THE SUFFIXATION OF ENGLISH SUFFIX –ITY IN A COMPUTER PROGRAM

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THE SUFFIXATION OF ENGLISH SUFFIX

–ITY

IN A COMPUTER PROGRAM

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofSarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Valentinus Prima Dhani Adrianto

St. Number : 004214020

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTHING

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for his blessing. The blessing

has given me spirit to finish my thesis.

I am very thankful to my major sponsor, Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A for his

professional guidance on my thesis writing by giving me a lot of suggestions,

corrections, and explanations. His tolerances and flexibility have given me many

chances to improve this thesis. I am also thankful my co-sponsor, J. Harris

Hermansyah, S.S, M.Hum. for his willingness to read and correct my thesis before

exam. May God always bless the m in their work well as their family.

My deep gratitude goes to people who love me. My parents and brother, they

have given me a lot of prayers and financial supports. My lovely wife, Theresia Dewi

Wahyuningsih, my son, Fransiscus Xaverius Raka Putra Adrianto always support and

give me beautiful guidance when I wrote this thesis. Congregation of Frater CMM

Provensialat Indonesia, they make the thesis finished.

My thankfulness goes to Ir. Pandu Djajanto, MSc, deputy of BUMN ministry

who gave me a lot of experienc es about “a real life” and how to survive. Mr.

Sudarmaji, SH, Head Officer of Human Research Development of Pertamina

Indonesia, who ha s permitted me to join and feel the biggest company in Indonesia.

All of friends in English Letters 00 community, thanks for the friendship and

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

D. Definition of Terms……….. 4

Chapter II THEORETICAL REVIEW ………... 5

A. Related Theories ………. . 5

1. Suffix–ity………..……... 5

2. Suffixation ………. 11

3. Theory Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 ……… 17

B. Theoretical Framework ………... 24

Chapter III METHODOLOGY ……….. 25

A. Method of Study ……….. 25

B. Research Data ………. 26

C. Research Procedure ……… 26

Chapter IV ANALYSIS ………. 28

A. The Suffixation of-ityand the Graphological Changes …………. 28

B. The Suffixation Process in A Computer Program……… 33

1. The suffix –ity in Computational Linguistic……… 36

Chapter V CONCLUSION ……… 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY………... 54

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ABSTRACT

VALENTINUS PRIMA DHANI ADRIANTO. The Suffixation of English Suffix – ity In A Computer Program. Yogyakarta : Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2007.

The research has been conducted to provide an aid material in determining process English suffix–ity take in suffixation process and in applying the suffixation process to the computer language program. There were two problems discussed in this research. The Problems were: 1) what are the graphological changes which occur in the stem as result of the suffixation and 2) How can the graphological changes be displayed in a computer program.

There are three theories are used to answer the problem formulation. First is theory of English suffix –ity. Second is the theory of suffixation, and the last theory is theory of Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.

In the method of analysis, the writer made two steps. The first step was collecting data that were taken from Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged 2nd edition and Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. The dictionaries contain 118 adjectives. The second step was divided into two parts. They were 1) analyzing the suffixation process and the graphological changes that occurred in the suffixation process, and 2) applying the suffixation process to computer language program.

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ABSTRAK

VALENTINUS PRIMA DHANI ADRIANTO. The Suffixation of English Suffix – ity In A Computer Program.Yogyakarta : Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2007.

Riset ini dibuat untuk membantu memahami di dalam penentuan suffix –ity terhadap adjective bahasa Inggris dan didalam pengaplikasian proses sufiksasi ke dalam bahasa komputer. Ada dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam riset ini. Permasalahan-permasalahan itu adalah: 1) Perubahan kata apa yang terjadi sebagai proses dari suffikasi dan 2) Bagaimana perubahan tersebut dikerjakan dengan komputer.

Ada tiga teori yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan-permasalahan di atas. Teori yang pertama adalah suffik–ity. Teori yang kedua adalah teori sufiksasi dan teori terakhir adalah teori Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.

Di dalam metode penulisan, penulis menggunakan dua langkah. Langkah pertana adalah mengumpulkan data yang diambil dari buku Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged 2nd edition dan Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Penulis mendapatkan lebih dari 118 kata sifat. Langkah kedua adalah analisa data. Langkah ini dibagi menjadi dua bagian. Bagian-bagian itu adalah: 1) menganalisa perubahan kata yang terjadi dalam proses sufiksasi 2) mengaplikasikan proses suffiksasi ke dalam bahasa computer.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Man can be not separated from language in a sense that human always

need to communicate with others to share values in their lives. it can be said that

language is one of many aspects in human life, for this, G.H Lewes Stated;

Just a bird have wings, man has language. These wings give the birds its peculiar attitude for aerial lomotion. Language enables man’s intelligence and passions to acquire their peculiar character of intellects and sentiment. (Fromkin and Rodman 1988; 2)

Based on this statement, language has an important role in people’s life.

Everyday, they use it to express their ideas, feeling or attitudes towards

something. It does not mean that it is enough for people to learn their own

language or their mother tongue only. On the contrary, people must learn other

languages to speak to others from different countries.

Regarding that matter, people have studied and developed language. In

studying language, grammar is very important. People ability to understand

conversation and text is affected by their quality in grammar. According to

Cobbett, grammar provides rules and principles to make the use of words (1983:

33). He adds that is better for people to choose the appropriate words and to place

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words in producing sentences. Language therefore, is included into the branch of

science. The science is known as linguistics.

Linguistics has been developed continually. The experts have developed

linguistics using technology. Computers linguistics is one of applying technology

in linguistics. At the beginning they only made the machine translation, and later

on computer linguistics has been developed and built to the others applications of

linguistics through computer.

A lot of softwares have been made and used to support computational

linguistics. One of them is Microsoft Visual basic 6. Microsoft Visual basic 6

enables us to design the programs for computational linguistics such as dictionary

programme, language analysis software, and language learning software. Those

programmes can help people to learn language easily and effectively.

This research will discuss the application of computational linguistic with

the affixation of English suffix –ity in a computer program. Suffix –ity is chosen

because we can find the suffix and function in daily life easily. The examples are

the wordsactivity, creativity, ability simplicity, and others.

To combine suffix –ity with the adjective, there are some rules that must

be followed. The rules are related to the type of final sound of the stem, type of

the penultimate sound of stem, etc. to be more specific, the rules of suffixation

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B. Problem Formulation

In order to understand about the topic, the problems of this study can be

formulated as follows:

1. What are the graphological changes which occur in the stem as result of the

suffixation?

2. How can the graphological changes be displayed in a computer program?

C. Research of the Study

Based on the problem formulation above, there are two aims of the study. First, to

find the way suffix –ity is attached to the stem. Second, to explore the way of

suffixation of suffix–ity in a computer program

D. Definition of Terms

The terms are affix, affixation, suffix, suffixation, stem, and Microsoft Visual

basic 6.

1. An affix is a bound morpheme that is attached before, after, or within a root or

stem. An affix is attached by derivation or inflection (O’Grady, et al.

1988:138-139)

2. Affixation is the morphological process whereby an affix is attached to a root or

stem (O’Grady, et al. 1988:138-145)

3. A suffix is an affix that is attached to the end of root or stem (O’Grady, et al.

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4. Suffixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to

the end of a stem. The kind of affix involved in this process is called a suffix

(O’Grady, et al. 1988:138)

5. Stem is the form to which an affix added. A stem consists minimally of a root, but

may be analyzable into a root plus derivational morphemes (O’Grady, et al.

1988:137)

6. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 is a visual programming environment to develop GUI

(Graphical User Interface) based windows application. Visual refers to the

method to create the GUI, this means that a programmer only adds objects into

place on screen rather than writer codes to describe the location and appearance of

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Related Theories

There are three theories that related to answer the question in problem

formulation. There are the theory of suffix –ity , suffixation, and theory of Microsoft

Visual Basic 6.0.

1 Suffix–ity

The suffix –ity is the principal Latinate element which is used in English to derive NE. As a nominative formative, –ity is a found to combine exclusively with

Latinate adjectives (except oddity) (Szymanek, 1989:158).

The several major structural classes of adjectives within the base of –ity

affixation, they are the adjectives with the variant –ty. Adjectives with–al, adjectives

with –nal, adjectives with –ar or –or, adjectives with –ic, adjectives with able/-ible,

adjectives with–ous, adjectives with, adjectives with–ile /-ive, and adjectives with

alveolar,velar, andlabio dental

The first type of adjective is an adjective with end in variant –ty. They are

divided into two. The first is the adjectives, with end inn, l, ore, can be nominalized

with –ity directly by adding –ty in the process of affixation, like in the following

words:

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safe safety

sovereign sovereignty

The second is the adjective which end with t, can be normalized with –ity

directly only by addingy in process of the suffixation, like the following words:

difficult difficulty

modest modesty

honest honesty

The second type of adjective is an adjective which end with –al. The adjective

which end with -al can be nominalized with –ity. They become –ality after the process of suffixation, like in the following words:

X - al X - ality/ty

actual actuality

general generality

legal legality

jovial joviality

partial partiality

normal normality

individual individuality

fatal fatality

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personal personality

real reality

The third type of adjective is an adjective which end with –nal. The adjective which end with -nal can be nominalized with –ity by dropping –al in the stem and

changing into –ity, like in the following words:

X - nal X - nity

eternal eternity

maternal maternity

paternal paternity

fraternal fraternity

The fourth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ar/-or. The

adjective which end with –ar/-or can be nominalized with –ity by directly in the

process of suffixation, like in the following words:

X - ar/ X or X - arity/X ority

familiar familiarity

interior interiority

jocular jocularity

major majority

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prior priority

popular popularity

superior superiority

The fifth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ic. The adjective

which end with –iccan be nominalized with –ity by directly. Furthermore, before the

suffixation, the consonant /k/ is pronounced, but after the suffixation it is not

pronounced and changed into /s/, like in the following words:

X -ic X - ity

atomic atomicity

authentic authenticity

domestic domesticity

electric electricity

public publicity

elastic elasticity

The sixth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –able/-ible. The

adjective which end with –able/-ible can be nominalized with –ity by cha nging –

able/-ible into –ability/ -ibility in the process of suffixation,, like in the following

words:

X -able/X- ible X - ability/X - ibility

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preventable preventability

resistible resistibility

possible possibility

visible visibility

compatible compatibility

The seventh type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ous. The

adjective which end with –ous can be nominalized with –ity by two type. The first

type is replacing –ous that belongs to the main words into –ity, like in the following

words:

X -ous X–ity

ambiguous ambiguity

curious curiosity

generous generosity

simultaneous simultaneity

The second type, the adjectives which end with –ous, can be nominalized with –ity by omitting u of –ous in the main words and adding –ity in the end of the

stems, like the following words:

X -ous X - osity

curious curiosity

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impetuous impetuosity

monstrous monstrosity

The eight type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ile/-ive. The

adjective which end with –ile/-ive can be nominalized with –ity by omitting the letter

e that belongs to the main words in the process of suffixation and adding with –ity,,

like in the following words:

X - ile X - ility

agile agility

docile docility

gentile gentility

hostile hostility

imbecile imbecility

ductile ductility

futile futility

X - ive X - ivity

active activity

captive captivity

festive festivity

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The last type of adjective is an adjective which end with alveolar, dental, and

labio dental. The adjective which end with t, d, n, s,and r, the velark and the labio

dentalv can be nominalized with –ity directly,as the following words

actual actuality

jocular jocularity

interior interiority

elastic elasticity

certain certainty

chaste chastity

absurd absurdity

2. Suffixation of–ity

The affixation of suffix –ity can be simple affixation, simple affixation, or

replacement (Dewi Yuliani, 2005:40).

a. Simple Affixation

Simple affixation is the attachment of the suffix –ity to the stem directly without changing the form of the stem significantly. The Process of the affixation can

be formulated as follows:

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The simple affixation of the suffix–itycan be found in adjectives which end in

–al, ar/or, -ic,the variant–ty,and the alveolart, d, n, s, r,the velar k,and the labio

dentalk, like in the following examples:

actual +–ity actuality

jocular +–ity jocularity

interior +–ity interiority

elastic +–ity elasticity

certain +–ity certainty

difficult +–ity difficulty

chaste +–ity chastity

absurd +–ity absurdity

benign +–ity benignity

adverse +–ity adversity

mature +–ity maturity

antique +–ity antiquity

grave +–ity gravity

liberal +–ity liberality

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N N

ADJ suffix ADJ suffix

actual –ity jocular –ity

N N

interior –ity elastic –ity

N N

certain –ity difficult –ity

N N

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N N

benign –ity adverse –ity

N N

mature –ity antique –ity

N N

grave –ity liberal –ity

b. Insertion

In this process, a letter is inserted before–ity. The process affixation can be

Stem +–ity Stem

–x-The insertion type of suffix–ityoccurs in adjectives, which end in –able/-ible.

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the letter land adding by–ityat the end of the stem. –able/-ibleof the stems becomes

-ability / -ibility in the process of suffixation, like in the following examples;

absorbable +–ity absorbability

affable +–ity affability

amiable +–ity amiability

possible +–ity possibility

c. Replacement

In this process of affixation, the suffix–ity can be attached in to the stems that

end in certain endings, in which the process of suffixation is conducted by replacing

the end ing of the stem with the suffix –ity. The process of affixation can be

Stem –x +–ity Stem–ity

The replacement type of affixation occurs in the adjectives, which end in–nal

and-ous.

First, in the adjectives which end in –nal, -al in the stem is omitted in the

process of suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity, like in the following examples:

fraternal +–ity fraternity

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Second, in the adjectives which end in–ous, the process can be differentiated

into two. In the first type of the process, -ous is dropped and replaced by –ity, like in

the following examples:

continuous +–ity continuity

felicitous +–ity felicity

The vowelaoroprecedingci usually becomes X ity after the suffixation, like

the following examples:

mendacious +–ity mendacity mordacious +–ity mordacity

In the second type of process, the letter u is dropped and then the suffix –ity is

added, like in the following examples:

curious +–ity curiosity

generous +–ity generosity monstrous +–ity monstrosity

In the word curious, generous, and monstrous, -ous is changed into –osity

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Table I:

3. Theory of Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0

This section discusses Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. Microsoft Visual Basic was

launched 1998 by Microsoft Corporation. There are three editions for Microsoft

Visual Basic 6.0: Learning Edition, Professional Edition, and Enterprise Edition

(Hawhee, 199:66). Among all editions, the Professional Edition has a complete

feature. In this thesis the writer uses the Professional Edition.

Among the programming language, Microsoft Visual Basic (VB) is

considered as easiest programming language and compatible to other Microsoft

applications. VB offers a wide range of opportunity in using this program for

deve loping computer application because of the features provided by this program.

VB can be used to present pictures, word, sentence, or even text, and sound.

Therefore, with this advantages, VB is an appropriate program to develop an

application for learning language, either for language components or language skills.

In regard to studying vocabulary, a courseware programmer can include

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particular picture, the name of the picture is displayed, or the other way around. This

could help the word and the thing in real life. It will be helpful when the

programming gives the pronunciation by providing the sound. Therefore, besides

learning the meaning and forms of words, the language learner is able to learn how to

produce the word correctly. This courseware, completed with pictures and sounds, is

interesting for young language learners who easily learn new idea with model. In

regard to this study, the following is the discussion of several commands and

functions that are employed for processing string data.

a. Variables

A Programming language is supposed to be able to store information

temporarily as it is necessary for the program to remember the information while it is

running. Variables in VB are the place in which the information is

stored(Dwijatmoko, 2002:76)..

Each variable should have a name that might be simple or a description or the

information in the variable. However, there are some restrictions in naming the

variable. The first restriction is variable’s name must be started with a letter, and can

be followed by letters, numbers, and/or underscore. Spaces, periods and other

punctuation characters are not allowed. The second restriction is that the name must

be unique and describing the containing information. The last restriction is variable’s

name should not be longer than 255 characters and one of VB reserved words.

As stated in definition of terms in chapter I, variables could be declared at the

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for variable uses statements to define the names of the program’s variables. The

statements are merely for telling the program what the variables should be called and

what type of data can contain. In declaring variables, the word dim is followed by the

name of variables which is separated by comma, for example, the name of the

variables are strsentence, strphrase, and strword. So, the explicit declaration will be:

Dim strsentence, strphrase, strword.

b. Working with Strings

There are several functions that VB provides to be used for processing string

data. They areLeft, Right, Mid, InStr, Len, Ucase, Lcase, and &.

The Left function is used to take character(s) from the left end of the string.

The general command is strVariable – Left(strText, X) (Dwijatmoko, 2002:77). The

string strVariable is taken from the string strText as much as X from the left end of

strText. If strText = “They promise to come” and X = 4;

strVariable = left(They promise to come’,4)

str Variable = “They”

The general command for the Right function is more or less the same as the

Left command. The difference is that the characters taken are from the right end. The

value of strText and X are from the example of the Left function. So that the result

will be;

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strVariable =”ome”

The letter “c” is excluded since the characters taken are 4 instead of 5. the

period at the end of strText is identified as the first character from the right end.

The Mid function is used to retrieve a character from a string. This function

has two required arguments and one optional argument. The general command for

Mid function is strVariable = Mid(strText, X,Y) (Dwijatmoko, 2002:79). The source

for strVariable is strtext, and X represents the starting point at which the retrivied

string begins. Both strText and X are the required arguments for this function. Y, as

the optional argument, is the number of characters starting from the starting point.

The following examples show the difference because of the application of an optional

argument

1) strVariable = Mid(“Robert Allen”,8)

strVariable = “Allen”

2) strVariable = Mid(“Robert Allen”,8,2)

strVariable = “Al”

Example 1) gives only the source text and value for X, therefore the result is

“Allen”, which are the remaining characters starting from the eighth character which

is A. While example 2) provides the number of characters to be retrieved. The result

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TheInStr function is sed to determine the existence of a character, a word or a

group of characters in a string. It needs two require parameters that are the source

string and the text to search for. If the search text appears, the result is the position

where the search text starts. For example, the source string is “I’ll see you next

Tuesday.” And the search text is “you”.

Strword = InStr 9”I’ll see you next Tuesday.”,”you”)

The result will be 10 that is the position of the first character of “you” within the

source string.

VB provides theLen function to determine the length of a string.

Strword = “basic”

Len(strword) = 5

All characters within a string data would be counted including a space

between two words, in case the string is asentence or phrase.

Strphrase = “visual basic”

Len(strphrase) = 12

The data input in VB program might be typed in capital letters or in lowercase

letters. There is also possibility that the capital letter is for the initial letter only. This

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convert all letters into capital letters, the UCase function is put in front of the string.

On the other hand, theLCase function converts all letters into lowercase.

Strphrase = “Visual Basic”

UCase (strPhrase) = “VISUAL BASIC”

LCase (strphrase) = “visual basic”

VB programming language enables the user to combine two or more strings

using the character&. For example,

strword1 = “good”; strword2 =”morning, “;strword3 = “sir”

newstring = strword1 & strword2 & strword3

newstring = “goodmorning, sir.”

c. Other functions in Processing String Variables

VB also provides functions that relate to a statement execution. These

functions are more complicated then the previous functions, as they need more thatn

one statement in coding. Two of them that are employed in this study are If…Then

statement andFor-next.

By using If … Then statement, there are a particular condition or several

conditions that have to be fulfilled by a statement. The statement is executed only if

the condition is true. Generally, the statement will be:

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To perform more than one condition, ElseIf statement ca be used to specify

other conditions to evaluate when the first conditions to evaluate when the first

condition is false.

If Test < 0 Then

lblResult.Caption = “ne gative”

ElseIf fTest = 0

lblResult.Caption = “Zero”

Else

lblResult.Caption = “positive”

End if

The code works by first evaluating the condition in the If statement. If the

condition is true, the command(s) directly following the If statement is executed; then

the program goes to the first statement after theEnd If statement.

If the first condition is false, the program skips to the ElseIf statements and

evaluates the condition. Everytime the condition is true, the command directly

following the statement is executed and skips to the statement after End If statement.

When the condition of the last elseIf is false, the program skips to the Else statement

and processes the command directly following the statement.

The other statement is For-Next Loop. This statement is used to perform

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200;174). At the beginning of the statement, a counter variable, the beginning and the

end points of the variable’s value must be defined.

The first time the loop is run the counter variable is set to the value of the

beginning point. The program would check the next value after it runs through the

loop. When the counter is bigger thatn the end point, the program passes to the first

statement comes after theNextstatement.

B. Theoretical Framework

This research aims to answer the problems stated previously. Answering the

first problem, the writer gathers and analyzes all information of the stem, and what

the changes occur during the process. This theory is significant to analyse the way to

attach the suffix to the stem

The second problem is solved by using the theory of Visual Basic

Programming, This theory is significant to analyze how to develop English suffix–ity

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Method of Study

The study of linguistics is scientific, therefore the study of linguistics should

be empirical and exact, and therefore objective. “Requiring an observer to see the

conformity between object is another way of saying that the scientific method is

empirical” (Dineen, 1967:4). An objective study is contrasted with a subjective study.

For example, the scientist would measure the degree of heat by means of standard

thermometer instead of just saying that something is hot. The objective approach of

science requires people to see the conformity of the subject in question to some sort

of standard measure. Requiring someone to see the conformity between objects is

called empirical method. The empirical method restricts evidence to what can be seen

or felt or heard. Therefore, it needs an objective communication about the subject

under study. Then, the evidence offered must be public. Because of the empirical

method, the scientific method is exact. Scientific method is called as being exact and

objective when it employs empirical approach. In another way, the scientific

investigation must be empirical in order to be exact.

The addition of suffix to a word can be commonly found in daily language.

Therefore, it will be interesting to analyze the suffix –ity when it is attached to the

stems and its morphophonemic processes. Considering that this is a scientific study,

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B. Research Data

The object of study is the attachment of the suffix –ity to words. Since this

study is done by analyzing words, the primary data are words that are formed by

suffix –ity. There are more than 118 words that are used in this analysis. The corpus

for the primary data are taken from Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of

the English Language Unabridged 2nd edition that was published in New York in

1983 by Prentice Hall Press, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current

English by AS Hornby that was published in Oxford in 1987 by Oxford University

Press.

The corpus for the secondary data is some books that discuss the suffix –ity

and anything that relates to this topic. The books are important because they help me

to understand to forming of new words by adding a suffix and give information about

the variants and the morphophonemic process that occurs after the suffixation.

C. Research Procedure

There were several steps in analyzing data in this thesis. The first step was

collecting data of words. The second step was analyzing the attachment of the suffix

–ity to the words by categorizing them in certain groups. Next, an analysis was done

in order to find out the process of the affixation of suffix –ity, the final step of the

data analyse was applying the suffixation process. This step was analyzing have to

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Basic 6.0. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn based on the answer of the two

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

Chapter IV contains the findings and analysis that are related to the study in

order to answer the two problem formulations in chapter I. The first part discusses the

suffixation of suffix –ity. The second part discusses suffixation of suffix –ity in a

computer program

A. The suffixation of- ityand the Graphological Changes

If theory of suffixation determines the form of suffix based on the final sound,

the analysis of the research uses three final letters that the stem has. It means that the

last three letters of its stem determine suffixation process of the stem. The last letter

of the stem is often called final letter, the second letter from the last letter is often

called penultimate letter, the third letter from the last is often called the third, while

the fourth letter from the last is often called fourth.

The suffix–ity has two variants, {-ty} and {-y}. They are the adjectives with

the variant {-ty} and {-y}

admiral admiralty

casual casualty

certain certainty

cruel cruelty

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loyal loyalty

naïve naivety

nice nicety

safe safety

sure surety

unite unity

honest honesty

modest modesty

While the stem that end in–al, ar/or, -ic, and the alveolar t, d, n, s, r, the velark, and

the labio dentalv take–ityas its suffix, like in the following examples:

liberal liberality

popular popularity

superior superiority

authentic authenticity

The suffixation process of –ity has some graphological changes. The first

graphological change is insertion. The insertion type of suffix –ity occurs in the

(38)

visible visibility

compatible compatibility

capable capability

The word possible, preventable, visible, compatible, can be transformed into

nouns with the suffix –ityby omitting the vowel /∂ / in the syllable /b∂ll/ of the stems

than inserting the letter i before the letter l and adding by –ity at the end of the stem

the result of this process are possibility, preventability, compatibility, and capability.

The second graphological change is replacement. In this type of affixation, the

suffix –ity can be attached to the stems that end in certain endings, in which the

process of suffixation is conducted by replacing ending of the stem with the suffix

–ity.

The first replacement type of affixation occurs in the adjectives, which end

with -nal in the letters and has CCVC construction. -al in the stems is omitted in

the process of the suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity Like in the following

examples:

eternal eternity

fraternal fraternity

(39)

In the wordseternal, fraternal, -al in the stems is omitted in the process of the

suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity. On contrary, in the word mortal has different

treatment. Although the stem has CCVC construction in the end of letters, the end of

stem is not –nal. Therefore, -al in the stem is not omitted in the process of the

suffixation. Suffix–ityare directly added into the stem.

The second replacement occurs in the adjectives which end with –ous. There

are three types. In the first type of process -ous, which belongs to the stems, is omitted and replaced by–ity.For examples:

ambiguous ambiguity

continuous continuity

felicitous felicity

magnanimous magnanimity

In the words ambiguous, continuous, felicitous, and magnanimous, -ous is

replaced by–ity.

The second type of process, a stem which has the vowel i before third letters, the lettersi and–ous are replaced by–ity, like in the following examples:

capacious capacity

(40)

Wordscapaciousandmendacious, have letter ibefore–ous.Then lettersi and

-ousare replaced by–ity.

The third type of process, a stem which have vowel i and consonant t before

third letters, the letteri, t,and-ousare replaced by–ity.for examples

calamitous calamity

declivitous declivity

felicitous felicity

fortuitous fortuity

iniquitous iniquity

In the words calamitous, declivitous, felicitous, fortuitous, and iniquitous, we

can find letters iand tbefore–ous,then lettersi, t, and–ous are replaced by–ity.

The fourth type of the process, the letter u is dropped and then the suffix –ity

is added, like in the following examples:

curious curiosity

generous generosity

precious preciosity

In the words curious, generous, and monstrous, -ous is changed into –osity

(41)

The third graphological change is the deletion of –e in the stem’s final letter.

If the stem has an –e as its final letter, the final letter will be deleted in the suffixation

process. For examples:

agile agility

docile docility

fertile fertility

active activity

inductive inductivity

festive festivity

The word agile, docile, fertile, active and festive can be formed with –ity by

deleting–eon the final letter and adding by–ity at the end of the stem.

B. The Suffixation Process in a Computer Program

In the previous section of the analysis, it is already known that in the

suffixation process, the final letters of the stem is very important. The final letters of

the stem determine the form of the suffix and the graphological change that the stem

has. Based on the analysis on that section, this section will analyze how the

(42)

In Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, there are some functions that can be used to

apply the suffixation process. There are several functions that VB provides to be used

for processing string data. They areLeft, Right, Mid, InStr,and Len.

Left function is used to take character(s) from the left end of the string. The general command isstrWord.

strWord = (strStem, X)

The stringstrWord is taken from the stringstrStem as much as X from the left end of

strStem.

The general command for the Right function is more or less the same as the

Left command. The difference is that the characters taken are from the right end.

strWord = Right(strStem, len_text ,X)

The string strWord is taken from the string strStem as much as X from the

right end ofstrStem

Mid function is used to retrieve a character from a string. This function has

two required arguments and one optional argument. The general command for Mid

function isstrWord = Mid(strStem, X,Y)

The source for strWord is strstem, and X represents the starting point at

which the retrieved string begins. Both strStem and X are the required arguments for

this function. Y, as the optional argument, is the number of characters starting from

(43)

TheInStr function is set to determine the existence of a character, a word or a

group of characters in a string. It needs two require parameters that are the source

string and the text to search for. If the search text appears, the result is the position

where the search text starts.

The other commands are the process If...then and the repetition

For...Next. They used for decision making. The structure of decision making

processIf....then is:

If <expression1> then

ElseIf<expression2>then

End If

The word <expression1> is the statement of condition of <command1> and

<command2>. It means if the condition of <expression1> is fulfilled, <command1>

and <command2> will be executed. If condition <expression1> is not fulfilled, the

program will check whether or not the condition matches with <expression2>. If the

condition matches with <expression2> , <command2>,<command3> and

(44)

While the structure of repetitionFor...Nextis:

For <variable> = <number1>to<number2>

Next<variable>

The word variable is the name of the variable that is used to store the number

that will be repeated during the process. The word <number1> is a number that is

used to start the repetition, while the word <number2> is a number that is used to end

the repetition. This number determines how many times the commands within the

repetition. This number determines how many times the commands within the

repetition (<command1> and <command2>) will be repeated.

1 The suffix–ityin Computational Linguistics.

Private Sub Process_ity()

strVow = "aiueo"

len_text = Len(strStem)

strFin = Right(strStem, 1)

strPen = Mid(strStem, len_text - 1, 1)

strThird = Mid(strStem, len_text - 2, 1)

(45)

strfourth = Mid(strStem, len_text - 3, 1)

End If

If strFin = "l" Or strFin = "r" Or strFin = "c"

Or strFin = "n" Or strFin = "d" Or strFin = "x" Then

strWord = strStem & "ity"

End If

If strFin = "t" Then

strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ty"

ElseIf strFin = "l" Then

If strPen = "a" And strThird = "n" Then

strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "ity"

Else

End If

If strThird = "o" Then

If strFin = "s" Then

If strPen = "u" And len_text < 9 Then

(46)

Else

If strPen = "u" And len_text >= 9 Then

If strfourth = "t" Then

strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "y"

ElseIf strfourth = "i" Then

Else

End If

ElseIf InStr("e", strFin) > 0 Then

(47)

strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "il" & "ity"

Else

End If

For I% = 1 To 12

Separator = InStr(irr(I%), "/")

Stem = Left(irr(I%), Separator - 1)

Word = Right(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%)) - InStr(irr(I%), "/"))

If strStem = Stem Then

strWord = Word

txtWord.Text = strWord

Exit For

End If

Next I%

End Sub

The first step of applying suffix –ity to computer program is storing vowel

(48)

strVow = "aiueo"

len_text = Len(strStem)

strFin = Right(strStem, 1)

strPen = Mid(strStem, len_text - 1, 1)

strThird = Mid (strStem, len_text - 2, 1)

The commandstrVow = “aiueo” is used to store the letter “aiueo” to variable

strVow that will be used to determine the final, and third letters of the adjective. The

command len_text =len(strstem) is used to count the number of letters of the

adjective and store it to variable len_text. The command strFin=Right(strStem,1) is

used to take one letter from the right side of strStem. The command

strPen=Mid(strStem, len_text-1,1) is used to store the penultimate letter of the stem

to variable StrPen. Mid(strStem,len_text-1,1) means take one letter starting from

position len_text-1 of strStem. strThird = Mid(strstem, len_text-2,1) is used to store

the one letter before the penultimate.

If len_text > 3 Then

strFourth = Mid(strStem, len_text - 3, 1)

End If

It means that if the number letter of the stem (len_text) is more than three letters then

takes three letters starting from position len_text-3 of strStem and stores it to variable

(49)

If strFin = "l" Or strFin = "r" Or strFin = "c"Or strFin = "n" Or strFin = "d"

Or strFin = "x" Then

The condition If strFin = "l" Or strFin = "r" Or strFin = "c"Or strFin = "n"

Or strFin = "d" Or strFin = "x" Then determines whether or not the final letter of the

stem is–l, -r, -c, -n, -d,or -x. if the final letter of the stem is one of the six above, the

command strword = strstem & "ity" will attach suffix –ity to the stem directly. The

examples are the adjectives liberal, superior, authentic, human, humid, and complex.

Those six adjectives have the letter –l, -r, –c, -n, -d, and –x for the final letter.

Therefore the suffix –ity is directly attached after the stem. The results of the

processes are:

liberal liberality superior superiority authentic authenticity human humanity humid humidity complex complexity

(50)

If strFin = "t" Then

ElseIf strFin = "l" Then

If strPen = "a" And strThird = "n" Then

Else

End If

The condition above check the type of the final letter of the stem If the final

letter of the stem is–t (If strFin = "t" Then), the final letter of the stem will be deleted

and added by suffix –ity as a command strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ty".

If the final letter of the stem is–l (ElseIf strFin= “l Then), it will be checked whether

the penultimate of the letter is–a, and the one letter before penultimate of the stem is

–n or not (If strPen= “a” And strThird = "n" Then). If the final letter is –l, the

penultimate letter is -a and the letter before the penultimate is –n, then the final and

the penultimate letter of the stem will be deleted and added by suffix {–ity}, (strWord

= Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "ity"). The examples of the process are the adjectives

(51)

maternal, paternal are –l, the penultimate area,and one letter before the penultimate

isn. –lare deleted and suffix–ityadded. The results of the process are;

eternal eternity fraternal fraternity maternal maternity paternal fraternity

When the final letter is–l and the penultimate is an a but the letter before penultimate

is not n the n suffix –ity directly added to the stem, (strWord = strStem & "ity"). The

examples are the adjective actual, general, jovial, legal, normal, and partial. In

actual, general, jovial, legal, normal, and partial, we find –l on the final letter of the

stem,-a on the penultimate of the stem, and not an non one letter before penultimate.

Suffix–itydirectly added into the stem, the result of the process is

actual actuality

general generality

jovial joviality

legal legality

normal normality

partial partiality

(52)

If strPen = "u" And len_text < 9 Then

strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "s" & "ity"

Else

If strPen = "u" And len_text >= 9 Then

If strfourth = "t" Then

strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "y"

ElseIf strfourth = "i" Then

Else

End If

(53)

If the final letter of the stem is -s (ElseIf strFin= “s” Then), it will be checked

whether the penultimate of the letter isu, and the number of the letter is less then 9 or

not (If strPen = "u" And len_text < 9 Then), and if the one letter before penultimate is

–o (If strThird = "o" Then) then the commandstrWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "s" & "ity" is used to delete the two letters of the stem and add –s and –ity on the

final letter of the stem. The examples are adjectives callous, generous, and

simultaneous. The words, callous, generous, and simultaneous have –s on the final

stem, u on the penultimate, one letter before penultimate is o and the length stem is

less than 9. thenu, s are deleted and addeds and–ity, the result of the process are

callous callosity

generous generosity

precious preciosity

The condition if the penultimate of the letter is u, and the number of the letter

is 9 or more (If strPen = "u" And len_text >= 9 Then), If we find the second letter

before penultimate is –t (If strfourth = "t" Then) then command strWord =

Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "y" is used. The examples are the adjectives calamitous,

felicitous, andiniquitous. The final stems of calamitous, felicitous, andiniquitousare

–s, the penultimate are u, and first letter before the penultimate are o, and t on the

second letter before penultimate. Then o, u, sare deleted and -y added. The results of the processes are:

(54)

felicitous felicity

iniquitous iniquity

If the second letter before penultimate is i (If strfourth = "i" Then) then command

strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3) & "ty" is used. The examples are the adjectives

capacious and mendacious. The final stems of capacious and mendacious are –s, the

penultimate are –u,and first letter before the penultimate are–o,and–i on the second

letter before penultimate. Then –o,-u,–s are deleted and -ty added. The results of the

process are;

capacious capacity

mendacious mendacity

If we do not find any –t or–i on the second letter before the penultimate then

–o,-u,-s are deleted and added by suffix {–ity}, strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 3)

& "ity"the examples are

ambiguous ambiguity

continuous continuity

incongruous incongruity

magnanimous magnanimity

ElseIf InStr("e", strFin) > 0 Then

(55)

strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "il" & "ity"

Else

End If

If the final letter is e (ElseIf InStr(“e”, strfin) > 0 Then), it will be che cked

whether or not the penultimate letter of the stem is–l, and one letter before

penultimate of the letter is b (If strPen = "l" And strThird = "b" Then). then the

command strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 2) & "il" & "ity" is used to deleted the

final and the penultimate of the stem then added by –il and suffix –ity . The examples

are the adjectivesamiable,capable, possible, preventableandvisible. In those words,

the final and the penultimate of letter are deleted and added by –il and suffix –ity, the

result of the process are;

amiable amiability

capable capability

visible visibility

The other condition if the final letter is –e and we do not find any –l and –b

(56)

deleted and added by suffix –ity, the command strWord = Left(strStem, len_text - 1) & "ity" is used. The example are the adjectivesactive, agile, docile, fertile, inductive,

and festive. The final letter are deleted and added by suffix –ity. The results of the

process are;

active activity agile agility docile docility fertile fertility festive festivity

For I% = 1 To 15

Adjective = Left(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%) - 1)

Word = Right(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%)) - InStr(irr(I%), "/"))

If strStem = Adjective Then

strWord = Word

Exit For

End If

Next I%

(57)

The command above is used to determine the variants of suffix –ty. The

variants of suffix–ity list is already stored inprivate sub var.

Private Sub var()

irrs(1) = "admiral/admiralty"

irrs(2) = "casual/casualty"

irrs(3) = "certain/certainty"

irrs(4) = "frail/frailty"

irrs(5) = "loyal/loyalty"

irrs(6) = "naïve/naivety"

irrs(7) = "sovereign/sovereignty"

irrs(8) = "sure/surety"

irrs(9) = "unite/unity"

irrs(10) = "difficult/difficulty"

irrs(11) = "honest/honesty"

irrs(12) = "modest/modesty"

End Sub

If the stem is one of the adjectives (If strstem = adjective Then), the affixation

process will take the variant of the stem (strword =word ). Command Adjective =

(58)

Word = Right(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%)) - InStr(irr(I%), "/"))is used to store the suffixation–ity to the stem. The examples are:

admiral admiralty

casual casualty

certain certainty

frail frailty

loyal loyalty

naïve naivety

modest modesty

unite unity

difficult difficulty"

honest honesty

(59)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The analysis in the previous chapter has answered the problems that are

formulated in the first chapter of this research. The first part of the analysis has

answered the problem how the suffix –ity is attached the stem. In the analysis there is

a new finding, namely to determine the form of suffix that will be attached to the

stem and the graphological changes will occur, the form of the final letter,

penultimate letter, and the th0ird letter of the stem have an important role. The

combination of those three letters determines the form of the suffix attached to the

stem and the graphological changes occur in the process. The combination of the

final, the penultimate and the third letter can be a CVV, CVC, VVC, and VCC. In the

suffixation process, of course there is also a stress shift. Since the computer can not

recognize the changing of the stress, the changing is being ignored.

In the–ity suffixation process, suffix–ity is directly added to the stem. It does

not matter whatever the form of the final letters are. For the graphological changes

that occur in the –ity suffixation. The first graphological change is insertion. The

insertion can be found in the adjectives which have VCCV construction, like in –

able/-ible.Possible becomes possibility after the suffixation by droping the vowel /∂ /

in the syllable /b∂ l/ of the stem, then inserting the letter i before the letter land adding

by –ity at the end of the stem. The third is the replacement in which the suffix –ity

(60)

occurs in the adjectives which has CCVC construction and end in –nal like in

paternal becomes paternity after suffixation by dropping -al of the stem and

replacing with –ity. The replacement also occurs in the adjectives which end in –ous

and replacing with –ity, like continuous becomes continuity after the suffixation by

dropping–ous and replacing with–ity.

Based on the analysis how the suffix –ity are attached to the stem, the second

part analysis analyzes how the suffixation can be done computationally. This analysis

explores the construction of suffixation process in a computer program, Microsoft

Visual Basic 6.0, the suffixation process can be built in computer program.

In building suffixation process, the command Visual Basic will The first step

of applying suffix –ity to computer program is storing vowel letter, final letter,

penultimate letter and third letter of the adjective to variables. The command strVow

= “aiueo” is used to store the letter “aiueo” to variable strVow that will be used to

determine the final, and third letters of the adjective. The command len_text =len(strstem) is used to count the number of letters of the adjective and store it to

variable len_text. The command strFin=Right(strStem,1) is used to take one letter

from the right side of strStem. The command strPen=Mid(strStem, len_text-1,1) is

used to store the penultimate letter of the stem to variable StrPen.

Mid(strStem,len_text-1,1) means take one letter starting from position len_text-1 of

strStem. strThird = Mid(strstem, len_text-2,1) is used to store the one letter before the

penultimate. After those processes are done, the combination of the final letters of the

(61)

combination of those final letters using the command strWord = strStem &

(62)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cobbett, William. A Grammar of the English Language. Amsterdam: Rodopi B.V. 1983.

Dwijatmoko, B.B. A Computational Linguistics-Students Guide Book. Unpublished Material.2002.

Fromkin Victoria and Robert Rodman.1988.An Introduction to Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.

O’Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky, Francais Katamba. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction.London: Longman Limited, 1996.

Quirk, Randloph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Limited, 1972.

Szymanek, Bordan. Introduction to Morphological Analysis.Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.1989

Wong, Stephen. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Jakarta:Elex Media Komputindo-Kelompok Gramedia.2003

(63)

(64)

a. Xal, Xar, and Xic

formal formality public publicity

central centrality atomic atomicity

brutal brutality electric electricity

Angular angularity

Familiar familiarity

Interior interiority

Jocular jocularity

b. Xable/ X ible

resistible resistibility

acceptable acceptability

c. Xive

active activity

captive captivity

festive festivity

(65)

imbecile imbecility

ductile ductility

futile futility

e. Xous

generous generosity perpetuous perpetuity

curious curiosity ambiguous ambiguity

f. Monomorphemic and from Latinate

avid avidity pure purity

convex conve xity rigid rigidity

dense density stupid stupidity

certain certainty loyal loyalty

(66)

Option Explicit

Dim LSent, ResSent, inStr, MyOption, strWord, Stem, Word

Dim Number_of_words, Number, I%, Search_Word, strFin, strThird, strtype, irr(50), strSecond

Dim strPairs(150), Len_Word, strVow, len_text, strStem, strPen, Separator, strfourth

Private Sub cmdend_Click() Dim message, msg

Dim OK As Integer

msg = "are you sure??"

OK = MsgBox(msg, vbOKCancel, "warning!", "", 1) If OK = 2 Then

(67)

message = MsgBox(msg, vbOKOnly, "warning!", "", 0) txtStem.SetFocus

Else

strStem = txtStem.Text

(68)

irr(10) = "difficult/difficulty"

(69)

Else

Separator = InStr(irr(I%), "/") Stem = Left(irr(I%), Separator - 1)

Word = Right(irr(I%), Len(irr(I%)) - InStr(irr(I%), "/")) If strStem = Stem Then

strWord = Word

(70)