REFERENCE IN EYESHIELD 21 COMIC BOOK
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department of UNIMED Medan In Partial as Fulfillment of the Requirement for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
BY
FATHUR RAHIEM
Registration Number 2103220015
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, first and foremost the writer would like to express his
praises to Allah SWT for the strengths, blessings, and guidance which have been
given to him in completing this thesis. This Thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the
requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at the English Department,
Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
This Thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the
help of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable
assistances in the preparation and completion of this Thesis. The writer’s special
appreciation goes to:
Siregar, M.Ed., the Head of English Education Department.
Dra. Sortha Silitonga, M.Pd., the Writer’s Thesis Supervisor. Dra. Tjut Ernidawati, M.Pd., the Writer’s Academic Counsellor.
All Lecturers who have taught and given contribution of knowledge to him.
Mam Eis who have helped the writer in providing the academic
administration.
The writer’s greatest family, his Mother, the lovable, Mrs. Fitryani, and
his Father, the greatest man and the truly inspiring, Mr. Rahimuddin, and
his little brother, Fazal Rahiem for their endless love, prayers, advises,
and encouragement and also to his little sister, Shadrina Syifa Rahiem.
because when he felt down, their love will always give him strength in
facing all complications happened in his life.
The Writer’s special best friend Callisza Nathassya Yolanda for being
stubborn and never give up to support him every moment, for lovely and
kindly to tell him to finish his thesis.
The Writer’s friends Jaka Sampoerna and M. Afdillah Damanik for the
friendship, hospitality, and moral support. Thanks for teaching him to
appreciate the little things.
The Writer’s colleagues: Adrian Rasyqi, Budiman Sitohang, David
Christian Sinaga, Gelora Girsang, Yohana Ginting, Pulungan
Nababan, Johanri Situmeang, Irwan Syahputra, Ali Muis Dongoran,
Adi Putra Wijaya, Ika Sapitriani, Christin S Manroe, Mariati
Sembiring, Agatha Christy, for the friendship, kindness, help, nice
discussions, and for all the fun and happy memories they shared. He
treasures them and will never forget.
All of the Writer’s friends in Applied Linguistics A and B 2010, for
studying together in classroom, gossiping around and having delicious
ABSTRACT
Rahiem, Fathur. 2014. Reference in Eyeshield 21 Comic Book. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
The objectives of this research were to find out the three types of reference, namely: Personal Reference, Demonstrative Reference, and Comparative Reference and the dominant one used in Eyeshield 21 Comic book. And also to find out the three pattern of using reference, namely: Anaphoric Reference, Cataphoric Reference, and Exophoric Reference and the dominant one used in Eyeshield 21 Comic book. This research was conducted by using quantitative descriptive design. It took five chapters of Eyeshield 21 comic book taken from the Internet. The result of analyzing found three types of of reference and the use reference were used in the chapters of Eyeshield 21 comic book, they were: Personal Reference, Demonstrative Reference, Comparative Reference. Also Anaphoric Reference, Cataphoric Reference, and Comparative Reference. The total of Personal Reference was 40.8% (402 items), Demonstrative Reference was 31.2% (307 items), and Comparative Reference was 6.1% (60 items). The total of Anaphoric Reference was 8.5% (84 items), Cataphoric Reference was 3.2% (32 items), and Exophoric Reference was 10.2% (101 items). It means that Personal Reference is the most dominant type of reference used in Eyeshield 21 comic book selected chapters with 40.8%. and the most dominant use of reference is Exophoric Reference with 10.2%. Personal Reference is dominant because by using the personal reference in Eyeshield 21 comic book make the reader easy to find the cohesion related to the characters and the purpose of the story each chapter. Besides that the medium used in this research was a comic book that contain of dialog not a paragraph like a novels. Exophoric Reference is dominant because In a dialog its a common the speaker adressess something that revers to the outside of content, in other hand it can be recoverable from the environment of the text.Because of that in the dialog especially in these five destination chapters of Eyeshield 21 exophoric is the dominant pattern.
iv
2. Demonstrative Reference ... 11
v
G. Eyeshield 21 Comic Book ... 16
H. Riichiro Inagaki ... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 19
A. Research Design ... 19
B. Source of Data ... 19
C. Technique of Collecting Data ... 19
D. Technique of Analyzing Data ... 20
CHAPTER IV DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 24
A Data ... 24
B Data Analysis ... 24
C Research Findings ... 35
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 38
A. Conclusions ... 38
B. Suggestions ... 39
REFERENCES ... 40
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Personal Reference ... 10
Table 2.2 Demonstrative Reference ... 11
Table 3.1 The Types and Use of Reference in Eyeshield 21 (Sample) ... 22
Table 3.2 The Number of Types and Use of Reference (Sample) ... 23
Table 3.3 The Percentage of The Types of Reference (Sample) ... 23
Table 3.4 The Percentage of The Use of Reference (Sample) ... 24
Table 4.1 The Data ... 25
Table 4.2 The Number of Types and Use of Reference ... 26
Table 4.3 The Percentage of The Types of Reference ... 27
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
Language plays a vital role in human life and nobody can deny it.
Language is a means of communication, a kind of social tool which is essential for
human to interact socially with the society. As human beings, people need it to
express their emotions, ideas, feelings, beliefs and thoughts to other people either
in spoken or written. Thus, it can rightly be said that language fulfilled the basic
human need of talking and enabled human to depend on others for its various
needs in other to live. If there were no language, human civilization would have
remained impossibility. Language is a purely special gift of God to human beings.
In order to deliver ideas, thoughts, feelings, emotions, people need media where
people can express or share their ideas. The media that can be used as a medium
as literary work.
Literary work is a result from the people who already express or shere
their ideas, feelings, thoughts and emotions and put it into a book or a piece of
paper. There are many examples of literary work such as : Poem, novel, legend,
myth, comic and others.
Comic book is one of literary work which have a complete plot story
from the beginning until the end of the story and have a drawing picture as the
addition beside the story and to make it different from another literary work. As a
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book has an important function to entertain the readers with the story inside the
comic book. Just like another books, comic book have a lot of genre such as :
sport, love, war, teen, battle, social, health, magic, super power, comedy and
others.
Eyeshield 21 is one of sport comic book that can be found in book
store in Medan. Originally, Eyeshield 21 created in Japan as the country with a
excellent skill in making a comic book using Japanese language, but now the
comic book has already translate into various language include English for
universal readers and Bahasa for Indonesian readers. In Japan, they have a little
bit different name of comic book, their people call it Manga comic book. This
comic book is good for readers who love sport, challenge, never give up, hard
working, comedy and friendship because readers can find all of that in this comic
book. As a sport comic book with different author with another sport comic
books, Eyeshield 21 has its own characteristics and different language used
compare with another sport comic books which make this comic book become
more interesting and to attract reader’s attention.
In fact, there are many readers hard to recognize the purpose of the story each
chapter, to see how a text is organized in each chapter, to understand the
connection between one sentence or utterance to another sentences or utterance,
and to get the main idea of the story in each chapter. Sometimes the readers read a
text separately or skipped a text. The readers with a good vocabulary and more
information about the text can overcome with these problem. But the problem
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they will find themself confused in understanding an English text if they find a
repetition words in the text. By knowing reference they can overcome this
problem because they can understand a text easily and get the writer’s main idea
and the whole plot of the story.
Reference is functionally defined as a participant or circumstantial
element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for
something that follows (Halliday, 1994 : 309). The participant that usually refers
is not only person, but it can also a tools, a person’s character, ability of someone,
or the other creature.Based on definition, it is no necessary to repeat the
participant or circumstantial element which has been stated before. In written text,
repetition of the participant or circumstatial element is useless. The repetition
word is not efficience because the repetition word is a way to appear a boring in
reader’s mind and than if there are too many repetition word in the text will
confuse the reader, especially the beginner one so it make the reader hard to
understand the text.
In writing a comic book, sometimes the author used a word twice and repeats it
again in the next line. Meanwhile, the reader wants read simply and fast, ini this
situation the author needs to use reference as the way to avoid misunderstanding.
The using of reference can minimalist the word repetition when the author write a
text. Here the writer wants to convey a research of the type and use of reference in
4
B. The Problem of The Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems of this study are
formulated as following.
1. What types of Reference can be found in Eyeshield 21 comic book?
2. What types of Reference is dominantly used in Eyeshield 21 comic
book?
3. What use of reference is dominantly used in Eyeshield 21 comic book?
C. The Objective of The Study
In relation to the problems, the objective of this study are.
1. to derive the several types of Reference which are used in Eyeshield 21
comic book.
2. to determine the most Reference types which are used in Eyeshield 21
comic book.
3. to derive the dominant pattern of reference which are used in Eyeshield
21 comic book.
D. The Scope of The Study
Eyeshield 21 comic book is a sport drawing story book that focus to
entertaint the reader. Originally this comic book using Japanese language, but now
these books has been translated into various language include English language
5
in English language. The study focused to describe the types and the uses of
reference according to Halliday and Hasan.
E. The Significance of The Study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful for
1. The students especially the student of English department to enlarge their
knowledge about reference. It is hoped by knowing reference help them to
understand the meaning of the text easily.
2. The readers in order to get more information about reference especially
those used inEyeshield 21 comic book.
3. The researchers, this study can inspire them to conduct a more in depth
research in order to have a better knowledge in understanding reference in
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. A Conclusion
After analyzing the data, conclusion are drawn as the following :
1. From the three types of reference proposed by Halliday and
Hasan, all of that types are found in the destination chapters of
Eyeshield 21 comic book. The total of personal reference was
52%, demonstrative reference was 40%, and comparative
reference was 8%. The most dominant type of reference is
personal reference from the total term of reference in the five
destination chapters.
2. Three patterns of uses reference are found in these five
destination chapters of Eyeshield 21 comic book. The total of
anaphoric reference was 38.7%, cataphoric reference was
14.8%, and exophoric reference was 46.5%. The most
dominant pattern is exophoric reference from the total term of
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B. Suggestion
In relation to the conclusion, suggestion are staged as the following :
1. A writer and author to avoid the using of reduplication word
when they write a text, because by knowing reference help
them to deliver their ideas easily and make their text more
easily understood and interesting.
2. The students of English Department should develop and
increase their knowledge about application reference in some
media such as comic, novel, magazine, etc.
3. Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis
REFERENCES
Brown, G. And Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Gerot, L. and Wingnel. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney:
Southwood Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar First Edition.
London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second Edition.
London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion In English. London: Longman.
Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, C. 2004. Introduction to Functional Grammar
Third Edition. Great Britain: Edward Arnold.
Knap, P. and Watkins, M. 2005. Genre, Text, Grammar : Technologies for
teaching and assessing writing. Australia: University of New South Wales Press.
Oliver, P. 2004. Writing Your Thesis. London: SAGE Publications.
Pardiyono. 2007. Pasti Bisa!! Teaching Genre-Based Writing. Yogyakarta: Andi.
Saragih, A. 2004. Discourse Analysis: A Systematic Functional Approach: The
Analysis of Texts. Medan: UNIMED. Unpublished.
Thompson, G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar Second Edition. Republic
of China: Edward Arnold.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic accessed on January 25th 2014
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeshield_21 accessed on January 25th 2014
http://read.mangashare.com/Eyeshield-21 accessed on December 13rd 2013
http://eyeshield21.wikia.com/wiki/Teikoku_Alexanders accessed on March 5th
2014
