That’s – I don’t think that’s healty.81
3 Rowling: … and I hope this gives hope to all single women out there …167
4 Rowling: Really? I hope – I hope I – that sounds good.110
6) Expressives for Attitudes
Expressives for attitudes has the less value of polite principle, because criticizing, complaining and deprecating express the feeling of disagree or dislike with the hearer’s attitude. Those expect the hearer to mull over the speaker’s utterance. Below the data of expressives for attitudes found in Oprah Winfrey Show 10/03/2010:
No Utterances
1 Rowling: Yeah, not for too long.13
2 Rowling: No – it hasn’t held me back, has it? Clearly not held me back.17
3 Winfrey: I can’t imagine.27
4 Rowling: … It was uncontrollable and I’m not big crier…30
5 Rowling: … ‘my God, this is crazy!’ I couldn’t turn to anyone…44
7 Rowling: But you don’t – you’ve not lived like that for so long.98
8 Rowling: I dress better. But that’s not just about money, ‘cause you meet lots of rich people who dress atrociously…106
9 Winfrey: Unless I’m a complete fool.111
10 Rowling: But that’s it! Unless I’m a fool! And you know what? I’ve never been a fool with money so why worry?112
11 Rowling: No, I don’t drive. No. Cars terrify me. I am really frightened of cars.126
12 Rowling: No. Never. And I really, really mean never…132 13 Rowling: Really crazy stuff that happens…134
14 Rowling: No, I don’t. I don’t. I think that it’s such a huge thing to be estranged from a parent that obviously you would.177
15 Rowling: It wasn’t a good relationship from my point of view for a very long time but I had a need to please…181
16 Rowling: Yeah, but I never told her about it.187 17 Rowling: But his is different. This is different!209
18 Rowling: I can only say to you: it could be so much worse.221
19 Rowling: No. I mean – no. I have a say. For me it’s – I love films, I love the books, and there are elements that are really fun around it.229
20 Winfrey: …”I don’t know a thing!”230
21 Rowling: You never meant to be that huge.265
22 Rowling: No and I really mean that. And I get asked that – it’s not even – people don’t ask me that, interestingly, people tell me that.267
4.2 Ways of Performing Expressives Illocutionary Acts
For the illocutionary act to be successful in communicating, the hearer must recognize what is it that the speaker attempting to do such as state, order, promise, and so on. Here the utterances and the ways of performing that found in The Oprah Winfrey Show:
1. Literal direct act
1) Rowling: Yeah, not for too long.13
It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey’s statement about the boys.
2) Rowling: No – it hasn’t held me back, has it? Clearly not held me back.17 It is used to express Rowling’s criticism toward Winfrey that she cannot turn back to the past.
3) Winfrey: … it was beautiful. Scotland is beautiful.18
It is used to express pleasure from Winfrey to the beautiful Scotland. 4) Rowling: It’s stunning. Yeah, it’s stunning.19
It is used to express Rowling’s pleasure. 5) Rowling: It was huge.26
It used to express Rowling’s pleasure. 6) Winfrey: I can’t imagine.27
It used to express Winfrey’s compliment toward Rowling. 7) Rowling: … It was uncontrollable and I’m not big crier…30
8) Rowling: Well, that’s a really good question …34
It is used to express congratulation from Rowling to Winfrey 9) Winfrey: That’s such a great analogy.43
It is used to express Winfrey’s congratulation toward Rowling’s idea. 10) Rowling: No, no. I’m not pushing any belief system here, although there
is a lot of Christian imagery in the books…85
It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey. 11) Rowling: This felt so extravagant!102
It is used to express congratulation from Rowling to Winfrey
12) Rowling: I dress better. But that’s not just about money, ‘cause you meet lots of rich people who dress atrociously…106
It is to used express Rowling’s criticism that toward Winfrey. 13) Winfrey: Unless I’m a complete fool.111
It is used to express Winfrey’s condolence.
14) Rowling: But that’s it! Unless I’m a fool! And you know what? I’ve never been a fool with money so why worry?112
It is used to express Rowling’s condolence.
15) Rowling: No, I don’t drive. No. Cars terrify me. I am really frightened of cars.126
It is used to express Rowling’s criticism that she do not dare to drive. 16) Rowling: No. Never. And I really, really mean never…132
It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey. 17) Rowling: Really crazy stuff that happens…134
18) Rowling: Yeah, it was, yeah. You’re good.155
It is used to express Rowling’s applauding toward Winfrey.
19) Rowling: No, I don’t. I don’t. I think that it’s such a huge thing to be estranged from a parent that obviously you would.177
It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey question? 20) Rowling: It wasn’t a good relationship from my point of view for a very
long time but I had a need to please…181 It is used to express Rowling’s criticism. 21) Rowling: Yeah, but I never told her about it.187
It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey question. 22) Winfrey: I was going to say, you’re doing well!208
It is used to express congratulating from Winfrey to Rowling.
23) Rowling: But his is different. This is different!209
It is used to express Rowling’s complaint that she can’t deal with public speaking very easily.
24) Rowling: well, exactly, but you’re quite good at this, you know?211 It is used to express Rowling’s applauding toward Winfrey. 25) Winfrey: Well thank you.212
It is used to express Winfrey’s gratitude toward Rowling that praise for her job.
26) Rowling: I can only say to you: it could be so much worse.221
27) Rowling: No. I mean – no. I have a say. For me it’s – I love films, I love the books, and there are elements that are really fun around it.229
It is used to express Rowling’s complaint that she doesn’t control all of it.
28) Winfrey: …”I don’t know a thing!”230
It is used to express Winfrey’s Complaint. 29) Rowling: It’s such a huge …239
It is used to express Rowling’s applauding. 30) Rowling: You never meant to be that huge.265
It is used to express Rowling’s criticism toward Winfrey
31) Rowling: No and I really mean that. And I get asked that – it’s not even – people don’t ask me that, interestingly, people tell me that.267
It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey. 32) Rowling: … “No, I really, truly don’t think that.”267
It is used to express Rowling’s complain toward the people. 33) Winfrey: You became a Beatle!270
It is used to express Winfrey’s applauding to Rowling. As we know, Beatle is a name of most famous and legendary band in this whole world. 34) Winfrey: That is pretty good.272
It is used to express Winfrey’s applauding toward Rowling. 35) Winfrey: That so much fun, Jo. That was really fun.274
It is used to express Winfrey’s applauding toward Rowling that they really have fun the conversation.
36) Rowling: Thank you.275
37) Winfrey: Thank you so much.276
It is used to express Winfrey’s gratitude toward Rowling in the end of the show.
2. Non literal direct act -
3. Literal direct act + Non literal direct act
1) Rowling: … ‘my God, this is crazy!’ I couldn’t turn to anyone…44
First it used to express Rowling’s deprecating toward the publisher. Second, it is used as warning that she cannot turn to someone else.
2) Rowling: I really hope so. I’m very frustrated by fear of imagination. That’s – I don’t think that’s healty.81
First it used to express her hope (Rowling). Second, it is also reporting that she is fear being frustrated.
3) Rowling: Really? I hope – I hope I – that sounds good.110
First it is used to express Rowling’s hope toward Winfrey. Second, it is also show Rowling doubtful.
4) Rowling: But you don’t – you’ve not lived like that for so long.98
Fist it is used to express Rowling complaint toward Winfrey. Second, it is also used to warn Winfrey that she lived like that not for so long.
4. Literal direct act + Literal indirect act
1) Winfrey: And the greener is greener than anything I’ve ever seen other Ireland.20
First it is used to express Winfrey’s pleasure. Second, it is also Winfrey’s appeal to the audience to visit Scotland.
First it is used to express Rowling’s wish. Second, it is a motivation that all is well in the end.
3) Rowling: … and I hope this gives hope to all single women out there …167
First it is used to express Rowling’s hope. Second, it is used to give motivation to all single women.
5. Non literal direct act + Non literal indirect act -
6. Non literal direct act + Literal indirect act -
4.3 The Table of Analysis Result
The writer used Nawawi’s formula to count the percentage the data of each category and the ways of performing of expressive illocutionary acts. The population of the research is about 45 minutes during the show ongoing.
�
�X 100% = N
Notes
X = Number of the subcategory of expressive illocutionary.
Y = Number of all data.
No Types of Expressive Illocutionary
2 Expressives for Apologies _
3 Expressives for congratulation 14 31,81 4 Expressives for Greetings _
5 Expressives for Wishes 4 9,09
6 Expressives for Attitudes 23 52,27
Total 44 100
3 Literal direct act + Non literal direct act
4 9,09
4 Literal direct act + literal direct act 3 6,81 5 Non literal direct act + Non literal
indirect act
_
6 Non literal direct act + Literal indirect act
_
CHAPTER V
CONCLUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After doing this analysis the writer drawssome conclusion in which as the writer mentioned above Language is a system of signs that evolves from the activity of speech to ask, to give command, to invite, to deceive someone, and so on.Shortly, language can be used to do something, and language is used in doing something. In the theory of pragmatics, the involvement of these two meanings explained by considering the sense in which to say something is to do something or in saying something, we do something and even by saying something, we do something. In the theory of pragmatics, there are three types of act which are called speech acts, they are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.Then, it can be concluded that Illocutionary acts, which is focused on Expressive Illocutionary Acts used in Oprah Winfrey Show have some types ofExpressive Illocutionary Acts namely;Expressives for thank, Expressives for Apologies, Expressives for
Congratulation, Expressives for greetings, Expressives for Whises, and Expressives
for Attitudes.
expressives illocutionary acts in the show also have been analyzed and counted : literal direct act (84,09 %), non-literal direct act (0%), literal directact+non literal direct act (9,09%), literal direct act+literal indirect act (6,81%), non-literal directact+non literal indirect act (0%), non-literal direct act+literal indirect act (0%).From the percentage, the most dominant of expressive illocutionary acts appeared in the show is expressives for attitudes and the dominant ways of performing is literal direct act.
5.2 Suggestions
REFERENCES
Austin, J. L. 1962. How to do things with words.Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
Damanik, LiaAgustina. 2012. Speech Act Classification InSlumdog Millionaire.
Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Khairi, Maznil. 2011. An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in The Pursuit of
Happyness.Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara. Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman Group.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Miles &Huberman. 1992. Analisis Data Kualitatif,
BukuSumberTentangMetode-metodeBaru. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.
Nawawi. 1993. Metodepenelitianbidang social. Yogyakarta: Gajah MadaUniversty
Press.
Saeed, J. I. 1997. Semantics. New York: Blackwell.
Searle, J.R. 1969.Speech Acts, An Essay in The Philosophy of Language. London: Cambridge University Press
Silalahi, Risana. 2005. Expressive Illocution on James Herriot’s All Things Wise and
Wonderful : A Pragmatic Analysis. Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Spolsky, Bernard. 2008. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thomas, Linda &Wareing, Shan. 1999. Language, Society and Power. London:
Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Indrawati. 2009. Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature. Semarang: Semarang State University.
Website
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv1O6JJMC5o/
Websit
APPENDIX
Transcript of Oprah Interview with J. K. Rowling
1. Winfrey: The J. K. Rowling legend begins with a delightful children’s book about an orphan boy wizard named with a lightning-shaped scar – a boy with a magical destiny. A destiny shared by his creator. J. K. Rowling is the first self-made billionaire author in history, selling more than four-hundred million books, captivating readers in sixty-nine languages, and two-hundred countries around the world. Harry’s final chapter – the Deathly Hallows, is the fastest-selling book of all time. No wonder she’s credited with doing more for literacy than anyone else on the planet. Her empire spans movies, merchandise – even an amusement park. The
Harry Potter blockbusters are the highest grossing movie franchise in history – raking in more than 5.3 billion dollars and still counting.
2. Winfrey: So, this is the first time we’ve met. 3. Rowling: Yes, it is.
4. Winfrey: And my producers tell me that your real name is Jo. All this time I thought you were ‘J. K.’.
5. Rowling: (laughing) Yeah.
6. Winfrey: J. K. is -
7. Rowling: Is just the nom de – well, it’s because my British publisher, when the first book came out, thought ‘this is a book that will appeal to boys’ but they didn’t want the boys to know a woman had written it. So they said to me ‘could we use your initials’ and I said ‘fine’. I only have one initial. I don’t have a middle name. So I took my favourite grandmother’s name, Kathleen.
8. Winfrey: Kathleen. 9. Rowling: Kathleen, yeah. 10. Winfrey: Jo Kathleen. 11. Rowling: Joanne Kathleen.
12. Winfrey: And fooled the boys for a while. 13. Rowling: Yeah, not for too long.
14. Winfrey: Not for too long.
16. Winfrey: Yes – and I don’t think the boys have minded.
17. Rowling: No – it hasn’t held me back, has it? Clearly not held me back.
18. Winfrey: Not a bit. When we came – just arrived yesterday – it was beautiful. Scotland is beautiful.
19. Rowling: It’s stunning. Yeah, it’s stunning.
20. Winfrey: And the green is greener than anything I’ve ever seen other than Ireland.
21. Winfrey: – That you thought would be particularly stimulating to your creative process. That’s why you wanted to come here? To finish?
22. Rowling: Well, it turned out to be stimulating. As I was finishing Deathly Hallows there came a day where the window cleaner came, the kids were at home,
the dogs were barking, and I could not work and this light-bulb went on over my head and I thought ‘I can throw money at this problem. I can now solve this problem.’ For years and years and years I just would go to a café and sit in a different kind of noise and work. I thought ‘I can go to a quiet place’. So I came to this hotel because it’s a beautiful hotel, but I didn’t intend to stay here. They were so nice to me here – and I think writers can be a little bit superstitious – so the first day’s writing went well so I kept coming back to this hotel and I ended-up finishing the last of the Harry Potter books in this hotel.
23. Winfrey: We have a lot of things in common. 24. Rowling: Yeah.
25. Winfrey: First of all you know this is the last year that I’m doing the Oprah Show. I will go on and do other things but when I came to the end of Hallows – the ‘last trace of steam evaporated in the autumn air’, ‘the train rounded a corner’, ‘Harry’s hand was still raised in farewell’. ““He’ll be alright,” murmured Ginny. As Harry looked at her he lowered his hand absentmindedly and touched the lightning scar on his forehead. “I know he will”. The scar had not pained Harry for nineteen years. All was well.” When I came to the end of that I mourned not only for the end of the series but for you. I cannot imagine what that was like.
26. Rowling: It was huge. 27. Winfrey: I can’t imagine.
28. Rowling: I kept – It was a bereavement. It was. It was a bereavement. It was huge. I think one way – although I knew it was coming we all know that the people we love are mortal – we are mortal. We know it’s going to end. You cannot prepare yourself for it. So even though I always knew it would be seven books – that was it. I knew how it was going to end. When it ended I was in a slight state of shock.
30. Rowling: Well, initially I was elated but then there came a point – I cried as I’ve only ever cried once before in my life and that was when my mother died. It was uncontrollable and I’m not a big crier. You know – I cry, but I’m not someone who can sort of keep crying going. You know what I mean? Some people can – do floods for hours. I’ve never – only twice in my life have I done that. For seventeen years I’d had that – through very tumultuous times in my personal life and I – I’d always had that. And if it was an escape for all these children you can imagine what it would have been for me. And it was not just the world. It was the discipline of working and it was the structure it gave to my life and I knew I’d still be writing but I had to mourn Harry.
31. Winfrey: Did you know ‘all is well’ was going to be the last line? 32. Rowling: Yeah, I did.
33. Winfrey: And you always knew that?
34. Rowling: Well, that’s a really good question because for a long time the last word was going to be ‘scar’. It was just worded differently but I – and I had said that to fans. The last word would be ‘scar’ and then I changed my mind. I just wanted the last words to be ‘all is well’.
35. Winfrey: ‘All is well’. 36. Rowling: ‘All is well’, yeah.
37. Winfrey: But you know what happens ‘ever after’.
38. Rowling: Yeah, I do. I couldn’t stop. I don’t think you can when you’ve been that involved with the characters for that long. It’s still all in there. They’re all in my head still. I mean I could write – I could – I could definitely write an eighth, ninth, tenth – I could – easily.
39. Winfrey: Will you?
40. Rowling: I’m not going to say I won’t. I don’t think I will. I loved writing those books. I love writing it. So, I feel I am done but you never know.
41. Winfrey: Tell me: did you ever feel that you had to succumb to the pressure? Because when you first started – the first one – the world didn’t know. And afterwards – once the deals are made and the industry and the entire universe of
Harry Potter began I’m sure the pressure was overwhelming at times.
43. Winfrey: That’s such a great analogy.
44. Rowling: But there were – except there were four Beatles – so they could turn to each other and say ‘my God, this is crazy!’ I couldn’t turn to anyone. So the pressure was insane. We turned-up to a book signing my second American tour – my first American tour hand been kind of hit and miss, you know? – We turned-up for my second American tour, thought it was going to be the same thing again. We’re in this car rolling down the street and there’s just this queue block after block after block after block and I’m looking out the window and I turn to the girl from the publisher and I say “Is there a sale on?” And we turn the corner and there was this enormous Barnes & Noble and I thought “Oh, my God”. And the queue snaked up the street, up the Barnes & Noble, up though four floors and they took me in the back entrance. They opened the door and they screamed. And all these light-bulbs went off in my face. And I was – oh, my God – and I signed two thousand books and the queue hadn’t ended. We had to go.
45. Winfrey: We call queues lines. 46. Rowling: Lines.
47. Winfrey: The line went on and on and on.
48. Rowling: The line was on and on and on. Yeah. Okay. 49. Winfrey: And that is when you knew.
50. Rowling: Yeah. That’s a real stand-out moment for me. I mean I knew it was getting big – in that there was press attention and so-on – but at that point – that for me was the real – that was when it felt Beatlesque. That’s when it started to get crazy. So you ask about the pressure? At that point I kept saying to people “Yeah, I’m coping, I’m coping.” The truth was there were times I was barely hanging by a thread.
51. Winfrey: It is the land of bagpipes, whiskey, kilts, and castles. Scotland is also the land home to the queen of the publishing world – billionaire mom – J. K. Rowling. I traveled to Edinburough to meet J. K. in the city where her beloved boy wizard, Harry Potter, leapt from her fantastical imagination into the hearts of millions. Here among the cobblestone streets and quaint cafés J. K., then a struggling single mother, wrote the Sorcerer’s Stone – long-hand, while her young daughter
slept at her side.
52. Winfrey: But isn’t it interesting that in the first book, when Harry is being dropped-off at his uncle’s, it is predicted – ?
