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B ProblemFormulaiton ... 3 .
C Objecitve sofs tudy ... 3 .
D Deifniitonoft erms... 4 R
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B Reviewofr elatedt heo ire s ... 9 .
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A P irmaryMoitve so fSufifx{- }e r attachmen tintoverbs tems ... 42 1. TheSemanitcsI mpilcaiton so fpresenceandabsenceverb
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o sufifx{-er}attachment... 24 .
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o theproces so fsufifx{-er}attachment... 54 2. Theetymologica loultooki ntot heexempil ifedl exeme s ... 05
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n o it a l u m r o F m e l b o r P . B
g n i w o ll o f e h t n i d e r e d r o e r a s i s e h t s i h t n i d e s s u c s i d e b l li w s m e l b o r p e h T
: s r e b m u n
.
1 Wha taret hep irmarymo itve sofs emanitcdistirbuiton sons tems?
.
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? s m e t s n u o n d n a l a b r e v l a it n e t o p
y d u t s f o e v it c e j b O . C
a o g e h
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o reviewing into the theoreitca lbase so fsufifx–e r attachmen tinto
l a n i m o n d n a l a b r e v f o s m l a e
r , and 2 ) ifgu irng ou tthe potenita lmeasure so f
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s – re attachmen t
s m r e T f o n o it i n if e D . D
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t c e p s e r s i h
t correspondsintot hemiileuo fmeanings . Thi si srelatedt ot hematter s
e m e h t n o m m o c f
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o t n i d e d i v i d e
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r e z il a n i m o n e v it n e g A
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e h t n o t c e f f e y n a e v i g t o n s e o d n o it a z ir o g e t a c c it c a t n y s e h T . m e t s o t n i x if f u s s i h t
x if f u s f o y ti v it c u d o r
p {- }e r on any syntacitccategory o fverb (+ rtansiitve) ro
(-e v it i s n a
rt ,) ht usi tcanbeappiledt oboth( Szymanek ,1989 :174- 517 )
e m e h p r o m d n u o B
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. e r u t c u rt s l a n r e t n i d r o
w Thecoreessenceo fmorphemeisr elated tot henoiton o f
e h p r o m e e r
f me ,which conformst o t he second element so fword manufactu irng
e h T . s s e c o r
p fris tand t he second are dfifered essenitally from each other i n t he
s m r e
t o fcoremeaning( cM -Catrhy, 2002: 81 )
e m e h p r o m l a n o it a v i r e D
h
T et ermo fde irvaitona lmorphemetha ta rtle s thegrammaitca lcategoryand
. s s a l c d r o w r a l u c it r a p o t s g n o l e b g n i n a e m s e s a b e h
t Inaddiiton,t hisrelate sto all
s n a e
m o fword smanufactu irng ,employing the un ti sare other sthan in lfecitona l
d n u o b f o s e l p m a x e l a c i p y t e h t n o s m r o f r e p s i h T . s e ir o g e t a
c morpheme s a s
d n a r e h c a e t n i d e t c e lf e
r developmen,t in which free morpheme and bound
d e n i a h c e b t s u m e m e h p r o
m forf ormulaitnganewl exeme(Katamba ,1993 :45)
e m e h p r o m e e r F
t e m e h p r o m
A ha tcorrespond sinto the independen tmeaning wtihout ya n
n i a rt s e
r i nngo otheri nterna lwordconsttiuenttha tcome swtihin. Thecharacteirsitc
ll u f f o s r e tt a m e h t n o s e il e m e h p r o m s i h t f
o –degree i nmeaning.I naddiiton,t hi s
s a s d n a t
s inseparable case in term o findependen tgrammaitca land meaning
) n o it a c il p x e c it n a m e s
( (Katamba ,1993 :51 )
e m e h p r o M
s i e m e h p r o
M et sh mallest , indivisible unti s o f semanitc conten t o r
. p u e d a m e r a s d r o w h c i h w n o it c n u f l a c it a m m a r
g Bydeifniiton morphemecanno t
f o s ti n u r e ll a m s o t n i d e s o p m o c e d e
b meaning ,swhichareetihe rmeaningfulbyt he
l e s m e h
t ves , in addiiton this mark a grammaitca l funciton ilke the plura l
e m e h p r o
x if f u S
s i x if f u
S an afifx attached atfe rroo ta (stem o rbase) n .I respec to f{- er}
, s s e c o r p n o it a x if f u
s suf ifx {-er}onlybehave sas a ob und morphemetha toperate s
h t n o s e il e r s i h T . e s a b d n a m e t s h t o b n
o ematter so fduple tnoiton ssharedwtihina
e e r
f –morphemewtihint heoveral lagen itvemanufactu irng(Katamba ,1993: 44 )
m e t S
a e m l l
A n so ffree morpheme tha tequate into the nature o fattachment ,
m r o f n o c h c i h
w sast hebasei nt hef ormaitono fadeirvaitona lmorpheme. I nshor,t
e r u p f o s t n u o c c a e h t o t n i s ti d e r c s i h
t in lfecitonal .Sincethi sconrtadictst onature s
f
o singles rtatumo fwordmanufactu irng.( Katamba ,1993: )4 5
n o i s u f c it n a m e S
r e f e r n o i s u f c it n a m e
S st ot hedegreeofmeaningbiased tt ha i smeasuredf o r
e h t n o t s e t n o c s i h t y ll a u s u ( s m e t s f o s e s a b e h t o t n i t n e m h c a tt a n o it a x if f a e h t
it a v ir e d n e e w t e b n o s ir a p m o c f o s r e tt a
m ona land in lfecitona lmorpheme (Bybee ,
7
I I R E T P A H C
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudie s
.
1 Reviewoft heproducitvtiyofs ufifx{- } er
x if f u
S {- }e r a sa par to fderivaitona lmorpheme denoitng the meaning o f
f o s e s s a l c e h T . x if f u s d n a m e t s n e e w t e b n o it a l e r e h t n o t li u b s i s i h t d n a e v it n e g a
r o f e l b a ti u s e r a h c i h w m e t
s thef ormaiton o fdeirvaitona lword using sufifx {- }er
x if f u s t n a n i m o d e r p t s o m e h t s a d e r e d i s n o c s i s i h T . n u o n d n a b r e v y l e m a n , o w t e r a
a H y b d e t c u d n o c y d u t s e h T . g n i n a e m e v it n e g a e h t s e t o n e d t a h
t tano discoverst ha t
x if f u
s {- }e r i sthe mos tproducitve suffix which denote agenitve meaning a s
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c - tan and – ten (
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x if f u s t a h
t – tan and– ten areonly ilmtiedi nuniquer egister( basedonHatano :3 )
e h t n o d e s a
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x if f u s f o n o it u b ir t s i
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i x if f u s d e t s e t n o c t s o m e h t s a d e d r a g e r s i x if f u s s i h t h c i h
w n t het erm o fagenitve
T . e s n e
s heprojeciton f o rdistirbuiton fallsi nto the conceiveo famoun tcounitng ,
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j tfiying into the itlte o fproducitvtiy .The producitvtiy o fsuf ifx {- }e , nr c ea b
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a thenumerou samount so fverb scanbeconvetred i ntot hesenseo f
e v it n e g
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T cetrainagenitve
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. s tr a p r e t n u o c b r e v r i e h t o t d e r a p m o c e c n e r r u c c o r e il r a e
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h t f o s r e tt a m y r o t u b ir t n o
c e core theory in diagnosing the phenomena o f
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2 2
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l th(MeriramWebste rDicitonary :731) .
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o r n
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p the matter so fsemanitc change on the itme atfe rthe sufifxaiton
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s u s r e
v badge ra ndrankversu sranker .
n
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e s e h T . s e ir o e h t l a c i g o l o h p r o
m theoreitca lreview sare ,then proved to be in ilne
t h g i m s b r e v f o r e b m u n t s a v e h t s t n e s e r p e r h c i h w , e m o c t u o n o it a c if it n a u q e h t h ti w
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s s e c o r p
T sh i seciton o f analysi s deal s wtih the second problem formulaiton
n o g n i n r e c n o
c the matter so fsemanitc impilcaiton son the base presence and
x if f u s f o t n e m h c a tt a e c n e s b
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m {- }e r on t hebaseverb stems .In
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e h T .
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a
)
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T lexica lsamplei sconjugatedt ot hematter so fsemanitcdiscussion .
s g n i n a e m d e tf i h s e h t o t n i s ll a f n e v i g s d r o w h t o b e h t f o s e r u t a n n o it a c if it s u j e h T
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)
2 g te versusgette r
e l p m a s d r o w f o l a c i g o l o p y t s i h
T i s very obviou sin depicitng the case of
u o p m o c f o s s e n i r o s l u p m o
c nd structure . Thecondiiton o fcompound srtucture i n
t a h t s d r o w t n e d n e p e d n i o w t n e e w t e b s g n i n a e m d e t c a t n o c e h t s e ri u q e r y ll a p i c n ir p
d r o w e h T . g n i n a e m f o y ti n u e l g n i s a o t n i d n e l
b ge tint hisr espec tcanno tstandf o r
n o it a v ir e d f o m r e t e h t n i h ti w n o it a l o s
i a lagenitveviable{-er}sufifxaitonprocess .
, g n i n a e m e h t g n it e l p m o c r o
F getshouldmatchwtihanyf ree–choiceo fwordst ha t
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)
3 hopeversushope r
l a c i x e l f o r i a p s i h
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t “hoper i‘ susuallyf ramed wtihin t hecompoundsrtuctures .The
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)
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i o
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7 numbe rversusnumberer
r e b m u
N int hisr espec tbehave sast hemeaningfu lchoiceo fdiciton,in scailng
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f (MeriramWebste rCollegiateDicitonary:
. ) 7 9
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f o n o i s r e v t n e g a l a n o it a v ir e d e h t ,t c e p s e r s i h t n
I number, numbererperfom sal tilte
–nea rshafitng ground sfrom t he habtiua lmeaning so fnumbert hep irmary clas s
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T ltiyofnumbererintot hes lot so fde irvaitona lagen t
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d r o w s u o ir a v y b d e c a l p e r e b d l u o h s e r e
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r o t a l u c l a
8 ) r ka n versu sranke r
r i a p s i h
T o f lexica lexempilifcaiton ile s on the paramete r o fde irvaitona l
i h w s e r u t a
n chshareamuchr emoved senseo fmeaning sa scomparedt ot heo irgin
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m rankrefer sa tmuchdegreet omeaningoft o
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l u s e r e h t , n o ir e ti r c s i h t n
o tan tmeaning o frank in t he framework o fde irvaitona l
s i h T . g n i n a e m f o m r e t e h t n i e z i s a h p m e d e h s i u g n it s i d y r e v a s e v i e c e r s s e c o r p
. ) e c if f o d e n o i s s i m m o c ( s k n a r e h t n i s e v r e s o h w e n o f o g n i n a e m e h t s e t o n e d
, n o i s r e v e v it a v ir e d e h t f o e c n e r r u c c o e h t , e c n e
H ranker fall sinto the case o f
t o m e h t n o n o it a v ir e
d iveofs emanitcf usion.
9 )w agversus gw g ra e
e l p m a s l a c i x e l f o r i a p s i h
T si related to the typica lcase o fsemanitc fusion.
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m (Meriram Webste r Collegiate Dicitonary: 1327) .A tfer receiving the
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t (MeriramWebste r
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0
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s e t a r e p
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A extensionpar to fdiscussion ,matter ,st hecaseo fdiachronicpathalso
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s e m e x e
L O irgin Thedateo fborrowing
e d i b
A OldEngilsh Before12thcentury
e l c ri
C MiddleEngilsh 14thcentury
h s i n i
F MiddleEngilsh 14thcentury
t e
G OldEngilsh 13thcentury
e p o
H OldEngilsh 12thcentury
e p a
J MiddleEngilsh 14th century
p a n
K MiddleEngilsh 15thcentury
r e b m u
N MiddleEngilsh 14thcentury
k n a
R OldEngilsh 1537
m r o fi n
U MiddleEngilsh 1681
g a
W OldEngilsh 13thcentury
a t a d e h
T thati sshownont het ableabovepavesthewayintoamoredeifntie
scaleont henatureo facceptab litiyandunacceptab litiyo fsufifx{-er}onthebase
s e l p m a x e y n a m g n o m A . s m e t s b r e v f
o t ehat a r excerpted above, there can eb
t i n u l a c i x e l f o s m e ti x i s d e c u d e
d a sdatedbackt ot heo irgino foldEngilshpeirod .
The indicaiton o f old Engilsh peirod here enrolls a sthe d rieciton fo r
f o s r e tt a m e h t o t n i g n it a g i v a
n semanitcs impilcaiton s tha t contend into the
x if f u s f o e l a c s e c n e s b a d n a e c n e s e r
p {- }e r into the base s o f verb class .
h t o t g n it c i d a rt n o c e r a s t c a f l a r e v e s , e li h w n a e
M esecase ,si nwhicht hesynchronic
n i s e r u t a n e ti n if e d e r o m f o e e r g e d e h t t a s e t a r e p o e g a u g n a
x if f u s f o n o it u b ir t s i d c it n a m e
s {- re } on t hebaseo fverb class .Thisi st aken i nto
f o s ri a p e h t n o s r e tt a
m get versu sgetter ,hope versu shoper and rank versu s
. r e k n a
r Theset hreet ypica lo fword spari sare ilningi nt heconrtadictorydrieciton
t s n o c e r a y e h t e c n i s ,s r e tt a m c i n o r h c a i d f
o rainedont her ule sofs emanitcblocking
. n o i s u f c it n a m e s d n a
f o n o it c e s s i h t n o n o i s s u c s i d l l a r e v o e h t r o
F analysi ,s there can be
e h t d e n i m r e t e
d vas tauthortiy o fverbstemsi s er ilablef o rarirvingi nto t henature
{ e l b a i v x if f u s e v it n e g a f
o - }e r suf ifxaiton process .Majortiy oft heword si sgiven
e h t r o f s ll a c s i s y l a n a s i h t r o f y ti d o m m o c e h t s
a incisivesynchroni c rteatmenti nto
f o e r u t a n e h
t stems .Meanwhlie, t henaturehisto irca lmoitve herei sno tdepicted
e h t f o s e n il n i s
a diachronic ;howeve rfo rmos to fthe it , sme t hi refer sfo rthe
a e m e h t o t n i k o o l d e li a t e d e h t s e ri u q e r s i h t , d a e t s n I . h c r a e s e r f o y ti d il a
v ningsense
r e k r o
Y ,Londone ,r and presumably t het erm o fwashingtonerwli lbei nstalled t o
e h t o t n i s e t a c i d n i y ti l a c o l e h t s a n o it a s r e v n o c c il b u p e h t o t s e m e x e l f o s r e t s i g e r e h t
y ri u q n e c i n o r h c n y s e h t ,s u h T . e r u tl u c f o r u o t n o c d e li a t e d e h t d n a s e r u g if l a i c e p s
r e t n i e h t s e ri u q e r s s a l c l a n i m o n f o e r u t a n e h t o t n
i -discipilnaryattemptsf o rvisiitng
t s o m e h t o t n
i –neares tcluest ot hecurren two lrd t(hedynamic so fwo lrd)
4 e r u g i
F :t hes caleo fdeirvaitvepresenceandabsenceont henominals tem s
e m e x e l f o y r o g e t a
C Scaleo fpresence( 1)
) 2 ( e c n e s b a f o e l a c s d n A
e g a t n e c r e P
s s a l c l a n i m o
N 4 5 35 %
85 6 % 5
t n u o m a l a t o
T 1 30 100%
n o d e s a
B the ifgura lmatirx presentaiton a tthe preceding pa tr so fthese
s i s y l a n a e h t ,s n o it c e
s fallsi nto t wo main srteam sof foundaitona lcogniitve .The
t s ri
f onet erma spresenceandt hesecondonet erma sabsence .Bothoft het erm s
e h t g n ir u t c a f u n a m f o s e v it o m d n u o r g e h t s a e v r e
s agen itve agent swtihin the
framework o fsemanitc distirbuiton .T he scale o fles spresence dominates the
f o h t g n e
l lexica lanalysi .sThisi sr e lfectedonthenumber so 5f4 presencenumbe r
o
w r dsa scontestedt ot he8 5absencenumber .Thisr ate so fpercentage scountsf o r
d n o c e s f o s e s a c e h
t –opitono fnounclas sast hesourcef o rsp irngingt heabundan t
{ f o e s n e s e h t o t n i s e t a il if f a s d r o w r e b m u
n -er} agen itve .Noun clas sin relaiton
s i h
t matter come sfor t hepotenital clas so fword, t echnically known as the gray
a e r
e c n e s b a d n a e c n e s e r p f o n i g r a m e h t n e e w t e b y rl a v ir k c i h t t s o m l
a (haflconsttiuted
.) e s a c e c n e s e r p e h t r o f
T eh matter sfound on thi sthesi sanalysi scount son severa lwords ,as
n i d e t s e g g u
s bank, bike, farm, garden drum, itme, and scripture. Al lo fthese
s d r o
w explainintot hepossiblewordsi ntoagenitvemanufactu irngsystem sviable
A . n o it a x if f u s s m e t s l a n i m o
n llt hesecasel a yont hematter sofs hfi to fdomaint ha t
r e h t o n I . n o it a p u c c o f o s e m e h t e h t o t n i t c e j b o l a c i s y h p f o s e p o c s e h t s e s r e v n o c
, e d i
s the absence ifgure so fnoun clas sinto agenitve o rinsrtumenta ldeirvaitve
n o it p m u s s a e h t n o y li v a e h s e il s s e c o r
p scale so fsevera lnoun sast he rireplaceable
s n u o
n .Thi smean ,ssevera lnounss tandf ort hes ingleenttiyo fobjectt ha tdoe sno t
f o e c n a h c n e v i g y n a w o ll
a deirvaitona l process , including {-er} sufifxaiton
.s s e c o r
p T histypologica lo fexample swli lbeaccounteda tcomprehensivel evel s
f o s r e b m u n g n il a c s e h t o t n i n e k a t e r a s e l p m a s e h T . w o l e b s tr a p n e v i g e h t n o
r o f e l b i g il e e r a s n u o n n e v i g f o s r e b m e m l l a t a h t s e il p m i s i h T . n o it c e l e s m o d n a r
f o s r e tt a m e h t o t n i g n i y fi l a u
q exemp ilifcaiton, based on t hecrtie iron o fpresence
.
1 T eh seman itcimpilcaiton so fpresenceandabsencenouns tem sont heproces s
{ x if f u s f
o -er}attachmen t
nI thi sseciton o fanalysi ,s t herearesevera lcase stha tarepromoted t o be
o s n o it a c il p m i s c it n a m e s e h
t n the base o fabsence and presence attachmen to f
{ x if f u
s -er}on t hebaseo fnomina lstems .Thesuspecitng modethati nvesitgate s
l a n o it a v it o m n i a tr e c o t n i s ll a f r e tt a m e h t o t n
i d rieciton . This name s on the
s e s a c e c n e s b a d n a e c n e s e r p f o s e l p m a x e g n i w o ll o
f o fsufifx {-er}on t hebaseo f
l a n i m o
n stem .s
.
a Thes emanitcimpilcaiton so fpresencenouns tem sont heproces sofs ufifx
{-er}attachmen t
)
1 b ka n versu sbanke r
l a c i x e l f o r i a p s i h
T samplere lfectst hecaseo fpresencewtihin t hef ramework
it a v ir e d f
o ona lmanufactu irng process .The word bank, in the o irgina lsense
s t s e g g u
s the meaning o fany estabilshmen tfo rthe issuing o fmoney (Meriram
f o e c n e r r u c c o e h T . ) 0 9 : y r a n o it c i d e t a i g e ll o c r e t s b e
W bankerast he de irvaitona l
f o n o i s r e v t n e g
a bank suggest sthe meaning o fone engage sinto t he banking
s g n i n a e m n e v i g o w t e h t n o d e s a B . ) 0 9 : y r a n o it c i D r e t s b e W m a ir r e M ( s s e n i s u b
n a c e r e h t , e v o b
a be drawn a conclusion tha tthe occurrence o fbanke rdoe sno t
d r o w e h t n i h ti w g n i n a e m g n it s i x e y n a e t a l o i
v fo bank. In addtiion, t hebanker sa
m e t s y s g n i k n a b n i t n e g a f o s e l o r l a it n e s s e e h t s e v ir e d k n a b f o n o i s r e v l a n i m o n e h
t .
)
2 drumversus drumme r
t a h t n o i s r e v e v it n e g a f o s r e tt a m e h t s t c e lf e r s i s y l a n a f o r i a p s i h
T i sdeirved
m o r
f theconcrete object .Drum ast heconcrete objec tsuggests themeaningo fa
r e t s b e W m a ir r e M ( ll e h s w o ll o h a f o g n it s i s n o c t n e m u rt s n i n o i s s u c r e
p Dicitonary:
f o e c n e t s i x e e h T . ) 6 5
3 drummerast hecasua l itltef o rnaming t heoneplay drum
e h t n o d e s a b y ti li b a t p e c c a f o e r u t a n e h t o t n i s ll a
f area sonf ul – l occupaitoni ntot he
n o n d n a g n i n a e m e v it n e g
a - changings enseo fmeaning .
g )
3 ardenversu sgardener
Thi s sample word relfect s the matter s o f locaitve noun tha t de irve s into
f o e c n e r r u c c o e h T . n u o n e v it n e g
a garden ast hebase of gardener ,count son t he
e r e h w d n a l f o t o l p a f o g n i n a e
m a specie so fherb ,namely frutis are culitvated
(Meriram Webste rDicitonary:480) .The occurrence o fgardene rast heagenitve
, n u o n e v it a c o l f o n o i s r e
v garden deirve sthe meaning o facto rtha tdoe sno t
n e s s e y n a e g n a h
c ita l meaning given on the base . Therefore , thi s could be
f o n o i s r e v d e v ir e d e h t s a e l b a t p e c c
a Garden .
)
4 inlandversus inlander
e l p m a s s i h
T o fanalysi srelfec ton t he nature o facceptablitiy o rprecisely t he
e c n e s e r
p scale wtih respectt o the occurrence fo inlanderast hedeirved noun o f
d n a l n
i tha tdoe sno tproceed into any violaiton matte ron the given meaning s
. d n a l n i , m e t s e h t o t n i s d n e t n o
c .Inland,int hisr espec tsuggestst hemeaningoft he
y rt n u o c a f o t r a p r o ir e t n
r e d n a l n
i a sthe deirved version o f inland really occupie son the domain o f
t n a ti b a h n i n a r o e v it n e g a f o g n i n a e m e h t n a h t r e h t o t o n s i g n i n a e
m (Mer iram
r e t s b e
W Dicitonary :602) .Therefore, the occurrence o finlander a sthe de irved
s r e
v ionofinlandcount sont hematter so fpresencer aitngs cale.
)
5 messageversus messenge r
p m a s l a c i x e l f o r i a p s i h
T l erelfectsi ntot hecaseo fpresences cale,r egardingon
n o n e v i g s e r u t a n n i a tr e c e h
t messenger a sthe deirved version o fmessage .The
word message in thi ssense suggest sthe meaning o fcommunicaiton in wiritng ,
f o e c n e r r u c c o e h T . ) 9 2 7 : y r a n o it c i D r e t s b e W m a ir r e M ( l a n g i s d n a h c e e p s
r e g n e s s e
m ast he deirved version o fmessagerun son t he ilnet ha tdoe sno tgive
h t s d r a w o t e s n e s t c n it s i d y n
a e feature so fcommunicaiton i n wiritng ,speech and
. l a n g i
s Messenger only contirbute sthe sense o fagenitve tha tdenote ssomeone
a s s e m s r a e b o h
w ge (Meriram Webste rDicitonary :729) .Based on the given
g n i n a e
m above, there can be concluded tha tmessenge ris the driec tagen ttha t
, n u o n t c a rt s b a f o s e v ir e
.
b eT h seman itci mpilcaiton so fabsencenouns tem sont heproces sofs ufifx
{-er}attachmen ton intoverbs tems
)
1 badgeversusbadge r
e h t s i w o l e
B discussion soft ypica labsenceo f{-er}sufifxaitonproces .s I nt hi s
, t c e p s e
r badgei sno tcommandingi ntoanydeirvaitve ilnk,r egardingt hef usiono f
g n i n a e m e h
t that t ake splacea tfert he sufifxaiton .A s rtaced back t o thel exeme s
d r o w h t o b e h t ,r e t s i g e
r sharea very disitnguished substance so fsense .Theword
e g d a
b denote sthe meaning of membership in a group communtiy (Meriram
r e t s b e
W Dicitonary: 58 ,) whlie the de irvaitve ilnk denote sthe devian tmeaning
m o t s d r a w o t s li a
r ore speciifc name s of commun tiy o f Wisconsin civiilan
b e W m a ir r e M
( ste rDicitonary :85) .Theaddiitona lmeaningo fWisconsinciviilan
w e n e h t o t n i g n i n a e m f o s e p o c s e h t s d n e t x
e -coinedwords ,a sveryr emoved f rom
f o d n u o r g n i g ir o e h
t badge .Based on the presentaiton above ,the determinan t
e c n e s b a e h t o t s e t u b ir t n o c r o t c a
f c aseo fsufifx{- re } ont hebaseo fverb account s
r o
f thematter sofs emanitcbias .
r e l a n a c s u s r e v l a n a c ) 2
{ f o e c n e s b a e ti n if e d f o s e s a c e h t s t c e lf e r d r o w f o r i a p s i h
T -er} de irvaitona l
it o m e s a c e c n e s b a e h T . s s e c o r
p vate sont hematte ro fsemanitc cblo king,i n which
f o g n i n a e m n i g ir o e h
t cana loccupie sthe p irmary domain o fobjec tenttiy .The
f o g n i n a e
m cana lsuggest sthe dtich o fwate r lfow sou tfo r riirgaiton (Meriram
f o g n i n a e m e c n e t s i x e e h T . ) 5 6 1 : y r a n o it c i D r e t s b e
W canalblockst heoccurrence
f
. g n i k c o l b t n e g a f o n o s a e
r Thi scaser elfectst hematte rofi ncommodtiyappilcaiton
t n e m u rt s n i t c e ri d n i e h t s a l a n a C . e fi l l a u s a c e h t o t n i s e m o c t a h t s d r o w e v it n e g a f o
n it a g ir ri r o
f g the wate rcome sto be in corresponding sense wtih the any given
l a n a c s e s ir p m o c t a h t e m e h t l a r e n e g e h t h ti w r e s o l c t e g n r u t n i t a h t s m r e t l a c i n h c e t
f o s e m a n e h t y b d e k c o l b s i l a n a c f o e c n e r r u c c o e h t , e s a c s i h t n I . n i h ti w t r a p e h t s a
m r e t a w n i n o it a p u c c
o anagemen tasi nt hei nstanceo fengineer ,farme rand other s
. n o it a p u c c o f o s k s e d s i h t o t d e t a l e r e r
a
3 )j lai versu sja lie r
e l p m a s l a c i x e l f o r i a p s i h
T presentt het ypica lcaseo fsemanitcblockingwtihin
{ f o m g i d a r a p e h
t - }e r sufifxaiton manufactu irng .The word jali suggests the
f o t n e m e n if n o c e h t f o g n i n a e
m person fo r being penailzed on hi s o r he r
r e t s b e W m a ir r e M ( t c u d n o c s i
m dicitonary:625) .Basedont hi sgiven meaning,t he
f o e c n e s s
e jai l tisel fi srelated to t he compound o fcapitvtiy t ha toperate son sti
e v it n e g a e h T . n o i s r e v e v it n e g a e h t h ti w n o it a i c o s s a s ti g n i d u l c n i , g n i n a e m f o n w o
f o s r e tt a m e h t o t s d n o p s e r r o c e s a c s i h t f o n o i s r e
v prisone rtha ti sdeirved froma
f o e c n e r r u c c o e h t , e c n e H . a e d i g n i k a e p s y l d a o r b n i s d r o w f o r e tt a m l a u s a c e r o m
r e li a
)
4 k lee versuskeeler
d n u o s f o e d o m e h t o t n i s n o it p o s i s y l a n a f o r i a p s i h
T -firciton sint ermo fshairng
l a c i x e l e h T . n o it a i c n u n o r p f o e r u t a
n meaningo fkeel tisel ssuggeststhematter so f
e r u t c u rt
s o fshipboard t ha tcrossl ongtiudinally along t he middle pa tr so f ti shull
m a ir r e M
( Webste rDicitonary :638) .Based on thi sgiven meaning ,there can eb
t a h t r e tt a m a n w a r
d keelerast hede irvaitve could bei n presenceasl ong ast hi s
c s e o
d onrtadict sto any matter so fsemanitc blocking and semanitc fusion .In
f o e c n e s e r p e h t , n o it i d d
a keele ri salsot houghtt obepotenita lunlesst hewordkeel
s
i considered a sthe i ntegra lpar toft henava lo rshipping j ob division .However ,
e h
t occurrence o fthi sshairng sound wtih thi slexica lcounter-par tkille rmakes
d r o w s i h
t invaildatedf o rbeingt heagen itvedeirvaitono fkee.l
)
5 k enfi versu sknfie r
e l p m a s l a c i x e l f o r i a p s i h
T relfect sthe matter stha tare surrounding on the
d r o w e h T . g n i k c o l b s c it n a m e s f o e p o c
s k enfi a sviewedf romt hel exica lmeaning
l a u s a c n i s t n e m u rt s n i n i a m s r e tt a m e h t s e t o n e
d task of l fie .Knfie thatsharest he
g n i n a e
m o f an insrtumen t tha t consists o f rion blade , connected to handle
m a ir r e M
( Webste rDicitonary:645 )operate s on t hemiileuofp irmaryinsrtumen t
s t o l s e h t o t n i s ll if o t s d r o w e t a n r e tl a f o e c n e r r u c c o e h t s k c o l b t a h
t o f theshairng
, e r o f e r e h T . n e h c ti k n i t n e m u rt s n i y r a m ir p e h t s a e fi n k n o n e v i g g n i n a e
m the
{ x if f u s f o t n e m h c a tt
a - }e r into t hebaseo fknfieseemst o bevery wastefulin t he
h t o b e c n i s , s g n i n a e m f o s m r e
t kn fie and knfier share the ilkely domain s o f
g n i n a e
