صوא ذ אد
وאدא ن
) אد
אد
א א
د و
א
(
ﺚﲝ
ﺔﻣﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻁﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﺘﻟ ﻡﺪﻘﻣ
ﻠﻟ
ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤ
ﻢﺴﻗ ﰲ
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
دא :
ززאد
ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ :
١٠٦٠١٢٠٠٠٢٣٩
א אמ"
א
وא "#א$אאد%&'
(
٢٠١١
מ
/
ﺏ
وא دא ن صوא ذא د
) אد אد
! "א #א د$%
&و ' ( )א
(
ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﺚﲝ
ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺑ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻢﺴﻗ ﰲ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ
دא
:
ززאد
א
:
ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇ ﺖﲢ
:
ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻑﺮﺸﳌﺍ
ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﺸﳌﺍ
ﻟﺍ
ﺪ
ﺃ ﺭﻮﺘﻛ
ﺪﲪ
ﻲﻃﻮﻴﺳ
ﺃ
.
ﻥ
.
ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﳌﺍ
ﲔﻘﺘﳌﺍ ﻦﻳﺯ
ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﳌﺍ
א אמ
א
وאאאאد
٢٠١١
מ
/
ﺩ
אא
ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﻊﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﺎﻧﺃ ﺮﻗﺃ :
ﻢﺳﻻﺍ :
ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻒﻴﺳﺃ
ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ
: ١٠٦٠١٢٠٠٠٢٣٩
ﺩﻼﻴﳌﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗﻭ ﻞﳏ :
ﻥﺎﺠﻨﻧﻮﻛ ،
١٣ ﻮﻳﺎﻣ ١٩٨٨
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌﻟﺍ :
ﺏﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺟ ﻥﺎﺠﻨﻧﺰﻛ ﲔﺒﺠﻨﺒﻴﺸﺗ ﺎﺟﺮﻫﺎﻛﻮﺳ
ﻪﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣﻭ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺄﺑ "
ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ
ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ
) ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﰱ ﻒﺼﻟﺍ ﱏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﻣ ﺞﻧﻮﺳﺎﺒﺸﺗ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ
ﺎﻳﻼﻤﻜﻴﺳﺎﺗ (
"
ﻘﺗﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺪﻋﺈﺑ ﺎﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺎﻧﺃ ﺖﻤﻗ ﺪ
ﷲﺍ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﻒﻳﺮﺷ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺑ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻗ ﱃﺇ ﻪﳝ
ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻘﳌﺍ ﺍﺪﻋ ﺎﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻠﻛ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﺟ
ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﺕﺮﻛﺫ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺒﺘ
ﻪﻴﻓ ﺪﺟﻭ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﲔﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﻊﻴﲨ ﻦﻋ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺎﻧﺃﻭ ،ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻤﺻ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣﻭ ﺊﻴﺷ ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﻳ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺄﻄﳋﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱵﻴ
ﺎﻧﺃ ﺎﻴﺼﺨﺷ .
،ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﺟ ١٤
ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ ٢٠١١
،ﺮﻘﳌﺍ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ
ززאد
אص
ززאد
ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ :١٠٦٠١٢٠٠٠٢٣٩
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ :
ﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻼ ﻴﻣ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬ )
ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ
ﺪﻣ ﺍ ﺎﻳﻻﺎﻤﻜﺳﺎﺗ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺞﻧﻮﺳﺎﺒﺸﺗ ﺪﻬﻌﻣ ﱏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻒﺼﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺔﻴﻧ (
. ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ
ﻥﺃ
ﻳ ﻦﻋ ﻒﺸﻜ ﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ
ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌ ﻹﺍ
ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧ
ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﻭ
ﻥﺃ ﻳ ﻒﺸﻜ ﻦﻋ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻒﻌﺿ ﰲ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﱴﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ
ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ .
ﻭ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳﻭ ،ﱐﺍﺪﻴﳌﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﱯﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺞﻳﺰﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ
ﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﻮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺎﻌ
(Random Sampling Metode)
، ﻮﻬﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺎﻣﺃ
ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺗ ﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﱏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ
٢٠١٠ -٢٠١١ ﻢﻫﺩﺪﻋﻭ ٤٢
ﺍﺬﻴﻤﻠﺗ ﻭ ، ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ
ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ .
ﺎﻣﺃ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ ﻊﲨ
ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ
ﻲﻬﻓ ١ ( ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ
، ٢ ( ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻘﳌﺍ
ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ
ﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ ﻪﺳﺭﺪﻣﻭ ،
٣ ( ﺎﳍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺒﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ
ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬ ٤
( ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ
.
ﻲﻫ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ ﱃﺇ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﻭ :
١ . ﻟﺍ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺗ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻥﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﱏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻒﺼ
ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻹﺍ
ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧ
ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ " ﺐﺳﺍﺭ " ﻢﻬﺘﺟﺭﺩ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﻥﺃﻭ ٥٤,٢
.
٢ . ﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﱂ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻥﺇ ﺟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﲨﺮﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻮﻌﻴ
ﺪﻴ ﺍ ، ﻲﻬﻓ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ
ﰱ ﻢﺭﺪﻗ ﻒﻌﺿﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﺔﻠﻗﻭ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩ ﻒﻌﺿ ﰲﺮﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ .
ﺡ
א و
ﻥﺎﺤﺘﻣﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﳉ ﻖﻳﺪﺼﺗ
... ...
...
ﺝ
ﺭﺍﺮﻗﻹﺍ
... ...
...
ﺩ
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺺﺨﻠﻣ
... ...
...
ـﻫ
ﺷ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗﻭ ﺮﻜ
... ...
...
ﻭ
ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﳏ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ
... ...
...
ﺡ
لوא א
د
ﺃ .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺧ
... ...
...
١
ﺏ .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ
... ...
...
٣
١ . ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ
... ...
..
٣
٢ . ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ
... ...
...
٣
٣ . ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﻘﺗ ...
...
٤
ﺝ .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ...
... ...
٤
ﺩ .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﺋﺍﻮﻓ ...
... ....
٤
ﻩ .
ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ...
...
.
٤
אא
אطא
ﺃ .
ﺎ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ...
...
٦
١ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ...
...
٦
٢ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﺃ ...
...
ﻁ
٣ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ...
...
٨
٤ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﺍﺩﺃ ...
...
٩
٥ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ...
...
١٠
٦ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ...
...
١٢
٧ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﺃ ...
...
١٦
٨ . ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ...
...
١٧
٩ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ...
...
١٨
אא
א
ﺃ .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ...
... ...
٢٠
ﺏ .
ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ
... ...
٢٠
ﺝ .
ﻊﻤﺘﳎ
ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ
... ...
٢١
ﺩ .
ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﲨ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﺃ
... ...
٢١
ﻩ .
ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﳉﺎﻌﻣ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺃ ...
...
٢٢
ﻭ .
ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺃ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ
ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ...
...
٢٢
אאא
א
ﺃ .
ﻦﻋ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺳ ﺔﶈ ﺪﻬﻌﻣ
ﺞﻧﻮﺳﺎﺒﺸﺗ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ
ﺎﻳﻼﻤﻜﻴﺳﺎﺗ ...
٢٤
١ . ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ...
...
٢٤
٢ . ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﺃ ...
...
٢٤
٣ . ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ...
... ..
ﻱ
٤ . ﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﺘﻠﻟ ﱏ ﻼ ﺬﻴﻣ ... ٢٦
٥ . ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺗ ...
٢٧
٦ . ﺔﶈ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻋ ﺓﲑﺼﻗ ...
٢٧
ﺏ .
ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻒﺻﻭ ...
... ..
٢٨
ﺝ .
ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ...
... ....
٢٩
ﺩ .
ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ...
... ...
٣٤
سאא
א
ﺃ .
ﺔﺻﻼﳋﺍ ...
... ...
٣٥
ﺏ .
ﺕﺎﺣﺍﺮﺘﻗﻻﺍ ...
... ...
٣٦
ﻊﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ
ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﲑﺴﻟﺍ
١
لوא א د
ﺃ .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺧ
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﺼﻓ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ
ﺚﻴﺣ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﰱ
ﻣ ﺪﻬﻌ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ
ﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺐﺘﻜﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ .
ﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻣ ﻰﻔﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﰱ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺗ
ﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻣ ﱪﺘﻌ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳ
ﻟ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻠ
ﻥﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﹼﻟﺍ
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠ ﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ
ﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﻮ ،ﺔ
ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺱﺭﺪﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ
ﺱﻭﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻷﺍ
ﻚﻟﺫ ﻪﺒﺷﺃ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻑﺮﺼﻟﺍﻭﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻛ ﻯﺮﺧ .
ﺍﻟ ﺔﲨﺮﺘ ﺳﻭ ﻠ ﺔﻴ ﻟ ،ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻔ ﻳ ﻻ ﺚﻴﺣ
ﻑﺮﻌ ﻹﺍ ﻧ ﻮﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪ ﻥ
ﲎﻌﻣ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
ﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻮﺑ ﹼﻻ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
. ﻱﻭﺍﺪﻳﺩ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻛ " :
ﺔﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ". ١ ﺡﺮﺸﻳ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ
ﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻝﺍ
ﺩﺮﻔﲟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺍ ،
ﺝﺎﺘﳛ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻟﺍ
ﺑ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘ ﳌﺎ
ﻟ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻬﻌ ﻤﻬﻔﻴ
ﺍﻮ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ . ﺮﺼﻋ ﰱ ﺎﻤﻴﺳﻻﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﻓ ﰱ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ
ﺔﳌﻮﻌﻟﺍ . ﺇﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻥ ﺃ
ﺎﻫﺮﻣ ﻫﺎ ﻡ ﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺎ ﺇ ﰱ ﺒﺗﻭ ﺪﻴﻠﲣ ﺭﺎﻃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺩﺎ
،
ﺔﳌﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻋ ﰱ ﺎﻤﻴﺳﻻﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺍ ﰱ
ﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ
، ﺚﻴﺣ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ
ﺇ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻯﺮﳚ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺃ ﱃ
ﻣﻭ ﻉﺮﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻦ
. ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﲢ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ
ﺎﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺮﻫ . ﻬﳌﺍﻭ ﻟ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺭﺎ ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺖﺴﻴ
ﺃ ﻞﺑ ﰱ ﺎﻀﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﺿ ﻟ
ﲨﺮﺘ ﺔ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ
١
،ﻯﻭﺍﺪﻳﺩ ﺪﻤﳏ
ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ
،ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ،ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ١٩٩٧
٢
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ
ﻻ ﺑ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻭ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻤﻠﻟ ﺪ ﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ
ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍ
ﻏﻼﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻴ
ﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻴ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔ ﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﱃ . ٢
ﺪﻬﻌﳌ ﺞﻧﻮﺳﺎﺒﺸﺗ ﺎﻳﻼﻤﻜﻴﺳﺎﺗ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ
ﻻ ﺱﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻢﻌﺗ ﻝﺍﺰﺗﻻ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ
ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻢﹼﻠﻌﻳ ﺣﺮﺸﻳ ﻢﻫ ،
ﰱ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻥﻮ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻟ ﺍﲑﺒﻛ ﺍﺪﻬﺟ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺪﳚ ﱂﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ .
ﻯﺮﻳ ﺍﻭﺭﺪﻘﻳ ﱂ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻥﺃ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ
،ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﲟﺮﻓ
ﺎﻜﺘﻳ ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﰱ ﻥﻮﻠﺳ
ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﻳ ﱴﺣ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻮﻔﻌﻀ
ﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ
،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﺚﻴﺣ
ﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺕﺎﻨﻳﺮﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻋﺇ ﰱ
ﻟﺍ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺍﻭﺮﻌﺸﻳ ﱂ .
٣
ﺏﺬﺘﳚﻭ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻣ ﰱ
ﺔﻠﻜﺸ ﰱ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ
ﺞﻧﻮﺳﺎﺒﺸﺗ ﺪﻬﻌﻣ ،
ﺨﺘﻳ ﰒ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺪ
ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ
ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ﰒ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺱﺭﺪﻳ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻳ
ﺱﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻩﻮﻈﻔﳛ ﻥﺃ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ
. ﻚﻟﺫ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ
ﺣﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰱ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎ
،ﻢﺎﻴﺣ ﰱ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩ ﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻠﻓ
ﻢ
ﺴﻟﺍ ﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻨ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻳﻮﺒ ﺍﺭﺪﻗ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻈﻋﺃ
. ﺍﺮﺠﻓﻭ ﺎﻓﺮﺷ ﺎﻫﺎﻗﺭﺃﻭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﲎﺒﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺫﺇ
ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﳎ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﻪﺑﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻣﺎﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻚﻣﺎﻜﺣﺍ .
ﺄﻴﺷﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍﻭ
ﻤﻬﻣ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺔ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﰱ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺞﺘﳛ ﺔﻌﻔﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﳍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﺎﺷ ﻻﻭ ،
ﺓﺪﻴﳉﺍﻭ . ﺮﻳ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑﻭ ﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﻳ
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﻘ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﰱ
:
ﺓﺭﺪﻗ
ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ )
ﻒﺼﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ
ﺎﻳﻼﻤﻜﻴﺳﺎﺗ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺞﻧﻮﺳﺎﺒﺸﺗ ﺪﻬﻌﻣ ﱏﺎﺜﻟﺍ (
.
٢
ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ،
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
) ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﺟ : ﻡﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ١٩٩٨
( ﺹ ٣٢٠
٣
٣
ﺏ . ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ
١ .
ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ
ﻌﺘﻣ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﻳ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﺔﻘﻠ
ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺎﺑ .
ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ
ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺍ
ﺎﻬﻬﺟﺍﻮﻳ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﰱ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﳒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛﻭ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﺬﻫ ﻭ
ﺎﻫﲑﻏ . ﻡﺎﻗﻭ
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺇ
ﱃ ﱏﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻒﺼﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﻫ ﻮ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰱ ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ .
ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﳚ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ :
ﺃ ( ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰲ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰲ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻌﺿ
ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ .
ﺏ ( ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺣ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﺑ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﲨﺮﺘﻳ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ .
ﺕ ( ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ
.
ﺙ ( ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧﺄﺑ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻡﺪﻋ .
ﺝ ( ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ .
ﺡ ( ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﰱ ﺬﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻡﺪﻌﻟ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻡﺪﻋ .
ﺥ ( ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻌﺿ ﰱ
ﻥﻮﲨﺮﺘﻳ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﻥﺇ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻱﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﰲﺮﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ
ﺃ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺣ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻣ .
٢ .
ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ
ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﳛ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﻰﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ
:
ﺃ ( ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ
ﺑ ﰲ ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﺣ ﺏﺎ
ﻢﻴﳌﺍﻭ .
ﺏ ( ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﰲ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﱴﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ
ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ .
٤
٣ .
ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﻘﺗ
ﻰﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﺃ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﻳ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ :
ﺃ ( ﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻯﺃ ﱃﺇ ؟ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘ
ﺏ ( ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﰲ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﱴﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ
ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ؟
ﺝ .
ﺃ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫ
١ . ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ
ﻒﺸﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﳛ ﺧ
ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﻼ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ
ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ .
٢ . ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ
ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺗ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻦﻋ ﻒﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ
ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺔ
ﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟ .
ﺩ .
ﺋﺍﻮﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺪ
ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬ ﰐﺄﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻮﺟﺮﻳ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
.
ﻹﺎﺑ ﺎﻴﺗﺁ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻮﺟﺮﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺎﻬﺳ
ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗﻭ ،ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ .
ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻮﺟﺮﻳﻭ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ
ﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺍ
ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ
ﻢﻬﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
.
ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻮﺟﺮﻳﻭ ﺍﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﺪﻗ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﲔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺀﻻﺆﳍ ﺎﳝﻮﻘﺗﻭ ﺎﻣﺎﻬﺳﺇ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
.
ﻩ .
ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﺴﻟﺍ
ﺔﻘﺑ
ﺎﻬﺴﻳﺭﺪﺗﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺙﻮﺤﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻗ ﰲ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ .
ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣﻭ
ﻰﺗﺄﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ :
٥
١ .
ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ "
ﻋ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ ﺏﺎﻌﻴﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﺃ ﺏﻼﻃ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻠ
،ﺔﻴﺑﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﻒﻳﺮﺷ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻗ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰱ ﻰﺗﺎﻴﻧﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﺘﺜﲝ ﺪﻗ ٢٠٠٨
-٢٠٠٧ .
ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﰱ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻦﻋ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻳ
،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﳜ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻳ ﺎﻷ
ﰱ ﻢﻫﺪﻋﺎﺴﻳ ﺮﺛﺃ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺗ
.
٢ .
ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ "
ﺏﻼﻃ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ
ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺓﺍﺪﻫ ﻒﻳﺮﺷ ﺔﻌﻣ ﺎﺟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻘﺑ ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﻰﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰱ ﺔﺼﻠﺨﳌﺍ ﺓﺪﺑﺎﻋ ﺎﻓﺃ ﻪﺘﺜﲝ ﺪﻗ ،ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﺟ ٢٠٠٨
-٢٠٠٧ .
ﻦﻋ ﺔﺒﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﺜﲝ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ
ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻭ
،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ
ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺎﳍ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﲡﺎﻨﻟﺍ
ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﳜ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﻢﻬﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻯﺪﻣ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻳ ﻪﻧﻵ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﻕﺮﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻒﺸﻜﻳ
ﺔﻴﺑﺮ
ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻳ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻭ
ﺓﺭﺪﻗ
ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﰱ ﺚﲝ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺗ ﰱ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻢﳍﻭ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ .
ﻭ .
ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ
ﰲ ﻪﺗﺭﺮﻗ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ
ﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﺟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﻒﻳﺮﺷ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﺒﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠ :
٦
אא
א אط
ﺃ .
ﺎ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
١ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ
ﺃ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺃ ﻞﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ . ﻝﺎﻘﻳ " ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻢﺟﺮﺗ "
ﺃ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﺑ ﻩﺮﺴﻓ ﻱ
ﺁ ﺮﺧ " ﻢﺟﺮﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ "
ﺃ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻠﻘﻧ ﻯ
ﺃ ﺔﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻭ
ﺪﻴﻔﳌﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﺓ
٣
. ﻡﻼﻋﻷﺍ ﰱ ﺪﺠﻨﳌﺍ ﰱ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻛﻭ "
ﻢﺟﺮﺗ ﻦﻣ
-ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻳ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ
ﻥﺎﺴﻠﺑ ﻩﺮﺴﻓ ﻯﺃ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺗ ﲎﻌﲟ ﺁ
ﺮﺧ "
٤
. ﻂﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﻌﻣ ﰱ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ﺎﻤﻛﻭ :
ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺗ
ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻯﺃ ﻪﻨﻋﻭ ﻩﲑﻏ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺗﻭ ،ﻪﺤﺿﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﺑ ﻯﺃ .
٥
ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍﺰﻋ ﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻛ
": ﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲨ
ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻟ "
، ﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ "
ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ." ﻭ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻢﻬﻣ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﲎﻌﻣ
ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻻ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﱂ ﻦﻤﻓ .
ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻦﻠﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﺏﻮﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﱂ ﺍﺫﺍﻭ
٣
ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
،ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
) ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﺟ : ،ﻭﺭﻮﺠﺳﻮﻳﻮﻣ ٢٠٠٢
( ﺹ ٣٠ .
٤ ﻑﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺲﺑﻮﻟ ،
ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺪﺠﻨﳌﺍ ﻭ
ﻡﻼﻋﻷﺍ
، ) ﺕﻭﲑﺑ : ،ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ١٩٩٢
( ﺹ . ٦٠
٥
،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﺲﻴﻧﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ
ﻂﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﻌﳌﺍ
، ) ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﻌﻣ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ١٩٧٢
٧
ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻠﻘﻨﻳ ."
٦
ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻨﻟ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻰﻤﺴﺗ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻳﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻡﺃ ﺎﻳﻮﻔﺷ ﺓ
ﺧﺁ ﻞﻜﺷ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻦﻣ ﺮ
.
٧
٢ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﺃ
ﺃ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺣ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻘﻨﺗ ﻭ
ﺃ ﺔﻴﻈﻔﻟ ﻭ ﺃ ﺔﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﱃﺇﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻭ
ﺔﻳﲑﺴﻔﺗ .
ﺃ (
ﺔﻴﻓﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻛﺎﳏ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰱ ﻲﻋﺍﺮﺗﻭ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
ﺎ ﺓ
ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻈﻧﻭ ﺎﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰱ ﻞﺻﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻑﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺢﺿﻭ ﻪﺒﺸﺗ ﻲﻬﻓ
.
ﻝﺎﻗ ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻋ
:
ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺣ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺲﻔﻨﺑ
ﱃﺇ ﻯﺩﺆﻳ ﺎﳑ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻟﻮﻘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻞﻤﳉﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻣﺎﻏﻭ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﻚﻴﻛﺭ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻣ ﺺﻧ ﺾ
ﺵﻮﺸﻣﻭ .
ﺕﺎﲨﺮﺗ ﰱ ﻩﺪﺟﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ
ﻭﺃ ﲔﺋﺪﺘﺒﳌﺍ ﲔﻓﺮﺘﶈﺍ ﻢﺟﺍﺮﺘﻟ ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻭ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻛ
.
ﺏ ( ﺔﻳﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻳﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
" ﺓﺄﻓﺎﻜﻣ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺡﺮﺷ
) ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ (
ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺚﻴﲝ ،ﻞﺻﻷﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺻ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻷﺍﻭ ﱐﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﰱ
ﻉﺮﻓ ﻻﻭ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻞﺻﺃ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺄﻛ ،ﻪﻨﻋ ﺎ ﲎﻐﺘﺴﻳ ."
٨
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻳﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﺃ
ﺃ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻒﻴﻀﻳ ﻭ
ﺮﺸﻳ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﺡ
ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻣﺍﻮﻏ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ .
٩
٦
ﺰﻋ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﳏ ﺪﻤ ،ﺐﻴﳒ
ﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﺃ ﲨ
ﺲﻜﻌﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﳒﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔ
، ) ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ : ﺎﻨﻴﺳ ﻦﺑﺇ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ٢٠٠١
( ﺹ . ٤٣
٧Suhendra Yusuf, Teori Terjemah: Pengantar ke arah linguistik sosiolinguistik, (Bandung:
Mandar Maju, ١٩٩٣) h. ٨
٨ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
ﺹ . ٢١
٩ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻋ ،ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ
،
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﺃ ...
،
ﺹ .
٨
٣ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ
ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟﻼﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺗ .
ﺃ (
ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ١ ( ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻣ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ " :
ﰱ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﻞﻛ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﻟﻻﺪﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻰﻤﺴﺗﻭ
ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ .
٢ ( ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺻ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ :
ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻨﺑﻭ ﻎﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ .
٣ ( ﺔﻳﻮﳓ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ :
ﳛ ﺃ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻢﺘ ﻭ
ﺎﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻟ ﺎﺻﺎﺧ ﺎﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺪﻨﻫ
ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺮﻣ .
١٠
٤ ( ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺑ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ :
ﻭ ﺯﺎﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﳌﺍ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺝﺭﺎﳋﺍﻭ ﺮﺼﻘﻟﺍ
ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻰﻀﺘﻘﻣ ﻦﻋ .
١١
ﺏ ( ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟﻼﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ
ﺗ ﻋﻮﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺘ ﺔﻴ
ﻰﺗﺄﻳ ﺎﲟ ﺎﻤﻠﻣ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ :
١ (
ﺔﻌﺳﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ .
ﻲﻫ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﳌﺍ
ﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﲟ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌ ﻭ
ﰱ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ
ﻹﺍ ﰱ ﻬﻓ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ﻮ
ﻟﻮﻬﺳ ﺪﳚ ﺔ
ﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﰱ ﺔﻴﺑ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍ ﻦﻋ .
٢ (
ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺃ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﻪﻟﻭ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻞﻛ ﰱ ﻢﻫﻷﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ
ﺃﻭ ﻷﺍ ﲎﻌﳌﺍ ﺳﺎﺳ
ﻰ ) ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ .( ﻢﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻝﺎﻗ "
ﺪﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﻐﻟﺍ ﺡﺮﺷ ﰱ ﻆﺣﻼﻳﻭ
ﺕﺎﻤﺠﻌﳌﺍ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﲟ "
ﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﻦﺴﳛ ، ﰱ ﺎﲟ ﺪﻴﻘﺘﻧ ﻻﺃ ﺔﻐﻟﺍ ﺡﺮﺷ ﰱ
ﻪﺋﺍﻭﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻰﻤﻋﺃ ﺎﻋﺎﻓﺪﻧﺍ ﻊﻓﺪﻨﻧ ﻻﺃﻭ ،ﺱﻮﻣﺎﻘﻟﺍ .
١٢
١٠
ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
ﺹ . ٢٩
١١ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
ﺹ . ٣٥
١٢ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
٩
٣ (
ﺀﺎﳛﻹﺍ ﺃ ﲑﺴﻋ ﻦﻓ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺷﺮﺧ ﻰﻛﺫ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻝﺎﻗ ﻭ
ﻝﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺭﻮﻜﺸﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻞﻤﻋ
ﻫﻭ ،ﺰﻴﻠﳒﻹﺍ ﻮ
ﻟﺍ ﻊﺳﺍﻭ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻀﺘﻘﻳ ﺜ
ﻦﻣ ﺎﻨﻜﻤﺘﻣ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻘ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻝﻮﻘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
ﻟﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﻴ
ﻫ ﺭﺍﺮﺳﺄﺑ ﺎﻓﺭﺎﻋ ﺎﻬ ﺎﺍﺩﺮﻔﻣ ﱏﺎﻌﲟ ﺍﲑﺼﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺒﻴﻟﺎﺳﻷ ﺔﻗﺍﻭﺫ ،ﲔﺗﺎ
.
٤ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﺍﺩﺃ
ﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺎ ﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻭ ﺎﳍ ﻝﺎﻘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺨﺘﺗ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲑﻏﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻑ
ﺬ ﺩﺃ ﺍ ﺓ
ﺃﻭ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻭ
ﰐﺎﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﳘﺃ :
ﺃ (
ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺟﺇ ﺪﻴﺷﺭﻮﺧ ﻲﻛﺯ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻝﺎﻗ " :
ﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﳚ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻴﳉﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﰱ ﻁﺮﺘﺸﻳ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺔﻓﺪﻬﺘﺴ
ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻣ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ،ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﻊﺑﺭﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﺟﺇ ﻒﻠﺳﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺟﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ
ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺑﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﳓﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺻﻭ ."
١٣
ﺏ ( ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ
" ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﲰﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧﻭ ﻊﺋﺎﺒﻃ ﺯﺮﺑﺃ ﻦﻣ
ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ )
ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ (
ﻹﺎﺑ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﲰﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿ
ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﰱ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﺎﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺔﻴﲰﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻢﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ (inversi)
"
١٤
.
ﺝ (
ﺔﻌﺳﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻝﺎﻗ ":
ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﻔﺑ ﺎﻤﻠﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻊﺳﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻴﳉﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﰱ ﻁﺮﺘﺸﻳ
ﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻨﻜﲤ ﻦﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟ
."
١٥
ﺩ (
ﻢﺟﺎﻌﳌﺍ
ﺃ ﻢﺟﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻭ
ﻲﻫ ﺲﻴﻣﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ "
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺖﻋﺩ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺡﻼﺳ ".
١٦
١٣
ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
ﺹ . ٣٩ -٤٠
١٤ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
ﺹ . ٣٩
١٥ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
ﺹ . ٣٩
١٦ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
١٠
٥ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ ،ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﻖﺋﺍﺮﻃ :
ﺃ (
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ
ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍﺰﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ
ﻮﻄﳋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺴﺗ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍ
:
١ (
ﻷ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺳ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻣﺎﻋﻭ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺳ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﺪﺧ
.
٢ (
ﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺔ
)ﺃ ﻭ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ( ﻡﺎﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﲎﻌﳌﺍ ﺢﻀﺘﻳ ﱴﺣ ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺄﺘﻣ .
٣ (
ﺃ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟ ﺓﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻭ
ﻻﺍ ﺃ ،ﺕﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻ ﻭ
ﻲﻠﻋ ﺐﻌﺼﻳ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻻ ﰒ ،ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻳ
ﲎﻌﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻠﻟ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻴﻣﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺘﺳﺍ ﰱ ﺩﺩﺮﺘ
ﺩﻮﺼﻘﳌﺍ .
٤ (
ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺣ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺎﻬﺘﲨﺮﺗ ﰒ ﺔﻠﲨ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺔﻌﺑﺍﺭ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ .
٥ (
ﺮﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺃ ﻊﻣ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺘﺘﻟ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻠﲨ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺔﺴﻣﺎﺧ ﺓﺀﺍ
ﺃ ﺔﻠﲨ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﺑ ﱪﻌﻳ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﲑﺧﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﱘﺪﻘﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﻮﻜﻳﻭ ﻭ
ﻟﺍ ﻌ ﺲﻜ .
٦ (
ﺩﺎﺳ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺩﺎﳚﺇ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻠﻛ ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﺳ
ﻂ ﺾﻌﺒﺑ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻞﻤﳉﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ،
ﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺴﲢ ﰒ ،ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﲑﻏﻭ ﺎﻜﻜﻔﻣ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻻ ﱴﺣ ﺃ ﺺ
ﻭ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻟ ﻩﺪﻳﻮﲡ
ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﻮﻜﻳﻭ ،ﺓﻮﻗﻭ ﺔﻏﻼﺑ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟﻭ ﲎﻌﳌ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﻊﺿﻭ ﰒ ،ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻩﺪﺼﻘﻳ ﲎﻌﻣ ﺏﺮﻗﺃ .
٧ (
ﻠﻟ ﺓﲑﺧﺃ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻨ
ﺔﻴﺑﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺋﻼﻣﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﺧﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻠﻟ ﺺ .
١٧
ﺏ ( ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ
ﻋ ﻯﺮﻜﺷ ﺪﻴﺍ ﺪﺒ
ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﳋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺴﺗ :
١ ( ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺃﺪﺒﻳ ﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺄﺘﻣ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻣﺎﲤ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﻪﺤﺟﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺎﻓ ﺍﺪﻴﺟ ﺎﻤﻬﻓ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﻰﻜﻟ ﻞﻤﻛﺄﺑ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻓ .
١٧
،ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻋ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﺍ ...
،
١١
٢ ( ﻑﺩﺎﺻ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺃ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ
ﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﻌﺼﻳ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺎﳍ ﻑﺩﺍﺮﻣ
ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻞﻘﻨﻳ ﱴﻟﺍ ﻨﻳ ﱂ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺎﻌﻣ ﻢﻬﻓ
ﺢﺠ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰱ
ﺃ ﺱﻮﻣﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﺎﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻭ
ﺺﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰱ ﻞﺧﺪﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺱﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ .
٣ ( ﺃﺪﺒﻳ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻠﲨ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺃﺮﻘﻳﻭ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ ﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻠﲨ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ
ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧ
ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ .
٤ ( ﻋ ﺹﺮﳊﺍ ﺴﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﺤﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﻠ
ﻦﻋ ﺍﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺰﻴﲤ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺔ
ﺪﺣﺃ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻔﻳ ﻻ ﺪﻗ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﺤﺼﻓ .
٥ ( ﺎﻓﺮﺻﻭ ﺍﻮﳓ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺮﳊﺍ .
٦ ( ﺐﻴﻛﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺷﻹﺍ ﰱ ﺀﺍﺮﺛ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻒﻴﻇﻮﺗ ﰱ ﻖﳊﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ
ﺎﺿﻹﺍﻭ ﻑﺬﳊﺍﻭ ﺃ ﺖﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻓ
ﻭ ﺐﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ
ﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮ .
٧ ( ﻌﻳ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻴﺳ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺎﻓ ﻕﺪﺼﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺰﺘﻠﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﻰﻐﺒﺘﻳ ﺔﻧﺎﻣﺃ ﱪﺘ
ﻳﻭﺰﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺮ
ﺎﻌﻣ ﺎ.
٨ ( ﻯﺩﺃ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻳ ﻰﻜﻟ ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ ﺔﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳﻭ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻠﻤﻋ ﻪ ﱃﺇ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣ ﲑﺧ .
٩ ( ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺤﺼﻔﻟﺍ
ﻰ ﹼﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺐﻨﲡﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟ
.
١٠ ( ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻨﲡﻭ ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ .
١١ ( ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺎﻧﻮﻘﺒﺳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻞﻀﻔﻳ
ﻠﻋ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳﺫﺇ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻞﻫﺎﺠﺘﻳ ﻥﻷ ﻰﻋﺍﺩ ﻼﻓ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺎﻧﺎﻌﺳﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﻣ ﺎﻬﻤﻋﺩ ﻪﻴ
ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺻﺄﺗﻭ ".
١٨
ﺕ ( ﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺴﺗ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻕﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋﻭ ﺲﻨﻣ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺘ
ﺔﻳﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﳋﺍ :
١ ( ﺓﺪﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺔﻠﲨ ﻞﻛ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﰱ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺃﺪﺒﻳ .
١٨
ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻴﺍ ،ﻯﺮﻜﺷ
ﻦﻓ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﰱ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻭ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻹﺍ ﲑﻫﺎﻤﳉﺍ
١٢
٢ ( ﻭ ﺎﻜﻜﻔﻣ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻻ ﱴﺣ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﺑ ﻞﻤﳉﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻁﺎﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺩﺎﳚﺇ ﲑﻏ
ﻞﺼﺘﻣ .
٣ ( ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﺔﻠﻤﻛﺄﺑ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ
ﺺﻨﻠﻟ .
٤ ( ﺃ ﻑﺬﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻣﺎﲤ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺃ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻭ
ﺃ ﺺﻴﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻒﻠﻟﺍ
ﻪﺘﲨﺮﺗﻭ ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﺐﻴﺼﻳ ﻪﻣﺪﻨﻋ .
٥ ( ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﳊﺍ ﲔﺑﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺔﻧﺎﻣﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻂﻠﳜ ﺪﻗ .
١٩
٦ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ
ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﺯﻻ ﺎﻫﲑﻏ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻌﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻥﺇ
ﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻮ
ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻝﻮﺣ ﲏﻤﺿ ﻯﺮﻈﻧ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﺪﲜ .
ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺽﺍﺮﺘﻓﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ
ﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺩﺮﳎ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫﻷﺍ ﻞﺑ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﲟ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ
ﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻫ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟ
ﻮ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻭ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﺇﻭ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻠﻟ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍ
ﺃ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﺽﺍﺮﺘﻓﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﻭ
ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺮﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻜﻣﺃ ﻥﺇ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﺯﺎﻜﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ .
ﻥﺈﻓ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣﻭ
ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﳚﺇ ﰱ ﻢﻫﺎﺴﻳ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺎﻬﳝﻮﻘﺗﻭ . ﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛﺃ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺮﻣ
ﻻ ﻡﺃ ﺔﺿﻭﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﺎﳍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛﺃﺀﺍﻮﺳﻭ ﺔﻟﻮﺒﻘﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻟﻮﺒﻘﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻄﳌﺍ .
٢٠
ﺃ (
ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﲨﺮﺗ ﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻰﻤﺘﻨﻳ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
. ﺞﺗﺎﻧ ﺪﻳﺮﲡ ﻲﻫﻭ
ﻼﻋ ﻻﻭ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺹﻮﺼﻧ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻦﻋ ﻼﺻﺃ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﳍ ﺔﻗ
. ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩﻭ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟ .
ﺔﻐﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﺔﻔﻟ ﺔﻳﺃﻭ
ﻩﺬﻫ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻡﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﻐﻟ ﺎﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﺭﺪﺼﻣ
١٩
،ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻕﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻰﺴﻨﻣ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ
ﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﺎﻬﺋﺩﺎﺒﻣﻭ ﺎﳍﻮﺻﺃ ﺔﲨﺮ
ﺹ ، ١٢ -١٣
٢٠ ،ﺏﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﺦﻴﺛ ﺮﻤﻋ
ﻞﻳﻭﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
، ) ﺕﻭﲑﺑ : ﺕﻭﲑﺑ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ١٩٨٨
١٣
ﺃ ﻡﻼﻛ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻭ
ﻮﺘﻜﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﶈﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﺑ
. ﺪﻗﻭ
ﺎﳍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﺎﺍﺫ ﺔﻐﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﺿ ﻦﻣ ،ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻜﻣ ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺎﳍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻚﻟﺫ . ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ﰱ ﱴﺣ ،ﺎﻫﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺗﻭ ﺎﻫﻮﳓﻭ ﺎﻬﺛﺍﺮﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ﻰﻘﺒﻳ ﺎﻌﺒﻃ
ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟﻭ .
ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻤﺘﲤ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ ﺍﺬﻟ
ﺎﺑ ﺎﻀﺑﺃ ﻱﺭﺪﺗﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻡﺎﺗ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳ
: ﺎﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ﰱ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﳓ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﺱﺍﺭﺪﻟﻭ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌ ﺎﻧﻮﻋ ﻡﺪﻘﻳ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ
.
ﺏ ( ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺘﺧﺍ ﺺﻧ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻰﻤﺘﻨﻳ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ
ﻫ ﻪﺘﲨﺮﺗ ﻊﻣﺰﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻮ
ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻧ .
ﺍﺬﻫ ﻭ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ
ﻫ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﻮ
ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺘﺧﺍ ﺺﻧ ﺖﲤ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺽﺮﺘﻔﻴﻓ ،ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺘﲨﺮﺗ
ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻪﺘﲨﺮﺗ .
ﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﻪﻧﻷ ﻮ
ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻳ ﱂ
ﺃ ﺍﺩﻮﻘﻔﻣ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﺺﻧ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺪﳚ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻭ
ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﰱ ﺲﻴﻟ
ﺪﻴﻟﺍ . ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻯﺃ ﺩﺮﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺮﳌﺍ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻳ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﰱﻭ ﻰﻠﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ
ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﻼﻌﻓ ﺞﺘﻧﺃ ﺺﻧ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺱﻮﻤﻠﳌﺍ .
ﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺰﻛﺮﺘﻳ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺎﻓ ﻥﺫﺇ
ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﺺﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻤﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺹﻮﺼﻧ ﻦﻣ
ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﰱ ﺞﺘﻨﻳ ﻑﻮﺳ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﺒﻃﺎﺨﳌﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺞﺘﻧﺃ ﺪﻗ .
ﺝ (
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ
ﲔﲨﺮﺘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻤﳚﻭ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺑ ﻢﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ .
ﻑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﺟ ﺪﻗﻭ
ﻆﻔﻟ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ "
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻣ " ﺏﻮﺘﻜﻣ ﺺﻧ ﻞﻘﻨﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﻯﺃ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﻦﳌ
ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﺏﻮﺘﻜﻣ ﺺﻧ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ .
٢١
ﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﰱ ﲑﺧﻷﺍﻭ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺖﻠﻗ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺒ
ﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻮ
ﻹﺍ ﻯﺃ ،ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻧ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺪﻘﻳﻭ ﲔﺘﻐﻟ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧ
ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﱃﻭﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ .
ﻫ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ، ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺖﻤﻠﻜﺑ ﻮ
ﻥﻷ ،ﺔﺒﻃﺎﻗ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻢﻫﺃ
٢١
،ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻋ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﺍ ...
،
١٤
ﻪﺠﺘﻨﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺎﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻣ ﺹﻮﺼﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻼﻌﻓ .
،ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﺗ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺪﻨﻌﻓ ﺃ
ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻋﻭ ،ﺮﺜﻛﺃ
ﻫﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻞﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻮ
ﲎﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺩﺪﳛ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗﻭ ،ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﺮﺴﻔﳌﺍ
ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻳﻭ ﻪﲨﺮﺘﻳ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ .
ﺎﻫﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺝﻭﺩﺰﻣ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻥﺇ ﰒ .
ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻄﺑﻭ ،ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻭ
ﰱ ﻪﻨﻜﻟ ،ﲔﺘﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﲔﺑﻭ ،ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻭﺃ ﲔﺘﻐﻟ ﲔﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻗﻮﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲑﺛﺎﺗ ﻕﻮﻓ ،ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ
ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻮﻟﺍ .
ﺱﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﻐﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻪﻠﺜﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺍﺬ
ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﳋ .
ﺩ (
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰱ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ
ﻫ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻮ
ﻋ ﺔﲡﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺪﶈﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻦ
. ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺎﻓ ﺍﺫﺍ
ﻫ ﻮ ﰱ ﺲﺳﻷﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺺﻧ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺠﻛ ﻼﻌﻓ ﺖﺠﺘﻧﺃ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻣ
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻜﺣﺃﻭ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻞﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ .
ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺎﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﻮﺼﻘﻣ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﰱ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻞﺧﺪﺗ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ
ﻭ ﺪﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﻉﺪﺒﳌﺍ
. ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﻓ
ﺮﺻﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺳﺃ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﺘﻔﻳ ﺍﺬﳍ ،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻢﺘﺗ ﻥﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻﺇ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻣﻭ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺺﻧﻭ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﱴﻟﺍ .
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻋﻭ
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑ ﻻ .
ﻩ (
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ
ﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﲢ ﺪﻳﺮﲡ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻪ
. ﻲﻬﻓ
ﺃ ﺍﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﻭ
ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺎﲨﺮﺘﻣ ،
ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﻞﺑ
ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺹﻮﺼﻧ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ .
،ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻻﺇ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏ ﺱﺭﺪﺗ ﻻﻭ
ﺃ ﺍﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﺗ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﻭ
ﺎﺍﺬﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺎﲨﺮﺘﻣ .
ﻡﺎﻋ ﺪﻳﺮﲡ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟﻭ
١٥
ﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﲨ ﺔ
. ﺍﺪﻳﺮﲡ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﺑ ﺩﻮﺼﻘﳌﺍ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ
ﺽﻭﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﺏ ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﺏ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻣ ﺹﻮﺼﻧ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﻐﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﲨﺮﺗ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﻹﺍ ﺭﺪﻗ ﺔ
ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐﻭ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﻋ .
ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺎﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﻳﺪﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺍﺰﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻮﻫ ﺽﺮﻐﻟﺍﻭ
،ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﲔﺑ ﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣﻭ ﺎﳝﺪﻗ ﺔﲨﺮﺗﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻨﻜﳑ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻊﺳﻭﺃ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﺇﻭ .
ﻭ (
ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
ﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻪﺘﻴﲰ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻧ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻳ ﱴ
ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻪﺟﻮﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻌﻤﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭﺃ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺮﻌﻳ ﻦﳑﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ .
ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻈﻨﻤﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻳﻭ
ﻭﺎﳛﻭ ،ﱁﺍ ﺔﻓﻮﻟﺄﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻛﺍﺮﺗﻭ ﺎﺍﺩﺮﻔﻣﻭ ﺎﻫﻮﺤﻨﺑ ،ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﲑﺑﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﺘﻘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻝ
ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺸﻟﺍﻭﺃ ﺔﻓﻭﺮﻌﳌﺍ .
ﻲﻫ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺎﻓ ،ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻣﻷﺍﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛﻭ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻐﺑ ﺎﻬﺧﺭﺎﺗﻭ ﺎﻬﺻﻮﺼﻧﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﳍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ .
ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻢﺘﺗ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﲢﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺷ ﺎﺄﺷﻭ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺽﺮﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻢﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﺎ
.
٢٢
ﺯ (
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻞﺧﺍﺪﺗ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﺗﻭ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺃﺪﺒﺗ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﺘﺳ ﺕﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﻘﻟ
.
ﺕ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺔﻐﻠﻛ ﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲔﺗﺎﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛﻭ {
ﻞﻤﻛﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻯﺩ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﱃﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻪﺟﻭ .
ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ
ﺪﺼﻣ ﺺﻧ ﺭ
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻣ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻣ ﺺﻧ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ
ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ
٢٢
،ﺏﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﺦﻴﺛ ﺮﻤﻋ
ﻞﻳﻭﺄﺘﻟﺍ ... ،
١٦
ﱃﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻆﺣﻼﻳ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰱ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ ﺎﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﲨ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ
ﺾﻌﺑ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻞﺧﺍﺪﺘﺗﻭ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﺗ ﺎﺃ .
ﱃﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻳ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻧﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺕﺮﻛﺫ ﺪﻗﻭ
ﻭﺄﺗﻭ ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺎﻬﺋﻮﺿ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻪﻠﻳ
. ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻮﻫ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻪﻨﻜﻟ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰱ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻄﻧﻻﺍ .
٢٣
٧ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﺃ
ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﰱ ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻝﺎﻗ "
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ "
ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﺃ ﻦﻣ
ﻢﻬﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻻ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ .
ﺔﻴﺗﺁ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻰﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﺗ :
ﺃ (
ﲢ ﺔﺤﺼﺑ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﰱ ﻥﺎﻌﻣﻹﺍ ﺏﺍﺮﻋﺇ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣﻭ ،ﻪﻃﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﻪﺗﺎﺒﻛﺮﻣﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻤﻠﻛ ﻎﻴﺻ ﻞﻴﻠ
ﻪﺒﻟﺎﺳﺃﻭ ﻪﺗﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﱐﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣﻭ ، ﻪﺘﻤﻠﻛ .
ﺏ ( ﺔﻤﻜﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ ﻥﺎﻌﻣﺈﺑ ﻩﺃﺮﻘﻧ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻲﻜﻟ ،ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻌﻴﺘﺳﺍ
ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﺎﻧﺰﺠﻋ ﺔﻌﻄﻗ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻧ ﻥﺃ .
ﺝ (
ﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺔﻓﺪﻬﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺔ
ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﲑﺑﺎﻌﺗﻭ ، .
ﺢﹼﻔﺼﺘﺑ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺃﺪﺒﻳ ﺎﻫﺍﻮﺤﻓ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺎﻬﻔﻨﺼﻳ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻤﺴﻘﻳﻭ ،ﺺﻨﻟﺍ
ﻪﻨﻋ ﻝﻮﻘﻨﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻜﺳﺎﲤﻭ ﺎﺎﺒﻣﻭ )
ﺺﻟ ( ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻨﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ )
ﱂ ( ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،
ﻢﻬﻓ ﺎﻤﻋ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰒ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ .
ﻝﺎﻘﻴﻓ : ﻢﻬﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻻ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺍ .
ﺍﺮﻈﻧﻭ
ﺃ ﺔﻳﻮﻨﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻭ
ﺔﲪﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺺﻟ ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﱃﺇﻭ ،ﻑﺮﺼﺘﺑ )
ﻞﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ (
ﱂﻭ ) ﺔﻔﻠﻟﺍ
ﺔﻓﺪﻬﺘﺴﳌﺍ (
ﻑﺬﳊﺍﻭ ﲑﺧﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﱘﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺐﺟﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﻓ )
ﺺﻘﻨﻟﺍ ( ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺰﻟﺍﻭ
ﻻﺍﻭ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺱﺎﺒﺘﻗ
.
٢٤
٢٣
،ﺏﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﺦﻴﺛ ﺮﻤﻋ
ﻞﻳﻭﺄﺘﻟﺍ ... ،
ﺹ . ٣٣
٢٤ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ... ،
١٧
٨ . ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ
ﻞﺒﻗ ﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻛﺬ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻳ ،ﺢﻴﺼﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻎﻴﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ
ﺮﻛﺬ ﻦﻋ ﲔﲨﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺃ
ﺍ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻴﺼﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻴﻠﺒﻟ .
ﻮﻫ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﻥﺃ ،ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻕﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﷲﺍﺪﺒﻋﻭ ﻰﺴﻨﻣ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻝﺎﻗ :
ﺃ (
ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻳ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻋ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ .
ﺏ ( ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻞﻛ ﺎ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﱴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻡﺎﳌﺇ .
ﺝ (
ﺤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻮ
ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻟﺍﻭ .
ﺩ (
ﺃ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺎﻬﺻﻮﺼﻧ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﺑ ﻡﻮﻌﻳ ﱴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺔﻌﺳﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﻭ
ﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺃ ﺎﻴﻓﺮﻐﳉﺍ ﻭ
ﺃ ﺀﺎﻴﺣﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﻭ
ﺃ ﺐﻄﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺳﺪﻨﳍﺍ .
٢٥
ﻮﻫ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻥﺇ ،ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻋ ﻝﺎﻗﻭ :
ﺃ (
ﺤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻮ
ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰱ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻟﺍﻭ .
ﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻑﺪﻬﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﺚﻴﲝ ﻪﲨﺮﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﰒ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻞﻘﻨﻳ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻜ
ﻝﺎﻘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺚﻴﲝ ،ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺼﻗ ﺎﳌ ﻥﻮﻤﻀﳌﺍﻭ ﲎﻌﳌﺍ ﰱ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﻣ ﺏﺮﻗﺃ ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺑ ﺔﻐﺼﺑ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﻰﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﺄﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ .
ﺏ ( ﻷﺍ ﺎﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﰱ ﺔﻧ .
ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣﻭ ﺔﺴﻠﺳﻭ ﺔﺤﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﺎﻬﻠﻘﻧﻭ ﻰﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻣﺍ
ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻢﺟﺮﺘ
ﲔﺑ ﻕﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﺷﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺢﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺐﳚ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ،ﻑﺬﺣ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺣﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺓﺎﻧﺎﻣﻷﺍ .
ﺎﺣﻭﺭ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻨﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻢﺟﺮﻠﺘﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﺗ ﺔﻧﺎﻣﻷﺎﻓ
ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﻞﻛﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻯﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺼﻘﻳ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ ﲎﻌﳌﺍ ﻰﻋﺍﺮﻳ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺍﲑﺒﻌﺗ ﲎﻌﻣﻭ ﲟ ﺎﻬﲨﺮﺘﻴﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺮﺧﺁ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻔﺻ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﲨ ﱃﺇ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟ ﺮﻄﺿﺍ ﻮﻟ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌ
.
ﺝ (
ﺲﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﺟﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﰱ ﺚﲝﻭ ﻞﻳﻮﻃ ﺐﻳﺭﺪﺗﻭ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﱃﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﲢ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﱪﺼﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ .
٢٦
٢٥
،ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻕﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻰﺴﻨﻣ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ... ،
ﺹ . ٧
٢٦ ،ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻋ
ﺃ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺲﺳ ...
،
١٨
ﺔﻴﺗﻻﺍ ﺭﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻰﻋﺍﺮﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻝﺎﻗﻭ :
ﺃ (
ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﻓ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻳ ﻯﺬﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﰱ ﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ
ﻴﻪ .
ﺏ ( ﺍ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﺲﻔﻨﺑ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻌﻄﻘﻟ
.
ﺝ (
ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﲤ ﻒﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺼﺤﺷ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﻥﺃﻭ .
٢٧
ﻮﻫ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻥﺇ ﻱﻭﺍﺪﻳﺩ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻝﺎﻗﻭ :
ﺃ (
ﺎﺑﻮﻠﺳﺃﻭ ﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ .
ﺏ ( ﲔﺘﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲔﺘﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻕﺭﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ .
ﺝ (
ﻞﻤﻌﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﻮﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺪﻴﻌﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻠﺻﻷﺍ
.
٢٨
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﰱ ﲔﻤﻇﺎﻧ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻝﺎﻗ :
ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﻳﺃ ﰱ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺪﺑ ﻻ
ﻙﺭﺪﻳ ﺔﻐﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﻣ ﻪﺟﺍﻭ ﺫﺇ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺚﻴﲝ ﺎﺎﻘﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﺎﳍﻮﺻﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﲜ ﻢﻠﻳﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻳ ﻻﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻳﻭ ،ﺎ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﳌﻺﻟ ﻢﺟﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﻳﻭ ﺎﺪﺟ ﺗﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﱃﻹ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻢﺟﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﱪﻋ ﲔﺘﻐﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻭﺩ ﻝﻮﳛ ﻞﺑ ﻪ
ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺳﻮﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ .
٢٩
٩ . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ
ﻰﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻛﻭ ،ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﻲﻫ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰱ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ :
ﺃ (
ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻄﻴﺳ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺏ ( ﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﰱ ﻒﻌﺿ ﰱﺮ
ﺝ (
ﺀﺎﲰﻷﺍﻭ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ )
،ﲎﺜﻣ ،ﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻭ
ﺚﻧﺆﳌﺍﻭ ﺮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ،ﻊﻤﳉﺍ (
ﺩ (
ﻯﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﰱ ﻒﻌﺿ :
١ ( ﺍ ﻉﻮﻗﻮﻣ ﻟ
ﺏﺍﺮﻋﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ
٢ ( ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ
٢٧
ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
ﺹ ٤٠
٢٨ ،ﻯﻭﺍﺪﻳﺩ ﺪﻤﳏ
ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ
، ) ،ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ،ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ١٩٩٧
( ، ﺹ ١٥
٢٩
،ﺎﻇﺭ ﲔﻤﻇﺎﻧ
ﺠﻫﺎﻨﻣﻭ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺭﺎﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬ
، ) ﺮﺸﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ (
١٩
٣ ( ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻹﺍ ﻩﻮﺟﻭ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
٣٠
.
ﱴﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ ﲔﻤﺴﻗ ﱃﺇ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺑﺎﻘﻳ
:
ﺃ (
ﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻟ
ﺃ ﻅﺎﻔ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﺕﺍ .
ﺏ ( ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ
٣١
٣٠
ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ
ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ...
،
ﺹ . ١٦
٣١ ،ﺐﻴﳒ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻋ
ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﺍ ...
،
٢٠
אא
א
ﺃ .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ
ﱐﺍﺪﻴﳌﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﱯﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺞﻳﺰﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ: ﻢﺘﻳ ﱯﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ
