Sistem Informasi
IF35317
Teknik Informatika
IF35317
–
Sistem Informasi
Pengajar : Irfan Maliki
Email : sisteminformasi09@gmail.com
Bobot : 3 SKS
Penilaian
• Kehadiran : 10 % (min hadir 70%)
• Tugas : 20 – 25 %
• UTS : 30 – 35 %
• UAS : 30 – 35 %
Mahasiswa masuk ruang kuliah sebelum pengajar
masuk ruang kuliah
Text Book
Alter, Steven. (2002). Information System
Foundation of E-Business. Prentice Hall
O’Brien, James A & Marakas, George M. (2008).
Introduction to Information System.
McGraw-Hill.
Jessup & Valacich. (1999). Information System
Foundations. Que E&T.
Stair & Reynolds. (2006). Principles of
Information Systems, 7th Edition.Thomson
Davis & Yen. (1999). System Analysis and
Design. CRC
Langer, Arthur. (2008). Analysis and Design of
Information Systems 3rd Edition. Springer.
Rencana Perkuliahan
Pendahuluan
Sistem dan Sistem Informasi
Klasifikasi Sistem dan Tipe IS
Proses Bisnis
Manajemen data
Organisasi
SDLC (
Software Development Life
Cycle
)
What is a system?
A system
• Is a set of interrelated components
• With a clearly defined boundary
Information System Definition
“...are combination of hardware,
software, and telecommunication
networks wich people build and use to
collect, create, and distribute useful
data typically in organization settings”
Work System & Information System
A “frame work” is a brief set of ideas and
assumsptions for organizing a thought
process about a particular type of thing or situation
A “frame work” is typically used to create
Work System & Information System
(Steven Alter, 2002)
Work System is system in which human
participants and/or machines perform a business process using information, technology, and other resources to produce products and/or services for internal or external customers.
Information System is a work system whose
business process is devoted to capturing,
transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating, and
displaying information, therby supporting other
Information System (IS) versus Information Technology (IT)
IS is all the components and resources
necessary to deliver information and functions to the organization
IT is hardware, software, networking and
data management
In theory, IS could be paper based
But we will focus on Computer-Based
What should a Business Professional know about IS?
Foundation Concepts: fundamental behavioral,
technical, business and managerial concepts
Information Technology: Hardware, software,
networks, data management and Internet-based technology
Business Applications: Major uses of the IS in the
organization
Development Processes: How to plan, develop and
implement IS to meet business opportunities
Management Challenges: The challenges of
Role and Goals of IS
1. Increase Employee Productivity
2. Enhace Decision Making
3. Improve Team Collaboration
4. Create Business Partnerships and
Alliances
5. Enable Global Reach
Increase Employee Productivity
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) the
gathering of input information, processing that information, and updating existing information to reflect the gathered and processed information
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
process transactions that occur within an organization
Customer Integrated System (CIS)
an extension of a TPS that places technology in the
hands of an organizations’s customers and allows
Enhace Decision Making
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
the manipulation of information to support decision making.
Artificial Intelligence
the science of making machines imitate human thinking and behaviour.
Neural Network
Enhace Decision Making
Executive Information System (EIS)
a highly interactive IT system that allows you to first view highly summarized information and then choose how you would like to see greater detail, wich may alert you to potential problem or
Improve Team Collaboration
Collaboration System
designed specifically to improve the
performance of teams by supporting the sharing and flow of information.
Groupware
Improve Team Collaboration
Groupware contains support for :
• Team dynamics
• Document management
Group document database – act as a
powerfull storage facility for organizing and managing all documents related to spesific teams.
Create Business Partnerships
and Alliances
Interorganizational System (IOS)
automates the flow of information between organizations to support the planning, design, development, production, and delivery products and services.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
the direct computer to computer transfer of transaction information contained in standard business documents, such as invoices and
Enable Global Reach
Business today is global business
Culture
the collective personality of nation or society, encompassing language,
Facilitate Organizational
Transformation
Organizational transformation is
necessary to respond to the everchanging
needs (and wants of today’s marketplace
To Gain Competitive Advantage
Operations support systems
What are they?
• Efficiently process business transactions
• Control industrial processes
• Support communications and collaboration
Types of Operations Support Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
• Record and process data from business transactions
• Examples: sales processing, inventory systems, accounting systems
Process Control Systems
• Monitor and control physical processes
• Example: in a petroleum refinery use sensors to monitor chemical processes
Enterprise Collaboration Systems
• Enhance team and work group communications
Two ways to process transactions
Batch Processing:
• Accumulate transactions over time and process periodically
• Example: a bank processes all checks received in a batch at night
Online Processing:
• Process transactions immediately
Management Support Systems
What are they?
Types of Management Support Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Provide reports and displays to managers
• Example: daily sales analysis reports
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Provide interactive ad hoc support for decision making
• Example: A what-if-analysis to determine where to spend advertising dollars
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
• Provide critical information for executives and managers
Operational or Management Systems
Expert Systems
• Provide expert advice
• Example: credit application advisor Knowledge Management Systems
• Support creation, organization and dissemination of business knowledge throughout company
Classifications of IS by scope
Functional business systems
• Focus on operational and managerial applications of basic business functions
• Examples: support accounting, finance or marketing
Strategic information systems
• Help get a strategic advantage over its customers • Examples: shipment tracking, e-commerce web
systems
Cross-functional information systems
• Systems that are combinations of several types of information systems
Measuring success of an IS
Efficiency
• Minimize cost, time and use of information resources
Effectiveness
• Support business strategies
• Enable business processes
• Enhance organizational structure and culture
What is a system?
A system
• Is a set of interrelated components
• With a clearly defined boundary
• Working together to achieve a common set of objectives
• By accepting inputs and producing
Systems have three basic functions:
Input involves capturing and assembling
elements that enter the system to be processed
Processing involves transformation process
that convert input into output
Output involves transferring elements that
Cybernetic system
All systems have input, processing and output
A cybernetic system, a monitoring,
self-regulating system, adds feedback and control:
• Feedback is data about the performance of
a system
• Control involves monitoring and evaluating
Components of an IS
People Resources
• End users: the people who use the IS or the information from the IS
• IS specialists: the people who develop and operate IS
Hardware Resources
• All physical devices used in information processing
• Machines, data media, peripherals
Software Resources
• All information processing instructions including programs and procedures
Components of an IS
(cont.) Data Resources
• Facts about the business transactions
• Processed and organized information
• Databases of organized data Network Resources
• Communications media
• Network infrastructure: hardware and software
Data versus Information
Data are raw facts about physical phenomena or
business transactions
Information is data that has been converted into
meaningful and useful context for end users
Example:
• Sales data is names, quantities and dollar amounts
IS Activities
Input of data resources
• Data entry activities
Processing of data into information
• E.g., calculate, compare, sort, classify, summarize
Output of information products
• Messages, reports, forms and graphic images
Storage of data resources
• Data elements and databases
Control of system performance
Recognizing IS
As a business professional, you should
be able to look at an IS and identify
• The people, hardware, software, data and network resources they use
• The type of information products they produce
Tugas
Email dengan nama sebenarnya. Format subjek :
• Tugas1 Nama Kelas
Kirim ke :
sisteminformasi09@gmail.com
A Brief History Of
Perkembangan Proses
1.
The Age of the Crafts worker
2.
The Age of the Factory
3.
The Age of Specialist
The Age of Crafts Worker
Terjadi pada kurun waktu pertengahan abad 18,
sebelum revolusi Industri
Kebanyakan produk dihasilkan oleh pengrajin
Proses dan produk tidak ada bedanya, sehingga
mengukur pekerjaan sama halnya dengan mengukur hasil dari pekerjaan itu.
Seluruh pekerjaan dikerjakan di satu tempat.
Satu pekerja dapat mengerjakan keseluruhan
proses, mulai dari membuat produk,
The Age of Crafts Worker
Kelebihan:
Pekerja mengetahui dengan jelas siapa konsumen produknya, apa
barang dan jasa yang diproduksi, dan apa tujuannya.
Konsumen hanya perlu menghubungi satu kontak untuk
permasalahan apapun.
Perajin mengetahui proses yang terjadi dari awal hingga akhir. Tidak terjadi miskomunikasi antara spesialisasi yang berbeda.
Kelemahan:
Terdapat satu titik penyebab kegagalan.
Kualitas menurun, pekerja tidak seluruhnya memiliki kemampuan
baik di semua aspek.
Output terbatas,
The Age of Factory
Didorong oleh penemuan mesin uap oleh
James Watt.
Mulai ada pembagian pekerjaan
(spesialisasi) dalam organisasi.
Jumlah produksi per pekerja meningkat
drastis. Efisiensi produksi meningkat.
Suksesnya pembagian kerja
The Age of the Specialists
Revolusi industri menyebabkan kebutuhan akan spesialis
pada organisasi meningkat. Spesialis yang dibutuhkan tidak hanya pada bidang manufaktur, tapi juga pada area-area seperti keuangan, akuntansi, hukum, sumber daya
manusia, pemasaran, dan lainnya.
Mulai dilakukan usaha penyempurnaan produk dengan
pemanfatan research & development, teknik, dan perencanaan manufaktur.
Mulai ada manajer professional yang bertugas untuk
melakukan perencanaaan, pengorganisasian, dan pengontrolan.
Organisasi mulai dibangun dengan struktur yang
The Age of Factory & The Age
of Specialists
Kelebihan :
Output bertambah dengan kualitas yang tetap konsisten. Lebih mudah mengatur pekerja.
Pekerja memiliki keahlian yang baik pada spesialisasi yang
bersangkutan.
Spesialisasi dapat dikurangi/ ditambah dengan mudah. Organisasi diatur dengan manajemen professional.
Kelemahan:
Fokus pada efisiensi lokal
Pelayanan menurun karena customer tidak dapat melihat proses. Kurang komunikasi
Merendahkan akuntabilitas individual
Kelemahan Organisasi
Fungsional
Organisasi adalah struktur yang mengelompokan
manusia dan sumber daya untuk mencapai tujuan umum.
Fungsionalitas adalah bidang usaha menyangkut
kerja, menggunakan keahlian tertentu, dan pengetahuan.
Organisasi memiliki tujuan umum, sedangkan
orientasi fungsionalitas tidak memiliki tujuan
umum. Timbul masalah “sumbu kompor /
stovepipe”. Setiap bagian hanya peduli pada
Kelemahan Organisasi
Fungsional
Organisasi dengan
orientasi
fungsionalitas
memiliki beberapa kerugian :
• Proses yang kontinyu terbagi – bagi
(fragmented) antara fungsionalitas kerja. Masalah ini sering
Kelemahan Organisasi
Fungsional
Organisasi dengan orientasi
fungsionalitas memiliki beberapa
kerugian :
• Pekerjaan pada suatu divisi dapat
dinegasikan oleh divisi lain atau tidak menghasilkan nilai tambah apapun.
• Terjadi waktu tunda pada proses ketika pekerjaan pindah dari satu
Enter Reengineering :
1985-1993
Reengineering dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi dan
merancang ulang proses bisnis dari awal hingga akhir secara radikal untuk meningkatkan performansinya.
Organisasi berorientasi proses mengurangi akumulasi
inefisiensi dan irrasionalitas.
“Reengineering is undoing the Industrial Revolution”
(Hammer). Dalam reengineering, proses-proses yang telah dibreakdown menjadi fungsi dalam organisasi fungsional yang muncul pada Revolusi Industri
Exit Reengineering : 1994-1995
BPR tidak semenjajikan yang diharapkan.
Perancangan ulang proses memang
mudah, tetapi implementasinya sangat sulit.
Banyak terjadi kegagalan, hampir 70 – 80
% proyek BPR gagal
Bisa disimpulkan orientasi proses tidak
Orientasi Proses
Kelebihan:
Fokus yang cukup terhadap customer dan outcome
Keberulangan proses terdefinisi berarti proses terukur dan
dapat disempurnakan.
Efisiensi meningkat jauh
Birokrasi lebih sederhana sehingga persentase usaha yang
lebih besar dapat digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
customer
Kelemahan:
Lebih sulit diatur.
Pekerjaan individu lebih luas Sulit diimplementasikan
Business
“… a course of action or a procedure … a
series of stages in manufacture or some other
operation…” [the concise oxford dictionary] • A collection of activities that, taken
together, create value for customer
e.g. new product for customer. This tasks are inter-related tasks
“… a series of actions, changes, or functions
Business
Business entity is any organization
whose aim is to create results of value
for someone who cares about those results.
Purpose of any business entity is to act
as a transformation mechanism.
• When appropriate events and conditions trigger action, customer requirements and consumable resources (raw materials, money & information) are transformed into
goods, services, business outcomes for the customers’
benefit.
• The results can have a physical component or
Business
• At the same time that businesses are serving
their customer and consumer markets, their performance is measured in terms of
appropriate key performance indicators
(KPIs) and evaluated against the
requirements of the business owners and investors
• Satisfying customers and owners
Business
The business applies a number of reusable resources to enable this transformation. These capabilities include:
• Cross-functional business processes. Interestingly, businesses might not recognize them as processes.
• Physical facilities. These include offices, factories, equipment, and tools.
• Computing and communications technology. These enable information flow, knowledge sharing, and communications.
Process
A process is set of
logically
related
tasks
performed to achieve a
Process definition
A process is a set of actions that take inputs,
and then add value to provide desirable
outputs.
Process
Customers Suppliers Internet Product
Inputs Outputs
Kind of Process
Core – these are value added activities
that meet business and customer needs.
Support – these are activities that
Business Process
A business process as a series of tasks or activities
to achieve a given purpose or goal, which can be
completed either in sequence or in parallel, by
people or systems, either inside or outside an organization. [Butler Group]
The task are pre-defined, and the process can be
repeated.
The sequence of tasks in any process is usually
Process Flow
CEOMarketing Operation Finance/ Admin
Frame the Process
Langkah pertama dari metodologi
Paling penting
Kesalahan di tahap ini akan terbawa
Kesalahan-kesalahan Umum
Terjebak pada fungsi
•
struktur organisasi
•
functional silo
•
local efficiency
Lingkup proses yang terlalu sempit
Review Proses
Proses bisnis selanjutnya akan disebut
sebagai proses saja atau proses bisnis
Proses bisnis: “A business process is a
collection of interrelated work tasks,
initiated in response to an event, that
achieves a specific result for the
...that achieves a specific
result...
proses ada karena diperlukan untuk
menghasilkan sesuatu: result
hasil bisa berupa produk atau jasa
result: countable dan identifiable
contoh proses:
•
develop new product; hasilnya new
product
...that achieves a specific
result...
Bukan proses:
•
Research and development
•
Help desk
Apakah Research and development
yang sudah diselesaikan bisa
dihitung?
Apakah Help desk yang sudah
...for the customer of the
process...
Customer adalah pihak yang
memperoleh hasil dari proses
Customer dapat menilai seberapa
memuaskan suatu proses
Contoh proses:
•
Menerbitkan SIM
Bukan proses:
...initiated in response to a
specific event...
proses seperti mesin yang diam
sebelum dinyalakan
harus ada event yang memicu
dimulainya proses
contoh:
...work tasks...
kumpulan dari aktivitas, langkah,
task, aksi
aktivitas atau langkah akan sering
digunakan
aktivitas dikerjakan oleh aktor
aktor dapat berupa orang, fungsi
kerja, departemen, atau sistem
komputer
jangan terjebak hanya melihat
...a collection of interrelated...
aktivitas atau langkah dalam proses
harus terkait, langsung maupun tidak
langsung
ada urutan mulai event pemicu
Karakteristik proses lainnya
Measurable
•
customer mengukur result
•
aktor mengukur produktivitas
Karakteristik proses lainnya
Otomasi
•
proses bisnis mencakup aktivitas yang
dilakukan manual maupun yang otomatis
Level
Karakteristik proses lainnya
Customer
•
internal atau eksternal
•
proses yang melayani customer
eksternal biasanya core process
Karakteristik proses lainnya
Karakteristik proses lainnya
Kesalahan identifikasi proses:
•
Capture service order
•
Assign Facilities
•
Install Service
•
Update Customer Records
Karakteristik proses lainnya
Framing the Process
Langkah-langkah
•
Identify process and name in
verb-noun format;
•
Event that triggers the business
process;
•
Result achieved by the process;
•
Customer that receives the result;
Framing the Process
• About five to seven major activities or milestones within the process;
• Actors with a role in the process;
• Mechanisms (systems, forms, equipment, etc.) that support the process;
• Process timing and frequency;
• Related (but out-of-scope) processes depicted on an overall process map.
• Assessment of current process performance;
Identifikasi Proses
Lakukan secara bottom-up
•
Identifikasi aktivitas atau milestone
yang ada
Lakukan dengan brainstorming
•
Untuk memperoleh bahan
•
Ingat aturan brainstorming: jangan ada
kritik dan evaluasi
•
Olah ide-ide yang diperoleh:
kelompokkan ide sejenis, hapus yang
tidak wajar dan mustahil
Identifikasi Proses
Lakukan Brainstorm milestone
•
Milestone adalah jika ada sesuatu yang
dihasilkan, baik antar aktivitas atau
pada akhir proses, contoh:
Product is reserved
Shipment is packed
Inventory replenished
Order is accepted
Identifikasi Proses
Ubah milestone menjadi aktivitas
•
Reserve Product;
•
Pack Shipment;
•
Replenish Inventory;
•
Accept Order;
Identifikasi Proses
Urutkan Proses
Identifikasi rasio
Kelompokkan proses berdasarkan
Identifikasi Proses
Beri nama proses dan aktivitas dengan
Pemodelan
Menuangkan proses bisnis dalam
bentuk diagram, sehingga:
• Terdokumentasi• Dapat disampaikan kepada orang lain
• Memudahkan pemahaman
Pemodelan dilakukan terhadap as-is
Standar Pemodelan
Tujuan standar pemodelan adalah agar
mudah dikomunikasikan dengan pihak lain yang juga mengerti tentang standar itu
Ada beberapa contoh standar:
• ASME (American Association of Mechanical
Engineering)
• Flowchart/Flowmap
• IDEF0 (Integration Definition For Function
Modeling)
• IGOE (Input, guide, output, enabler)
• BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation)
IGOE
External Roles Request Recipient Strategic Partner Resource Assigner Manage projectsFlowmap
Page 1
PROSES PEMBUATAN PASSPOR DI KANTOR IMIGRASI BANDUNG
PEMOHON LOKET 1 Kasi FORSAKIM Kasi WASDAKIM KAKANIM LOKET 2 LOKET 3 LOKET 4
Mulai PERDIM 11 +Lampiran PERDIM 11 +Lampiran LENGKAP? Lengkapi PERDIM 11 +Lampiran Input data pemohon Cetak Bukti Terima PERDIM 11 Bukti Terima PERDIM 11 Bukti Terima PERDIM 11 Bukti Terima PERDIM 11
1 bulan Bukti Terima PERDIM 11 Cari Berkas Pemohon Berkas PERDIM 11 Berkas PERDIM 11 Wawanc ara cek dg dok asli Ada dalam daftar cegah? Cetak Form Bayar Passpor Form Bayar Passpor Form Bayar Passpor Bayar Ke Kasir 1 Bukti Bayar Passpor Bukti Bayar Passpor Berkas PERDIM 11 Persetujuan (Ditandatangani) Berkas PERDIM 11 Cetak Form Bayar Photo Form Bayar Photo Form Bayar Photo Bayar Ke Kasir 1 Bukti Bayar Photo Bukti Bayar Photo Berkas PERDIM 11 Update Data Pemohon + photo Cetak Passpor Passpor Passpor Berkas PERDIM 11 Pengam-bilan Contoh Sidik Jari Contoh Sidik Jari (àBerkas)
Berkas PERDIM 11 Passpor Berkas PERDIM 11 Passpor Pengesahan
IDEF0
Pengendalian Kebijakan perusahaan, hukum dll
ASME
(American Society of Mechanical Engineers)V
Operation Indicates the main steps in a process –we use 2 types; one for value-adding and one for non value-adding steps
Inspection Indicates a check on quality or quantity
Steps V Time Comment Steps A Steps B Steps C Steps D Steps E Steps F Steps G Transport Indicates movement of
people, materials, paper, information, etc Delay
Indicates a temporary storage, delay or hold-up between consecutive operations
ASME
V
No Aktivitas Waktu Keterangan
1 Periksa kelengkapan Berkas PERDIM 11 5 menit
2 Input Data Pemohon
10 menit 3 Cetak Bukti
BPMN
P e m o h o n StartIsi Formulir dan Berkas Permohonan D in a s P e m e ri n ta h D a e ra h T im S IU P S u b D in a s K a s ie K a d in T a ta U s a h a Cek Berkas permohonan Start Buat Permohonan Pemeriksaan Permohonan Pengesahan Permohonan Pengesahan Permohonan Pembayaran
(bank jabar) Penomoran
Pengesahan penandatanganan SIUP Pengesahan penandatanganan SIUP Pengesahan penandatanganan SIUP Lengkap Data Valid Tidak Lengkap
Proses Pembuatan SIUP menggunakan BPMN
Swimlane
Swimlane yang digunakan di buku
mirip dengan IGOE dan BPMN
Ada penyederhanaan notasi
• Hanya menggunakan kotak dan panah
• Lebih menekankan pada deskripsi pada proses
Tujuannya agar lebih mudah
Komponen
3R
• Roles: aktor yang melakukan proses
• Responsibilities: task yang dilakukan oleh aktor
Studi Kasus
PT XYZ adalah sebuah perusahaan
asuransi, yang bisnis utamanya
adalah manajemen resiko dan return
akibat dari ketidakpastian masa
depan.
Resiko
selalu melibatkan dua
istilah, yaitu :
• Ketidakpastian
• Kerugian, entah kerugian fisik maupun
Batasan
Masalah
Proses bisnis yang dimodelkan
adalah berdasarkan
proses
pengajuan klaim asuransi
yang ada
di PT XYZ.
Proses bisnis dimodelkan dilihat dari
sudut pandang perusahaan asuransi
bukan dari sudut pandang customer
atau sudut pandang perusahaan
Lazimnya perusahaan asuransi akan
menghadapi
klaim pertanggungan
dari para anggota pada waktu yang
tidak terkirakan sebelumnya
Ketika perusahaan berupaya untuk
meminimalisir jumlah kerugian,
perusahaan akan mengambil suatu
jumlah tertentu sebagai jaminan atas
resiko yang ditanggung, jumlah
Jika batas retensi yang telah
ditetapkan ternyata
lebih rendah
dari
jumlah klaim yang harus dibayarkan,
maka perusahaan akan menghadapi
resiko reputasi sekaligus resiko
default yaitu perusahaan tidak
mampu menutup klaim yang
Suatu perusahaan asuransi pasti
akan mereasuransikan sebagian
resiko tersebut kepada perusahaan
reasuransi
selama
biayanya lebih
tinggi
dibandingkan dengan yang
dibebankan oleh perusahaan
reasuransi, dengan kata lain
jika
expected loss
nya lebih tinggi dari
pada yang diperkirakan oleh
Hirarki
Perusahaan
Head Office (HO)
Regional Office (RO) Regional Office (RO) Regional Office (RO)
Branch Office (BO) Branch Office (BO)
Branch Office (BO)
Branch Office (BO) Branch Office (BO)
Branch Office (BO)
Branch Office (BO) Branch Office (BO)
Batasan
Masalah (3)
Proses pengajuan klaim yang
dimodelkan hanya klaim yang menjadi
wewenang Head Office (HO) meliputi
klaim kematian
untuk
polis kadaluarsa,
polis medikal, cacat tetap total, rawat
inap, klaim dari polis yang diajukan di
HO, klaim dengan nilai pertanggungan
diatas 50 juta rupiah (US$ 5000).
Proses pengajuan klaim dilakukan di
Branch Office (BO)
tempat objek
Brainstorming
Milestone
Klaim Diterima Manfaat Asuransi Dibayarkan Dokumen ter-validasi Desisi Klaim diterbitkan Surat Pemberitahuan Pembayaran Mafaat Asuransi dikirimkan Klaim Reasuransi diajukan Manfaat Reasuransi diterima Manfaat Asuransi terkalkulasi Rekomendasi Medis diterima Penerimaan Klaim Pembayaran Manfaat Asuransi Validasi Dokumen Penerbitan Desisi Klaim Pengiriman Surat Pemberitahuan Pembayaran Manfaat Asuransi Pengajuan Klaim Reasuransi Penerimaan Manfaat Reasuransi Kalkulasi Manfaat Asuransi Penerimaan Rekomendasi Medis1:1 1:1 1:1
Framing
Process
Klaim Asuransi
Event Subprocesses Result
Klaim diajukan Valida si Doku men Penerimaan Rekomendasi Medis Kalkulasi Manfaat Asuransi Pengajuan Klaim Reasuransi Penerimaan Manfaat Reasuransi Penerbitan Desisi Klaim Pengiriman Pemberitahuan Pembayaran Manfaat Asuransi Pembayaran Manfaat Asuransi Case for Action Vision
- Pengecekan berkas dilakukan berulang-ulang sehingga membuang waktu pemrosesan
klaim
- Pengiriman berkas klaim dilakukan dengan cara batch pada akhir bulan sehingga klaim
yang diajukan di awal bulan harus menunggu hingga akhir bulan untuk diproses
- Klaim reasuransi expired akibat waktu pemrosesan klaim melewati batas expirasi yang
ditetapkan oleh reasuradur
- Divisi Aktuaria menangani klaim asuransi yang merupakan tanggung jawab dari Divisi
Underwriting
- Informasi klaim yang direasuransikan tidak dimiliki kantor cabang sehingga identifikasi
klaim reasuransi tidak bisa dilakukan sejak awal
- Meningkatkan jumlah klaim yang diproses dan dibayarkan - Mengurangi rata-rata pengeluaran untuk pembayaran klaim - Mengurangi jumlah dan total biaya proses hukum akibat tuntutan hukum terkait dengan klaim
- Mengurangi biaya total pemrosesan klaim - Mendokumentasikan klaim dengan baik
- Memperbaiki rasio antara jumlah klaim dengan polis yang dikeluarkan
- Memperbaiki rasio antara klaim yang dibayarkan dengan klaim yang diterima
- Mengurangi komplain konsumen
- Mengurangi dampak penipuan asuransi
Actor Mechanism Metrics Pegawai seksi pelayanan nasabah
Kepala seksi pertanggungan BO Dokter penasihat medis
perusahaan
Kepala bagian pertanggungan RO Kepala divisi underwriting
Kepala divisi keuangan Perusahaan reasuransi (reasuradur)
Kepala divisi aktuaria Tertanggung
Perbaikan proses bisnis Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Reasuransi Perbaikan Standard Operational Procedure
- Pengecekan berkas hanya dilakukan satu kali
- Pembayaran klaim yang dikeluarkan perusahaan dibawah batas retensi
- Klaim yang direasuransikan dikirimkan dan diproses pada hari yang sama
- Waktu penanganan reasuransi klaim dibawah batas ekspirasi reasuradur
Tugas Kelompok
Lakukan analisis proses bisnis
terhadap perusahan/ organisasi
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Case 1: Amazon, eBay, and Google:
Unlocking and Sharing Business Databases
Companies such as Amazon, eBay and Google
are unlocking their databases and sharing their data with developers, entrepreneurs and their business partners.
In the hands of top Web innovators, this data
could be the dynamo of new Web sites and
businesses that would expand the company’s
online footprint and ultimately drive more sales.
This also involves risk in terms of misuse of
company’s data and companies will have to
Fundamental Data Concepts
Character: single alphabetic, numeric or other
symbol
Field or data item: a grouping of related
characters
• Represents an attribute (a characteristic or
quality) of some entity (object, person,
place or event)
• Example: salary
Record: grouping of all the fields used to
describe the attributes of an entity
• Example: payroll record with name, SSN
Fundamental Data Concepts
File or table: a group of related records
Electric Utility Database
Database Structures
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Object-oriented
Hierarchical Structure
Early DBMS structure
Records arranged in tree-like structure
Network Structure
Used in some mainframe DBMS packages
Relational Structure
Most widely used structure
Data elements are viewed as being stored in tables
Row represents record
Column represents field
Can relate data in one file with data in another file if both files share a
Relational Operations
Select:
• Create a subset of records that meet a
stated criterion
• Example, select employees who make
more than $30,000
Join
• Combine two or more tables temporarily
• Looks like one big table
Project
Multidimensional Structure
Variation of relational model
Uses multidimensional structures to organize data
Data elements are viewed as being in cubes
Object-oriented Structure
Object consists of
• Data values describing the attributes of an
entity
• Operations that can be performed on the
data
Encapsulation:
• Combine data and operations
Inheritance:
• New objects can be created by replicated
Object-oriented Structure
Source: Adapted from Ivar Jacobsen, Maria Ericsson, and Ageneta Jacobsen, The Object Advantage: Business Process Reengineering with Object Technology(New York: ACM Press, 1995), p. 65.
Object-oriented Structure
Used in Object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS)
Supports complex data types
Evaluation of Database Structures
Hierarchical
• Worked for structured routine transaction processing
• Can’t handle many-to-many relationships
Network
• More flexible than hierarchical
• Unable to handle ad hoc requests
Relational
• Easily respond to ad hoc requests
• Easier to work with and maintain
Database Development
Database Administrator (DBA)
• In charge of enterprise database development
Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Develop and specify the data contents, relationships and structure
• These specifications are stored in data dictionary
Data dictionary
• Data base catalog containing metadata
Data Planning Process
Enterprise Model
• Defines basic business process of the enterprise
• Defined by DBAs and designers with end users
Data Modeling
• Relationships between data elements
• Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Database Design Process
Logical design
• Schema – overall logical view of relationships
• Subschema – logical view for specific end users
• Data models for DBMS
Physical design
Data Resource Management
Managerial activity
Applies IS technologies like data
management and data warehousing to manage data resources to meet the
Operational Databases
Store detailed data to support business processes
Distributed Databases
Copies or parts of databases on servers at a
variety of locations
Challenge: any data change in one location must
be made in all other locations
Replication:
• Look at each distributed database and find changes • Apply changes to each distributed database
• Very complex
Duplication
• One database is master
External Databases
Databases available for a fee from commercial online services or
For free from World Wide Web
Examples, statistical databanks,
Hypermedia Database
Website database
Data Warehouse
Stores data that has been extracted from the
operational, external and other databases
Data has been cleaned, transformed and cataloged
Used by managers and professionals for
• Data mining,
• Online analytical processing, • Business analysis,
• Market research, • Decision support
Data mart is subset of warehouse for specific use
Data Warehouse
Data Mining
Data in data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and trends Examples:
• Perform market-basket analysis to identify new business processes
• Find root causes to quality problems
• Cross sell to existing customers
Traditional File Processing
Data stored in independent files
Problems:
• Data redundancy
• Lack of data integration
• Data dependence – files, storage
devices, and software are dependent on each other
Database Management Approach
Consolidate data into databases that can be accessed by different
programs
Use a database management system (DBMS)
Database Interrogation
End users use a DBMS by asking for information
via a query or a report generator
Query language – immediate responses to ad hoc
data requests
• SQL (Structured Query Language) an
international standard query language
• Graphical Queries -- Point-and-click methods
• Natural Queries – similar to conversational English
Report generator – quickly specify a report format
Graphical Query
Database Maintenance
Updating database to reflect new
business transactions such as a new sale
Application Development
Use DBMS software development tools to develop custom application
programs
System Development
Major Attributes of the Life Cycle
The Project
• Moves systematically through phases
where each phase has a standard set of outputs
• Produces project deliverables
• Uses deliverables in implementation
• Results in actual information system
Project Phases
Planning
(Why build the system?
How should the team go about
building it?)
Analysis
(Who uses system, what will
it do, where and when will the
system be used?)
Design
(How will the system work?)
