UNIT SHIFT IN SPIDERMAN 2 ENGLISH MOVIE TEXT AND THE BAHASA INDONESIA SUBTITLING TEXT.

i

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Attainment of a

Sarjana

Sastra

degree in English Language and Literature

By

Hanif Kurnianto

10211144010

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

BAHASA INDONESIA SUBTITLING TEXT

A Thesis

Rv

- J

First Supervisor,

Asruddin B. Iou, Ph. D

NIP. 195402081977021001

11

Second Supervisor,

Yosa

A.

Aizuhdy

M.

urn

A Thesis

By

Hanif Kumianto

10211144010

Accepted by the Board of the Examiners of Faculty of Languages and Arts,

Yogyakarta State University on October 29, 2015 and declared to have fultilled the

requirement for the attainment of a

Sarjana Saslra degree in English Language and

Literature.

Position

Chairperson

Secretary

First Examiner

Second Examiner

Board

of Examiners

Name

Andy Bayu Nugroho, M.Hum.

Yosa

A.

Alzuhdy, M.Hum.

Suhaini

M.

Saleh,

MA

Asruddin B. Tou, Ph.D.

Signature

Yogyakarta, October 29, 2015

NIM

Program Studi

Fakultas

: 10211144010

: Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

: Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekeIjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang

pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain,

kecuali bagian-bagian tertentu yang saya ambil sebagai acuan dengan mengikuti tata

cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang lazim.

Apabila temyata terbukti bahwa pemyataan

ini

tidak benar, sepenuhnya menjadi

tanggung jawab saya.

Yogyakarta, Oktober 2015

Hanif Kumianto

v

Tak ada yang jatuh dari langit dengan

cuma-cuma. Semua adalah usaha dan doa

Hidup adalah perjuangan tanpa henti-henti

Prasetya-vi

I truthfully dedicate this simple paper to my

beloved parents, Mr. Sudarto and Mrs. Siti

Sarwendah whose continuous love, care, and

support have taught me to always believe in the

vii

of Allah SWT. Thereby, I truly want to deliver my thanks to people who dedicate the

best things so much, and they are:

1. my father (Mr. Sudarto, S.Pd.) & my mom (Mrs. Siti Sarwendah, S.Pd.)

who have given the great support and the endless prayers to me to

accomplish this writing;

2. Drs. Asruddin B. Tou, M.A., Ph.D. & Mr. Yosa A. Al Zuhdy, S.S.,

M.Hum., my thesis supervisors who have vacated their time to share a lot

of precious knowledge and given the best guidance to me;

3.

Om & Tante

(Drs. Rubiyanto and Mrs. Dian Budi Wijayawati, S.E.), who

have shared a lot of advices and been my life mentors for the sake of my

life s successfulness in the future;

viii

grow older later;

5. someone special who is also as my partner for quarreling in the romantic

sense, Vebbika Hana Alvanik, and, who

Insya Allah

will be with me

through the joy and pain for the rest of my life;

6. my childhood buddies, Andhika Putra and Andhika Ony Putra, for the

craziness that is still freely floating in my mind until today, who are still

striving to finish their thesis as soon as possible;

7. my friends in the Faculty of Languages and Arts whose names I cannot

mention one by one, for their assistance that makes it impossible for me to

pay them back;

ix

Yogyakarta, October 29, 2015

x

APPROVAL SHEET ...ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ...iii

PERNYATAAN...iv

MOTTOS ...v

DEDICATIONS...vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...x

LIST OF FIGURES ...xiii

LIST OF TABLES ...xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...xiv

ABSTRACT...xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...1

A. Background of the Research ...1

B. Research Focus...4

C. Formulation of the Problem ...6

D. Objectives of the Research...6

E. Research Significances...6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW...8

xi

6. Notions of Meaning...17

7. Meaning Equivalence...19

8. Notions of Language Levels ...20

B. Notions of Film and Subtitling...26

C. Previous Researches...28

D. Conceptual Framework and Analytical Construct ...29

1. Conceptual Framework ...29

2. Analytical Construct...31

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...33

A. Type of Research...33

B. Data and the Sources of Data...34

C. Research Instruments ...34

D. Procedure...35

1. Data Collection...35

2. Data Analysis ...36

E. Data Trustworthiness ...38

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...40

A. The Kinds of the Unit Shifts ...41

1. Categorization of Upward Unit Shifts...41

a. Word into Phrase...42

b. Phrase into Clause ...46

c. Phrase into Sentence...46

d. Clause into Sentence...47

2. Categorization of Downward Unit Shifts...48

a. Sentence into Phrase...49

b. Sentence into Word ...53

c. Phrase into Word...54

xii

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS...67

A. Conclusions ...67

B. Suggestions...69

REFERENCES...71

xiii

Figure 2: Analytical Construct...32

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1: The Type of Dependent Clauses...24

Table 2: The Example of Data Sheet ...37

Table 3: The Types of Unit Shift ...41

Table 4: The Occurrence of Upward Unit Shifts ...41

Table 5: The Occurrence of Downward Unit Shifts ...48

xiv

SL

: Source Language

TL

: Target Language

C

: Complete Meaning

I

: Increase Meaning

D

: Decrease Meaning

xv

NOPNNNQQONO

I K ?> RI S>

The focus of this research is to observe and study the phenomena of unit shifts

that exist in

Spiderman 2

s English text and Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text. There

were two objectives discussed in this research, (1) to describe the types of unit shift

that occur in

Spiderman 2

s Indonesian subtitle, (2) to describe the extent to which

the unit shifts affect the meaning equivalence in the two texts.

The descriptive qualitative research was the method in this study. The data

were the compilation of unit analysis that had been written in the form of table. One

unit analysis was expressed by one datum. The realizations of the data are mostly

phrase units occurring in clause units and or sentences units. The research s

instruments involved the researcher, data sheets, as well as correlated references. To

get data trustworthiness the researcher consulted and observed the data analysis and

research s findings for many times with the research s consultants.

The findings describe that there were two types of unit shift, namely upward

unit shift and downward unit shift. The total of their shifting cases were one hundred

and seventy four occurrences. The upward unit shift showed eighteen cases or ten

point thirty four percent. Meanwhile the downward unit shift showed one hundred

and fifty six cases or eighty nine point sixty six percent. Non linguistic factor mostly

affected the unit shift occurrences in this research. The factor that influences upward

unit shift s occurrences was that the translator often added several words initiatively

in elucidating the meaning of specific parts from original text which are changed into

translated version. On the other side, the attempt to make the simplification of some

translation results through relevant meaning delivery within several texts was the

factor that triggered downward unit shift to occur the most. In terms of meaning

equivalence, the complete meaning equivalence became the most occurrences

existing with one hundred and forty six cases or eighty three point ninety two percent.

The least occurrences existing were the increase meaning equivalence with six cases

or three point forty four percent.

1

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h †` ZY Y dl ]X V^ ca gY X` g^Y V[[c_ ga Y` ] ‡ˆ‰Š‹Œ Ž  rZ` ZXZ sa eVa]Xg Z

“” •– —˜™š ›œš›š ž– š ˜ › Ÿ  š ¡˜  ¢š¡   £ Ÿ›¡š – ™¢¢ ›¤š š ˜ › ¥ ›™  ¦

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É Ÿºš š¨› ”

2

” •–ž›¡ ¤¹ º ›š˜ ››œš›šš –—˜   ¤˜š ˜ ›Ÿ  š¡˜  ¢š¡™¢¢ ›¤šš˜ ›¥ ›™  ¦

›£ Ÿ §™¨ › ¤ › š˜ ›š —–š › œš¡ ”

Ê« µ ¯¶ ¯·¸

c

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•˜ ›¡  ¦  ¢   ¤™ ¤ ›¡–¢š ˜  ¡¹›¡ ›™ ¹¤˜™ ¹›š –¡˜™ ¹ ›¡›§›¹™ ¨™ ž§™š™¦›¡™ ¡

¢– ¨¨–— ¡Î

1

” •˜ ›¹ ›¡ ›™ ¹¤˜– Ÿš ¤–¥ ›¡™¹ ›™º ¨ ›š – ¦ § ›¥–¹ ›  ¡  ¦˜š™º– Ÿšš˜ ›Ÿ¹›§ ›™ ¨›ž

¼™¹š ¡  š ˜ › š¹™ ¡¨™š ›ž ¥ –§  › ¡¤¹  ¼š   š˜ › ½¾¿ÀÁ ÂÃÄÅÆ Ï ¥–¹ ›ž ¡ ¤Ÿ¡ ¡ – ¡

–¢š¹™ ¡ ¨™š  –—– ¹ ¨ž¢–¹¥™»¼ ™¹š   ›¡Ð¹›¡›™¹ ¤˜ ›¹ Ϲ›™ ž ›¹ ¡Ï™ žš ¹™ ¡ ¨™š –¹¡Ñ Ï

™ ž ¥–¹ › ¹ ›¢ ›¹› ¤›¡ ¢– ¹ ™ ¤™ ž ›¥   ¤ ™ ¡ — ˜– ™¹›   š ˜ › ¥™ Җ¹ –¢ ¢  ¨¥

š ¹™ ¡ ¨™š –™ ¡— ›¨¨ ”

2

” •˜  ¡ ¹ ›¡›™¹¤˜ ›œ ¼ ›¤š¡ š˜™š š˜ ›¹ › —   ¨¨ º › ¥ –¹› ¥–š §™š  – ¢–¹ ¡šŸž›š ¡ š –

¡šŸž »¢  ¨¥š ¹™ ¡ ¨™ š – š˜ ›¢ Ÿš Ÿ¹ ›”

3

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¥ ™» ¼ ™¹š   ›¡ š˜™š ¢  ¨¥ š¹™ ¡¨™š  –   ¡ ¹›¤–¥¥› ž›ž ™ ž ™º ¨› š– º ›

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ãäå æåçåèé êë ìè êíîçëïîêéì ç î íå èåïê î çð é ñòï åñåçê åð æó ñî çó ôíì õòë ìè

òåì òïå

.

ãäå í åî ïé ö îêéì ç ìè ê íî çëïî êéì ç ÷ì íøë ùîç æå èì õçð é ç ñî ç ó ùìçê åñ òì íî í ó

ïéêåíî í ó ÷ìíøë ë õùä îë òì åñë ú ëäì íê ëêì íéåë ú çìûåïë ú î çð èé ï ñë

.

ãíî çë ïî êé ì ç î çð èé ï ñ

î íå é çëåòî íîæïå òîíêü ê äå òíì ùåë ë ìè òåíèåùêé çô ì ç å èéïñ éë èíåý õåçê ïó ùìííåïî êåð ÷é ê ä

êäå îùêéûéêóìè ë õæêé ê ïéçô î ê åþê ìèì çå ëì õíù å ïîç ô õîô åé ç êì îçì ê äå í êî íô åê ïî çôõî ôå

.

ãäååþéëêåçùåìèê íî çëïî êé ì çðéëùé òïé çåëé ëåþòïîéçåðæóëì ñ åòíî ùêé êéì çåíëî ëèì ïïì ÷ë ÿ

ãíî çë ïî êé ì ç éë çì ÷ èíåý õåçêï ó åñ òïìóåð êì êíî çë ñé ê øçì ÷ï åðôå î çð êì ùíåîê å õçðåí

-ëêî çðé çôæåê ÷ ååçôíì õòëî çðçî êé ì çëúîëêìê íî çëñéêùõïê õíå å÷ ñî íøú ÿ

.

ë åþòïîéçåð æó ù õéíå

,

ê íî çë ïî êé ì ç éçûì ïû åë êäå í åçðåíé ç ô ìè

ë ì õíùå ïîç ôõî ô å êåþê é çêì ê äå êî íôåê ïî çôõ î ôå ã ë ì îë êì åçë õíå êäî ê êäå

ëõíèî ù åñ åîçéçôìè ê äåê÷ì ÷éïïæåî òòíìþé ñî êåïóë é ñé ïî í î çð êäå ë êíõ ùêõíåìèê äå

÷éïï æ å òí åë åíûåðîë ùïìë åï ó îë òìë ëéæïå

,

æõê çì ê ëì ùïìëåïó ê äî ê êäå ã ë êíõùêõíå

by the others practitioners. However the essence of translation activity is mainly

divided into two phases:

a.

The translator reads the entire text for many times and get the

intention, register, tone, and mark the complex words, sections, and after that

going to translate only when the translator is able to predict where the

purpose of his or her work will go.

b.

The translator begins to translate sentence by sentence within the first

paragraph or even chapter, in order to find the attainable feeling tone of the

text. Then the translator s freedom comes to overview throughout the rest of

the SL text.

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Whereas, another type that tries to connect the SL text meaning to the genuine

form of TL is known as meaning-based translation. Literal translation can be

comprehended when the common grammatical form of the two languages is alike

(Larson, 1984: 15). Meanwhile meaning-based translation employs the genuine forms

of the TL either in the constructions of the grammar and in the options of lexical

items. A good meaning-based translation is peculiar because it does not sound like

translation moreover it can be heard as if it is the original writing in the TL.

Catford (1988: 21) distinguishes the three features of translation:

a. In terms of the scope, there are:

1)

Full translation, it is kind of translation that its whole text is

regenerated by the target language items.

2)

Partial translation, it can be conducted when there are several

parts of the SL text translates into the target language text.

b. In terms of degree, it can be defined that there are found:

1)

Total translation, when target language items substitutes all

degrees of the SL text.

c. In terms of rank, the types are classified into:

1)

Rank-bound translation, it defines as the choice of TL text

equivalent is narrowed at only one rank, for example word-for-word

equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme equivalence, etc.

2)

Unbounded translation, it makes the translator to be free to

move up and down the rank-scale.

Jakobson (1959) points out a very important distinction between three types of

written translation. They are intralingual translation, interlingaul translation, and

intersemiotic translation

.

Intralingual translation is one of translation types which

focus on the interpretation of verbal signs translation by means of other signs of the

same language. The example of applying intralingual translation type is to interpret

the sentence every celibate is a bachelor, but not every bachelor is a celibate. A

word or an idiomatic phrase-word, it is briefly a code-unit of the significant degree of

difficulty, it might be fully interpreted only by ways to equally combine code-units,

for example that sentence above is pointing to this code-unit: every bachelor is an

unmarried man, and every unmarried man is a bachelor, or every celibate is bound

not to marry, and everyone who is bound not to marry is a celibate .

signs of non-verbal sign systems. The example of implementation of using

intersemiotic translation is when a phenomenon such as a written text is translated

into a different mode, such as music, painting or film and it can be explained an

example like Jeff Wayne s famous 1978 musical version of H. G. Wells s

science-fiction novel

War of the Worlds

(1898), which was then adapted for the stage in

2006, or Gurinder Chadha s 2004 Bollywood

Bride and Prejudice

adaptation of Jane

Austen s

Pride and Prejudice.

ethods of

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a. Word for Word Translation

This strategy is also considered as the attempt to maintain word order and to

make it as verbatim as possible for that matter of literal translation in term of

individual words, including the words that refer to cultural discussion.

b. Literal Translation

It is kind of technique that follows closely the form of the source language

and its grammatical structures are converted into the nearest target language

equivalents.

c. Faithful Translation

This method focuses to bring the meaning of the original language regarding

the context within the constraints of the grammatical structures of the target text,

yet draws on certain contextual factors.

d. Semantic Translation

It more assures on naturalness aspect, and translation of certain cultural words

into impartial equivalents in the TL.

e. Adaptation

The freest realization of translation which is the interpretation based on the

target language s culture more than the source language. It is often applied for

literature interest.

f. Idiomatic Translation

g. Free Translation

This translation method conveys the content of the target text is more

concerned than the form, which is the same content presented in the target text

yet it is very different with grammatical structures if the translator cannot find the

equivalent one.

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Those frames above are the following diverse translation procedures.

According to Newmark (1988) there are:

Translation Procedure

Naturalization

Transference

Trough-translation

Cultural Equivalent

Calque

Modulation

Shift or transposition

a. Naturalization

The conformation of the source language to the normal pronunciation in the

first and it relates to the normal morphology in the target language that have the

same meaning equivalent (Newmark, 1988b:82).

b. Transference

It is process of transferring an SL word to a TL text.

c. Cultural equivalent

A replacement of a cultural word of the source language by target language s.

It can be considered that this kind of procedure is rather inaccurate

(Newmark,1988b:83).

d. Through-translation

This procedure is also defined as literal translation of common collocation,

names of organizations, and components of compounds.

e. Modulation

The translator recreates the message of the source text in the target language

within congruity within the current norms of the target language, since the SL

and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective (Newmark, 1988b:88).

f. Shift or transpositions

from singular to plural, change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of a source

language noun group to a target language noun (Newmark, 1988b, 86).

g. Calque

This procedure refers to the case where the translator makes his translation

similar in terms of the structure or manner of expression of the source text.

h. Adaptation

It obliges the translator to focus on the change of the content and the form of

the source text in a way that adjusts to the rules of the language and culture in the

target language group.

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correspondence and source language and target language sentences, clauses, groups,

words, as well morphemes. It can be divided into two types (Catford 1988:73):

a.

Upward unit shift is a departure of a source language item to a higher

linguistic level in the target language realization. The classifications of

upward unit shift are divided into six types, they are word into phrase, word

into clause, word into sentence, phrase into clause, phrase into sentence, and

clause into sentence.

b.

Downward shift is a departure of a source language item to a lower

linguistic level in the target language realization. The clasifications of

downward unit shift are divided into six types as well, they are sentence into

clause, sentence into phrase, sentence into word, clause into phrase, clause

into word, and phrase into word.

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a. Ideational meaning. It is also considered as the representation of

experience. It means the content s meaning for example a type of meaning

that people have when they are in the conversation and talk about the

intention of a word or sentence. Ideational meaning is divided into two

types; logical meaning and experiential meaning.

1)

Logical meaning is the relationship between one process and

the others or one participant and the others, spread the same placement

in the text.

2)

Experiential meaning means the participant and the

circumstance associated with the processes.

b. The interpersonal meaning is defined as meaning which is put as a form of

action. It relates to the writer, audience, and the speaker. It is known as a

type of exchange in which the speaker or the writer requires something of

the audience.

c. The textual meaning is the connected to the context; the context of

situation and the preceding text.

According to Machali (1998: 21) has established the three different types of

meaning; referential meaning, organizational meaning, and situational meaning.

referential information into a understandable whole. Deitic, repetition, and

groupings are the signals of its occurrence.

c. The situational meaning is to encrypt the interpersonal aspect of

communication like speaker addressee relevance, the intention of

communication.

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To find the degree of meaning equivalence between the source language and

the target language is the translators aim in carrying out the shift in their translation.

The texts come from different languages are able to be fully or partially equivalence,

it is in terms of complete, increased, and decreased meanings.

a. Complete meaning

It means that the translator delivers the content s information of the

source language into the target language as it is (without adding or omitting

information). For example, the expression

I will lose my customers

is

translated to be

Aku akan kehilangan para langgananku

in Bahasa

Indonesia.

b. Increased meaning

source language. For example, the expression

Pizza time

is changed to be

Sekarang saatnya makan Pizza

in Bahasa Indonesia. In this case, the

translator intentionally adds the phrase

saatnya makan

to make the

expression clearer that it shows an invitation to eat a particular food.

c. Decreased meaning

This phenomenon can be found when some information in the content

from the source language is omitted by the translator. The example is

Before

I go into diabetic coma

is translated into

Sebelum aku koma

. The word

diabetic

is not translated in the target language.

d. Non equivalent meaning

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The discussion of the language levels becomes the most common topic when

it relates to the unit shift analysis study. Its scope is elaborated into a major

dimension of structural organization that is able for being analyzed separately from

other dimensions. Semantics, grammar, and phonology are the categorizations of

level language which commonly found. The classification of language levels consist

of phonemes, morphemes, word, phrase, clause, and sentence. Here is the explanation

of the language levels in translation:

a. Phonemes

A phoneme is the lowest unit of sound (grapheme: writing) that can be

differentiated between two words (Finch, 2000:60). It has a consequence when a

phoneme is replaced; surely it will also bring the change in a word meaning, for

an example, when replacing a phoneme /n/ for /p/ in the word pose will create a

new result in the word nose.

b. Morphemes

It is the part of grammatical unit which is considered as the smallest

meaningful one. Morpheme is divided into two types; free morpheme and bound

morpheme. Free morpheme is a morpheme that is able to exist by itself but

bound morpheme is not. For example feudalism, the free morpheme is feudal and

the bound morpheme is -ism.

A speech of sound that is represented in writing, symbolizes and

communicates a meaning and likely form by a single morpheme or a

combination of morphemes.

d. Phrases

Two words or more create a clause without a subject-verb pair. They are often

found in long or short forms and several particular phrases contain names

specifically that are suitable with the word type that controls the word group.

Those particular phrases are verb phrase, noun phrase, infinitive phrase,

prepositional phrase, gerund phrase, absolute phrase, participle phrase.

1) Verb Phrase

A sentence occasionally uses a verb phrase to more express the

condition or action even though it surely can deliver its meaning through

a one word verb.

2) Noun Phrase

It consists of a noun (a person, place, or thing) and the modifiers

which comes before or after a noun and differentiate it.

3) Infinite Phrases

4) Prepositional Phrases

It is formed by a preposition as the beginning and a noun, pronoun,

clause, or gerund as the ending. One or more modifiers which are

described in a certain thought always emerge to be the object of the

preposition.

5) Gerund Phrases

It is marked with a gerund, an

ing

, and adds the other objects and or

modifiers. The function of gerund phrase is as nouns and automatically

when they are in the sentence, they will be assumed as subject

complements, objects, or subjects. That makes gerund phrases are alike

to present participant phrases. It is necessary to focus on the phrase s

function in order to find out the difference.

6) Absolute Phrases

Absolute Phrase is a noun and a participle that connected by objects

or modifiers within this phrase.

7) Participle Phrases

e. Clause

A clause is a group of words that contain a subject informs the readers what

the sentence is about, and also a verb that informs what the subject does for. The

types of clauses can be generalized into two classifications, namely independent

clause and dependent clause.

1)

Independent clauses are a merger of a subject and a verb that is

able to exist by itself. For example: students have to study very hard for

several days.

2)

Dependent clauses are a merger of a subject and a verb which

brings an influence of its incapability to stand alone as a sentence. Its

existence is always followed by subordinating conjunctions like

what, if,

because. There are three types of dependent clause:

T

CD

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EF

he

F

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G

ependent

H

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CI

ses

Type of

Dependent

Clauses

Specifications

Subordinators

Examples

1

.

Noun Clauses

-

Why, where, what,

when, how, if, who,

whom,

whose

which, that, whose,

whether, that

He believes that everything will be okay.

Anton still does not know

when to s

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My father asked my sister

where

M

she

ought

the new shoes

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whom, who, whose,

which

is very beautiful.

My father wants so bad a crystal lamp

which

is m

N

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urkey

P

3 Adverb

Clauses

place

Wherever

QR

erever she goes

she always contacts her

father.

condition

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last night

in order th

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so e

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as soon as, until

I need your message reply

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his bike improperly.

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lottery.

result

such .. that, so .. that He often works over time

so th

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t his

physic

f. Sentence

A sentence is a group or words that consists of a subject that indicates what

the sentence is about and a predicate that explains what the subject does or

inform the subject to do something. The types of sentences are divided into four,

they are:

1) Simple sentence

It is formed by one independent clause, that is also a subject and a

predicate. The example is

Ryan buys a pair of shoes and a bicycle from

the same store.

2) Compound sentence

Compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. It

is inserted with coordinating conjunction, a coma, and or a semi colon.

The example can be stated as follow,

I have got a worst score on my final

examination, and I also got a punishment of reducing pocket money.

3) Complex sentence

4) Compound-complex sentence

It is formed by a combination of a compound sentence and a complex

sentence, for example is

my mother has bought a Persian cat when she

won a lottery a month ago, and she is very happy with her furry pet.

[\ ]

otions of

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d

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b

titling

Film is an entertainment media and also a document to record the specific

time and place. It is a particular means that has a function of preserving the historic

past, as well as looking forward, towards an uncertain future. Translating a specific

language especially the target language is one of the most important parts involved

through the film itself. Language in the audio form is transformed into the textual

format for the sake of fulfilling subtitle needs. The transcriptions of movie and film s

dialogue which is fused collectively known as subtitle.

Subtitled movie is generally viewed like a perfect work because of its feature

(subtitle build-in) which seems very helpful to make the audiences understand and

easier to go with the plot, dialogue, as well as the story. According to Gottlieb

(1990:310), subtitling has a good impact. It is able to make the production much

cheaper and easier to produce in some languages yet also it retains the original

production.

life by being a freelance photographer. Behind those life routines he has, it is hidden a

big responsibility which has to be bearing as a superhero of New York City.

Peter Parker is struggling so hard to eliminate enormous city s criminalities

that grow bigger day by day. At the one moment, Parker with his best friend named

Harry Osborn met Dr. Otto Octavius. He is a genius scientist who obsessively

initiates a fusion power project. In the middle of project exhibition, there was a fatal

accident that causes a catastrophic malfunction and it turned him into an evil villain

with four-metal electrical legs. In the end of the movie, Spiderman got to be involved

in the fight with Dr. Ock to save Mary Jane s life and to stop the last project of

awakening the bigger fusion power. Dr. Ock is suddenly aware of the sins of his

actions after the many times he has got through, then burying deeply his cruel

ambition by helping Spidey to sinking off the giant yellow fusion ball in the middle

of tidal river. Mary Jane is freed and lived her life in the next moment by leaving her

fiancé and decides to be Parker s true love for all the time.

cd e

revious

f

ese

g

rches

translation. There are two theories that used in the thesis; Catford s and Larson s. The

descriptive qualitative research is the type of this study. The result of this thesis

analysis is found that there are four hundreds and sixty items of unit shifts. They

consist of bound morpheme to free morpheme as much as 6 data, free morpheme to

bound morpheme with the total data of 8, word to compound with 43 data, word to

reduplication with 5 data, word to phrase with 305 data, word to clause with 1 datum,

phrase to word with 64 data, clause to word with 3 data, clause to phrase with 6 data,

and the last phrasal verb to word with 17 data.

hi j

onceptu

klm

r

k

mework

kn

d

o

n

kl

ytic

klj

onstruct

1

i j

onceptu

klm

r

k

mework

There are so many Western films that have been distributed in Indonesia since

several decades ago. That fact also shows that many Indonesian audiences cannot

comprehend the language which is used within the foreign films. (Newmark,

1988:10) states that translation is now frequently employed to transmit knowledge

and to create understanding between groups and nations, as to transmit culture.

(Jakobson 1959) explains that there are three types of written translation; they are

intralingual translation, interlingual translation, and intersemiotic translation. This

research applies a concept of interlingual translation which is found in the films with

bilingual or multilingual feature.

The research s materials in this study are Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text of

Spiderman 2

movie that is taken from the original DVD legally issued by PT.

Dutramitra and English text of

Spiderman 2

movie. The SL that is attached within the

film undergoes a translation process to transfer every message and to be made as

equivalent as possible in meaning delivery. A translation process frequently brings a

consequence in its activity, namely translation shift. It is occurred since there is no

same grammatical system and structure between two different languages. Catford

(1978) differentiates the type of shift in the translation process to be two types: the

first is category shift and the second is level shift.

system of the target language like the given source language category in the source

language system. The category shift can be narrowed into several classifications;

intra-system shift, structure shift, class shift, and unit shift. It is a shift which

including the unit ranks s changes as the realization of translation equivalent from TL

to SL (Newmark, 1988: 55). Unit shift is divided into two types: upward unit shift

and downward unit shift. There are some degrees meaning equivalence occurred

because of unit shift. Based on the theory stated by Haliday (1985: 53) there are three

types of meaning, namely: Ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual

meaning.

32

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Þßàèàâî åõ âã åêæ çê ëã ßàáâãââèàì âåæîðëêéï ç àáêæíßèâç àïæ åã çãßâãêééï èèåæöåæäê èá

ïæ åã ç÷ éîâï çà ïæ åã ç÷çàæ ãàæé à ïæ åã ç÷ âæ á ø åéà øàèç â òùàâæ äßåî à ã ßà ê ã ßàè ï æ å ãç àôéàíã

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çï ííê èã åæ ö áâã âò Þ ßàð âè à ã âú àæ ëèêì ãäê çêï è é àç û üæ öîåç ß ãàôã ê ë ýþÿ âæ á

ãßà âß âçâæ áêæàç åâ çïñã åãî åæ ö ãàôã ê ë ýþÿ òÞßà áâã â âèà ãê ã âîîð ñàåæ ö á ààí

é âãà öê èåõàáâééê èáåæöãêã ßàî àø àîê ëî âæöï â öàçßå ë ãç÷ñàåæ öêï ãî åæ àáãê ä âèáä ßâãú åæ á

ê ë ì àâæ åæö à ï åø âîàæéà íßàæêìàæ â ãßàð ßâøà ïæ áàèöêæ à

,

âæ á âëã àè ãßâã ñàåæ ö

åæ íï ã ãàá åæ ãêãßà áâã â ç ßààãò Þßàçêï èéà áâã â

,

ýþÿ ìêø å à

,

çï èàîð ßâçáåø àèç à

ãèâæ çî âãåêæ ø àèçåêæ ç ñâçà á êæ ä ßåé ß æ âãåêæ åã ßâç ñààæ áåç ãèåñï ã àáò æ æ áêæ àç åâ

,

ãßà

î àöâîçï ñã åãî àáìêø å àø àèç åêæå çíï ñîåç ßàáñ ðÞòï ã âì å ãèâò

Ò ØÛØÔÚ

ch

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Þßà åæ ç ãèïì àæ ã ç ê ë ã ßåç çãï áðåæøêî ø à ã ßà èàç àâ èéßàè

,

áâãâ ç ßààã ç÷âç äàî î âç

éê èèàîâã àá èàë àèàæ é àçò Þßà èàçàâ èéßàè ã âú à ç èêîà ç âç â íîâææ àè

,

âæ åæ ã àèíèàãàè ê ë ã ßà

áâãâ

,

ã ßàêæàäßêâæ âîðõàçãßàáâã â

,

âæ áãßàéê è èàç íêæ áàæ ãê ëâæâîðç å çêï ãíï ãñ ðãßàæ ò

Þßàì ê èàåì íê èãâæ ãéâíâé å ã ð êë ã ßàèàçàâèé ßà è åçãê äâãé ßã ßà ëåîìêø àè ìâæðãåì àç÷

î å ç ã àâé ß áå âîêöïà âæ á çïñãå ãîàéâèà ëïî îð åæáàãâåî ç÷âëã à èã ßâã âæ âîðõàñê ã ß êë ã ßàì ñð

éî âç çå ë ðåæö ãßê ç à ì âåæ áâã âò àôã

,

ãßà áâãâ ç ßààã ç âèà éêì íê ç àá ñ ð éêìñåæ åæ ö

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K # 8 ! ;! !: <'5 # & ! # $ ! $ ;

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b_bc de \e]^ b]obekj_al k ]` apq^`m\ ge]i gjk` al g`\e] j] br`]^`ab] bmgjst bsu b\ s\ ve

jg\ n\ _bcsjh\ ` wxyz{|} ~ € b_a]^`ab]b jm\ ]eb^ beb ‚_aj_`e \ b e lƒ ]\]c`h` ge \ j_pq j

c\ e]b_a\ _il ]]^`ƒ j]^ab] b` _]\g`cd\_]j]^`b_bcde\ee^`` ]eb_a]^`]bƒ c`jmab]b\e]^`

e `kj_a i gjk` al g`p q^` _`„] e` …l` _k` \ e ]j a\ e ]\ _nl\e ^ b_a jgnb_\ †` ]^` g` cb]`a ab] b

ƒ d s br\ _ n bii gji g\ b]` k b]`njg\ `e o^\k^ bg` jg\`_]` a ]j ]^` g`e ` bgk^ ve mjgsl cb]\j_e

]^ b]^ bh`ƒ` ` _s`_]\ j_`aƒ` mjg`pq jn` ]]^`i`gk` _]b n`

,

]^`_l sƒ` gj m` h` g dk b]`njg d

\e kbg` ml c cd kbc kl c b]` ap q ^` _f ]^` g`e ` bgk^`g jƒe `g h` a bc c l _\ ] e ^\ m]e ]^ b] jkkl g \ _ ]^`

sjh\ ` b_a ]^` kj_]`„]e jm ]^` a\bcj nl`e \ _ jg a` g ] j m\_a ]^` ` m m` k] j m s`b_\_ n

` …l\ hbc`_k`p

q j kj_]\_l` ]^` e]`i j m i gji je\_ n g`e `bgk^ b_bc de\ e f bc c g`m`g` _k`e b_ a

ek^ jc bgve s` ]^ jae ]^ b] ^ bh` ƒ`` _ kjsi g`^` _a`a bg` ]^` ]jjce ]j e ]l ad ]^` ab] b

kjgg`k]c d \ _ b kkjga o\]^ ]^` kble ` ]^ b] ]g\nn` ge ]^ ` s ]j `s` gn` b_a \]e `mm` k]e ] j]^`

s` b_\_n ` …l\hbc` _k`p q ^` c be] i gjk` alg` \e ] j bggb_ n` g`e `bgk^ ve g` h\` o b_a

\_m` g`_k` ]^ b] \e e l\]bƒ c` o\]^ ]^` bƒejcl ]` g`elc]e p q^` …l bc\]b]\ h` s` ]^ ja \_ ]^\e

g`e ` b gk^ \e `„ i cb\_`a ]^ gjl n^ ]^` ob d jm kjsi je \ _n ]^` a`ekg\ i ]\ j_ jm l _\ ] e ^\m]e \_

wxyz{|} ~€ ‡ˆ‰ _ nc\ e^]` „]b_ab^beb‚_aj_`e\be lƒ ]\ ]c\ _n]`„]b_a\ ]e` mm` k]]jo b ga

s`b_\_n ` …l\hbc` _ k`p q ^` i` gk` _]b n` jm ]^` kcbe e \ m\ kb]\j_ jm l _\] e ^\ m]ve kb]`nj g\`e

b_a ]^` ` mm`k] ]jo bga s` b_\_ n ` …l\ hbc`_k` \ e kbc kl c b]` a o\ ]^ ]^` mjcc jo\ _n s` ]^ ja

N = total number of unit shift s type

The following is the sample of data sheet applied within this research s analysis:

¦§¨ ©ª«¬¦

h

ª­ ®§¯° ©ª

of

± §²§³

h

ªª²

No

Data

Translational Process

Meaning Equivalence

Notes

English Text

Bahasa Indonesia Text

Shifts

C

I

D

NE

ÁÂÃÄ ÅÆ ÇÂÅÈÉÊËÄÄ ÇÌ Å ÈË ÍÃ ÎÏ ÉÅ ÎÅ ÉÐË ÂËÄ ËÎ ÂÑ È ÉÄ ÎÂÂÎÊÒË Ó ÔÕ Å ÈË ÂËÄ ËÎÂÑ ÈË Â Å Ç

ÖÎ×ËÎÊ ËØÙÏ ÎÊ ÎÅ ÉÇÊÇÌ ÅÈÂÇÃÒÈÇà ŠÉÏ ÏÃÄÅÂÎÅÉÊ ÒÆÈÎÅÉÄÎ ÍÃÎÏ ÉÅ ÎÅÉ ÐËÂËÄ ËÎÂÑ ÈÉÊ Ä ÇÖË

ÙÇÄÉÅ ÉÐË ÙÎÄ Ä ÎÒËÄ Ú ÛÅ ÒÇË Ä Æ ÉÅ È Å ÈË ÂË ÏÉ ÎÔ ÉÏ ÉÅÕ ÇÌ Å ÈË ÂËÄ Ë ÎÂÑ È Å ÈÎÅ ÖËÎÊÄ ÅÈË ÔË Å ÅË Â

ÅÂÃÄÅÆÇÂÅ ÈÉÊËÄ ÄÎÑ ÈÉËÐË ÓÅÈËÖ ÇÂËÓÎÅÎÂË ÏÉ ÎÔ ÉÏ ÉÅÕÆ É ÏÏÔËË ÎÂÊË ÓÚÜÊ ÓÂËÆ

K. Shenton,

(2004:64) states:

Guba s construct describes that there are four criteria that the researcher has

to apply within the effort to elevate data trustworthiness; they are:

a. Credibility

It is the key that obliges the researcher to convince their study

investigation whether it is quite suitable or relevant with their objectives or

not.

b. Transferability

There are several contributions involved in purpose of the feasibility of the

study result, i.e. the thesis supervisor s judgments and suggestions which also

become the parts that decide proper applicability in the findings.

c. Dependability

íîï ðçêé ßéë ì â ä ßç ëç å ïñòê ë é ñ óâãäéå æ ïß èì ëîï ô òßõæïãë ñ âä ë îï ïö÷ïå ëñ

ç ãß ë îçë éñ âèðé âòñ ê ì ç ñ ïøòïãëéç ê âòë÷òë äåâæ ëçùé ãõ ë îï ç ÷÷åâ÷åéçë ï

÷å âóïßòåïñ âä ó âãñòê ëéãõ ëîïñé ñ ÷å â õåïñ ñ ñë ï÷ èì ñë ï÷ ëâ ë îï ê ïó ëòå ïåñ à úäëïå

ëîç ë ëîïìç ññ ïññç ãßó âãñéßïå û îïëîïå éëêéù ïê ìåïø òé åïñé æ ÷åâð ïæïãëâå õâ âã

ëâë îïãïöëó îç ÷ëïå à

íîï å ïêé çèéêéëì âä ë î ï ßç ëç éã ë îé ñ å ïñïçåó î éñ çó îé ïð ïß èì ó î ïóùé ãõ ë îï

ó âãõåòïãóï âä ë îï ßç ëç çãç êìñéñ ç ãß ëîï ßçëç â ä üãõêé ñ î ë ïöë æâðéï ç ãß ëîï ýçîç ñç

þãßâãïñé ç ñ òè ëéëêé ãõ ëïöë äâå æçã ì ëéæïñ à íîï å ïñ ïçå óîïå çê ñâ ïçåãïß æç ãì

ñ òõõïñ ëéâãñ ç ãß ïðç ê òç ëéâã äåâæ ë îï å ïñïçå óîÿñ ó âãñ òêëç ãëñ à í îï å ïñ ïçåó îÿñ

ó âãñòê ëç ãë ñ ßé ñó òñ ñïß ëî ï ó âãëïãë â ä ïðïåì ó îç÷ë ïå çãß ç ãç êì ïß éë ç ã ß ßïóéßïß

ûîïë îïåé ëé ñ óâååïó ë âåñëéêê ãïïß ëâè ïåïðéñïßàú êê÷å âó ïßòå ïñ ë îç ëëîïå ïñïçåóîïåîçñ

ßâãïëâ æçù ïîéñåïñïçå óîç ñå ïêé çè êï ç ñ÷âñ ñéè ê ïçåï ïö÷ïó ëïßë â è ïë îïè ïñ ë åïñ òêëé ã

n the context of distributing a film to foreign audiences

translation is the

most needed media to transfer the whole meaning from the source language to target

language

n the case of usage

there is no same grammatical system among one

language into another

it emerges many considerations and effects for

implementing translation technique

anslation shift is one of those considerations

and will be the major discussion that is concerned within this study

n the procedure

of translating the

to

there are ongoing departures from formal correspondence

and that is defined as shift in the translation

shift itself can be found in the

language unit

grammatical rank

or grammatical class

goal of this research is to

clearly elaborate one of translation shift occurrences that have been narrowed in the

purpose of analysis context that is unit shifts

s kind of occurrence happens in the

ahasa

ndonesia subtitle of

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J

a word in the

6F

text is translated into a phrase in the

G F

text

4K

or example

HLMN OPLQ

in the original english script functions as a word and to be

translated into

RSTULUVU

-apa

as noun phrase in the

W

ahasa

X

ndonesia subtitle

4

,

able

Y+,

he

@

ccurence of

-

pward

-

nit

.

hifts

Z

o

[ \

pward

\

nit

]

hifts

^

ccurrence

_

ercentage of

`

otal

a

ata

b[

Word into

_

hrase

bc de[ ec f

g[ _

hrase into

h

lause

b c [ccf

e[ _

hrase into

]

entence

b c [ccf

i[ h

lause into

]

entence

b c [ccf

qrs

analysis of the table above can be elaborated as follows

t

qrs

findings of upward unit shift above are highlighted that the most frequent

changes in language level in terms of that kind of phenomena happens on the Word

into

u

hrase category

vw

ts occurrences in the analysis table are

xy

times and it has the

highest percentage of

z{v{ y|

from the whole upward unit shift categories

v}

y adding

several words to emphasize or elucidate the meaning of specific parts of original text

into translated version in particular dialogues is the factor that triggers this category

to emerge

vw

n the meantime

~

the three categories that have the lowest number in their

frequency and percentage are

u

hrase into



lause

~ u

hrase into

€

entence

~

and



lause

into

€

entence

vw

t appears once and its percentage shows the number of

yv yy |‚ƒ„„ v

ƒv …†‡ˆ ‰Šur†ƒ‹ s

1

Œ €

L

twŠ

|

ƒ‹

|

recklessness

|

Žp{Œ

q

L

twŠ

|

ƒ‡ƒ„ƒr

|

sebuah

kecerobohanku



|

Žp{Œ

qrs†‡‘’“”•’– –— ’ ––ˆ‹•˜™’ ‘š ••›Š†ƒ‰‹„ ƒŠ s‡Šœ s–’ žš Ÿ”’ “’ ‘  Ÿš—”ž¡wŠ¢ƒ‰

œ s ‹ ss‰ Š rƒŠ ‘’ “”• ’– –—’ – – ˆ ‰ Šrs „ ƒ‰£ƒ£s ‰ˆ Š ˆ‹ ¢„ ƒ‹ ‹ˆ‚ˆ s‡ ˆ‰Š †‡ ƒ‹ ‚† ˆ Š ˆ‹

¢ rƒ‰ £s‡ Š œ s

‰‰ ¤ r†ƒ‹ s ˆ ‰ Š rs

}ƒrƒ‹ƒ w‰‡‰ s‹ˆƒ ¥ s †‹ˆ‰v ¦ s¥s†~ ˆ Š

‡s‹ ‰Š

¢ rƒ‰ £sŠrs§ sƒ‰ˆ ‰£œ s¢ƒ‹s–’ žš Ÿ”’“’ ‘   Ÿš—”žˆ ‹ƒ¢¢s¤ Šƒœ„sŠœ s¢‰‹ˆ‡ s†s‡ƒ‹

«¬ ­®¯

|

rent |

°©±¬

²

L

¯

|

u ang sewa |

°©±¬

² ³´ µ¶· ¸¹ ´ ¶ º»¼ ´ µ ³»½µ ¾ ³´ µ¶· ´ ¿¸½¶ÀÁ ¿Âà ¾ µ ³Ã ľ ¸³´Â »·´Â »Â à  ¾´À· µ »Ä

Å »ÀÁ ྠ» ƳÀ¶µ ´Ç ² ³´ ·´¶ÂÃÂ È »Ä ¾³´ »ÀÃÈö ¹ ¾´É ¾ à µ ½´¹ ¹ Á ´¹Ã ¼´À´Á º

y

¾ À¶Â µ ¹¶ ¾Ã  È

¾³´ ½ »ÀÁ À´Â ¾ ྻ ÊËÌÍ Î ÏÐË Ã Â ¾ ³´ Ѷ³¶ µ¶ Ò Á »Â ´µÃ¶Ç ² ³´ ¾À¶Â µ ¹¶¾»À »Â Ó´ ¶È¶Ã Â

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¾³´À´Ã µ´¼´Â »¸ ¶À¶ ¸³ À¶ µ ´¾´Ó³ÂÃ Õ ¿´Ã ³à µ½¶

y

¾»¾À¶Â µ¹¶ ¾´¾³´½ »ÀÁÀ´Â ¾Ç

3

¬ ­

L

¯

|

starved

°Ö׬

|

²

L

¯

|

sangat

lapar

°Ö׬

|

² ³´À´ à µ ¶Â ¶ÁÁþû Ã ¾³¶ ¾ Ѷ ³¶ µ¶ ÒÂÁ »Â ´µÃ¶ ¾ À¶Â µ ¹¶ ¾Ã »ÂÇ ²³´ ½ » ÀÁ Î ËÌÍËØ

ÙË ÚË Û ´É ¸¹¶Ã µ ¾³¶ ¾ ¶Â »ÓÓ¿ÀÀ ´Â Ó ´ འ³ÃÓ³ ´É¸´Àô ӴÁ º

y

¾³´ ¶Ó¾»À à µ  »¾ »ÀÁà ¶À

y

º´Ó¶¿µ ´ ¾ ³´ à  µ´À¾ ´Á ½» ÀÁ ÎËÌÍËØ · ´¶Â µ ¼ ´À

y

à  ¾³´ ÜÂȹõ³Ç ² ³´ Ó³¶  ȴ ºÀÃÂȵ

Ó»· ¸¹ ´¾´· ´¶ÂÃÂÈÄ»À ¾ ³ ´¾ À¶Â µ ¹¶ ¾Ã »ÂÀ ´µ ¿¹ ¾¶ÂÁ Ӷ º´Ó¶ ¾´ È» ÀÃ

z

´Á¶ µ ¶Â¿¸½¶ ÀÁ¿Âþ

µ ³Ã ľ¸³´Â »·´Â »Â»ÄÅ »ÀÁà  ¾»Æ³À¶ µ´Ç

©¬ ­

L

¯

|

rebuild

°± ݬ

|

²

L

¯

|

b uat

lagi

°± ݬ

|

² ³¶ ¾ ¾À¶Â µ¹¶ ¾Ã»Â À´µ ¿¹¾ Á´µ ÓÀú´µ Ó»·¸¹´¾ ´ · ´¶ÂÃ Â È ½ à ¾ ³Ã ¹¶ÂÈ¿¶ È´ ¿Âþ µ³ÃľÇ

ܼ´Â¾³»¿È³¾ ³´ À´Ãµ¶Ó³ ¶Â È´º ´¾½ ´´ÂÅ »ÀÁà  ¾»Æ³À¶ µ ´Þº¿¾¾³´·´¶Âà ÂȶÁÁà ¾Ã »Â»À

Á÷ ÃÂõ ³ÃÂ È Ã µ  »¾ Ä»¿ÂÁ ¾³´À´Ç ² ³´ ½ »ÀÁ À´º¿Ã¹Á ӻ µÃ µ ¾ µ »Ä ¸À´ÄÃ É Û Ï ß ½»ÀÁ àÊ áÙâ

¾³¶ ¾Ãµ¾À¶Â µ¹¶ ¾´Áà  ¾» àÊËØÙËÍ áà ÂѶ ³¶ µ¶ÒÂÁ »Â´µÃ¶½³´À´¾ ³´¾ À¶Â µ ¹¶ ¾ »À¶¹ µ »¾ ¿À µ³Ãµ

ë

L

è

|

p ergi

sana|

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