THESIS
Submitted to the Board Examination In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For Literary Degree at English Literature Department
by
RIA KARMILA NIM: AI.150337
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2019
You who have believed, fear Allah and speak words of appropriate justice. He will amend for you your deeds and forgive you your sins. And whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger has certainly attained a great attainment. Indeed, we offered the Trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, and they declined to bear it and feared it; but man [undertook to] bear it. Indeed, he was unjust and ignorant. (QS. Al- Ahzab: 70-72)1
Hai orang-orang yang beriman, bertakwalah kamu kepada Allah dan Katakanlah Perkataan yang benar, niscaya Allah memperbaiki bagimu amalan-amalanmu dan mengampuni bagimu dosa-dosamu. dan Barangsiapa mentaati Allah dan Rasul-Nya, Maka Sesungguhnya ia telah mendapat kemenangan yang besar. Sesungguhnya Kami telah mengemukakan amanat kepada langit, bumi dan gunung-gunung, Maka semuanya enggan untuk memikul amanat itu dan mereka khawatir akan mengkhianatinya, dan dipikullah amanat itu oleh manusia. Sesungguhnya manusia itu Amat zalim dan Amat bodoh. (QS. Al-Ahzab: 70-72)2
DEDICATION
First of all I would say the grateful to Allah SWT always gives me health to finish this thesis.
I would like to dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved Father, Zulkarnain for your love, supporting and praying My beloved Mother, Hasiah (alm) for all your patients to educate me so far,
gave me a way to be the student, for your love, supporting and praying And My beloved brother, Rian Setiawan and my young sister Rizkya Tri Nabila
also for your supporting and praying.
Thank to You for the great support to finish my thesis All of you are my diamond who Allah has given to me.
I do really want to make you happy and proud of me!
Then to Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum and Mr. Minsakutra, SS, M. Hum as my supervisors,
for your patients as long as you guided me to finish my thesis for your help and praying.
My beloved gengs, ELITE 2015 B. Thanks for the advice, love, help, support, ideas and great experiences that we have made together.
for your help and praying, for your inspiration
All you are the good example for me. I am so happy and grateful because living around the skilful and wise people as you all.
At last, for all people who have helped me in this thesis.
I would like to proclaim;
THANK YOU SO MUCH
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the writer would like to say Alhamdullilahirabil’alamin, all the praise to Allah SWT the lord of all creatures, for His Blessing from the starting point of my study until now the end of my study. After that, Shalawat and salam be upon to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, hopefully we will get His syafa’at later at The Last Day.
Secondly, I would like to express her deepest gratitude to people who helped the writer in accomplishing this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum and Minsakutra, SS, M. Hum who have helped, adjusted, supported and suggested me in writing this thesis. I also would like to say thanks for all classmates ELITE 2015 who have given additional suggestion and support to finish this thesis.
To accomplish this thesis, the writer had been given one great deal to many people. So, the writer would like to say thanks for their contribution, they are:
1. Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA as a Rector of the State Institute for Islamic Studies of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
2. Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd as the dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
3. Dr. Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed as the first Dean of Academic. Dr. H. M. Fadil, M.Ag as the second Dean of Finances, and Dr. Roudhoh, S.Ag., M.Pd.I as the third Dean of University Student of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
ABSTRACT
Ria Karmila, 2018 : The Language Functions Used by The Main Characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich. English Literature Department Adab and Humanities Faculty, The State Institute for Islamic Studies Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum Supervisor II : Minsakutra, SS, M. Hum
This thesis analyzes about the language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich. The main characters used language function to achieve the purposes of their speech to get out from white house down.
Moreover, this study was designed to find out the types of language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich, the use of language function by the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich, the effects of language function used by the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich.
The writer used Jakobson in Holmes theory (2001) to find out the types of language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s film. the used of language function by Kierkegaard theory that used by main characters in White House Down’s film, the effect of language function by Sarul Asdar used by main characters in White House Down’s film. This study was qualitative research, to collect the data the writer used documentation technique. The writer used a technique of data analysis. The study was descriptive because it tries to describe the types of language function expressed by the main character. The data of the research were the pictures and dialogue, which contains types of language function expressed by the main characters.
The research result shows that first, there are five language function that used by the main character in White House Down‟s film by Ronald Emmerich. They are:
Expressive function, Directive function, referential function, Metalinguistic function and phatic function. All of language function they used when they do a communication. Second, there are two ways the use of language function by main character in White House Down‟s film by Ronald Emmerich. They are: Direct Communicating and Indirect Communicating. All of them they used for do communication each other to get out from the white house down. Third, the effect of of language function used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by
Ronald Emmerich getting knowledge, giving command and asking for information.
Keywords : Language Function, White House Down, Film
ABSTRAK
Ria Karmila, 2018 : The Language Functions Used by The Main Characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich. English Literature Department Adab and Humanities Faculty, The State Institute for Islamic Studies Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum Supervisor II : Minsakutra, SS, M. Hum
Tesis ini menganalisis tentang fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh para tokoh utama di dalam film White House Down oleh Ronald Emmerich. Para tokoh utama menggunakan fungsi bahasa untuk mencapai tujuan dari apa yang mereka utarakan.
Selain itu, penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengetahui macam-macam fungsi bahasa yang digunakan para tokoh utama dalam film White House Down, penggunaan fungsi bahasa oleh para tokoh utama dalam film White House Down, dampak penggunaan fungsi bahasa terhadap para tokoh utama dalam film White House Down oleh Ronald Emmerich.
Penulis menggunakan teori Jakobson untuk menemukan macam-macam fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh para tokoh utama dalam film White House Down.
penggunaan fungsi bahasa oleh teori dari Kierkegaard yang digunakan para tokoh utama dalam film White House Down, dampak penggunaan fungsi bahasa dari Sarul Asdar yang digunakan oleh para tokoh utama dalam film White House Down.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, untuk mengumpulkan data penulis menggunakan teknik dokumentasi. Penulis menggunakan teknik data analisis.
Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif karena berusaha mendeskripsikan macam-macam fungsi bahasa yang diungkapkan oleh tokoh utama. Data penelitian adalah gambar dan dialog, yang berisi macam-macam fungsi bahasa yang diekspresikan oleh para karakter utama.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, ada beberapa fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh para tokoh utama di dalam film White House Down oleh Ronald Emmerich, yaitu fungsi ekspresif, fungsi directive, fungsi referential, fungsi metalimguistik, dan fungsi phatic semua fungsi bahasa mereka gunakan ketika mereka melakukan komunikasi. Kedua, ada dua cara penggunaaan fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh para tokoh utama di dalam film White House Down oleh Ronald Emmerich, yaitu, komunikasi langsung dan komunikasi tidak langsung yang mereka gunakan untuk berkomunikasi satu dengan yang lainnya untuk keluar dari gedung istana president. Ketiga, dampak dari penggunaan fungsi bahasa yang digunakan para tokoh utama utama di dalam film adalah mendapatkan pengetahuan, pemberian perintah dan meminta informasi.
Kata Kunci : Fungsi Bahasa, White House Down, Film
ABBREVIATION
SWT : Subhanahu Wata’ala
SAW : Shallallahu Alaihi Wasallam UIN : Universitas Islam Negeri US : United States
STS : Saltan Thaha Saifud
TABLE OF CONTENT
NOTA DINAS ... i
APPROVAL... ii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION ... iii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT... iv
MOTTO... v
DEDICATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii
ABSTRACT ... ix
ABSTRAK... x
ABBREVIATION... xi
TABLE OF CONTENT ... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Problem ... 1
1.2 Formulation of the Problem... 6
1.3 Limitation of the Problem ... 6
1.4 Purpose of the Research ... 7
1.5 Significance of the Research ... 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Related Research Language Functions ... 8
2.2 Types of Language Functions ... 9
2.3 The Use of Language Function ... 15
2.4 Previous ... 16
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Design of Research... 20
3.2 Source of Data ... 22
3.3 Technique of Data Collection... 23
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 24
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Finding... 26
4.2 Analysis ... 27
4.2.1 Types of Language Functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich ... 27
1. Expressive function... 27
2. Directive function ... 30
3. Referential function... 34
4. Metalinguistic Function ... 35
5. Phatic Function ... 37
4.2.2 The Use of Language Function by the Main Character in White House Down‟s film by Ronald Emmerich ... 38
1. Direct Communicating ... 38
2. Indirect communicating... 41 4.2.3 The Effects of Language Function used by the Main
Characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald
Emmerich ... 43
1. Getting Knowledge ... 43
2. Giving Command ... 45
3. Asking for Information... 46
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions………...…....….... 49
5.2 Suggestions………... 50
REFERENCES APPENDIXES
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Problem
Language is a communication tool which has an important role in human survival. The study of language is the study that is not endless to be discussed, because language is the whole existence of the human person and civilized society there is no human‟s activity is not accompanied by language. Language is a system that relates sounds or gestures to meanings.3 It means that there is a wide variety of languages are used in communication is that good Propagated by using print and electronic media.
Language is a system of symbols that arbitrators are used by a community to collaborate, interact and identify themselves. Language is very important tool to help addressee in understanding messages that conveyed by addresser.4 As we know, language plays an important role as a bridge to communicate with someone to another.5 It means that a good language and communication are very influential to get satisfaction. Language has some functions, for example: agreeing, greeting, giving command, taking leave, describing, asking for information, etc.
Language is always used to communicate and interact in getting what someone needs from others, and although human have many cultures and races in this world but
3 Fromkin, V. et al, (2011). An Introduction to Language, Los Angeles: Universitity of California, p. 324.
4 Chaer, A. (2007). Linguistik umum, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, p. 32.
5 Yule, G. (1988). The Study of Language, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 3.
this case will not change anything because each human has way to communicate.6 Hence in this case, language is very important in life and language will not be free from human. In doing communication, people may not realize that spoken or written sentences also carry a function.7 However, the hearer may get confused if people speak without a purpose. It means that the language function leads the hearers to achieve the purpose of someone‟s speech.
Sri Devi Arista and Sri Minda Murni propound that function of language refers to things the speakers do with their language in communication and it could be seen in the film likes; agreeing, greeting, giving command, taking leave, describing, asking for information, etc.8 in the film the language function emphasizes the interaction of both speaker and listener. This function is clear in daily conversation. For example, in interactional spoken discourse are debate, interview, and discussion; while written discourse in interaction is like correspondence with friends, and polemic.9 It means that the functions of language in the film include expressive, directive, phatic, poetic, referential, and metalinguistic function and language function emphasizes the interaction of both speaker and listener.
The researcher is interested to analyze White House Down’s film as the object of research and film script as the source of data because there are many languages
6 Victoria Fromkin, et al, Op.Cit, p. 326.
7 Mesthrie, B. (2011). The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 159.
8 Arista, S. D., and Murni, S. M. (2011). “Language Functions Used by the Main Character in Sherlock Holmes II: A Game of Shadows Movie”, Journal is partial fulfillment of the requirement for degree of Sarjana Sastra, p. 84.
9 Holmes, J. (2001). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, London: Pearson Education Limited, p. 337.
function that used by the main characters in the White House Down’s film because of they done a good communication used language function both Jhon Cale and President Sawyer could get out from the white house down. In that film the researcher interest with the ways the main characters lead each other to achieve the purpose of their speech to get out from the white house that under attack at that time. Language itself consist of some functions which are to give information, deliver massage, express feelings, persuade people and share opinion. White House Down also is one of the attractive and interesting‟s film. White House Down is a 2013 American political action thriller film directed by Roland Emmerich.10 This film has wonderful story because this is real-life film where this film tells story of Washington under attack.
White House Down is an action movie. White House Down had awards and nominations for some events and categories in independent day. White House Down gained recognition and won numerous honors, including: White House Down was well-received critically and earned more than 205.4 million worldwide at the box office, it won the 2013 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Motion Picture, received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Chutzpah Award nominations at the 80th Academy Awards. 11
There are some possible problems that occasionally happen related to language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich where There is a man detonates a bomb at the center of the US Capitol
10 Rotten, “White House Down”, https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/white_house_down/,
accessed on 1 Septermber 2018 at 13.32
11 Powell, A. (2007). Deleuze, Altered States and Film, Edinburgh University Press Ltd, p. 3.
building causing the White House to be on lockdown. John Cale as military and Sawyer as president of US try to get out from the US Capitol building but they cannot make it. In this situation John Cale used language function to communicate with the President Sawyer when they tried to get out from the white house down. Expressive is one of Language function, Expressive means express the speaker‟s feelings. This function is oriented toward the addresser. It can be seen in the picture and dialogue below:
Picture 112
President Sawyer : I ain't doing that shit13
From the picture and dialogue above it can be known that President Sawyer as the speaker tried to convey his emotion the addressee. President Sawyer felt surprised with the condition when John Cale jump to other place and he must do the same thing President Sawyer uses another exclamation word “I ain't doing that shit” to emphasize the content of the message to addressee. It was also followed by the use of mimicry and certain intonation which belong to paralinguistic features. That is way this function being categorized into expressive.
12 Duration: 00:49:11,689 --> 00:49:13,179
13 Duration: 00:49:11,689 --> 00:49:13,179
Picture 214
Picture 315
John Cale : Run, Mr. President! 16
From the picture and dialogue above it can be known that John Cale as the speaker used the directive function to attempt the addressee to follow his command.
“Run, Mr. President!!” is one of the functions used by the speaker to convey his commands. He said so because he needed the particular reaction as it was oriented toward the addressee. It means this function categorized into directive.
Finally, based on the reasons above, the writer will analyze this thesis under the title “The Language Functions Used by the Main Characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich”.
14 Duration: 00:41:55,887 --> 00:41:57,946
15 Duration: 00:41:55,887 --> 00:41:57,946
16 Duration: 00:41:55,887 --> 00:41:57,946
1.2 Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background of the problems above, the writer makes the formulation of the problems arranged as follows:
1. What are the types of language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich?
2. How do the main characters use language functions in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich?
3. What are the effects of language functions toward main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich?
1.3 Limitation of the Problem
In this research, the writer focuses on language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich. While there are five types of language function used by main character, they are Expressive function, Directive function, referential function and metalinguistic function. The main characters in this research are James Sawyer and John Cale. Writer takes James Sawyer because he is the president and he need to be protected from the enemy and John Cale as the soldier which gives the protection to the president. The writer will take the dialogues and the pictures of James Sawyer and John Cale to answer of the problems.
1.4 Purpose of the Research
The purposes of the research are:
1. To find out the language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich.
2. To find out the main characters use language functions in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich.
3. To find out the effects of language functions toward main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich.
1.5 Significance of the Research
In this research, the writer would like to find out the language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich. The writer hopes this research will develop the writing ability and give additional information and knowledge to the writer and the readers, especially to the students and lectures English Literature Department wants to read and watch the film and even who wants to analyze the same film. The writer hopes this research will make other people easier to identify the benefits the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich and takes the positive side of this film. Last but not the last, this research can give contribution to the society, and it will be useful to the next researcher
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Language Functions
Language function is a language that is performed for social purposes.
According to Sri Devi Arista and Sri Minda Murni the functions of language can be divided into seven categories.17 Language was a part of speakers‟ life. It is the epitome of the speech sound system which used to communicate to the public. Good language develops based on a system, the set of rules followed by the speakers. Fundamentally, the using of language is not only as the medium of communication, to convey or deliver information, expression of thought, feeling, or ideas but the other side, language actually has many functions that wider.18 By knowing the function of language includes its purpose, its use, and what it does.
We can see according to some linguistics that that divides function of language into some kinds like Ronald Wardhaugh divides function of language into five functions.19 They are informational functional (this function uses language as a tool to carry information), expressive function (this function uses language to express the speaker„s feeling or attitude), directive function (uses language to influence the behavior or attitude of the hearer), aesthetic function (the use of language to create an
17 Sri Devi Arista and Sri Minda Murni, Op.Cit, p. 85.
18 Trudgill, P. (1984). Applied Sociolinguistics, London: Academic Press, p. 8.
19 Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction To Sociolinguistics, United Kingdon: Blackwell Publishing, p. 27.
8
aesthetic effect. It can be found in the poetry) and phatic function (it is used to maintaining social relationship).
2.2 Types of Language Functions
Jakobson in Janet Holmes classifies language functions into six types. They are expressive, directive, poetic, phatic, referential, and metalinguistic function. Those six types of language will be explained as follows:20
1. Expressive Function
Expressive function means express the speaker‟s feelings. This focuses on addresser; it means that a speaker addresses a message. The aim of expressive function is to convey the speaker‟s emotion or expression. The aim of a direct expression of the speaker‟s attitude toward what he is speaking about. It tends to produce an impression of a certain emotion whether true of feigned.21 It means that the addresser‟s own towards the content of the message is emphasized.
This also tells about the expressing pleasure, expressing displeasure, dislike, inquiring about interest, expressing surprise, expressing hope, expressing satisfaction, expressing dissatisfaction, inquiring about satisfaction and dissatisfaction, expressing disappointment, expressing fear or worry, expressing
20 Janet Holmes, Op.Cit, p. 337.
21 Janet Holmes, Ibid, p. 339.
inquiring about worry or fear, expressing want and desire, inquiring about want and desire.22
2. Directive Function
Directive function means attempt to get someone to do something. It means that language used for the purpose of causing (or preventing) overt action. This function is most commonly found in commands and requests.23 Directive function focuses on the addressee; it means that the speaker needs the reaction from the hearer or to make someone perform a particular action. The aim of directive function is to convey the speaker‟s commands.
This also tells about the expressing agreement and disagreement, denying something, accepting an offer or invitation, declining an offer or an invitation is accepted or declined, offering to do something, stating whether one knows or does not know about something or someone, inquiring whether something is considered possible or impossible, expressing capability or incapability, expressing whether something is considered a logical conclusion (deduction), expressing how certain and uncertain one is of something, inquiring whether others are obliged to do something, giving and seeking to do something, inquiring whether others have permission to do something, stating that permission it withheld.
22 Janet Holmes in Sri Devi Arista and Sri Minda Murni, Op.Cit, p. 84.
23 Janet Holmes, Op.Cit, p. 338.
3. Referential Function
Referential function means provide information. Essentially, referential function is the communication of information. This function affirms or denies propositions, as in science or the statement of fact. These sentences have a truth value; that is, the sentences are either true or false (recognizing, of course, that we might not know what that truth value is). Hence, they are important for logic.
Referential function focuses on the context; it means that referent or subject matter of discourse, and what it refers to. The aim referential function is to convey the information.
4. Metalinguistic Function
Metalinguistic function means comment on the language itself. This function is the use of language to discuss or describe itself. It focuses attention upon the code itself, to clarify it or negotiate it. This is the function of language about language. Metalinguistic function is also predominant in question like
“Sorry, what did you say?”, where the code is misunderstood and needs correction or clarification. The aim of metalinguistic function is to convey the code analysis.
5. Poetic Function
Poetic function means focus on aesthetic feature of language. It is in which the particular form chosen is the essence of the message. Messages convey more than just the content. They always contain a creative „touch‟ of our own. These additions have no purpose other than to make the messages „nicer‟. The word
poetic does not refer to the ability to write poetry, but the ability to manipulate language in a creative way. The aim of poetic function is to convey the pleasure.
6. Phatic Function
Phatic function means express solidarity and empathy with others. The phatic function helps to establish contact and refers to the channel of communication. It opens the channel or checking that it is working, either for social reason. This function is used for sociability. Therefore sometimes vernacular words used in this function. The phatic use of language is characteristic main lynn of speech, however, in a certain types of writing it can be also notices as in letters for example, where the beginning Dear Sir/Madam and ending Yours Faithfully also serve that purpose
Based on the explanations above it can be concluded that there are six types of language functions. The writer will use two both of them Expressive function and Directive function because these are always used by the main characters, so the writer will use this theory to find out language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich.
2.3 The Use of Language Function
Kierkegaard said that the use of language function for communicating can be divided into two ways, they are: the direct communicating and indirect communicating.24
1. Direct Communicating
Direct communication happens when a speaker‟s true intentions are communicated in his/her verbal message. It expresses the speaker‟s/sender‟s needs and desires explicitly. When a direct communicator wants or needs something, he/she will „come right out and say it‟. Direct communicators take the other speaker‟s words at face value: they will not analyze the message for underlying meaning. They value the effectiveness of short, direct answers, and expect and respect honesty and frankness.
Direct communication involves saying what a person thinks and feels, and it is marked by active listening and effective feedback. It is clear, straightforward, and involves the two-way, free-flowing sharing of thoughts, feelings, and ideas.
There is no pretense or hidden messages in direct communication; its purpose is quite simply to get or give information from one person or group of people to another. Direct communication is more common in areas that are considered low- context, which means they are more culturally diverse and emphasize such traits as individualism, independence, and self-reliance. People in such environments are
24 Pattison, G. (2010). “The Theory and Practice of Language and Communication in Kierkegaard‟s Upbuilding Discourses”, Journal of Mercer University, p. 85-87.
accustomed to encountering a wide range of people with differing communication styles, so the directness helps in accomplishing interactive tasks and making social connections.
2. Indirect communicating
Indirect communication happens when a speaker‟s true intentions are hidden. Indirect speakers will not make a direct statement or directly answer a question that might cause tension or result in an uncomfortable situation. They are more likely to say “maybe” or “possibly‟ when the true answer is “no”. Indirect communicators believe that being polite is more important than giving a true response; this belief is related to the concept of „saving face‟ to avoid hurting another person‟s self-esteem. Indirect communication is acting out rather than directly saying what a person is thinking or feeling using facial expressions, tone of voice, and/or gestures.
Indirect communications are another significant block to meaningful communication. Without direct, open patterns of communication, people cannot get to know each other successfully; what they do not know, they will make guesses about, the site says. And this, of course, lays the groundwork for making inaccurate guesses as to what an indirect communicator is trying to say.
Ultimately, having to analyze and infer the motives, meanings, and intentions of others discourages the growth of close relationships built on trust.
Based on the explanations above, it can be concluded that there are two ways to use the language function for communicating the message they are direct
communicating and indirect communicating. The writer will use this theory to find out the main characters use language functions in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich
2.4 The Effects of Language Function
Sarul Asdar said that there are three effects from using language function in life, it can be seen below: 25
1. Getting Knowledge
People can get knowledge when they do communication with the people around the world, because they can understand about a subject that they get by experience or study, either known by one person or by people generally. When the people have knowledge they can teach children, associates and friends.
People can learn from everything around them. It need not even be intentional but they need to catch it before it fades.
2. Giving Command
People can receive suggestion to make their life better, it could be for one person or a group of people to do the right things in life, it can be happened when they have communication each other. Brown and Yule also added the language function could give them suggestions, without language function people cannot give command to make progress in life. 26
25 Asdar, M. S. “An Analysis of Language Function in BPEC (Benteng Panynyua English Club) In Fort Rotterdam”, Skripsi: English and Literature Department Adab and Humanity Faculty Alauddin State Islamic University Makassar, p. 16.
26 Brown and Yule, (1983). Discourse Analysis, New York: Cambridge University Press, hlm.
2.
3. Asking for Information
People could receive information from other people when they do communication, Information is any entity or form that provides the answer to a question of some kind or resolves uncertainty. Information is conveyed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect. That which is perceived can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, information is always conveyed as the content of a message.
From the explanations above, it can be concluded that there are three effects from using language function in life. The writer will use this theory to find out the effects of language functions toward main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich.
2.5 Previous Related Research
The writer is the first research in English Literature Departement of Adab and Humanities Faculty UIN The State University Islamic Studies Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, who want to analyze about the language functions:
First, from English Study Program Language and Literature Department Faculty of Culture Studies University of Brawijaya, Jakarta 2011, they are Sri Devi Arista and Sri Minda Murni with the title “Language Functions Used By The Main Character in Sherlock Holmes II: A Game of Shadows Movie”.27 This research focussed the language functions used by the main character in “Sherlock Holmes”
27 Sri Devi Arista and Sri Minda Murni, Op.Cit, p. 84.
movie. The aims were to find the use of language functions and describe the dominant types of language functions used in “Sherlock Holmes” movie. The data were the dialogue of the main character in “Sherlock Holmes” movie in the first forty minutes of the movie. The research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research.
The findings show that there are six types of language functions used by the main character in “Sherlock Holmes” movie. They are expressive, directive, referential, metalinguistic, phatic, and poetic. The most dominant type of language function is metalinguistic. It means that the main character conveys code analysi s by asking questions to the people so that he might invent clue for the sake of his investigation.
Second, from English and Literature Department Adab and Humanity Faculty Alauddin State Islamic University Makassar, Jakarta 2017, he is Muh Syahril Asdar with the title “An Analysis of Language Function in BPEC (Benteng Panynyua English Club) In Fort Rotterdam”. 28 This research focused Language Function in BPEC (Benteng Panynyua English Club) in Fort Rotterdam. This research aimed to find out the types of Language Function. This research was actually conducted in order to make people understand about the function of language function that they used to communicate each other. This research based on Jacobson„s in Herbert theory about the language function. Then, this research was descriptive qualitative method.
The researcher used observation sheet as the instrument to find out the valid data. The findings showed that there were four types of language function and most dominant
28 Muh Syahril Asdar, Op.Cit, p. 4.
language function used in BPEC is referential. The participant only used Expressive function, Directive function, Phatic function and Referential function.
Third, from English Department the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Mahasaraswati University, 2013, she is Luh Ayu Andayani with the title
“An Analysis of Language Function Found in English Used by Receptionists in Bali Brasco”29. This research focused language functions used by receptionists in Bali Brasco. The subject of this study was four (4) receptionists working in morning, middle and afternoon shift. The researcher implemented a descriptive design in the study. The researcher concluded the language functions found in English used by receptionist in Bali Brasco were “ asking for information, giving situation, denying something, offering something, certain or uncertain, permission, expressing hope, repeating, suggestion, offering assistance , greeting and thanking . For examples
“receptionists used language function asking for information such as “body massage how long?”, “for the room separate or together? “, how many voucher do you have?”, where are you come from?”, “ what time you will do”?, how many person of you?”.
Besides, the teacher could apply the result of the study towards in teaching English In teaching and learning processand the result of this study can used as references who wanted to study about tourism industry especially about language functions used by receptionists
29Luh Ayu Andayani, Op.Cit, p. 6
From the preview related research above, most of them analyze about language function in the film, the same points of their research with the writer are in the theory and the method of the research and the method is analyzing about descriptive data such as writer or spoken, at the person who is observed in this research. The different of this research with them is the purposed of the research, where the writer focuses on language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s film by
Ronald Emmerich.
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
3.1 Design of Research
In writing this thesis, the writer used descriptive qualitative method that is suitable with the aim of this research. Qualitative research may be in descriptive form.
The data collected in the form of words as a descriptive explanation than a number.
The result of the research contains quotation from the data to illustrate and substantive the presentation. Descriptive research is a research which aims to describe a phenomenon accurately based on the characteristic of research, where the data are analyzed through interpreting, not statistical analysis. According to Denzin and Lincoln define:
“Qualitative research is multi method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study thing in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials-case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts-that describe routine and problematic moments and meaning in individuals‟ lives.”30
From the quotation above qualitative research is a method in focus, naturalistic approach to it is subject matter. It means that qualitative researchers study thing in
30 Denzin and Lincoln in Creswell, J. W. (1997). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design, (United States of America: California, p. 15.
their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
In collecting data, the writer uses the library research. The writer watched film and read the books, articles, journals, and cyber data, as the second data that relates to the topic. It is clear that those data collected by the writer in form of words or quotation that taken from the White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich and other sources. Descriptive is: “Data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-kata, gambar dan bukan angka-angka, hal itu disebabkan oleh penerapan metode kualitatif.”31 Umar stated that “Di dalam penelitian kualitatif yang mana tidak didasarkan pada sampel statistik, namun pencarian fakta dengan interpretasi yang tepat dalam meneliti status sekelompok manusia, suatu objek, suatu set kondisi, suatu sistem pemikiran ataupun suatu kelas peristiwa pada masa sakarang”.32
In this theory, qualitative research in research procedures which produce descriptive data as spoken words of the person or behavior being researched. Moh Nazir stated that “Metode deskriptif adalah ini bertujuan untuk membuat deskripsi, gaambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, faktual dan akurat mengenai fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat serta hubungan antar fenomena yang diselidiki”33. It makes easy the research to get the right data. It means that qualitative method is analyzing about descriptive data who are used documentation in this research, by using this qualitative
19.
31 Sugiyono, (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D,Bandung: Alfabeta, p.
32 Umar, (2011). Metode Penelitian Untuk Sekripsi dan Tesis Bisnis, Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, p. 22.
33 Nazir, M. (2011). Motode Penelitian, Bogor: Pnerbit Ghalia Indonesia, p. 54.
method, the writer felt easy to analyze the film. It means that, qualitative method used to get the deep meaning from the data. It will make easy the research to get the right data. Sugiyono stated that:
“Metode penelitian kualitatif adalah metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi objek yang alamiah, (sebagai lawanya adalah eksperimen) dimana peneliti adalah sebagai instrument kunci, teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan secara triangulasi (gabungan), analisis data bersifat induktif/kualitatif, dan hasil penelitian kualitatif lebih menekankan makna dari pada generalisasi”.34
It means that qualitative method is analyzing about descriptive data such as writer or spoken, at the person who is observed in this research, where qualitative method also analyzing about the data from outside which the data still not right. By using this qualitative method, the writer felt easy to analyze the film. Based on those statements, it can be concluded that qualitative research is analyzing about descriptive data that is collected is in the form of the situation of the natural object. Where descriptive data such as writer or spoken, by using qualitative research a researcher will have a rice answer about the question in analyzing the language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich.
3.2 Source of the Data
The source of the data in this research the writer took data from the White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich. White House Down was well-received critically and earned more than 205.4 million worldwide at the box office, it won the 2013 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Motion Picture, received two nominations at the
34 Sugiyono, Op.Cit, p. 9
65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Chutzpah Award nominations at the 80th Academy Awards. The writer downloaded the film from Movie. Com and the writer took the script from Subscane. Com. The writer used the dialogues and the pictures from the film to find out the language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich.
3.3 Technique of Data Collection
In other get the information in this research, writer used library research. The writer used documentation technique to get the data because the data was written, as Sugiyono stated “Dokumen merupakan catatan peristiwa yang sudah berlalu.
Dokumen bisa berbentuk tulisan, gambar atau karya-karya monumental dari seseorang”.35
There are some steps of the technique of the data collection that will be done by the writer in this research, these are:
1. Collections all data from the film that has been taken from scrip film and other sources which are closely related to the aim of the research and also watching repeatedly and comprehensively for some senses, dialogues, and symbol that exist in the White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich and articles in the cyber data as many as possible which show a form of problem.
2. Reading the data repeatedly, after getting all important sources, the writer read it to make sure that the data are correlating with the research.
35 Sugiyono, Ibid, p. 240
3. Marking on the words or sentences and all the important statements and information, as well as afterwards, making a note of data. After reading the sources carefully, the writer marked any important statements to make the writer easier in the analyzing process for the research.
4. Identifying and classifying the data, after finding all the data completely, the writer processed the data to analyze them. Finally, the writer made a good arrangement for the thesis itself as the last in finalizing research.
4.4 Technique of Data Analysis
The writer has several techniques from the data analysis, in order to make this research more specific. In qualitative research, technique analysis data is used to answer the formulation of the problem.36 In analysis the data, the writer used a technique of data analysis. In this thesis, the writer uses documentation technique descriptive analysis because this research is descriptive. It is why the writer described, analyzed the data that has been found in the White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich to find the answer the formulation of the problem that have been formulated. The steps of techniques of data analysis were:
1. Identifying
The writer identified the data and made the assumption or finds the language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich.
36 Sugiyono, Ibid,p. 243
2. Classifying the data
The writer classified the text of language functions used by the main characters which had correlated with the source and combined in the film.
3. Analyzing, describing, explaining
The writer analyzed, described and explained the data about language functions used by the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich.
4. Making the Conclusion
After all the data had been analyzing, describing and explaining in the research, the writer made the conclusion of the research.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Finding
In the White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich used as the sources of the data, there were six types of language function according to Jacobson‟s Theory but the writer just found five types of language functions, they were: expressive function, directive function, referential function, metalinguistic function and phatic function that used by the main characters. There were 8 (eight) data indicated as expressive function, 17 (seventeen) data indicated as directive function, 1 (one) referential function, 3 (three) as indicated as metalinguistic function and 1 (one) data indicated as the phatic function. Moreover the writer found the directive function as the most data more than other the types of language functions. It because in the film the main characters more dominant used command to the other character to get out from the white house that under attack at that time.
As the ways of use language function, the writer found 2 (two) ways that used by the main characters. They were direct communication and indirect communication while the data showed the main characters used many direct communications more than indirect communication when they do a communication. For the effect of language functions the writer found 3 (one) effects they were getting knowledge giving command and asking for the information. Where one of the effects was giving command. Command was form suggestion from Jhon Cale who make their life save from the enemy.
4.2 Analysis
4.2.1 Types of Language Functions Used by the Main Characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich
The function of language that used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film helped them to achieve the purpose of language itself where Jhon Cale and President Sawyer try do a communication used language function to helped them go out from the White House that under attack at that time. There were some language function used by Jhon Cale and President Sawyer some of them are: Expressive function, Directive Function, Referential function, Metalinguistic Function and phatic function. After collecting the data, the writer then analyses the data based on the types that are showed below:
1. Expressive Function
Expressive function means express the speaker feeling. This only focused to the addresser which means direct expression of the speaker attitude toward what he is speaking about. It happened both of President Sawyer and Jhon Cale. It can be seen in the explanation below:
Picture 137
37 Duration: 00:41:30,361 --> 00:41:34,331
Jhon Cale : Oh, sh... That's the library Don't go in there. Just...Oh, this is so stupid. 38
From the picture and dialogue above showed about the Jhon Cale as a speaker tried to convey his emotion. It proved with their speaking “Oh, sh...
That's the library Don't go in there. Just...Oh, this is so stupid.” That is suitable with the Expressive function that express what the speaker felt. It happened when Jhon cale tried to find her daughter in the capitol building that was under attack at the same time he also heard the conversation of the enemy in the earphone that President Sawyer also in the threat. When Jhon Cale should choose who he helped first between his daughter and Mr. President then he choosing the president then the speaker used exclamation word “oh, sh..” to express his feeling. It was also followed by use of mimicry and certain intonation which belong to paralinguistic features. That is way this function being categorized into expressive.
Picture239 Jhon Cale : that was close. Shit40
38 Duration: 00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:38,927
39 Duration: 00:39:35,613 --> 00:39:36,910
From the picture and dialogues above showed about Jhon cale express his feeling with the words “that was close. Shit” it happened when he tried to find her daughter and that time he met the enemy and shoot pistol to him, then the missile concerning to the hand phone of Jhon cale. It can be seen in the explanation below:
Jhon Cale : Shit. I'm empty42
Picture 341
From the picture and dialogue above told about what Jhon cale felt.
Used expressive function to communicate her inner state and her emotion of the addresser “ Shit. I‟m empty sentence used as exclamation with follow with his mimicry and some feature of paralinguistic. It happen when he wanted to shot the enemy with his pistol but his pistol there was no missile.
Picture 443
40 Duration: 00:39:43,822 --> 00:39:47,758
41 Duration: 00:42:23,982 --> 00:42:25,142
42 Duration: 00:42:25,350 --> 00:42:27,284
President Sawyer: Jesus! Oh, my God44
From the picture and dialogue above showed about President Sawyer who expresses his feeling. It happened when he tried to found the phone that save in his room. He will use it to call Carol to announce that he still life and give his position in that capitol building at that time he detected by the enemy.
The enemy tried to shoot him. He expressed his feeling with come right out
“Jesus! Oh my God”. While this expression categorized into expressive function.
From the picture and dialogues above can be conclude that there are expressive function that used by the main characters in White House Down’s Film by Ronald Emmerich. It happened when Cale should choose what he should help first between President Sawyer and his daughter. He decided to help president Sawyer with used exclamation word “oh, sh..” to express his feeling. It also happened when the pistol there was no missile.
2. Directive function
Directive function means attempt to get someone to do something. In this case the main character was President Sawyer and Jhon Cale as the speaker needed the reaction from the hearer to make someone perform a particular reaction. The aim of directive function is to convey President
43 Duration: 01:58:16,463 --> 01:58:20,126
44 Duration: 01:58:16,463 --> 01:58:20,146
Sawyer and Jhon Cale as the speaker‟s command. It can be seen in the explanation below:
Picture 545 Jhon Cale : Can you please just open it?
Emely : For me? What is it?
Jhon Cale : It's a pony, baby. I don't...Come on, for me, please just...
Emely : These are White House passes46
From the picture and dialogues above showed about Jhon Cale asked his daughter to open the envelope. Jhon Cale as the speaker used the directive function to attempt the addressee to follow his command. “Can you please just open it?” is one of the functions used by the speaker to convey his command.
He said so because he wanted particular reaction from the addressee.
Picture 647 Jhon Cale : Move! Move! Move! Move!
Let's go, let's go, let's go! Stand behind me and do what I
45 Duration: 00:11:47,046 --> 00:11:48,980
46 Duration: 00:12:01,761 --> 00:12:03,285
47 Duration: 00:42:03,528 --> 00:42:05,291
say48
From the picture and dialogue above, Jhon Cale as the speaker tried to give his command to the addressee in this case Mr. President as the addressee.
Jhon cale asked Mr. President to follow his command because he want President Sawyer act and give the reaction to do his command. That is way it categorized into Directive function because is to convey the Jhon Cale Command to President Sawyer
Picture 749
Cale : No, not that way! They're up there! 50
From the picture and dialogue above explain about Jhon cale and Mr.
President that want run from the enemy then Mr. President run to the wrong way who there are enemy in the journey of President Sawyer then Jhon Cale asked President Sawyer for did not run into the wrong way the command of Jhon cale to Mr. president categorized into Directive function.
48 Duration: 00:42:15,206 --> 00:42:17,902
49 Duration: 00:42:35,126 --> 00:42:36,150
50 Duration: 00:42:36,861 --> 00:42:38,488
Picture 851 President Sawyer : Elevator's here, let's go! 52
From the picture and dialogue above showed about the command of Presideny Sawyer to run to the elevator it include to the expressive function that seeking to affet the behavior the addressee in this situation President Sawyer as the addresser and Jhon Cale as the addressee. President Sawyer wanted Jhon Cale to direct to do what he wanted. That is way the function categorized into Directive function.
Picture 953
President Sawyer: Get your hands off my Jordans! 54
51 Duration: 00:42:35,126 --> 00:42:36,150
52 Duration: 00:43:13,531 --> 00:43:15,294
53 Duration: 01:03:54,738 --> 01:03:58,037
From the picture and dialogue above explained about President Sawyer under attack and he tried to move and release himself from the enemy. He successes to shoot that enemy but in the sometime when he want to take his shoes back the enemy hold his Jordan at the time he command the enemy to get the enemy hands from his shoes.
3. Referential function
Referential function means provide or convey information. This function is oriented toward the context. It means President Sawyer and Jhon Cale as the speaker carry the information about their speaking. Referential function focuses on the context, it means that referent or subject matter of discourse, and what it refer to.
Picture 1055
President Sawyer : Do you know that Abraham Lincoln was the first U.S. president who was in favor of women having the vote? He wrote a paper on suffrage while he was still in the Illinois legislature
Carol : Yes, I did know that because you tell me every time we do this56
54 Duration: 01:03:54,738 --> 01:03:58,403
55 Duration: 00:01:58,725 --> 00:01:59,817
56 Duration: 00:02:51,278 --> 00:02:54,247
From the picture and dialogues above, President Sawyer as the speaker conveyed the information to show the fact to the addressee about Abraham Lincoln was the first US president who was in favor of women having the vote.
It was suitable with the meaning of referential function that had the function to provide information. President Sawyer as the speaker carried information to the addressee.
4. Metalinguistic Function
Metalinguistic function means comment on the language itself which is used to discuss or describe, focuses attention upon the code itself, to clarify or negotiate it. It means that President Sawyer and Jhon Cale used Metalinguistic function to clarify or negotiate. It can be seen in the explanation below:
Picture 1157
Jhon Cale : So how is your blog coming along?
Emely : Nobody says "blog" anymore, John58
From the picture and dialogue about showed that Jhon Cale focused on the code analysis by asking the question to dig the information from his daughter. The speaker thought by asking the question he might find something
57 Duration: 00:15:19,625 --> 00:15:22,355
58 Duration: 00:15:22,528 --> 00:15:24,792
as a clue or answered her question. From the reason, that sentence is categorized into metalinguistic function.
Picture 1259 Jhon Cale : Are you okay?
President Sawyer : yeah60
From the picture and dialogues above showed about Jhon Cale make sure that President Sawyer in good condition after they have attacked by the enemy. The metalinguistic function is focusing attention upon the code itself, to clarify it Jhon cale clarify it with used the question “Are you okay?” to the President Sawyer.
Picture 1361
Carol : Go down the hallway. That should be the entrance to the c atacombs
Jhon Cale : Are you sure?
59 Duration: 01:04:26,236 --> 01:04:27,760
60 Duration: 01:04:34,978 --> 01:04:38,436
61 Duration: 01:12:05,395 --> 01:12:08,762
Carol :Yes, I'm sure, You should then be in a big oval room. There'll be five tunnels Take the second tunnel, follow it all the way out and we'll be waiting. We found it 62
From the picture and dialogues above explained Carol give a clue to Jhon Cale where the road heading out of the white house down. But Jhon Cale still doubt about the information who gave by Carol. Jhon Cale tried to make sure that information was true then he asked the question “are you sure” to clarify the information. That is way this function categorized into metalinguistic function.
5. Phatic Function
Phatic function means express solidarity and empathy with other. The Phatic function helped the main characters in White House Down’s film by Ronald Emmerich to establish contact and refers to the channel of communication. It opens the channel or checking that it is working.
Picture 1463 President Sawyer : Pretty please, Carol?
Carol :Leader of the free world saying "pretty
please"?President Sawyer: That ought to count for something64
62 Duration: 01:12:08,931 --> 01:12:10,694
63 Duration: 00:01:58,725 --> 00:01:59,817
64 Duration: 00:02:02,462 --> 00:02:04,327
