THE SUFFIXATION OF ENGLISH SUFFIX
–ITY
IN A COMPUTER PROGRAM
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofSarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Valentinus Prima Dhani Adrianto
St. Number : 004214020
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTHING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for his blessing. The blessing
has given me spirit to finish my thesis.
I am very thankful to my major sponsor, Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A for his
professional guidance on my thesis writing by giving me a lot of suggestions,
corrections, and explanations. His tolerances and flexibility have given me many
chances to improve this thesis. I am also thankful my co-sponsor, J. Harris
Hermansyah, S.S, M.Hum. for his willingness to read and correct my thesis before
exam. May God always bless the m in their work well as their family.
My deep gratitude goes to people who love me. My parents and brother, they
have given me a lot of prayers and financial supports. My lovely wife, Theresia Dewi
Wahyuningsih, my son, Fransiscus Xaverius Raka Putra Adrianto always support and
give me beautiful guidance when I wrote this thesis. Congregation of Frater CMM
Provensialat Indonesia, they make the thesis finished.
My thankfulness goes to Ir. Pandu Djajanto, MSc, deputy of BUMN ministry
who gave me a lot of experienc es about “a real life” and how to survive. Mr.
Sudarmaji, SH, Head Officer of Human Research Development of Pertamina
Indonesia, who ha s permitted me to join and feel the biggest company in Indonesia.
All of friends in English Letters 00 community, thanks for the friendship and
TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. Definition of Terms……….. 4
Chapter II THEORETICAL REVIEW ………... 5
A. Related Theories ………. . 5
1. Suffix–ity………..……... 5
2. Suffixation ………. 11
3. Theory Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 ……… 17
B. Theoretical Framework ………... 24
Chapter III METHODOLOGY ……….. 25
A. Method of Study ……….. 25
B. Research Data ………. 26
C. Research Procedure ……… 26
Chapter IV ANALYSIS ………. 28
A. The Suffixation of-ityand the Graphological Changes …………. 28
B. The Suffixation Process in A Computer Program……… 33
1. The suffix –ity in Computational Linguistic……… 36
Chapter V CONCLUSION ……… 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY………... 54
ABSTRACT
VALENTINUS PRIMA DHANI ADRIANTO. The Suffixation of English Suffix – ity In A Computer Program. Yogyakarta : Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2007.
The research has been conducted to provide an aid material in determining process English suffix–ity take in suffixation process and in applying the suffixation process to the computer language program. There were two problems discussed in this research. The Problems were: 1) what are the graphological changes which occur in the stem as result of the suffixation and 2) How can the graphological changes be displayed in a computer program.
There are three theories are used to answer the problem formulation. First is theory of English suffix –ity. Second is the theory of suffixation, and the last theory is theory of Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
In the method of analysis, the writer made two steps. The first step was collecting data that were taken from Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged 2nd edition and Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. The dictionaries contain 118 adjectives. The second step was divided into two parts. They were 1) analyzing the suffixation process and the graphological changes that occurred in the suffixation process, and 2) applying the suffixation process to computer language program.
ABSTRAK
VALENTINUS PRIMA DHANI ADRIANTO. The Suffixation of English Suffix – ity In A Computer Program.Yogyakarta : Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2007.
Riset ini dibuat untuk membantu memahami di dalam penentuan suffix –ity terhadap adjective bahasa Inggris dan didalam pengaplikasian proses sufiksasi ke dalam bahasa komputer. Ada dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam riset ini. Permasalahan-permasalahan itu adalah: 1) Perubahan kata apa yang terjadi sebagai proses dari suffikasi dan 2) Bagaimana perubahan tersebut dikerjakan dengan komputer.
Ada tiga teori yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan-permasalahan di atas. Teori yang pertama adalah suffik–ity. Teori yang kedua adalah teori sufiksasi dan teori terakhir adalah teori Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
Di dalam metode penulisan, penulis menggunakan dua langkah. Langkah pertana adalah mengumpulkan data yang diambil dari buku Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged 2nd edition dan Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Penulis mendapatkan lebih dari 118 kata sifat. Langkah kedua adalah analisa data. Langkah ini dibagi menjadi dua bagian. Bagian-bagian itu adalah: 1) menganalisa perubahan kata yang terjadi dalam proses sufiksasi 2) mengaplikasikan proses suffiksasi ke dalam bahasa computer.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Man can be not separated from language in a sense that human always
need to communicate with others to share values in their lives. it can be said that
language is one of many aspects in human life, for this, G.H Lewes Stated;
Just a bird have wings, man has language. These wings give the birds its peculiar attitude for aerial lomotion. Language enables man’s intelligence and passions to acquire their peculiar character of intellects and sentiment. (Fromkin and Rodman 1988; 2)
Based on this statement, language has an important role in people’s life.
Everyday, they use it to express their ideas, feeling or attitudes towards
something. It does not mean that it is enough for people to learn their own
language or their mother tongue only. On the contrary, people must learn other
languages to speak to others from different countries.
Regarding that matter, people have studied and developed language. In
studying language, grammar is very important. People ability to understand
conversation and text is affected by their quality in grammar. According to
Cobbett, grammar provides rules and principles to make the use of words (1983:
33). He adds that is better for people to choose the appropriate words and to place
words in producing sentences. Language therefore, is included into the branch of
science. The science is known as linguistics.
Linguistics has been developed continually. The experts have developed
linguistics using technology. Computers linguistics is one of applying technology
in linguistics. At the beginning they only made the machine translation, and later
on computer linguistics has been developed and built to the others applications of
linguistics through computer.
A lot of softwares have been made and used to support computational
linguistics. One of them is Microsoft Visual basic 6. Microsoft Visual basic 6
enables us to design the programs for computational linguistics such as dictionary
programme, language analysis software, and language learning software. Those
programmes can help people to learn language easily and effectively.
This research will discuss the application of computational linguistic with
the affixation of English suffix –ity in a computer program. Suffix –ity is chosen
because we can find the suffix and function in daily life easily. The examples are
the wordsactivity, creativity, ability simplicity, and others.
To combine suffix –ity with the adjective, there are some rules that must
be followed. The rules are related to the type of final sound of the stem, type of
the penultimate sound of stem, etc. to be more specific, the rules of suffixation
B. Problem Formulation
In order to understand about the topic, the problems of this study can be
formulated as follows:
1. What are the graphological changes which occur in the stem as result of the
suffixation?
2. How can the graphological changes be displayed in a computer program?
C. Research of the Study
Based on the problem formulation above, there are two aims of the study. First, to
find the way suffix –ity is attached to the stem. Second, to explore the way of
suffixation of suffix–ity in a computer program
D. Definition of Terms
The terms are affix, affixation, suffix, suffixation, stem, and Microsoft Visual
basic 6.
1. An affix is a bound morpheme that is attached before, after, or within a root or
stem. An affix is attached by derivation or inflection (O’Grady, et al.
1988:138-139)
2. Affixation is the morphological process whereby an affix is attached to a root or
stem (O’Grady, et al. 1988:138-145)
3. A suffix is an affix that is attached to the end of root or stem (O’Grady, et al.
4. Suffixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to
the end of a stem. The kind of affix involved in this process is called a suffix
(O’Grady, et al. 1988:138)
5. Stem is the form to which an affix added. A stem consists minimally of a root, but
may be analyzable into a root plus derivational morphemes (O’Grady, et al.
1988:137)
6. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 is a visual programming environment to develop GUI
(Graphical User Interface) based windows application. Visual refers to the
method to create the GUI, this means that a programmer only adds objects into
place on screen rather than writer codes to describe the location and appearance of
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Related Theories
There are three theories that related to answer the question in problem
formulation. There are the theory of suffix –ity , suffixation, and theory of Microsoft
Visual Basic 6.0.
1 Suffix–ity
The suffix –ity is the principal Latinate element which is used in English to derive NE. As a nominative formative, –ity is a found to combine exclusively with
Latinate adjectives (except oddity) (Szymanek, 1989:158).
The several major structural classes of adjectives within the base of –ity
affixation, they are the adjectives with the variant –ty. Adjectives with–al, adjectives
with –nal, adjectives with –ar or –or, adjectives with –ic, adjectives with able/-ible,
adjectives with–ous, adjectives with, adjectives with–ile /-ive, and adjectives with
alveolar,velar, andlabio dental
The first type of adjective is an adjective with end in variant –ty. They are
divided into two. The first is the adjectives, with end inn, l, ore, can be nominalized
with –ity directly by adding –ty in the process of affixation, like in the following
words:
safe safety
sovereign sovereignty
The second is the adjective which end with t, can be normalized with –ity
directly only by addingy in process of the suffixation, like the following words:
difficult difficulty
modest modesty
honest honesty
The second type of adjective is an adjective which end with –al. The adjective
which end with -al can be nominalized with –ity. They become –ality after the process of suffixation, like in the following words:
X - al X - ality/ty
actual actuality
general generality
legal legality
jovial joviality
partial partiality
normal normality
individual individuality
fatal fatality
personal personality
real reality
The third type of adjective is an adjective which end with –nal. The adjective which end with -nal can be nominalized with –ity by dropping –al in the stem and
changing into –ity, like in the following words:
X - nal X - nity
eternal eternity
maternal maternity
paternal paternity
fraternal fraternity
The fourth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ar/-or. The
adjective which end with –ar/-or can be nominalized with –ity by directly in the
process of suffixation, like in the following words:
X - ar/ X or X - arity/X ority
familiar familiarity
interior interiority
jocular jocularity
major majority
prior priority
popular popularity
superior superiority
The fifth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ic. The adjective
which end with –iccan be nominalized with –ity by directly. Furthermore, before the
suffixation, the consonant /k/ is pronounced, but after the suffixation it is not
pronounced and changed into /s/, like in the following words:
X -ic X - ity
atomic atomicity
authentic authenticity
domestic domesticity
electric electricity
public publicity
elastic elasticity
The sixth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –able/-ible. The
adjective which end with –able/-ible can be nominalized with –ity by cha nging –
able/-ible into –ability/ -ibility in the process of suffixation,, like in the following
words:
X -able/X- ible X - ability/X - ibility
preventable preventability
resistible resistibility
possible possibility
visible visibility
compatible compatibility
The seventh type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ous. The
adjective which end with –ous can be nominalized with –ity by two type. The first
type is replacing –ous that belongs to the main words into –ity, like in the following
words:
X -ous X–ity
ambiguous ambiguity
curious curiosity
generous generosity
simultaneous simultaneity
The second type, the adjectives which end with –ous, can be nominalized with –ity by omitting u of –ous in the main words and adding –ity in the end of the
stems, like the following words:
X -ous X - osity
curious curiosity
impetuous impetuosity
monstrous monstrosity
The eight type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ile/-ive. The
adjective which end with –ile/-ive can be nominalized with –ity by omitting the letter
e that belongs to the main words in the process of suffixation and adding with –ity,,
like in the following words:
X - ile X - ility
agile agility
docile docility
gentile gentility
hostile hostility
imbecile imbecility
ductile ductility
futile futility
X - ive X - ivity
active activity
captive captivity
festive festivity
The last type of adjective is an adjective which end with alveolar, dental, and
labio dental. The adjective which end with t, d, n, s,and r, the velark and the labio
dentalv can be nominalized with –ity directly,as the following words
actual actuality
jocular jocularity
interior interiority
elastic elasticity
certain certainty
difficult difficulty
chaste chastity
absurd absurdity
2. Suffixation of–ity
The affixation of suffix –ity can be simple affixation, simple affixation, or
replacement (Dewi Yuliani, 2005:40).
a. Simple Affixation
Simple affixation is the attachment of the suffix –ity to the stem directly without changing the form of the stem significantly. The Process of the affixation can
be formulated as follows:
The simple affixation of the suffix–itycan be found in adjectives which end in
–al, ar/or, -ic,the variant–ty,and the alveolart, d, n, s, r,the velar k,and the labio
dentalk, like in the following examples:
actual +–ity actuality
jocular +–ity jocularity
interior +–ity interiority
elastic +–ity elasticity
certain +–ity certainty
difficult +–ity difficulty
chaste +–ity chastity
absurd +–ity absurdity
benign +–ity benignity
adverse +–ity adversity
mature +–ity maturity
antique +–ity antiquity
grave +–ity gravity
liberal +–ity liberality
N N
ADJ suffix ADJ suffix
actual –ity jocular –ity
N N
ADJ suffix ADJ suffix
interior –ity elastic –ity
N N
ADJ suffix ADJ suffix
certain –ity difficult –ity
N N
ADJ suffix ADJ suffix
N N
ADJ suffix ADJ suffix
benign –ity adverse –ity
N N
ADJ suffix ADJ suffix
mature –ity antique –ity
N N
ADJ suffix ADJ suffix
grave –ity liberal –ity
b. Insertion
In this process, a letter is inserted before–ity. The process affixation can be
formulated as follows:
Stem +–ity Stem
–x-The insertion type of suffix–ityoccurs in adjectives, which end in –able/-ible.
the letter land adding by–ityat the end of the stem. –able/-ibleof the stems becomes
-ability / -ibility in the process of suffixation, like in the following examples;
absorbable +–ity absorbability
affable +–ity affability
amiable +–ity amiability
possible +–ity possibility
c. Replacement
In this process of affixation, the suffix–ity can be attached in to the stems that
end in certain endings, in which the process of suffixation is conducted by replacing
the end ing of the stem with the suffix –ity. The process of affixation can be
formulated as follows:
Stem –x +–ity Stem–ity
The replacement type of affixation occurs in the adjectives, which end in–nal
and-ous.
First, in the adjectives which end in –nal, -al in the stem is omitted in the
process of suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity, like in the following examples:
fraternal +–ity fraternity
Second, in the adjectives which end in–ous, the process can be differentiated
into two. In the first type of the process, -ous is dropped and replaced by –ity, like in
the following examples:
continuous +–ity continuity
felicitous +–ity felicity
The vowelaoroprecedingci usually becomes X ity after the suffixation, like
the following examples:
mendacious +–ity mendacity mordacious +–ity mordacity
In the second type of process, the letter u is dropped and then the suffix –ity is
added, like in the following examples:
curious +–ity curiosity
generous +–ity generosity monstrous +–ity monstrosity
In the word curious, generous, and monstrous, -ous is changed into –osity
Table I:
3. Theory of Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0
This section discusses Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. Microsoft Visual Basic was
launched 1998 by Microsoft Corporation. There are three editions for Microsoft
Visual Basic 6.0: Learning Edition, Professional Edition, and Enterprise Edition
(Hawhee, 199:66). Among all editions, the Professional Edition has a complete
feature. In this thesis the writer uses the Professional Edition.
Among the programming language, Microsoft Visual Basic (VB) is
considered as easiest programming language and compatible to other Microsoft
applications. VB offers a wide range of opportunity in using this program for
deve loping computer application because of the features provided by this program.
VB can be used to present pictures, word, sentence, or even text, and sound.
Therefore, with this advantages, VB is an appropriate program to develop an
application for learning language, either for language components or language skills.
In regard to studying vocabulary, a courseware programmer can include
particular picture, the name of the picture is displayed, or the other way around. This
could help the word and the thing in real life. It will be helpful when the
programming gives the pronunciation by providing the sound. Therefore, besides
learning the meaning and forms of words, the language learner is able to learn how to
produce the word correctly. This courseware, completed with pictures and sounds, is
interesting for young language learners who easily learn new idea with model. In
regard to this study, the following is the discussion of several commands and
functions that are employed for processing string data.
a. Variables
A Programming language is supposed to be able to store information
temporarily as it is necessary for the program to remember the information while it is
running. Variables in VB are the place in which the information is
stored(Dwijatmoko, 2002:76)..
Each variable should have a name that might be simple or a description or the
information in the variable. However, there are some restrictions in naming the
variable. The first restriction is variable’s name must be started with a letter, and can
be followed by letters, numbers, and/or underscore. Spaces, periods and other
punctuation characters are not allowed. The second restriction is that the name must
be unique and describing the containing information. The last restriction is variable’s
name should not be longer than 255 characters and one of VB reserved words.
As stated in definition of terms in chapter I, variables could be declared at the
for variable uses statements to define the names of the program’s variables. The
statements are merely for telling the program what the variables should be called and
what type of data can contain. In declaring variables, the word dim is followed by the
name of variables which is separated by comma, for example, the name of the
variables are strsentence, strphrase, and strword. So, the explicit declaration will be:
Dim strsentence, strphrase, strword.
b. Working with Strings
There are several functions that VB provides to be used for processing string
data. They areLeft, Right, Mid, InStr, Len, Ucase, Lcase, and &.
The Left function is used to take character(s) from the left end of the string.
The general command is strVariable – Left(strText, X) (Dwijatmoko, 2002:77). The
string strVariable is taken from the string strText as much as X from the left end of
strText. If strText = “They promise to come” and X = 4;
strVariable = left(They promise to come’,4)
str Variable = “They”
The general command for the Right function is more or less the same as the
Left command. The difference is that the characters taken are from the right end. The
value of strText and X are from the example of the Left function. So that the result
will be;
strVariable =”ome”
The letter “c” is excluded since the characters taken are 4 instead of 5. the
period at the end of strText is identified as the first character from the right end.
The Mid function is used to retrieve a character from a string. This function
has two required arguments and one optional argument. The general command for
Mid function is strVariable = Mid(strText, X,Y) (Dwijatmoko, 2002:79). The source
for strVariable is strtext, and X represents the starting point at which the retrivied
string begins. Both strText and X are the required arguments for this function. Y, as
the optional argument, is the number of characters starting from the starting point.
The following examples show the difference because of the application of an optional
argument
1) strVariable = Mid(“Robert Allen”,8)
strVariable = “Allen”
2) strVariable = Mid(“Robert Allen”,8,2)
strVariable = “Al”
Example 1) gives only the source text and value for X, therefore the result is
“Allen”, which are the remaining characters starting from the eighth character which
is A. While example 2) provides the number of characters to be retrieved. The result
TheInStr function is sed to determine the existence of a character, a word or a
group of characters in a string. It needs two require parameters that are the source
string and the text to search for. If the search text appears, the result is the position
where the search text starts. For example, the source string is “I’ll see you next
Tuesday.” And the search text is “you”.
Strword = InStr 9”I’ll see you next Tuesday.”,”you”)
The result will be 10 that is the position of the first character of “you” within the
source string.
VB provides theLen function to determine the length of a string.
Strword = “basic”
Len(strword) = 5
All characters within a string data would be counted including a space
between two words, in case the string is asentence or phrase.
Strphrase = “visual basic”
Len(strphrase) = 12
The data input in VB program might be typed in capital letters or in lowercase
letters. There is also possibility that the capital letter is for the initial letter only. This
convert all letters into capital letters, the UCase function is put in front of the string.
On the other hand, theLCase function converts all letters into lowercase.
Strphrase = “Visual Basic”
UCase (strPhrase) = “VISUAL BASIC”
LCase (strphrase) = “visual basic”
VB programming language enables the user to combine two or more strings
using the character&. For example,
strword1 = “good”; strword2 =”morning, “;strword3 = “sir”
newstring = strword1 & strword2 & strword3
newstring = “goodmorning, sir.”
c. Other functions in Processing String Variables
VB also provides functions that relate to a statement execution. These
functions are more complicated then the previous functions, as they need more thatn
one statement in coding. Two of them that are employed in this study are If…Then
statement andFor-next.
By using If … Then statement, there are a particular condition or several
conditions that have to be fulfilled by a statement. The statement is executed only if
the condition is true. Generally, the statement will be:
To perform more than one condition, ElseIf statement ca be used to specify
other conditions to evaluate when the first conditions to evaluate when the first
condition is false.
If Test < 0 Then
lblResult.Caption = “ne gative”
ElseIf fTest = 0
lblResult.Caption = “Zero”
Else
lblResult.Caption = “positive”
End if
The code works by first evaluating the condition in the If statement. If the
condition is true, the command(s) directly following the If statement is executed; then
the program goes to the first statement after theEnd If statement.
If the first condition is false, the program skips to the ElseIf statements and
evaluates the condition. Everytime the condition is true, the command directly
following the statement is executed and skips to the statement after End If statement.
When the condition of the last elseIf is false, the program skips to the Else statement
and processes the command directly following the statement.
The other statement is For-Next Loop. This statement is used to perform
200;174). At the beginning of the statement, a counter variable, the beginning and the
end points of the variable’s value must be defined.
The first time the loop is run the counter variable is set to the value of the
beginning point. The program would check the next value after it runs through the
loop. When the counter is bigger thatn the end point, the program passes to the first
statement comes after theNextstatement.
B. Theoretical Framework
This research aims to answer the problems stated previously. Answering the
first problem, the writer gathers and analyzes all information of the stem, and what
the changes occur during the process. This theory is significant to analyse the way to
attach the suffix to the stem
The second problem is solved by using the theory of Visual Basic
Programming, This theory is significant to analyze how to develop English suffix–ity
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Method of Study
The study of linguistics is scientific, therefore the study of linguistics should
be empirical and exact, and therefore objective. “Requiring an observer to see the
conformity between object is another way of saying that the scientific method is
empirical” (Dineen, 1967:4). An objective study is contrasted with a subjective study.
For example, the scientist would measure the degree of heat by means of standard
thermometer instead of just saying that something is hot. The objective approach of
science requires people to see the conformity of the subject in question to some sort
of standard measure. Requiring someone to see the conformity between objects is
called empirical method. The empirical method restricts evidence to what can be seen
or felt or heard. Therefore, it needs an objective communication about the subject
under study. Then, the evidence offered must be public. Because of the empirical
method, the scientific method is exact. Scientific method is called as being exact and
objective when it employs empirical approach. In another way, the scientific
investigation must be empirical in order to be exact.
The addition of suffix to a word can be commonly found in daily language.
Therefore, it will be interesting to analyze the suffix –ity when it is attached to the
stems and its morphophonemic processes. Considering that this is a scientific study,
B. Research Data
The object of study is the attachment of the suffix –ity to words. Since this
study is done by analyzing words, the primary data are words that are formed by
suffix –ity. There are more than 118 words that are used in this analysis. The corpus
for the primary data are taken from Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of
the English Language Unabridged 2nd edition that was published in New York in
1983 by Prentice Hall Press, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current
English by AS Hornby that was published in Oxford in 1987 by Oxford University
Press.
The corpus for the secondary data is some books that discuss the suffix –ity
and anything that relates to this topic. The books are important because they help me
to understand to forming of new words by adding a suffix and give information about
the variants and the morphophonemic process that occurs after the suffixation.
C. Research Procedure
There were several steps in analyzing data in this thesis. The first step was
collecting data of words. The second step was analyzing the attachment of the suffix
–ity to the words by categorizing them in certain groups. Next, an analysis was done
in order to find out the process of the affixation of suffix –ity, the final step of the
data analyse was applying the suffixation process. This step was analyzing have to
Basic 6.0. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn based on the answer of the two
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
Chapter IV contains the findings and analysis that are related to the study in
order to answer the two problem formulations in chapter I. The first part discusses the
suffixation of suffix –ity. The second part discusses suffixation of suffix –ity in a
computer program
A. The suffixation of- ityand the Graphological Changes
If theory of suffixation determines the form of suffix based on the final sound,
the analysis of the research uses three final letters that the stem has. It means that the
last three letters of its stem determine suffixation process of the stem. The last letter
of the stem is often called final letter, the second letter from the last letter is often
called penultimate letter, the third letter from the last is often called the third, while
the fourth letter from the last is often called fourth.
The suffix–ity has two variants, {-ty} and {-y}. They are the adjectives with
the variant {-ty} and {-y}
admiral admiralty
casual casualty
certain certainty
cruel cruelty
loyal loyalty
naïve naivety
nice nicety
safe safety
sovereign sovereignty
sure surety
unite unity
difficult difficulty
honest honesty
modest modesty
While the stem that end in–al, ar/or, -ic, and the alveolar t, d, n, s, r, the velark, and
the labio dentalv take–ityas its suffix, like in the following examples:
liberal liberality
popular popularity
superior superiority
authentic authenticity
The suffixation process of –ity has some graphological changes. The first
graphological change is insertion. The insertion type of suffix –ity occurs in the
possible possibility
preventable preventability
visible visibility
compatible compatibility
capable capability
The word possible, preventable, visible, compatible, can be transformed into
nouns with the suffix –ityby omitting the vowel /∂ / in the syllable /b∂ll/ of the stems
than inserting the letter i before the letter l and adding by –ity at the end of the stem
the result of this process are possibility, preventability, compatibility, and capability.
The second graphological change is replacement. In this type of affixation, the
suffix –ity can be attached to the stems that end in certain endings, in which the
process of suffixation is conducted by replacing ending of the stem with the suffix
–ity.
The first replacement type of affixation occurs in the adjectives, which end
with -nal in the letters and has CCVC construction. -al in the stems is omitted in
the process of the suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity Like in the following
examples:
eternal eternity
fraternal fraternity
In the wordseternal, fraternal, -al in the stems is omitted in the process of the
suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity. On contrary, in the word mortal has different
treatment. Although the stem has CCVC construction in the end of letters, the end of
stem is not –nal. Therefore, -al in the stem is not omitted in the process of the
suffixation. Suffix–ityare directly added into the stem.
The second replacement occurs in the adjectives which end with –ous. There
are three types. In the first type of process -ous, which belongs to the stems, is omitted and replaced by–ity.For examples:
ambiguous ambiguity
continuous continuity
felicitous felicity
magnanimous magnanimity
In the words ambiguous, continuous, felicitous, and magnanimous, -ous is
replaced by–ity.
The second type of process, a stem which has the vowel i before third letters, the lettersi and–ous are replaced by–ity, like in the following examples:
capacious capacity
Wordscapaciousandmendacious, have letter ibefore–ous.Then lettersi and
-ousare replaced by–ity.
The third type of process, a stem which have vowel i and consonant t before
third letters, the letteri, t,and-ousare replaced by–ity.for examples
calamitous calamity
declivitous declivity
felicitous felicity
fortuitous fortuity
iniquitous iniquity
In the words calamitous, declivitous, felicitous, fortuitous, and iniquitous, we
can find letters iand tbefore–ous,then lettersi, t, and–ous are replaced by–ity.
The fourth type of the process, the letter u is dropped and then the suffix –ity
is added, like in the following examples:
curious curiosity
generous generosity
precious preciosity
In the words curious, generous, and monstrous, -ous is changed into –osity
The third graphological change is the deletion of –e in the stem’s final letter.
If the stem has an –e as its final letter, the final letter will be deleted in the suffixation
process. For examples:
agile agility
docile docility
fertile fertility
active activity
inductive inductivity
festive festivity
The word agile, docile, fertile, active and festive can be formed with –ity by
deleting–eon the final letter and adding by–ity at the end of the stem.
B. The Suffixation Process in a Computer Program
In the previous section of the analysis, it is already known that in the
suffixation process, the final letters of the stem is very important. The final letters of
the stem determine the form of the suffix and the graphological change that the stem
has. Based on the analysis on that section, this section will analyze how the
In Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, there are some functions that can be used to
apply the suffixation process. There are several functions that VB provides to be used
for processing string data. They areLeft, Right, Mid, InStr,and Len.
Left function is used to take character(s) from the left end of the string. The general command isstrWord.
strWord = (strStem, X)
The stringstrWord is taken from the stringstrStem as much as X from the left end of
strStem.
The general command for the Right function is more or less the same as the
Left command. The difference is that the characters taken are from the right end.
strWord = Right(strStem, len_text ,X)
The string strWord is taken from the string strStem as much as X from the
right end ofstrStem
Mid function is used to retrieve a character from a string. This function has
two required arguments and one optional argument. The general command for Mid
function isstrWord = Mid(strStem, X,Y)
The source for strWord is strstem, and X represents the starting point at
which the retrieved string begins. Both strStem and X are the required arguments for
this function. Y, as the optional argument, is the number of characters starting from
TheInStr function is set to determine the existence of a character, a word or a
group of characters in a string. It needs two require parameters that are the source
string and the text to search for. If the search text appears, the result is the position
where the search text starts.
The other commands are the process If...then and the repetition
For...Next. They used for decision making. The structure of decision making
processIf....then is:
If <expression1> then
<command1>
<command2>
ElseIf<expression2>then
<command3>
<command4>
End If
The word <expression1> is the statement of condition of <command1> and
<command2>. It means if the condition of <expression1> is fulfilled, <command1>
and <command2> will be executed. If condition <expression1> is not fulfilled, the
program will check whether or not the condition matches with <expression2>. If the
condition matches with <expression2> , <command2>,<command3> and
While the structure of repetitionFor...Nextis:
For <variable> = <number1>to<number2>
<command>
<command>
Next<variable>
The word variable is the name of the variable that is used to store the number
that will be repeated during the process. The word <number1> is a number that is
used to start the repetition, while the word <number2> is a number that is used to end
the repetition. This number determines how many times the commands within the
repetition. This number determines how many times the commands within the
repetition (<command1> and <command2>) will be repeated.
1 The suffix–ityin Computational Linguistics.
Private Sub Process_ity()
strVow = "aiueo"
len_text = Len(strStem)
strFin = Right(strStem, 1)
strPen = Mid(strStem, len_text - 1, 1)
strThird = Mid(strStem, len_text - 2, 1)
strfourth = Mid(strStem, len_text - 3, 1)
End If
If strFin = "l" Or strFin = "r" Or strFin = "c"
Or strFin = "n" Or strFin = "d" Or strFin = "x" Then
strWord = strStem & "ity"
End If
If strFin = "t" Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ty"
ElseIf strFin = "l" Then
If strPen = "a" And strThird = "n" Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "ity"
Else
strWord = strStem & "ity"
End If
End If
If strThird = "o" Then
If strFin = "s" Then
If strPen = "u" And len_text < 9 Then
Else
If strThird = "o" Then
If strFin = "s" Then
If strPen = "u" And len_text >= 9 Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "ity"
If strfourth = "t" Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "y"
ElseIf strfourth = "i" Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "ty"
Else
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "ity"
End If
End If
End If
End If
End If
End If
ElseIf InStr("e", strFin) > 0 Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "il" & "ity"
Else
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ity"
End If
End If
For I% = 1 To 12
Separator = InStr(irr(I%), "/")
Stem = Left(irr(I%), Separator - 1)
Word = Right(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%)) - InStr(irr(I%), "/"))
If strStem = Stem Then
strWord = Word
txtWord.Text = strWord
Exit For
End If
Next I%
txtWord.Text = strWord
End Sub
The first step of applying suffix –ity to computer program is storing vowel
strVow = "aiueo"
len_text = Len(strStem)
strFin = Right(strStem, 1)
strPen = Mid(strStem, len_text - 1, 1)
strThird = Mid (strStem, len_text - 2, 1)
The commandstrVow = “aiueo” is used to store the letter “aiueo” to variable
strVow that will be used to determine the final, and third letters of the adjective. The
command len_text =len(strstem) is used to count the number of letters of the
adjective and store it to variable len_text. The command strFin=Right(strStem,1) is
used to take one letter from the right side of strStem. The command
strPen=Mid(strStem, len_text-1,1) is used to store the penultimate letter of the stem
to variable StrPen. Mid(strStem,len_text-1,1) means take one letter starting from
position len_text-1 of strStem. strThird = Mid(strstem, len_text-2,1) is used to store
the one letter before the penultimate.
If len_text > 3 Then
strFourth = Mid(strStem, len_text - 3, 1)
End If
It means that if the number letter of the stem (len_text) is more than three letters then
takes three letters starting from position len_text-3 of strStem and stores it to variable
If strFin = "l" Or strFin = "r" Or strFin = "c"Or strFin = "n" Or strFin = "d"
Or strFin = "x" Then
strWord = strStem & "ity"
The condition If strFin = "l" Or strFin = "r" Or strFin = "c"Or strFin = "n"
Or strFin = "d" Or strFin = "x" Then determines whether or not the final letter of the
stem is–l, -r, -c, -n, -d,or -x. if the final letter of the stem is one of the six above, the
command strword = strstem & "ity" will attach suffix –ity to the stem directly. The
examples are the adjectives liberal, superior, authentic, human, humid, and complex.
Those six adjectives have the letter –l, -r, –c, -n, -d, and –x for the final letter.
Therefore the suffix –ity is directly attached after the stem. The results of the
processes are:
liberal liberality superior superiority authentic authenticity human humanity humid humidity complex complexity
If strFin = "t" Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ty"
ElseIf strFin = "l" Then
If strPen = "a" And strThird = "n" Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "ity"
Else
strWord = strStem & "ity"
End If
End If
The condition above check the type of the final letter of the stem If the final
letter of the stem is–t (If strFin = "t" Then), the final letter of the stem will be deleted
and added by suffix –ity as a command strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ty".
If the final letter of the stem is–l (ElseIf strFin= “l Then), it will be checked whether
the penultimate of the letter is–a, and the one letter before penultimate of the stem is
–n or not (If strPen= “a” And strThird = "n" Then). If the final letter is –l, the
penultimate letter is -a and the letter before the penultimate is –n, then the final and
the penultimate letter of the stem will be deleted and added by suffix {–ity}, (strWord
= Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "ity"). The examples of the process are the adjectives
maternal, paternal are –l, the penultimate area,and one letter before the penultimate
isn. –lare deleted and suffix–ityadded. The results of the process are;
eternal eternity fraternal fraternity maternal maternity paternal fraternity
When the final letter is–l and the penultimate is an a but the letter before penultimate
is not n the n suffix –ity directly added to the stem, (strWord = strStem & "ity"). The
examples are the adjective actual, general, jovial, legal, normal, and partial. In
actual, general, jovial, legal, normal, and partial, we find –l on the final letter of the
stem,-a on the penultimate of the stem, and not an non one letter before penultimate.
Suffix–itydirectly added into the stem, the result of the process is
actual actuality
general generality
jovial joviality
legal legality
normal normality
partial partiality
If strFin = "s" Then
If strThird = "o" Then
If strPen = "u" And len_text < 9 Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "s" & "ity"
Else
If strThird = "o" Then
If strFin = "s" Then
If strPen = "u" And len_text >= 9 Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "ity"
If strfourth = "t" Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "y"
ElseIf strfourth = "i" Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "ty"
Else
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "ity"
End If
End If
End If
End If
End If
If the final letter of the stem is -s (ElseIf strFin= “s” Then), it will be checked
whether the penultimate of the letter isu, and the number of the letter is less then 9 or
not (If strPen = "u" And len_text < 9 Then), and if the one letter before penultimate is
–o (If strThird = "o" Then) then the commandstrWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "s" & "ity" is used to delete the two letters of the stem and add –s and –ity on the
final letter of the stem. The examples are adjectives callous, generous, and
simultaneous. The words, callous, generous, and simultaneous have –s on the final
stem, u on the penultimate, one letter before penultimate is o and the length stem is
less than 9. thenu, s are deleted and addeds and–ity, the result of the process are
callous callosity
generous generosity
precious preciosity
The condition if the penultimate of the letter is u, and the number of the letter
is 9 or more (If strPen = "u" And len_text >= 9 Then), If we find the second letter
before penultimate is –t (If strfourth = "t" Then) then command strWord =
Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "y" is used. The examples are the adjectives calamitous,
felicitous, andiniquitous. The final stems of calamitous, felicitous, andiniquitousare
–s, the penultimate are u, and first letter before the penultimate are o, and t on the
second letter before penultimate. Then o, u, sare deleted and -y added. The results of the processes are:
felicitous felicity
iniquitous iniquity
If the second letter before penultimate is i (If strfourth = "i" Then) then command
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "ty" is used. The examples are the adjectives
capacious and mendacious. The final stems of capacious and mendacious are –s, the
penultimate are –u,and first letter before the penultimate are–o,and–i on the second
letter before penultimate. Then –o,-u,–s are deleted and -ty added. The results of the
process are;
capacious capacity
mendacious mendacity
If we do not find any –t or–i on the second letter before the penultimate then
–o,-u,-s are deleted and added by suffix {–ity}, strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3)
& "ity"the examples are
ambiguous ambiguity
continuous continuity
incongruous incongruity
magnanimous magnanimity
ElseIf InStr("e", strFin) > 0 Then
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "il" & "ity"
Else
strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ity"
End If
End If
If the final letter is e (ElseIf InStr(“e”, strfin) > 0 Then), it will be che cked
whether or not the penultimate letter of the stem is–l, and one letter before
penultimate of the letter is b (If strPen = "l" And strThird = "b" Then). then the
command strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "il" & "ity" is used to deleted the
final and the penultimate of the stem then added by –il and suffix –ity . The examples
are the adjectivesamiable,capable, possible, preventableandvisible. In those words,
the final and the penultimate of letter are deleted and added by –il and suffix –ity, the
result of the process are;
amiable amiability
capable capability
possible possibility
preventable preventability
visible visibility
The other condition if the final letter is –e and we do not find any –l and –b
deleted and added by suffix –ity, the command strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ity" is used. The example are the adjectivesactive, agile, docile, fertile, inductive,
and festive. The final letter are deleted and added by suffix –ity. The results of the
process are;
active activity agile agility docile docility fertile fertility festive festivity
For I% = 1 To 15
Adjective = Left(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%) - 1)
Word = Right(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%)) - InStr(irr(I%), "/"))
If strStem = Adjective Then
strWord = Word
Exit For
End If
Next I%
The command above is used to determine the variants of suffix –ty. The
variants of suffix–ity list is already stored inprivate sub var.
Private Sub var()
irrs(1) = "admiral/admiralty"
irrs(2) = "casual/casualty"
irrs(3) = "certain/certainty"
irrs(4) = "frail/frailty"
irrs(5) = "loyal/loyalty"
irrs(6) = "naïve/naivety"
irrs(7) = "sovereign/sovereignty"
irrs(8) = "sure/surety"
irrs(9) = "unite/unity"
irrs(10) = "difficult/difficulty"
irrs(11) = "honest/honesty"
irrs(12) = "modest/modesty"
End Sub
If the stem is one of the adjectives (If strstem = adjective Then), the affixation
process will take the variant of the stem (strword =word ). Command Adjective =
Word = Right(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%)) - InStr(irr(I%), "/"))is used to store the suffixation–ity to the stem. The examples are:
admiral admiralty
casual casualty
certain certainty
frail frailty
loyal loyalty
naïve naivety
sovereign sovereignty
modest modesty
unite unity
difficult difficulty"
honest honesty
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The analysis in the previous chapter has answered the problems that are
formulated in the first chapter of this research. The first part of the analysis has
answered the problem how the suffix –ity is attached the stem. In the analysis there is
a new finding, namely to determine the form of suffix that will be attached to the
stem and the graphological changes will occur, the form of the final letter,
penultimate letter, and the th0ird letter of the stem have an important role. The
combination of those three letters determines the form of the suffix attached to the
stem and the graphological changes occur in the process. The combination of the
final, the penultimate and the third letter can be a CVV, CVC, VVC, and VCC. In the
suffixation process, of course there is also a stress shift. Since the computer can not
recognize the changing of the stress, the changing is being ignored.
In the–ity suffixation process, suffix–ity is directly added to the stem. It does
not matter whatever the form of the final letters are. For the graphological changes
that occur in the –ity suffixation. The first graphological change is insertion. The
insertion can be found in the adjectives which have VCCV construction, like in –
able/-ible.Possible becomes possibility after the suffixation by droping the vowel /∂ /
in the syllable /b∂ l/ of the stem, then inserting the letter i before the letter land adding
by –ity at the end of the stem. The third is the replacement in which the suffix –ity
occurs in the adjectives which has CCVC construction and end in –nal like in
paternal becomes paternity after suffixation by dropping -al of the stem and
replacing with –ity. The replacement also occurs in the adjectives which end in –ous
and replacing with –ity, like continuous becomes continuity after the suffixation by
dropping–ous and replacing with–ity.
Based on the analysis how the suffix –ity are attached to the stem, the second
part analysis analyzes how the suffixation can be done computationally. This analysis
explores the construction of suffixation process in a computer program, Microsoft
Visual Basic 6.0, the suffixation process can be built in computer program.
In building suffixation process, the command Visual Basic will The first step
of applying suffix –ity to computer program is storing vowel letter, final letter,
penultimate letter and third letter of the adjective to variables. The command strVow
= “aiueo” is used to store the letter “aiueo” to variable strVow that will be used to
determine the final, and third letters of the adjective. The command len_text =len(strstem) is used to count the number of letters of the adjective and store it to
variable len_text. The command strFin=Right(strStem,1) is used to take one letter
from the right side of strStem. The command strPen=Mid(strStem, len_text-1,1) is
used to store the penultimate letter of the stem to variable StrPen.
Mid(strStem,len_text-1,1) means take one letter starting from position len_text-1 of
strStem. strThird = Mid(strstem, len_text-2,1) is used to store the one letter before the
penultimate. After those processes are done, the combination of the final letters of the
combination of those final letters using the command strWord = strStem &
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cobbett, William. A Grammar of the English Language. Amsterdam: Rodopi B.V. 1983.
Dwijatmoko, B.B. A Computational Linguistics-Students Guide Book. Unpublished Material.2002.
Fromkin Victoria and Robert Rodman.1988.An Introduction to Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.
O’Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky, Francais Katamba. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction.London: Longman Limited, 1996.
Quirk, Randloph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Limited, 1972.
Szymanek, Bordan. Introduction to Morphological Analysis.Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.1989
Wong, Stephen. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Jakarta:Elex Media Komputindo-Kelompok Gramedia.2003
a. Xal, Xar, and Xic
formal formality public publicity
central centrality atomic atomicity
brutal brutality electric electricity
Angular angularity
Familiar familiarity
Interior interiority
Jocular jocularity
b. Xable/ X ible
resistible resistibility
possible possibility
acceptable acceptability
preventable preventability
c. Xive
active activity
captive captivity
festive festivity
imbecile imbecility
ductile ductility
futile futility
e. Xous
generous generosity perpetuous perpetuity
curious curiosity ambiguous ambiguity
f. Monomorphemic and from Latinate
avid avidity pure purity
convex conve xity rigid rigidity
dense density stupid stupidity
certain certainty loyal loyalty
Option Explicit
Dim LSent, ResSent, inStr, MyOption, strWord, Stem, Word
Dim Number_of_words, Number, I%, Search_Word, strFin, strThird, strtype, irr(50), strSecond
Dim strPairs(150), Len_Word, strVow, len_text, strStem, strPen, Separator, strfourth
Private Sub cmdend_Click() Dim message, msg
Dim OK As Integer
msg = "are you sure??"
OK = MsgBox(msg, vbOKCancel, "warning!", "", 1) If OK = 2 Then
message = MsgBox(msg, vbOKOnly, "warning!", "", 0) txtStem.SetFocus
Else
strStem = txtStem.Text
irr(10) = "difficult/difficulty"
Else
Separator = InStr(irr(I%), "/") Stem = Left(irr(I%), Separator - 1)
Word = Right(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%)) - InStr(irr(I%), "/")) If strStem = Stem Then
strWord = Word
txtWord.Text = strWord