Pengaruh Varietas Ubi Jalar (Ipomosa batatas), Penambahan Natrium Benzoat dan Lama Penyimpanan terhadap Sifat Fisiko Kimia Selai Ubi Jalar yang Dihasilkan

(1)

PEWGARUH VARIETAS UBI JkLAR

/

/pomoea batatas j,

PENAMBAHAN

MATRIUM BENZQAT DAN LAMA PENYlMPAMAN TERHADAP SlFAT FISIKO

KlMlA SELAI UBI JALAR YANG DIHASILKAN

OIeh

MARLY SUMAYONG

F 24. 0493

1 9 9 2

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

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M a r l y S u m a y o n g . F 2 4 . 0 4 9 3 . P e n g a r u h v a r i e t a s u b i j a l a r i I p o m o e a b a t a t a s ) , p e n a m b a h a n N a - b e n z o a t d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p s i f a t f i s i k o k i m i a s e l a i u b i j a l a r y a n g d i h a s i l k a n . D i b a w a h b i m b i n g a n R i z a l S y a r i e f d a n S u g i y o n o .

RI

NGKASAN

P e n e l i t i a n i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e m p e l a j a r i p e m b u a t a n

s e l a i u b i j a l a r d a r i b e r b a g a i v a r i e t a s u b i j a l a r . J u g a

d i p e l a j a r i p e n g a r u h b e b e r a p a t i n g k a t k o n s e n t r a s i n a t r i u m

b e n z o a t t e r h a d a p k e a w e t a n s e l a i u b i j a l a r .

S e l a i u b i j a l a r d a p a t d i b u a t d e n g a n f o r m u l a s i : 2 5 . 7 %

d a g i n g u b i j a l a r , 4 4 % g u l a , 3 0 % a i r d a n 0 . 3 % a s a m s i t r a t .

-

V a i - i e t a s u b i j a l a r y a n g d i g u n a k a n a d a 3 y a i t u b i s 1 7 3

( b e r d a g i n g o r a n y e ) , b i s 1 8 3 ( b e r d a g i n g k r e m ) d a n b i s 1 8 6

( b e r d a g i n g p u t i h ) . K o n s e n t r a s i n a t r i u m b e n z o a t y a n g

d i t a m b a h k a n a d a l a h 0 % , 0 . 0 5 % d a n 0 . 1 0 % . S e l a i u b i j a l a r

y a n g d i h a s i l k a n d i s i m p a n s e l a m a 4 minggu d e n g a n p e n g a m a t a n

s e t i a p 2 m i n g g u .

P e n g a m a t a n s e l a i u b i j a l a r d i l a k u k a n t e r h a d a p k a d a r

a i r , k e k e n t a l a n , n i l a i pH, k a d a r p a d a t a n t e r l a r u t t o t a l ,

n i l a i a,, k a d a r g u l a t o t a l , k a d a r p e k t i n , k a d a r a s a m

t o t a l , j u m l a h k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l d a n s k o r o r g a n o l e p t i k

y a n g m e l i p u t i w a r n a , a r o m a , r a s a d a n d a y a o l e s .

P e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r b e r p e n g a r u h s a n g a t n y a t a

t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r , n i l a i a,, j u m l a h k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l

s e r t a s k o r w a r n a , r a s a , a r o m a d a n d a y a o l e s s e l a i u b i

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s a n g a t n y a t a t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r , n i l a i a w , k a d a r a s a m

t o t a l , n i l a i pH, j u m l a h k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l s e r t a s k o r

a r o m a d a n r a s a s e l a i u b i j a l a r . P e r l a k u a n p e n y i m p a n a n

b e r p e n g a r u h s a n g a t n y a t a t e r h a d a p s e m u a p e n g a m a t a n k e c u a l i

k a d a r p e k t i n d a n k e k e n t a l a n .

I n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r d a n k o n s e n t r a s i

N a - b e n z o a t b e r p e n g a r u h n y a t a t e r h a d a p k a d a r asam t o t a l d a n

s k o r r a s a s e l a i y a n g d i h a s i l k a n , s e r t a b e r p e n g a r u h s a n g a t

n y a t a t e r h a d a p j u m l a h k a p a n g - l t h a m i r t o t a l d a n w a r n a s e l a i

u b i j a l a r . I n t e r a k s i j e n i s u b i j a l a r d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

b e r p e n g a r u h n y a t a t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r s e l a i , s e r t a

b e r p e n g a r u h s a n g a t n y a t a t e r h a d a p j u m l a h k a p a n g - k h a m i r

t o t a l . I n t e r a k s i k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n lama

p e n y i m p a n a n m e m b e r i k a n p e n g a r u h y a n g n y a t a t e r h a d a p k a d a r

a i r g a n s a n g a t n y a t a p a d a k a d a r asam t o t a l , n i l a i pH d a n

j u m l a h k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l . I n t e r a k s i k e t i g a p e r l a k u a n

b e r p e n g a r u h s a n g a t n y a t a t e r h a d a p s k o r r a s a s e l a i .

P e m b u a t a n s e l a i u b i j a l a r d a p a t d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n

m e n g g u n a k a n s a l a h s a t u d a r 5 v a r i e t a s u b i j a l a r d i a t a s

k a r e n a u j i o r g a n o l e p t i k t i d a k m e n u n j u k k a n p e r b e d a a n

k e s u k a a n y a n g b e r a r t i t e r h a d a p v a r i e t a s y a n g d i g u n a k a n .

P e n g g u n a a n n a t r i u m b e n z o a t d e n g a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 . 0 5 % s u d a h

c u k u p e f e k t i f s e l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n 4 m i n g g u , d i l i h a t d a r i

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PENGARUH V A R I E T A S U B I JALAR (Ipomoea ba t a t a s ) ,

PENAHBAHAN NATRIUH BENZOAT DAN LAHA PENYIHPANAN TERHADdP S I F A T F I S I K O K I H I A S E L A I U B I JALAR YANG DIHASILKAN

O l e h

HARLY SUHAYONG

F 24.0493

S K R I P S I

S e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u s y a r a t u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h g e l a r

SARJANA TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN

p a d a J u r u s a n T e k n o l o g i P a n g a n d a n G i z i

F a k u l t a s T e k n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n

I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r

1991

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN

I N S T I T U T PERTANIAN BOGOR

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I N S T I T U T PERTANIAN BOGOR

PAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PEHTANIAN

PENGARUH VARIETAS U B I J A L A R (Ipomoea b a t a t a s ) , PEHAHBAHAN

NATRIUH BENZOAT DAN LAHA PENYIUPANAN TERHADAP S I F A T F I S I K O

K I H I A S E L A I U B I JALAR YANG DIHASILKAN

S K R I P S I

S e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u s y a r a t u n t u k m a m p e r o l e h g e l a r

SARJANA TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN

p a d a J u r u s a n T e k n o l o g i P a n g a n d a n G i z i

F a b u l t a s T e k n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n

I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n Bogor

O l e h

UARLY SUHAYONG

F 2 4 . 0 4 9 3

D i l a h i r k a n p a d a t a n g g a l 1 5 A p r i l 1 9 6 8

d i U j u n g P a n d a n g

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KATA PENGANTAR

P u j i s y u k u r p e n u l i s p a n j a t k a n k e h a d i r a t T u h a n Yang

Maha K a s i h k a r e n a d e n g a n k a s i h k a r u n i a N y a p e n u l i s d a p a t

m e n y e l e s a i k a n s k r i p s i i n i .

S k r i p s i i n i d i s u s u n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u s y a r a t u n t u k

m e m p e r o l e h g e l a r SARJANA TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN p a d a J u r u s a n

T e k n o l o g i P a n g a n d a n G i z i , F a k u l t a s T e k n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n ,

I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r .

P a d a k e s e m p a t a n i n i p e n u l i s i n g i n m e n g u c a p k a n t e r i m a

k a s i h k e p a d a :

1 . B a p a k D r . I r . R i z a l S y a r i e f , DESS s e l a k u d o s e n p e m b i m b i n g u t a m s , a t a s b i m b i n g a n d a n p e n g a r a h a n y a n g

t e l a h d i b e r i k a n s e j a k p e r s i a p a n p e n e l i t i a n h i n g g a

t e r s u s u n n y a s k r i p s i i n i

2 . B a p a k I r . S u g i y o n o , s e l a k u d o s e n p e m b i m b i n g k e d u a , y a n g

t e l a h b a n y a k m e m b e r i k a n b i m b i n g a n s e l a m a p e n e l i t i a n

h i n g g a t e r s u s u n n y a s k r i p s i i n i

3 . Bapak D r . I r . Y a d i H a r y a d i , MSc. s e l a k u d o s e n p e n g u j i

4 . P a p i , M a m i , L i l i a n d a n A i l e e n y a n g s e l a l u m e n d u k u n g

dalam d o a , m o r i l d a n m a t e r i l

5 .

el.

J o h a n Ahnan y a n g t e l a h b a n y a k m e m b e r i d u k u n g a n

s e c a r a m o r i l d a n m a t e r i l

6 . S e l u r u h s t a f p e n g a j a r F a k u l t a s T e k n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n ,

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7 . S e l u r u h k a r y a w a n d a n l a b o r a n J u r u s a n T e k n o l o g i P a n g a n

d a n G i z i , F a t e t a , I P B

8 . R e k a n - r e k a n Kaum H u d a G e r e j a S i d a n g J e m a a t A l l a h

S u r y a k e n c a n a , B o g o r y a n g s e l a l u m e n d u k u n g d a l a m d o a

9 . R e k a n - r e k a n s e a n g k a t a n y a n g t e l a h b a n y a k m e m b e r i

b a n t u a n selama p e n e l i t i a n

1 0 . S e m u a p i h a k y a n g t e l a h m e m b e r i k a n b a n t u a n b a i k m o r i l

m a u p u n m a t e r i l , y a n g t i d a k d a p a t p e n u l i s s e b u t k a n s a t u p e r s a t u

P e n u l i s m e n y a d a r i b a h w a t u l i s a n i n i m a s i h j a u h d a r i

s e m p u r n a s e h i n g g a k r i t i l c d a n s a r a n y a n g membangun a k a n

p e n u l i s t e r i m a d e n g a n s e n a n g h a t i . S e m o g a t u l i s a n i n i

b e r m a n f a a t b a g i s e m u a p i h a k y a n g m e m e r l u k a n n y a .

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DAFTAR IS1

H a l a m a n

. . .

K A T A P E N G A N T A R

. . .

D A F T A R T A B E L

. . .

D A F ' T A R GAMBAR

D A F T A R L A M P I R A N

. . .

.

. . .

I P E N D A H U L U A N

. . .

.

I 1 T I N J A U A N P U S T A K A

. . .

A

.

U B I J A L A R

B . S E L A I ('JAN)

. . .

.

I11 BAHAN DAN M E T O D A P E N E L I T I A N

. . .

A

.

BAHAN DAN A L A T

. . .

.

B M E T O D A P E N E L I T I A N

. . .

C _. _{P E R L A K U A N}

D

. RANCANGAN P E R C O B A A N

. . .

E

.

_{A N A L I S A F I S I K . K I M I A , M I K R O B I O L O G I DAN}

. . .

O H G A N O L E P T I K

.

. . .

1 V H A S I L DAN P E M B A H A S A N

. . .

A

.

P E N E L I T I A N P E N D A H U L U A N

. . .

.

B

_{P E N E L I T I A N U T A M A}

. . . .

V K E S I M P U L A N DAN S A R A N

. . .

A

.

K E S I M P U L A N

B

.

S A R A N . . .

. . .

D A F T A R P U S T A K A

L A M P I R A N . . .

i

i v

v i

v i i i

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DAFTAR TABEL

T a b e l 1 . P e r b a n d i n g a n k o m p o s i s i g i z i a n t a r a u b i j a l a r , n e n a s d a n s t r a w b e r i p e r 100 g

. . .

b a h a n

T a b e l 2 . K o m p o s i s i k a r b o h i d r a t u b i j a l a r y a n g

. . .

t e l a h d i m a s a k

T a b e l 3 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

T a b e l 4 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a - s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r - h a d a p k a d a r a i r s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

T a b e l 5 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a - s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r -

. . .

n i l a i pH s e l a i u b i j a l a r

T a b e l 6 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r d a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t t e r - h a d a p k a d a r asam t o t a l s e l a i u b i j a l a r

T a b e l 7 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a - s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r - h a d a p k a d a r asam t o t a l

. . .

T a b e l 8 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i

j a l a r d a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t t e r h a - d a p l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l

. . .

T a b e l 9 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p

l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l

. . .

T a b e l 1 0 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a -

s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r - h a d a p l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l

. . .

T a b e l 11. P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r d a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t t e r -

. . .

. h a d a p s k o r w a r n a

T a b e l 1 2 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r d a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t t e r -

. . .

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T a b e l 1 3 . P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r , k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n lama

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DAFTAR GAHBAR

[image:11.605.98.507.137.720.2] [image:11.605.92.509.148.722.2]

H a l a m a n

Gambar 1 .

Gambar 2 .

Gambar 3 .

Gambar 4 .

G a m b a r 5 .

Gambar 6

Gambar 7

Gambar 8 .

Gambar 9

Gambar 1 0 .

G a m b a r 11.

G a m b a r 1 2 .

G a m b a r 1 3 .

Gambar 1 4 .

G a m b a r 1 5 .

G a m b a r 1 6 .

G a m b a r 1 7 .

V a r i e t a s u b i j a l a r y a n g d i g u n a k a n 4

Skema p e m b u a t a n s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

2 1

S e l a i u b i j a l a r d a r i b e r b a g a i v a r i e t a s 2 1

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h j e n i s u b i j a l a r

t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r

. . .

3 4

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h k o n s e n t r a s i Na-ben

-

z o a t t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r

. . .

35

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r

. . .

3 6

-

z o a t t e r h a d a p n i l a i pH

. . .

3 9

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h lama p e n y i m p a n a n

t e r h a d a p n i l a i pH

. . .

4 0

t e r h a d a p p a d a t a n t e r l a r u t t o t a l

. . .

4 2

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h j e n i s u b i j a l a r t e r -

h a d a p n i l a i a,

. . .

44

-

z o a t t e r h a d a p n i l a i a"

. . .

4 4

t e r h a d a p n i l a i a,

. . .

4 5 H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

t e r h a d a p k a d a r g u l a t o t a l

. . .

4 7

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h k o n s e n t r a s i Na-ben -

z o a t t e r h a d a p k a d a r asam t o t a l

. . .

5 0

t e r h a d a p k a d a r asam t o t a l

. . .

5 1

t e r h a d a p l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l

. . .

5 4

-

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[image:12.605.98.505.77.457.2]

Gambar 1 8 .

Gambar 1 9 .

Gambar 2 0 .

Gambar 2 1 .

Gambar 2 2 .

Gambar 2 3 .

~ a m b & 2 4 .

Gambar 2 5 .

Gambar 2 6 .

Gambar 2 7 .

. . .

t e r h a d a p l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h j e n i s u b i j a l a r t e r h a d a p s k o r w a r n a

. . .

t e r h a d a p s k o r w a r n a

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h j e n i s u b i j a l a r t e r h a d a p s k o r a r o m a

. . .

-

. . .

z o a t t e r h a d a p s k o r a r o m a

H i s t o g r a m p e n g a r u h l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p s k o r a r o m a

. . .

t e r h a d a p s k o r r a s a

-

z o a t t e r h a d a p s k o r r a s a

. . .

t e r h a d a p s k o r r a s a

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DAFTAR L A H P I RAN

L a m p i r a n l a .

L a m p i r a n l b .

L a m p i r a n 2 .

L a m p i r a n 3 .

L a m p i r a n 4 .

L a m p i r a n 5 .

L a m p i r a n 6 .

L a m p i r a n 7 .

L a m p i r a n 9 .

L a m p i r a n 1 0 .

L a m p i r a n 11.

L a m p i r a n 1 2 .

L a m p i r a n 1 3 .

Data a n a l i s a k i m i a d a n m i k r o b i o l o g i s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

Data a n a l i s a s i f a t f i s i k s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

Data h a s i l u j i o r g a n o l e p t i k s e l a i

. . .

u b i j a l a r

D a f t a r s i d i k ragam k a d a r a i r s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r a i r u n t u k p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r a i r u n t u k p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

. . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r a i r u n t u k p e r l a k u a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r a i r u n t u k i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r d a n lama

p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r a i r u n t u k i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

D a f t a r s i d i k ragam k e k e n t a l a n s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

D a f t a r s i d i k ragam p e n g u k u r a n pH s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT p e n g u k u r a n pH u n t u k p e r

-

l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

. . . .

U j i DMRT p e n g u k u r a n pH u n t u k p e r

-

. . .

l a k u a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

U j i DMRT p e n g u k u r a n pH u n t u k i n t e r - a k s i p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i Na-ben

-

z o a t d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

D a f t a r s i d i k ragam p a d a t a n t e r l a r u t t o t a l s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

H a l a m a n

8 0

8 1

8 2

8 3

83

8 3

(14)

L a m p i r a n 1 5 .

L a m p i r a n 1 6 .

L a m p i r a n 1 7 .

L a m p i r a n 1 8 .

L a m p i r a n 1 9 .

L a m p i r a n 2 0 .

L a m p i r a n 2 1 .

L a m p i r a n 2 2 .

L a m p i r a n 2 3 .

L a m p i r a n 2 4 .

L a m p i r a n 2 5 .

L a m p i r a n 2 6 .

L a m p i r a n 2 8 .

L a m p i r a n 2 9 .

L a m p i r a n 3 0 .

L a m p i r a n 31.

U j i DMRT p a d a t a n t e r l a r u t t o t a l u n - t u k p e r l a k u a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

D a f t a r s i d i k r a g a m n i l a i a, s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT n i l a i a, u n t u k p e r l a - kuan j e n i s u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT n i l a i a, u n t u k p e r l a

-

kuan k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

. . .

U j i DMRT n i l a i a, u n t u k p e r l a - kuan lama p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

D a f t a r s i d i k ragam k a d a r g u l a s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r g u l a t o t a l u n t u k p e r -

. . .

l a k u a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

D a f t a r s i d i k ragam k a d a r p e k t i n se- l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

D a f t a r s i d i k r a g a m k a d a r asam t o t a l s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r a s a m t o t a l u n t u k p e r - l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

. . . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r a s a m t o t a l u n t u k p e r -

. . .

l a k u a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

U j i DMRT k a d a r a s a m t o t a l u n t u k i n - t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r

d a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

. . .

U j i DMRT k a d a r a s a m t o t a l u n t u k i n - t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i Na

-

b e n z o a t d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

D a f t a r s i d i k r a g a m l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l u n - t u k p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r

. . . .

U j i DMRT l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l u n - t u k p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

(15)

L a m p i r a n 3 2 .

L a m p i r a n 3 3 .

L a m p i r a n 3 4

L a m p i r a n 3 5 .

L a m p i r a n 3 6 .

L a m p i r a n 3 7 .

L a m p i r a n 38.

L a m p i r a n 3 9 .

L a m p i r a n 4 0 .

L a m p i r a n 4 1 .

L a m p i r a n 4 2 .

L a m p i r a n 4 3 .

L a m p i r a n 4 4 .

L a m p i r a n 4 5 .

L a m p i r a n 4 6 .

U j i DMRT l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l u n - t u k i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a - l a r d a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

. . .

U j i DMRT l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l u n - t u k i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a - l a r d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

U j i DMRT l o g k a p a n g - k h a m i r t o t a l u n - t u k i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

. . . .

D a f t a r s i d i k r a g a m k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p w a r n a s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p w a r n a un

-

t u k p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p w a r n a u n

-

t u k p e r l a k u a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p w a r n a un

-

t u k i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a -

l a r d a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

. . .

D a f t a r s i d i k r a g a m k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p a r o m a s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p aroma un

-

. . .

U j i DMRT' k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p a r o m a u n - t u k p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i b a h a n p e n g - a w e t

. . .

U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p aroma un

-

t u k p e r l a k u a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

Daf t a r s i d i k r a g a m k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p r a s a s e l a i u b i j a l a r

. . .

U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p r a s a un

-

. . .

U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p r a s a un - t u k p e r l a k u a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p r a s a un

-

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L a m p i r a n 4 7 . U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p r a s a un

-

t u k i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a -

l a r d a n k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t

. . .

9 9

L a m p i r a n 4 8 . U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p r a s a un

-

t u k i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a - l a r , k o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t d a n l a m a

p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

1 0 0

L a m p i r a n 4 9 . D a f t a r s i d i k r a g a m k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p

. . .

d a y a o l e s s e l a i u b i j a l a r 1 0 1

L a m p i r a n 5 0 . U j i DMRT k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p d a y a o l e s

. . . .

u n t u k p e r l a k u a n j e n i s u b i j a l a r 1 0 1

L a m p i r a n 51. K r i t e r i a m u t u m e n u r u t

SII

n o . 1 7 3 - 7 8

. . .

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I.

PENDAHULUAN

Dalam u p a y a memenuhi k e b u t u h a n m a n u s i a a k a n b a h a n

p a n g a n , u b i j a l a r t e l a h memegang p e r a n a n p e n t i n g . Ubi

j a l a r d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i makanan pokok d i b e b e r a p a n e g a r a

s e p e r t i P a p u a N u g i n i , Taiwan ( d a h u l u ) dan b e b e r a p a d a e r a h

d i F i l i p i n a . S e l a i n i t u u b i j a l a r j u g a s e r i n g d i j a d i k a n

makanan p e n g g a n t i b e r a s k e t i k a h a r g a b e r a s m e l o n j a k d i

l u a r j a n g k a u a n d a y a b e l i o r a n g b a n y a k ( B r a d b u r y , 1 9 8 9 ) .

D i I n d o n e s i a u b i j a l a r umumnya d i t a n a m d i sawah-sawah

d a n p e g u n u n g a n s e b a g a i t a n a m a n p a l a w i j a d i a n t a r a d u a

musim t a n a m p a d i . Umur tanaman i n i r e l a t i f s i n g k a t j i k a

d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s i n g k o n g , y a i t u s e k i t a r 4-7 b u l a n . D i

s e l u r u h I n d o n e s i a p r o d u k s i u b i j a l a r s e t i a p t a h u n r a t a -

r a t a b e r j u m l a h s e k i t a r 2 j u t a t o n d a n merupakan t a n a m a n

pangan d e n g a n p e n g h a s i l a n b e r s i h t e r t i n g g i ( S o e m a r t o n o ,

1 9 8 4 ) .

D i I n d o n e s i a u b i j a l a r d a p a t d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i s u m b e r

k a r b o h i d r a t y a n g r e l a t i f murah d a n mudah d i p e r o l e h . D i

s a m p i n g i t u u b i j a l a r j u g a merupakan sumber v i t a m i n A

( 7 1 0 0 IU/100 g b a h a n ) , v i t a m i n C , t h i a m i n , r i b o f l a v i n ,

n i a c i n s e r t a m i n e r a l utama s e p e r t i f o s f o r , k a l s i u m d a n

b e s i

.

Dewasa i n i p e m a n f a a t a n u b i j a l a r s e b a g a i makanan

pokok d i b e r b a g a i t e m p a t s u d a h m u l a i b e r k u r a n g d a n umumnya

(18)

p e n g o l a h a n u b i j a l a r g u n a m e n g h a s i l k a n p r o d u k - p r o d u k b a r u .

Umumnya d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a b e r k e m b a n g , b e n t u k p e n g o l a h a n

m a s i h t e r b a t a s p a d a p e r e b u s a n , p e n g g o r e n g a n , p e m a n g g a n g a n

a t a u pun p e n g u k u s a n . B e n t u k l a i n y a n g m u l a i b a n y a k

d i k e m b a n g k a n a d a l a h c h i p d a n p u r e e . S e d a n g p r o d u k o l a h a n

y a n g b e r s i f a t asam b e l u m b e g i t u b a n y a k d i k e n a l d i

I n d o n e s i a , s e p e r t i : d r i e d s w e e t - s o u r p o t a t o , sweet p o t a t o

c a t s u p , s w e e t p o t a t o j a m d a n sweet p o t a t o b e v e r a g e s a n d c o n c e n t r a t e s .

P e n e l i t i a n i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k membuat s a l a h s a t u

d a r i p r o d u k y a n g r e l a t i f b a r u t e r s e b u t y a i t u sweet p o t a t o

j a m d a n m e n g a m a t i b e r b a g a i s i f a t f i s i k o k i m i a n y a . P r o d u k

i n i d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n pemanf a a t a n u b i j a l a r

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11. T I N J A U A N

PUSTAKA

A . UBI JALAR

1. B o t a n i U b i Jalar

U b i j a l a r ( I p o m o e a b a t a t a s ) m e r u p a k a n t a n a m a n

s p e r m a t h o p h y t y a n g d i s e b u t t a n a m a n d i c o t y l k a r e n a

d a p a t m e n g h a s i l k a n b i j i d a r i h a s i l ' p e r k a v i n a n a n t a r a

b e n a n g s a r i d a n s e l t e l u r . U b i j a l a r t e r n a s u k f a m i l i C o n v o l v u l a c e a e y a n g t e r d i r i a t a s 5 0 g e n u s d a n 1 2 0 0

a t a u l e b i h s p e s i e s d e n g a n c i r i - c i r i s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

m e n g a n d u n g g e t a h , , b a t a n g n y a a d a y a n g t e g a k , m e n j a l a r

a t a u m e r a y a p s e s u a i s p e s i e s n y a , m e n g a n d u n g i k a t a n

p e m b u l u h b i k o l a t e r a l , d a u n s e d e r h a n a d a n t e r s u s u n

s e l a n g - s e l i n g m e n g e l i l i n g i b a t a n g . B u n g a n y a k h a s

d e n g a n p u t i k y a n g i s t i m e w a , b e n a n g s a r i b e r 3 u m l a h

l i m a b u a h , c o r e l a b e r b e n t u k t e r o m p e t , b u a h b e r b e n t u k

b u l a t l o n j o n g d a n b i j i m e n g a n d u n g e m b r i o d e n g a n

c o t y l e d o n y a n g b e r l i p a t g a n d a ( L a w r e n c e , 1 9 5 1 ) .

B a t a n g u b i j a l a r b e r w a r n a k u n i n g , h i j a u a t a u

j i n g g a , s e d a n g k a n a k a r d a r i u b i j a l a r a k a n m e n j a d i u m b i b e r b e n t u k p a n j a n g a t a u a g a k b u l a t . Warna k u l i t

u m b i a d a y a n g k u n i n g p u t i h , p u t i h . , m e r a h t u a , j i n g g a

d a n d a g i n g n y a a d a y a n g b e r w a r n a p u t i h k e k u n i n g a n ,

m e r a h j i n g g a d a n a d a j u g a y a n g b e r w a r n a u n g u p u c a t

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2 . K o n p o s i s i K i n i a dan N i l a i G i z i Ubi J a l a r

S t e i n b a u e r dan Kushman ( 1 9 7 1 ) n e n g a t a k a n bahwa

u b i j a l a r merupakan b a h a n p a n g a n dengan n i l a i g i z i

y a n g c u k u p t i n g g i k a r e n a merupakan s u m b e r e n e r g i

d a l a m b e n t u k g u l a d a n k a r b o h i d r a t . S e l a i n i t u u b i

j a l a r j u g a mengandung b e r b a g a i v i t a m i n d a n m i n e r a l

y a n g d i b u t u h k a n o l e h t u b u h , s e p e r t i k a l s i u m d a n z a t

b e s i s e r t a v i t a m i n A d a n C . K o m p o s i s i k i n i a u b i

j a l a r d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n n e n a s dan s t r a w b e r i d a p a t

d i l i h a t p a d a T a b e l 1.

T a b e l 1. P e r b a n d i n g a n k o m p o s i s i g i z i a n t a r a u b i

j a l a r , n e n a s d a n s t r a w b e r i p e r 1 0 0 g b a h a n * )

P a r a m e t e r U . j a l a r Nenas S t r a w .

K a d a r a i r ( % ) 6 8 . 1 8 6 . 0 9 1 . 3

E n e r g i ( k a l ) 1 2 6 5 0 3 0

P r o t e i n ( g ) 1 . 0 0 . 4 0 . 8

Lemak ( g ) 0 . 6 0 . 2 0 . 2

K a r b o h i d r a t ( g ) 2 9 . 4 1 3 . 0 7 . 2

S e r a t ( g ) 0 . 6 0 . 4 1 . 6

Abu ( g ) 0 . 9 0 . 4 0 . 5

C a (mB) 6 6 1 9 3 4

P (mg) 5 8 9 2 1

Fe (mg) 0 . 8 0 . 2 1 . 2

V i t . A ( I u ) 1 0 2 5 1 5 1 5

T h i a m i n (mg) 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 3

R i b o f l a v i n (mg) 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3

N i a c i n (mg) 0 . 6 0 . 2 0 . 3

V i t . C (mg) 3 1 2 1 1 0 7

P a d a v a r i e t a s y a n g b e r d a g i n g o r a n y e t e r k a n d u n g

p r o - v i t a m i n A , t e r u t a m a 8 - k a r o t e n , s e n i l a i 2400-

[image:20.602.134.522.126.628.2]

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i n i t e r m a s u k t i n g g i b i l a d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s u m b e r -

s u m b e r p r o - v i t a m i n A l a i n n y a , s e p e r t i m i n y a k i k a n

( 4 8 0 0 p g r a m / 1 0 0 gram b a h a n ) , m a n g g a ( 3 6 0 0 u g r a m / 1 0 0

g r a m b a h a n ) . K a n d u n g a n lemak p a d a u b i j a l a r s a n g a t

r e n d a h , s e k i t a r 0 . 1 - 0 . 2 p e r s e n . S e d a n g k a n d u n g a n

p r o t e i n , umumnya d a l a m b e n t u k g l o b u l i n , j u g a s a n g a t

r e n d a h . S e h i n g g a a p a b i l a u b i j a l a r d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i

makanan p o k o k , k e m u n g k i n a n t e r j a d i n y a d e f i s i e n s i

p r o t e i n s a n g a t b e s a r . U n t u k i t u k o n s u m s i u b i j a l a r

p e r l u d i k o m b i n a s i k a n d e n g a n m a k a n a n l a i n y a n g k a y a

p r o t e i n , m i s a l n y a i k a n , s e p e r t i y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h

s u k u Lan-Yu d i T a i w a n ( H u a n g , 1 9 8 2 ) .

M e n u r u t W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n ( 1 9 7 2 ) h a n y a

v a r i e t a s y a n g b e r w a r n a j i n g g a y a n g m e n g a n d u n g

k a r o t e n o i d , asam a s k o r b a t d a l a m j u m l a h y a n g c u k u p

s e r t a t h i a m i n d a l a m j u m l a h y a n g s e d a n g , t e t a p i u m b i

i n i s e d i k i t m e n g a n d u n g r i b o f l a v i n d a n k a l s i u m .

K a r o t e n o i d a d a l a h pigmen b e r w a r n a k u n i n g s a m p a i

m e r a h , l a r u t d a l a m l e m a k d a n b a n y a k t e r d a p a t d i

a l a m . S e n y a w a i n 3 s e c a r a k i m i a t e r d i r i d a r i u n i t -

u n i t i s o p r e n , umumnya m e n g a n d u n g d e l a p a n u n i t

i s o p r e n . J e n i s k a r o t e n o i d y a n g s u d a h d i k e n a l a d a l a h

a l p h a , b e t a , gamma k a r o t e n , x a n t h o p h y l , z e a x a n t h i n ,

k r i p t o s a n t h i n , c r o c e t i n s e r t a b e b e r a p a t u r u n a n

s e n y a w a - s e n y a w a t e r s e b u t y a n g m a s i h b e l u m d i b e r i

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d a l a m u b i j a l a r m e n u r u t Edmond d a n Ammerman ( 1 9 7 1 )

a d a l a h a - k a r o t e n .

M e n u r u t Meyer ( 1 9 6 0 ) , d i s a m p i n g w a r n a n y a y a n g

m e n a r i k , b e b e r a p a j e n i s k a r o t e n o i d s a n g a t p e n t i n g

s e b a g a i s u m b e r v i t a m i n A . D i d a l a m t u b u h , s a t u

m o l e k u l B - k a r o t e n d a p a t d i k o n v e r s i k a n m e n j a d i d u a

m o l e k u l v i t a m i n A . S a t u m o l e k u l a - , T - k a r o t e n d a n k r i p t o x a n t h i n h a n y a m e n g h a s i l k a n s a t u m o l e k u l

v i t a m i n A , s e d a n g k a n j e n i s k a r o t e n o i d y a n g l a i n

b u k a n m e r u p a k a n p r o - v i t a m i n A .

V i t a m i n A s a n g a t p e n t i n g d a l a m m e n j a g a

k e n o r m a l a n f u n g s i j a r i n g a n s p i t e l t u b u h , m e n c e g a h

p e n y a k i t r a b u n ayam d a n m e m p e r t a h a n k a n p e r t u m b u h a n

y a n g o p t i m u m . M a t l a c k ( 1 9 3 7 ) menemukan b a h w a d a g i n g

u b i j a l a r m e n t a h m e n g a n d u n g 8 - k a r o t e n d a l a m j u m l a h

b e s a r d a n s e j u m l a h k e c i l a n t h o x y a n t h i n , d i a n t a r a n y a

v i o l a x y a n t h i n . K e h r e t a 1 . ( 1 9 5 5 ) mengemukakan bahwa k a r o t e n t e r b e n t u k p a d a u m b i a k a r s e d a n g p r e k u r s o r n y a

t e r b e n t u k d i d a u n .

M e n u r u t S o e n a r j o ( 1 9 8 4 ) n i l a i mutu g i z i s e p e r t i

k a n d u n g a n k a r b o h i d r a t , v i t a m i n d a n p r o t e i n s e c a r a

k u a l i t a t i f d a n k u a n t i t a t i f s e l a l u d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h

v a r i e t a s , l o k a s i d a n musim t a n a m .

P a l m e r ( 1 9 8 2 ) m e m p e l a j a r i k o m p o s i s i k a r b o h i d r a t

p a d a u b i j a l a r y a n g t e l a h d i m a s a k d a n h a s i l n y a d a p a t

(23)

T a b e l 2 . K o m p o s i s i k a r b o h i d r a t u b i j a l a r y a n g t e l a h d i m a s a k * )

J e n i s k a r b o h i d r a t ( % )

T o t a l g u l a 1 3 . 2

P a t i 4 . 1

P e k t i n 0 . 9

H e m i s e l u l o s a 0 . 7

S e l u l o s a 1 . 5

T o t a l k a r b o h i d r a t 20.4

K o m p o s i s i t e r s e b u t m e r u p a k a n h a s i l r a t a - r a t a

d a r i p e n g u j i a n b e b e r a p a j e n i s u b i j a l a r , m e t o d e

p e m a s a k a n , umur p a n e n d a n l a m a p e m a s a k a n

.

B r a d b u r y d a n H o l l o w a y ( 1 9 8 7 ) m e m b a n d i n g k a n

n i l a i g i z i y a n g t e r k a n d u n g d a l a m u b i j a l a r d e n g a n

t a n a m a n p a n g a n t r o p i s l a i n n y a , s e p e r t i b e r a s ,

p o l o n g - p o l o n g a n d a n s a y u r a n h i j a u , d a n m e r e k a

m e n g a m b i l k e s i m p u l a n bahwa : I

- E n e r g i y a n g d i h a s i l k a n o l e h r o o t c r o p s s e t a r a

d e n g a n e n e r g i y a n g d i h a s i l k a n o l e h b e r a s d a n

p o l o n g - p o l o n g a n t e t a p i l e b i h b e s a r d a r i p a d a e n e r g i

y a n g d i h a s i l k a n o l e h s a y u r a n h i j a u

-

P r o t e i n y a n g t e r k a n d u n g p a d a r o o t c r o p s l e b i h

k e c i l d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p r o t e i n y a n g t e r k a n d u n g

p a d a p o l o n g - p o l o n g a n , s a y u r a n h i j a u d a n b e r a s

- M i n e r a l y a n g t e r k a n d u n g p a d a r o o t c r o p s l e b i h

k e c i l d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n m i n e r a l y a n g t e r k a n d u n g

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t e r k a n d u n g p a d a s a y u r a n h i j a u d a n l e b i h b e s a r

d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n m i n e r a l y a n g t e r k a n d u n g p a d a

b e r a s

-

V i t a m i n y a n g t e r k a n d u n g p a d a r o o t c r o p s l e b i h

k e c i l d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n v i t a m i n y a n g t e r k a n d u n g

p a d a s a y u r a n h i j a u , s e t a r a d e n g a n v i t a m i n y a n g

t e r k a n d u n g p a d a p o l o n g - p o l o n g a n d a n l e b i h b e s a r

d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n v i t a m i n y a n g t e r k a n d u n g p a d a

b e r a s

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , u b i j a l a r y a n g m e r u p a k a n r o o t

c r o p s , a d a l a h s u m b e r e n e r g i y a n g b a i k , s u m b e r

v i t a m i n d a n m i n e r a l y a n g t e r m a s u k r a t a - r a t a , t a p i

b u k a n s u m b e r p r o t e i n y a n g b a i k . Kandungan p r o t e i n u b i

j a l a r d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n m e l a l u i p e m u l i a a n t a n a m a n ,

t e r u t a m a b a g i d a e r a h y a n g m e n j a d i k a n u b i j a l a r

s e b a g a i makanan p o k o k .

B . SELAI ( J A W )

S e l a i a t a u jam m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u p r o d u k

p e n g o l a h a n b u a h - b u a h a n y a n g d - i p e r o l e h m e l a l u i p e m a s a k a n

h a n c u r a n b u a h ( s e g a r , b e k u a t a u p u n b u a h k a l e n g ) d e n g a n

g u l a a t a u c a m p u r a n g u l a d a n d e k s t r o s a , d e n g a n a t a u

t a n p a a i r ( T r e s l e r d a n W o o d r o o f , 1 9 7 6 ) .

M e n u r u t M u c h t a d i ( 1 9 8 9 ) , s i f a t s e l a i y a n g r e l a t i f

t a h a n t e r h a d a p k e r u s a k a n d i t e n t u k a n o l e h b e r b a g a i

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- Kandungan g u l a y a n g t i n g g i , b i a s a n y a 6 5 - 7 0 O ~ r i x

-

Keasaman y a n g t i n g g i , pH 3 . 1 - 3 . 5

-

~ i ' l a i a, s e k i t a r 0 . 7 5 - 0 . 8 3

-

Suhu t i n g g i w a k t u p e m a n a s a n , s e k i t a r 105OC

-

Telianan g a s o k s i g e n y a n g r e n d a h s e l a m a

p e n y i m p a n a n , m i s a l n y a d e n g a n p e n g i s i a n p a n a s k e

d a l a m w a d a h y a n g k e d a p u d a r a

P a d a p e m b u a t a n s e l a i p e r l u d i p e r h a t i k a n

k e s e i m b a n g a n k o m p o s i s i a n t a r a p e k t i n , asam d a n g u l a

a g a r t e r b e n t u k s e l a i d e n g a n k o n s i s t e n s i s e p e r t i j e l i .

B u a h - b u a h a n d e n g a n k a n d u n g a n p e k t i n d a n asam y a n g c u k u p

t i n g g i s e p e r t i b u a h s i t r u s , t i d a k m e m e r l u k a n p e n a m b a h a n

p e k t i n a t a u a s a m d a r i l u a r ( B r a v e r m a n , 1 9 4 9 ) . M e n u r u t

M u c h t a d i ( 1 9 8 9 ) , k o n d i s i - k o n d i s i o p t i m u m p e m b e n t u k a n

g e l d a r i j e l i i a l a h :

- p e k t i n 0 . 7 5

-

1 . 5 %

-

g u l a 6 5

-

7 0 %

-

a s a m , pH 3 . 2 - 3 . 4

D i s a m p i n g h a l - h a 1 t e r s e b u t , p e m b e n t u k a n g e l

t e r g a n t u n g p u l a p a d a f a k t o r - f a k t o r : t i p e p e k t i n , j e n i s

a s a m , mutu b u a h , p e m a n a s a n s e r t a p r o s e d u r p e n g i s i a n .

H a l - h a 1 i n i a k a n b e r p e n g a r u h t e r h a d a p h a s i l a k h i r ,

s i f a t f i s i k d a n k e t a h a n a n t e r h a d a p m i k r o b a .

Untuk m e m p e r o l e h s e l a i d e n g a n a r o m a y a n g harum d a n

k o n s i s t e n s i y a n g b a i k , s e b a i k n y a d i g u n a k a n c a m p u r a n

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s e t e n g a h m a t a n g akan memberi p e k t i n dan asam y a n g c u k u p

s e d a n g k a n b u a h y a n g m a t a n g p e n u h a k a n memberikan a r o m a

y a n g b a i k ( H u c h t a d i , e t a l . , 1 9 7 9 ) .

P e m a n a s a n d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k menghomogenkan c a m p u r a n

b u a h , g u l a d a n p e k t i n , menguapkan s e b a g i a n

a i r

s e h i n g g a

d i p e r o l e h s t r u k t u r g e l . P e m a n a s a n b i a s a d i l a k u k a n

s a m p a i 105OC, dimana t i t i k a k h i r pemanasan t e r g a n t u n g

p a d a v a r i e t a s b u a h , p e r b a n d i n g a n g u l a d a n p e k t i n s e r t a

f a k t o r l a i n n y a . Pemanasan b i a s a d i a k h i r i b i l a t o t a l

p a d a t a n t e r l a r u t t e l a h m e n c a p a i 65-68 p e r s e n y a n g d a p a t

d i u k u r d e n g a n r e f r a k t o m e t e r ( C r u e s s , 1 9 5 8 ) .

P r o s e s pemasakan m e m e r l u k a n k o n t r o l y a n g b a i k

k a r e n a p e m a s a k a n b e r l e b i h a n menyebabkan s e l a i k e r a s d a n

k e n t a l , s e d a n g pemanasan y a n g k u r a n g a k a n m e n g h a s i l k a n

s e l a i y a n g e n c e r . P e n g a d u k a n y a n g t e r l a l u c e p a t a k a n

menimbulkan gelembung u d a r a y a n g a k a n m e r u s a k t e k s t u r

dan p e n a m p i l a n a k h i r ( C r u e s s , 1 9 5 8 ) . P e n g u a p a n a i r

h a r u s d i l a k u k a n d a l a m w a k t u s i n g k a t u n t u k m e n c e g a h

h i l a n g n y a aroma dan w a r n a s e r t a h i d r o l i s a p e k t i n

( C a m p b e l l , 1 9 5 0 ) .

S e t e l a h pemasskan d i l a k u k a n p e n g i s i a n k e w a d a h .

Pada umumnya s e l a i dan p r o d u k s e j e n i s n y a d i k e m a s d a l a m

wadah k e d a p u d a r a k a r e n a k o n t a k d e n g a n u d a r a

menyebabkan t e r j a d i n y a p e r u b a h a n w a r n a , r a s a d a n a r o m a

s e r t a memudahkan tumbuhnya m i k r o b a k h u s u s n y a j amur

.

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m a s i h d a l a m k e a d a a n p a n a s d i i s i k a n k e d a l a m w a d a h

s t e r i l .

1.

GULA

G u l a t e r d a p a t d a l a m b e r b a g a i b e n t u k : s u k r o s a ,

g l u k o s a , f r u k t o s a d a n d e k s t r o s a . S u k r o s a a d a l a h g u l a

y a n g d i k e n a l s e h a r i - h a r i s e b a g a i g u l a p a s i r d a n

b a n y a k d i g u n a k a n d a l a m i n d u s t r i m a k a n a n , b a i k d a l a m

b e n t u k k r i s t a l h a l u s a t a u k a s a r maupun d a l a m b e n t u k

c a i r ( W i n a r n o , 1 9 8 4 ) .

P a d a p e m b u a t a n s e l a i t e r j a d i i n v e r s i a t a u

pemecahan s u k r o s a m e n j a d i g l u k o s a d a n f r u k t o s a

a k i b a t p e n g a r u h p a n a s d a n asam, y a n g a k a n m e n i n g k a t k a n k e l a r u t a n s u k r o s a . K o n s e n t r a s i g u l a

y a n g t i n g g i p a d a s e l a i t a n p a t e r j a d i k r i s t a l i s a s i

a d a l a h h a s i l d a r i i n v e r s i t e r s e b u t . T e t a p i j i k a

b e r l a n g s u n g t e r l a l u l a m a , m o l e k u l g l u k o s a y a n g

r e l a t i f k u r a n g l a r u t d a p a t m e n g k r i s t a l ( K o r d y l a s ,

1 9 9 0 ) .

G u l a b e r p e r a n a n d a l a m p r o s e s d e h i d r a s i y a n g

menyebabkan i k a t a n h i d r o g e n p a d a p e k t i n m e n j a d i

l e b i h k u a t d a n m e m b e n t u k j a r i n g a n p o l i s a k a r i d a y a n g

k o m p l e k s d e n g a n a i r t e r p e r a n g k a p d i d a l a m n y a ( M a t z ,

1 9 6 2 ) .

M e n u r u t R a n k i n d a n H i l d r e t h ( 1 9 7 6 ) , b e r a t g u l a

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y a n g d i g u n a k a n b i l a b u a h m e n g a n d u n g k a d a r p e k t i n

r e n d a h . S e d a n g k a n b u a h d e n g a n k a n d u n g a n p e k t i n

t i n g g i m e m e r l u k a n g u l a d e n g a n j u m l a h y a n g l e b i h

b e s a r

.

W i n a r n o ( 1 9 8 4 ) m e n y a t a k a n bahwa d e n g a n k a d a r

g u l a t i d a k l e b i h d a r i 65 p e r s e n d a n k o n s e n t r a s i

p e k t i n 1 p e r s e n s u d a h d a p a t d i h a s i l k a n g e l de,ngan

k e k e r a s a n y a n g c u k u p b a i k . Makin b e s a r k o n s e n t r a s i

p e k t i n m a k i n k e r a s g e l y a n g t e r b e n t u k .

P e n a m b a h a n g u l a s a n g a t p e n t i n g u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h

t e k s t u r , p e n a m p a k a n , f l a v o r y a n g i d e a l . R a n d u n g a n

g u l a y a n g i d e a l p a d a p r o d u k a k h i r b e r k i s a r 6 0 - 6 5

p e r s e n . K e k u r a n g a n g u l a a k a n m e n g h a s i l k a n g e l y a n g

k u r a n g k u a t p a d a s e m u a t i n g k a t k e a s a m a n d a n

m e m b u t u h k a n l e b i h b a n y a k asam u n t u k m e n g u a t k a n

s t r u k t u r n y a . Walaupun j u m l a h p e k t i n d a n asam d a p a t

d i t i n g k a t k a n u n t u k m e n g i m b a n g i k e k u r a n g a n g u l a , t a p i

h a 1 i n i s e b a i k n y a d i h i n d a r i k a r e n a p r o d u k d e m i k i a n

t i d a k mempunyai t e k s t u r d a n f l a v o r y a n g b a i k

( K o r d y l a s , 1 9 9 0 ) .

2.

PBKTIN

K e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a g u l a , asam d a n p e k t i n

memegang p e r a n a n p e n t i n g d a l a m p e m b e n t u k a n s t r u k t u r

d a r i s e l a i . J u m l a h p e k t i n y a n g i d e a l u n t u k

p e m b e n t u k a n g e l d a r i j e l i b e r k i s a r a n t a r a 0 . 7 5

-

1 . 5

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P e k t i n m e r u p a k a n s e j e n i s s e n y a w a p o l i s a k a r i d a

y a n g k o m p o s i s i n y a b e r v a r i a s i t e r g a n t u n g p a d a s u m b e r

d a n c a r a i s o l a s i n y a . T e t a p i komponen u t a m a n y a a d a l a h

asam D - g a l a k t u r o n a t d a n b e b e r a p a s e n y a w a k a r b o k s i l

y a n g t e r e s t e r i f i k a s i d e n g a n m e t a n o l , t e r d a p a t j u g a

L - a r a b i n o s a , D - g a l a k t o s a , L - r h a m n o s a d a n g u l a - g u l a

l a i n d a l a m j u m l a h k e c i l ( T o w l e d a n C h r i s t i a n s e n ,

1 9 7 3 ) .

P e k t i n d a p a t d i p e r o l e h d a r i b u a h d e n g a n c a r a

p e m a n a s a n , t e t a p i p e m a n a s a n y a n g b e r l e b i h a n a k a n

m e r u s a k kemampuannya membentuk g e l t e r u t a m a p a d a

b u a h y a n g s a n g a t asam k a r e n a t e r j a d i n y a h i d r o l i s a

p e k t i n m e n j a d i asam p e k t a t ( M u c h t a d i , 1980).

P e k t i n d a p a t d i h i d r o l i s a o l e h asam, a l k a l i a t a u e n z i m . Hasil h i d r o l i s a asam a t a u a l k a l i p a d a t a h a p

\ p e r t a m a a d a l a h asam p e k t a t y a i t u d e n g a n c a r a memecah

g u g u s m e t o k s i l n y a ( B e r k , 1 9 7 6 ) .

M e n u r u t G l i c k s m a n ( 1 9 6 9 ) , s t r u k t u r ge 1

t e r b e n t u k k a r e n a i k a t a n a n t a r a m o l e k u l - m o l e k u l

p e k t i n y a i t u :

1. I k a t a n a n t a r a g u g u s k a r b o k s i l

2 . I k a t a n a n t a r a g u g u s e s t e r

3 . D e h i d r a s i d a n p e n g u r a n g a n m u a t a n o l e h g u l a

d a n i o n

'

H

J e n i s i k a t a n y a n g t e r j a d i a d a l a h i k a t a n h i d r o g e n

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g u g u s h i d r o k s i l C 2 d a n C3. S t r u k t u r g e l t e r b e n t u k

k a r e n a k o l o i d p e k t i n y a n g m u l a - m u l a t e r b e n t u k l u r u s

m e n j a d i b e n t u k t i g a d i m e n s i .

P a d a b u a h - b u a h a n p e k t i n b a n y a k t e r d a p a t d i

bawah k u l i t b u a h , d i s e k i t a r h a t i b u a h d a n d i

s e k i t a r b i j i b u a h . K a n d u n g a n p e k t i n t e r b a n y a k

d i j u m p a i p a d a b u a h y a n g s e d a n g a k a n m a t a n g (ripe)

d a n s e t e l a h i t u j u m l a h n y a m e n u r u n k a r e n a a d a n y a

e n z i m y a n g memecah p e k t i n m e n j a d i asam p e k t a t d a n

a l k o h o l . Asam p e k t a t t i d a k d a p a t m e m b e n t u k g e l

k e c u a l i d i t a m b a h k a n m o l e k u l k a l s i u m ( K o r d y l a s ,

1 9 9 0 ) .

A s a m y a n g s e r i n g d i t a m b a h k a n p a d a p e m b u a t a n

s e l a i a d a l a h asam o r g a n i k s e p e r t i asam t a r t a r a t ,

asam s i t r a t d a n asam m a l a t . T u j u a n p e n a m b a h a n asam

i a l a h m e n u r u n k a n pH s e l a i d a n m e n g h i n d a r i

p e n g k r i s t a l a n g u l a . J u m l a h asam y a n g d i t a m b a h k a n

t e r g a n t u n g d a r i k e a s a m a n b u a h d a n pH a k h i r y a n g

d i i n g i n k a n . Umumnya s e l a i m e m p u n y a i pH s e k i t a r 3 . 2 4 -

3 . 4 ( B e n n i o n d a n B a m f o r d , 1 9 7 3 ) .

P e m b e n t u k a n g e l h a n y a m u n g k i n t e r j a d i p a d a pH

d i b a w a h 3 . 5 . Dengan s e m a k i n m e n u r u n n y a pH,

k e t e g a r a n g e l y a n g t e r b e n t u k a k a n s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t .

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k e t e g a r a n g e l y a n g m e n g a k i b a t k a n s i n e r e s i s

( k e l u a r n y a a i r d a r i g e l ) ( K e r t e s z , 1 9 5 1 ) .

M e k a n i s m e p e m b e n t u k a n g e l y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n

d e n g a n p e r a n a n asam m e n u r u t Matz ( 1 9 6 2 ) a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : p e k t i n m u l a - m u l a t e r d i s p e r s i d a l a m

a i r m e m b e n t u k k o l o i d h i d r o f i l i k b e r m u a t a n n e g a t i f .

Dengan a d a n y a i o n H+ d a r i asam, k o l o i d t e r s e b u t

d i n e t r a l k a n m u a t a n n y a d a n a k h i r n y a t e r b e n t u k i k a t a n

h i d r o g e n y a n g m e r u b a h b e n t u k r a n t a i p o l i m e r p e k t i n

y a n g s e m u l a l u r u s m e n j a d i b e n t u k t i g a d i m e n s i y a n g

mampu n e n a n g k a p a i r . T e t a p i k o n s e n t r a s i i o n

H+

y a n g

t e r l a l u b a n y a k d a p a t mengganggu k e s e t i m b a n g a n p e k t i n

d a n a i r .

4 .

NATRIUH

BENZOAT

Agar s e l a i y a n g d i b u a t a w e t s e l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

maka d a l a m p e m b u a t a n n y a b i a s a d i t a m b a h k a n b a h a n

p e n g a w e t . U n t u k p r o d u k o l a h a n b u a h , b a h a n p e n g a w e t

y a n g b i a s a d i g u n a k a n a d a l a h b e n z o a t . L i n d s a y ( 1 9 8 5 )

mengemukakan b a h w a a s a m b e n z o a t (C6H5COOH) m e r u p a k a n

b a h a n p e n g a w e t y a n g l u a s p e n g g u n a a n n y a d a n s e r i n g

d i g u n a k a n p a d a b a h a n makanan y a n g asam. Bahan i n i

d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n c e g a h p e r t u m b u h a n k h a m i r d a n

b a k t e r i .

N a - b e n z o a t m e r u p a k a n g a r a m n a t r i u m d a r i asam

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S e l a m a penggunaan N a - b e n z o a t akan d i u b a h m e n j a d i

b e n t u k asamnya yang a k a n l e b i h e f e k t i f k a r e n a t i d a k

t e r d i s o s i a s i ( C h i c h e s t e r d a n T a n n e r , 1 9 6 8 ) . Na-

b e n z o a t s t a b i l d a l a m b e n t u k k r i s t a l p u t i h , mempunyai

r a s a m a n i s dan k a d a n g - k a d a n g s e p a t . Garam i n i l e b i h

mudah l a r u t d a l a m a i r d a r i p a d a asam b e n z o a t .

K e e f e k t i f a n n y a 100 k a l i l e b i h b e s a r d a l a m l a r u t a n

asam k u a t d a r i p a d a l a r u t a n n e t r a l . Pada makanan y a n g

mempunyai k o n t a m i n a s i a w a l r e n d a h , cukup d i g u n a k a n

N a - b e n z o a t dengan k o n s e n t r a s i 0 . 0 5 p e r s e n . S e d a n g k a n

p a d a makanan yang k o n t a m i n a s i a w a l n y a s u d a h t i n g g i ,

d i b e r i k a n s a m p a i 0 . 1 p e r s e n ( D e s r o s i e r , 1 9 6 3 ) .

M e n u r u t

W

i n a r n o e t a l . ( 1 9 8 0 ) , N a - b e n z o a t e f e k t i f d i g u n a k a n p a d a pH 2 . 5 - 4 . 0 . Daya a w e t n y a a k a n

menurun dengan m e n i n g k a t n y a pH, k a r e n a k e e f e k t i f a n

d a n mekanisme a n t i m i k r o b a b e r a d a d a l a m b e n t u k 1

m o l e k u l y a n g t i d a k t e r d i s o s i a s i . Sebelumnya C r u e s s

( 1 9 5 8 ) p e r n a h m e l a p o r k a n bahwa asam b e n z o a t d a n

g a r a m n y a s a n g a t e f e k t i f menghambat p e r t u m b u h a n

k a p a n g d a n k h a m i r , t e t a p i k u r a n g e f e k t i f t e r h a d a p

b a k t e r i . P a d a pH 2 . 3 - 2 . 4 h a n y a d i p e r l u k a n k o n s e n t r a s i

0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 p e r s e n u n t u k mencegah s e b a g i a n b e s a r

m i k r o b a f e r m e n t a t i f . F u r i n ( 1 9 8 1 ) menambahkan bahwa

p a d a pH 3 . 5 - 4 . 0 u n t u k p r o d u k s a r i buah d i p e r l u k a n

N a - b e n z o a t s e b a n y a k 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 1 p e r s e n . N a - b e n z o a t

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m e m p e n g a r u h i r a s a d a n a r o m a ( M o y e r d a n A i t k e n ,

1 9 7 1 ) .

M e k a n i s m e k e r j a asam b e n z o a t a t a u g a r a m n y a

b e r d a s a r k a n p e r m e a b i l i t a s d a r i membran s e l m i k r o b a

t e r h a d a p m o l e k u l - m o l e k u l asam y a m t i d a k t e r d i s o s i a s i . I s i s e l m i k r o b a m e m p u n y a i pH y a n g

s e l a l u n e t r a l . B i l a s e l m i k r o b a m e n j a d i asam a t a u

b a s a , a k a n t e r j a d i g a n g g u a n p a d a o r g a n - o r g a n s e l

s e h i n g g a m e t a b o l i s m e t e r h a m b a t d a n a k h i r n y a s e b a g i a n

s e l m a t i . Membran s e l h a n y a p e r m e a b e l t e r h a d a p

m o l e k u l asam y a n g t i d a k t e r d i s o s i a s i , maka u n t u k

m e n d a p a t k a n e f e k t i v i t a s y a n g t i n g g i s e b a i k n y a asam-

asam t e r s e b u t d i g u n a k a n d a l a m l i n g k u n g a n asam. Hal

i n i j u g a d i s e b a b k a n p a d a pH n e t r a l a t a u b a s a , asam-

a s a m o r g a n i k t e r u r a i m e n j a d i i o n - i o n n y a ( W i n a r n o d a n

J e n i e , 1 9 7 4 ) . K i r k d a n O t h m e r ( 1 9 5 4 ) m e n y a t a k a n

bahwa k e l a r u t a n asam b e n z o a t d a n g a r a m n y a j u g a

d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h s u h u b a h a n maupun l i n g k u n g a n n y a ,

d i m a n a semak'in t i n g g i s u h u s e m a k i n t i n g g i p u l a

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111. BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN

A . BAHAN DAN ALAT

Bahan baku utama y a i t u u b i j a l a r d e n g a n 3 j e n i s

v a r i e t a s m a s i n g - m a s i n g : B i s 1 7 3 ( d a g i n g o r a n y e ) , B i s

1 8 3 ( d a g i n g krem) d a n B i s 1 8 6 ( d a g i n g p u t i h ) , y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i Kebun P e r c o b a a n Muara, C i a p u s . G u l a

s e b a g a i b a h a n baku u t a m a d i p e r o l e h d a r i P a s a r S w a l a y a n

N g e s t i , s e d a n g asam s i t r a t d i p e r o l e h d a r i t o k o b a h a n

k i n i a S e t i a Guna, B o g o r . Bahan l a i n y a n g d i g u n a k a n

a d a l a h N a - b e n z o a t s e b a g a i b a h a n p e n g a w e t , a i r . Bahan

k i m i a u n t u k a n a l i s a d i p e r o l e h d a r i L a b o r a t o r i u m TPG d a n

L a b o r a t o r i u m Pangan d a n G i z i I P B .

P e r a l a t a n y a n g d i p e r l u k a n d a l a m p e m b u a t a n s e l a i

i n i a d a l a h : b l e n d e r , n e r a c a , w a j a n s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ,

kompor, p i s a u , baskom, b o t o l g e l a s ( j a r ) d a n t u t u p n y a ,

a u t o c l a v e . P e r a l a t a n l a i n y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k a n a l i s a

f i s i k , k i n i a , m i k r o b i o l o g i d a n o r g a n o l e p t i k a d a l a h :

r e f r a k t o m e t e r , p H - m e t e r , a,-meter, o v e n , d e s i k a t o r ,

n e r a c a a n a l i t i k , v i s k o m e t e r , pompa vakum, k e r t a s

s a r i n g , p e r l e n g k a p a n t i t r a s i s e p e r t i b u r e t , e r l e n m e y e r ,

g e l a s p i a l a , l a b u t a k a r , g e l a s u k u r , p i p e t , p e n g a d u k ,

c o r o n g . S e d a n g u n t u k a n a l i s a m i k r o b i o l o g i d i p e r l u k a n :

cawan p e t r i , t a b u n g p e n g e n c e r , p i p e t 1 . 0 m l , a l a t

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B . UETODE PENELITIAN

P e n e l i t i a n i n i t e r d i r i a t a s p e n e l i t i a n p e n d a h u l u a n

d a n p e n e l i t i a n u t a m a . P a d a p e n e l i t i a n p e n d a h u l u a n

d i l a k u k a n p e n e n t u a n k o n d i s i o p t i m u m p e m b u a t a n s e l a i

d a r i u b i j a l a r , y a i t u k o m p o s i s i g u l a , d a g i n g u b i , asam

d a n a i r . P r o s e s p e m b u a t a n s e l a i s e c a r a l e n g k a p d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a Gambar 2 .

P e n e l i t i a n u t a m a m e l i p u t i p e n g o l a h a n s e l a i d e n g a n

m e n g g u n a k a n b e r b a g a i v a r i e t a s u b i j a l a r

,

t i n g k a t k o n s e n t r a s i b a h a n p e n g a w e t d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n s e b a g a i

p e r l a k u a n .

C . PERLAKUAN

P e n e l i t i a n i n i d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n m e n e r a p k a n

p e r l a k u a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

1 .

A

: Y a r i e t a s u b i j a l a r

A l

=

v a r i e t a s b e r d a g i n g o r a n y e

A2

=

_{v a r i e t a s b e r d a g i n g krem}

A2

=

v a r i e t a s b e r d a g i n g p u t i h

2 . B : K o n s e n t r a s i N a - b e n z o a t y a n g d i t a m b a h k a n

B1

=

0 p e r s e n

B2

=

0.05 p e r s e n

B3

=

0.10 p e r s e n

3 . C : Lama p e n y i m p a n a n

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C2

=

2 minggu

C3

=

4 minggu

U b i j a l a r , 2 5 . 7 % (w/w)

D i k u p a s d a n d i b e r s i h k a n

f

D i k u k u s sampai m a t a n g

I

+----

+

a i r 3 0 % ( w / w )

D i h a n c u r k a n d e n g a n " w a r i n g b l e n d e r "

D i p a n a s k a n 5 3 m e n i t

D i p a n a s k a n s e l a m a

+

4 5 m e n i t

I

+

g u l a 44%

(w/n)

D i p a n a s k a n t e r u s sampai t e r c a p a i k o n s i s t e n s i 6 a 0 B r i x

I

Q

D i t u a n g p a n a s - p a n a s k e b o t o l ( j a r ) s t e r i l

D i t u t u p d a n d i s i m p a n p a d a s u h u r u a n g

[image:36.602.133.490.112.580.2]

(37)

D .

RANCANGAN

PERCOBAAN ( H i c k s , 1 9 7 3 )

R a n c a n g a n p e r c o b a a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n a d a l a h

r a n c a n g a n a c a k l e n g k a p f a k t o r i a l d e n g a n t i g a f a k t o r .

M a s i n g - m a s i n g f a k t o r t e r d i r i d a r i 3 t a r a f , s e t i a p

k o m b i n a s i d i l a k u k a n d u a k a l i u l a n g a n d a n t i a p a n a l i s a

d i l a k u k a n d u p l o

.

M o d e l r a n c a n g a n p e r c o b a a n n y a s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

' i j k l

=

+

A i

+

B j

+

C k

+

( A B ) i j

+

(AC)ik + ( B C ) j k

+

( A B C ) i j k + E i j k l

d i m a n a : i

=

1 , 2 , 3

j

=

1 , 2 , 3 k

=

1 , 2 , 3

1

=

1 ' 2

K e t e r a n g a n : . l m l S

Y i j k = n i l a i p e n g a m a t a n u n t u k t i a p p e r l a k u a n

CI = p e n g a r u h n i l a i t e n g a h

A i

=

p e n g a r u h p e r l a k u a n A p a d a t a r a f k e - i

B j

=

p e n g a r u h p e r l a k u a n B p a d a t a r a f k e - j

Ck

=

p e n g a r u h p e r l a k u a n C p a d a t a r a f k e - k

ABij

=

p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m b i n a s i p e r l a k u a n A p a d a

t a r a f i d a n B p a d a t a r a f j

ACik

=

p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m b i n a s i p e r l a k u a n A p a d a

t a r a f i d a n C p a d a t a r a f k

BCjk

=

p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m b i n a s i p e r l a k u a n B p a d a

(38)

ABCijk

=

p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m b i n a s l p e r l a k u a n A k e -

i , B k e - j d a n C ke-k

e i j k l

=

p e n g a r u h k e s a l a h a n p e r c o b a a n

E. ANALISA FISIK, KIXIA, XIKROBIOLOGI DAN ORGANOLEPTIK

P a d a p e n e l i t i a n i n i d i l a k u k a n a n a l i s a f i s i k ,

k i m i a , m i k r o b i o l o g i d a n o r g a n o l e p t i k t e r h a d a p s e l a i u b i

j a l a r y a n g d i h a s i l k a n . A n a l i s a f i s i k d a n k i m i a y a n g

d i l a k u k a n y a i t u : k a d a r a i r , k e k e n t a l a n , n i l a i pH,

k a d a r p a d a t a n t e r l a r u t t o t a l , n i l a i a,, k a d a r g u l a

t o t a l , k a d a r p e k t i n d a n k a d a r asam t o t a l . A n a l i s a

m i k r o b i o l o g i d i l a k u k a n u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n k a p a n g d a n

k h a m i r t o t a l . P e n g u j i a n o r g a n o l e p t i k d i l a k u k a n t e r h a d a p

r a s a , w a r n a , b a u d a n d a y a o l e s .

1. P e n e t a p a n K a d a r A i r (AOAC, 1 9 7 0 )

P e n e t a p a n k a d a r a i r d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n

menggunakan m e t o d e o v e n . S a m p e l s e b a n y a k k u r a n g

l e b i h 2 g d i t e m p a t k a n d a l a m c a w a n p o r s e l e n k e r i n g

y a n g s u d a h d i k e t a h u i b e r a t n y a d e n g a n t e p a t , k e m u d i a n

d i k e r i n g k a n d a l a m o v e n p a d a s u h u 105OC s e l a m a 6 jam

l a l u d i d i n g i n k a n d a n d i t i m b a n g

a - b

R a d a r a i r ( % b e