AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH 09360222
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
AN ANALYSIS ON THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S POEMS
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
EKA YUSRIANSYAH 09360222
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
Bersungguh-sungguhlah dan jangan bermalas-malasan dan jangan pula lengah, karena penyesalan itu bagi orang yang bermalas-malasan.
“Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul- and
sings the tunes without words- and never stops at all”
(Emily Dickinson)
“Kawula mung saderma, mobah-mosik kersaning Hyang
sukmo”
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, all praise is to Allah, the Merciful and Charitable. Because of his guidance, blessing and affection, the writer can finish this thesis. Also, may sholawat and salutation always be given to the last messenger Muhammad SAW.
The writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to Drs. Munaz Fauzie Anwar, M.Pd, as his first advisor and Khairudin, M.Pd, as his second advisor, for their suggestions, invaluable guidance and advice during the consultation period, their comments and corrections during the completion of this thesis.
The writer’s absolutely deserves to thank to his beloved father (Sudjatto), and
his mother (Anis Watin), his young sisters (Nurul and Lita), his young brothers (Oni and Fahmi), and his grandmother (Rusmini) who extremely support the writer much morally and materially until this thesis is finished.
In addition, he cannot forget to say gratitude to his sweaty dream, Farah Maulidya, who is never feeling bored and tired to support and motivate the writer in finishing this thesis.
And also, he would like to thank to Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si and Supriyadi, M.Pd, for their suggestions, motivations, and consultations during finishing this thesis.
Finally, the writer would like to say gratitude to the following people:
2. My friends in boarding house (Bowo, Eko, Herman, Gok Pol, Okin, Bogel, Ulum, Rozik, Hulaimi, Arif, and Didin).
3. My friends in UKM Komunitas Teater (Pak Meong, S.Sn, Bang Roni, Bang Neo, Bang David, Don Miko, Koher, Irul, and Fida).
4. And my friends in LSO Teater KATAMATI (Bang Johan, Mbak Ratna, Mas Faing, Codet, Vanggit, Burahen, Dimas, Haedar, Yaman, Nida, and Lastri) Hopefully, Allah SWT always blesses them all and writes their kindness as worship. Amin.
Malang, January 2014
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL ... i
LEGALIZATION ... ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
ABSTRACT ... vi
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1Background of Study ... 1
1.2Statement of Problem ... 5
1.3Objective of Study... 5
1.4Significant of Study ... 6
1.5Scope and Limitation ... 6
1.6Definition of Key Term ... 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 8
2.1 Literature ... 8
2.1.1 Prose ... 9
2.1.2 Drama ... 10
2.1.3 Poetry ... 10
2.2 Language of Literature ... 11
2.2.2 Connotation ... 12
2.3.2.6 Figurative Language ... 19
2.3.2.7 Theme ... 19
2.4 Figurative Language ... 20
2.4.1.1 Simile ... 21
2.4.1.2 Metaphor ... 22
2.4.1.3 Pun ... 23
2.4.1.4 Synecdoche ... 23
2.4.1.5 Metonymy ... 24
2.4.1.6 Personification ... 24
2.4.1.7 Apostrophe ... 25
2.4.1.8 Hyperbole/Overstatement ... 25
2.4.1.9 Understatement ... 26
2.4.1.10 Paradox ... 26
2.4.1.11 Symbol ... 27
2.4.1.12 Allegory ... 27
2.4.1.13 Irony ... 27
2.4.2 Effectiveness of Figurative Language ... 27
2.5 Edgar Allan Poe ... 28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 32
3.1 Research Design ... 32
3.2 Approach ... 33
3.2.1 Mimetic Approach ... 33
3.2.2. Pragmatic Approach ... 33
3.2.3 Objective Approach ... 34
3.3 Research Object ... 34
3.4 Data Collection ... 35
3.5 Data Analysis ... 35
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 37
4.1 Research Findings ... 37
4.1.1 The Kinds of Figurative Language ... 37
4.1.1.1 The kinds of figurative language used in the poem “The City in the Sea” ... 37
4.1.1.2 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem The Sleeper” ... 40
4.1.1.3 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem “Annabel Lee” ... 43
4.1.1.4 The Kinds of Figurative Language used in the Poem “Ulalume” ... 46
4.1.2 The Meaning of Figurative Language ... 49
4.1.2.1 The meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem “The City in the Sea” ... 49
4.1.2.2 The Meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem “The Sleeper” ... 52
4.1.2.4 The Meaning of Figurative Language used in the Poem
“Ulalume” ... 57
4.2 Discussion ... 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 63
5.1 Conclusion ... 63
5.2 Suggestions ... 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Term. Seventh Edition. US: Thomson Learning, Inc.
Abrams, M.H. 1953. The Mirror and the Lamp:Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. USA: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Bennet, Andrew and Nicholas Royle. 2004. Introducton to Literature, Criticism and Theory. Third Edition. Great Britain: Perason Educated Limited.
Chandler, Daniel. 2002. Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge.
Culler, Jonathan. 1997. Literary Theory A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Effendi, S. 2002. Bimbingan Apresiasi Puisi. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya Fisher, Benjamin F. 2008. The Cambridge Introduction to Edgar Allan Poe. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Keraf, Gorys. 2008. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Komposisi Lanjutan 1 Edisi yang Diperbarui. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Macmillan, Literature Series. 1984. Appreciating Literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Magil, Frank N. 1980. American Literature Colonial Age to 1980. California: Salem Press Inc.
Meyer, Michael. 1990. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: 2nd Edition Bedford Books of ST Martini’s Press.
Meyer, Jim. 1997. What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 1997 Volume 41, Online. URL: http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/ linguistics/wp/1997Meyer.htmCopyrigh © 1997 by Jim Meyer.
Perrine, Lawrence. 1963. Sound and Sense An Introduction to Poetry. USA: Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko. 2010. Pengkajian Puisi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Puspitasari, Ellyana. 2005. An Analysis of the Messages of Edgar Allan Poe’s Poems. Unpublished Thesis. University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Reaske, Christopher Russel. 1966. How to Analyze Poetry. New York: Monarch Press.
Siswantoro. 2002. Apresiasi Puisi-puisi Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press.
Stern, Philip Van Doren. 1945. The Portable of Poe”. USA. Viking Penguins Inc. Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1949. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt,
Brace and Company.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of study, statement of problems, purposes of the study, significances of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms. Each section is presented consecutively in the following section.
1.1Background of Study
It is not debatable that language and literature cannot be separated from each other. Language is the basic raw material or medium, through which literature is produced, whether they are novels, poetry, drama, and etc. In addition, language is method of communication, while literature is the content that is communicated. Literature involves the manipulation of language for creative purposes. Literature is the thoughts, ideas, concepts, and imaginations which are expressed with the help of language.Language is the fundamental of literature. It can be said that language makes literature.
Language has been defined as the representative of thoughts, feelings, ideas, and etc., which are represented in spoken and written form to interact with others. While literature has been defined as the expression of thoughts, ideas, feelings, and imaginations in the written form whose aesthetic value, beauty of language, and style of presentation which used language as the medium. It is sometimes described as
someone’s personalities and experiences. This classification of literature can be
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However, language used in creating literary works is not the same with the everyday language which is used in daily conversation. Also, it is different from the practical language or scientific language. Literary language is a beautiful language which has an aesthetic value. The scientific and everyday language are denotative, it means the literal meaning or essential meaning of word. On the other side, literary language abounds in ambiguities and full of homonyms. In other word, it is highly connotative. Connotative is extra-literal meaning and it exists apart from its literal meaning.
It is supported by Bennet and Royle (2004: 77) that literary language is sometimes defined in terms of its deviations from or distortions of ordinary language. It means that literary language is not the same with ordinary language as used by people in the everyday language. In addition, Bennet and Royle stated that literary works are characterized by the use of figure of speech or figurative language in which a word or expression is used in other than its literal meaning.
According to Hawkes in (Chandler, 2002: 124) figurative language is language which doesn’t mean what it says. It contrasts to literal language which is at least intended to be, or taken as, purely denotative. In addition, Reaske (1966: 33) said that figurative language is language which employs various figures of speech. Some examples are metaphor, simile, antithesis, hyperbole, and paradox.
Those explanations above clearly show that figurative language uses figure of
speech’s devices as a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of word
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reasons as stated by Pradopo (2010). It can create a special effect, makes imaginative description in fresh ways, and makes writing more colorful and attractive.
Figurative language cannot be interpreted in literal sense. As the result, translating it to different languages may cause misinterpretation. If it is translated word-for-word onto different language, it will often be misunderstood. For example, when Tennyson wrote that the eagle “clasps the crag with the crooked hands” (1809
-1892). Tenyson used “Metaphor”, one kind of figurative language which is
substituted for or identified with literal term, for substituting the crooked hands for claws.
One of literary work is poem. Poem is one of literary work which expresses the feeling and thought of poet imaginatively through an artistic language. It is piece of writing arrange in pattern of lines and of sounds, expressing some thought, feeling or human experience in language full of imagination. Also, poetry is collection of beautiful words in excellent structure (Carlyle in Pradopo, 2010: 6). In addition, Perrine (1963: 3-4) stated that poem might be defined as the kinds of language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language.
Those definitions clearly tell that poem is the condensed and concentrated form of literary work, saying most in fewest numbers of words. It is language whose individual lines that contains a deep meaning and message in per-lines. Poetry can create special emotional effect.
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another. Also, it involves risk misinterpretation. So, the reader of poetry must read the poetry as well as possible in order to get the meanings and the messages of poetry understand for common people. Only highly qualified and educated people could enjoy the reading of poem. In addition, poem contains elements such as rhyme, rhythm, meter, tone, and imagery which are well organized in a group of lines called stanza.
Actually, the previous researchers have already conducted the study in the same topic, such as Abdul Aziz (2011) A Study of Figurative Language Used in
James Blunt’s Song Lyrics in “Back to Bedlam Album”. He found five types of
figurative language used in James Blunt’s song lyric. Moreover, Dian Kurniasari
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Therefore, the writer is challenged to analyze the use of figurative language in
the poem. The writer analyzes Edgar Allan Poe’s poems as the object of research
because he wrote the poem exclusively with his inner beauty and personal tragedy. He was one of the American romanticism poets who was well-known as the writer of gothic genres and was one of the most celebrated of all American authors. Moreover, he was the first well-known American writer who tried to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.
In this thesis, the writer chooses the poems of Edgar Allan Poe which tells
about death. Death is the major topic of Edgar Allan Poe’s poem. The writer only
analyzes four poems they are: “The City in the Sea”, “The Sleeper”, “Annabel Lee”, and “Ulalume”.
1.2Statement of Problem
Based on the background of study, the writer formulates the statements of problem as follows:
1. What kinds of figurative languages are used in Edgar Allan Poe’spoems?
2. What are the meanings of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems?
1.3Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study in this thesis are stated as follows:
1. To identify the kinds of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems. 2. To interpret the meanings of figurative languages used in Edgar Allan Poe’s
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1.4Significant of the Study
The writer is concerned with the analysis on the figurative language used in the poetry in which this thesis has two significances, both theoretically and practically. It is expected that the result can be advantageous in the following ways: 1. Theoretically
a. This thesis can enrich the study in literature field, especially poetry, which becomes a bibliographical resource to the next relevant type of research. b. This thesis can give better understanding in the analysis of figurative
language in literary works, especially in poem. 2. Practically
a. The research finding will be useful as an informative input for readers to improve linguistic, especially on figurative language, and literature knowledge especially on poem, by giving deeper understanding of both knowledges for the readers in analyzing figurative language used in the poem.
b. After reading this thesis, people are expected to be more open-minded toward literary works especially in the way language is used.
c. Hopefully, this thesis inspires other writers to develop or to conduct other study in the same scope with different subjects.
1.5Scope and Limitation
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Allan Poe’s poems. The limitation of this study focuses on the four poems about
death of Edgar Allan Poe they are “The City in the Sea”,” The Sleeper”, “Annabel Lee”, and “Ulalume.”
1.6Definition of Key Terms
To obtain a good understanding to this study, it is important to give definition of key terms related to this study. The terms are as follows:
1. Analysis.
Analysis is a process of examining, identifying, and understanding something in detail in order to get deep understanding. Typically, it is for discussion or interpretation.
2. Figurative language.
Figurative language is type of language that deviate from the norms of literal language or unusual used of language to say one thing in terms and meaning another in order to give special effect.
3. Poem.
Poem is individual form of poetry in which imagery, figurative language, rhythm, diction, rhyme, and sound combine to create special emotional effect. It is usually arranged in lines and groups of lines which are known as stanza. 4. Edgar Allan Poe
