E n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p B a r r i e r a n d M o t i v a t i o n s : P e r c e p t i o n o f L i n c o l n U n i v e r s i t y C o m m e r c e S t u d e n t s
Jamal Roudaki
1
Lincoln University, New Zealand
A b s t r a c t
The am bitious o f being ow n boss and run independent ow n- business is w idespread am ong university graduates. H ow ever, there are som e barrier and m otivations that hinder or accelerate this thrust. This paper investigates students’ perceptions about im pedim ent and stim ulation o f entrepreneurial activities. A sam ple o f com m erce students responds to a questionnaire survey. R esults indicate that gender, age and w orking status o f students are not significantly correlated with their perception about b arrier and m otivation factors o f the research study. N evertheless, financial risk and fear from failure are the m ost and the least im portant barriers respectively. U niversity level program m es and personal experience are the m ost m otivation factors while m edia and governm ent supports are at the bottom o f the list o f priority o f such factors. R espondents believe that entrepreneurs are goo d in accounting, financial analysis and having good skills and these factors are im portant in preparation o f crating new business.
K e y w o rd s : e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip , s tu d e n t a ttitu d e s , e n tr e p re n e u ria l m o tiv a tio n , b a rrie r
I n t r o d u c t i o n
U n iv e rs ity g r a d u a te s a re fu e l to th e e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s , a s E tz k o w itz (2 0 0 3 ) c la im s t h a t th e y a re “ g e n e ra to r ” fo r e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t. N o n e th e le s s , e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t o b je c tiv e s in flu e n c e u n iv e r s itie s g o a ls to ta rg e t f o r d e v e lo p m e n t o f e n tre p re n e u rs h ip p ro g ra m s u ltim a te ly c o n tr ib u te to n a tio n a l e c o n o m ic g ro w th . C h a m e y a n d L ib e c a p (2 0 0 0 ) b e lie v e th a t d e m a n d fro m s tu d e n ts ’ s id e fo r e n tre p re n e u ria l e d u c a tio n e n c o u ra g e s s o m e u n iv e rs itie s to re v is e th e ir c u rr ic u lu m in fa v o u r o f e n tre p re n e u rs h ip p ro g ra m s . H o w e v e r, m a n y u n iv e r s itie s h e s ita te to in v e s t on e n tre p re n e u rs h ip . T h e s a m e a u th o rs re p o rt th a t th e U n iv e rs ity o f A riz o n a e n tre p re n e u ria l g ra d u a te s w e r e s u c c e s s fu l in c re a tin g n e w v e n tu r e s a n d o r lik e lih o o d o f s e lf-e m p lo y m e n t th re e tim e s m o re th a n o th e r g r a d u a te s o f th e sa m e u n iv e rs ity . T h e s a m e u n iv e r s ity ’s
1 J a m a l R o u d a k i i s S e n i o r L e c t u r e r , F a c u l t y o f C o m m e r c e , L i n c o l n U n i v e r s i t y , N e w Z e a l a n d , i a m a l . r o u d a k i @ l i n c o l n . a c . n z
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
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Entrepreneurship Barrier and Motivations, .
e n tr e p re n e u ria l g ra d u a te s h a v e e x p e rie n c e d s a le s g ro w th , a s s e ts in c re a s e , lik e lih o o d o f d e v e lo p in g n e w p ro d u c t a n d s e lf -e m p lo y m e n t o w n in g h ig h - te c h n o lo g y c o m p a n ie s .
M a s s iv e c o rp o r a te d o w n s iz in g a ro u n d th e g lo b h a s led g o v e rn m e n ts to in c r e a s in g ly a c k n o w le d g e e n tre p re n e u rs as a k e y c o n tr ib u to r to n e w j o b c re a tio n a n d a n im p o r ta n t fa c to r o f e c o n o m ic g ro w th . T h e re is a d e m a n d fro m th e e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t o b je c tiv e s u p o n u n iv e rs itie s to p ro d u c e m o tiv a te d e n tre p re n e u ria l g ra d u a te s , n e v e rth e le s s , s o m e b a rrie rs o b s ta c le u n iv e rs itie s and s tu d e n ts to re s p o n d a p p ro p ria te ly . In th e sa m e tim e o th e r m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs s tim u la te s tu d e n ts a n d p ro m o te d e v e lo p m e n t a n d im p le m e n ta tio n o f e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip p ro g ra m s a t th e u n iv e rs itie s . I n v e s tig a tio n o f b a rrie rs a n d m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs fro m s tu d e n ts v ie w p o in t is a f u n d a m e n ta l s te p o f c re a tin g e n tre p re n e u ria l p ro g ra m s r e s p o n s iv e to e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n ta l n e e d s. T o a d d re s s th is n e c e s s ity , a n e x p lo ra to ry stu d y o f c o m m e rc e s tu d e n t p e rc e p tio n s a b o u t b a rr ie r a n d m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs o f e n tre p re n e u rs h ip is c o n s id e re d re le v a n t in th is p a p e r.
T h e r e s t o f th is p a p e r is o rg a n is e d as fo llo w s . T h e firs t s e c tio n is lite ra tu re r e v ie w , a n d s e c o n d s e c tio n p re s e n ts re s e a rc h q u e s tio n s a n d h y p o th e s e s . R e s e a rc h m e th o d o lo g y is p re s e n te d a t s e c tio n three, w h ile f in d in g s in th re e p arts of; b a rrie rs , m o tiv a tio n a n d c rite rio n o f c re a tin g o w n b u s in e s s a re illu s tra te d at fo u rth s e c tio n . T h e la s t s e c tio n is c o n c lu s io n s a n d re m a rk s .
L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e w
T h e re is a b o d y o f lite ra tu re s u g g e s tin g e m p iric a l r e s e a rc h s h o u ld be re d ire c te d to th e e n tr e p re n e u ria l a ttitu d e s o f u n iv e rs ity stu d e n ts . C o n s e q u e n tly th is to p ic c o m e s to c e n tre o f fo c u s in m a n y re s e a rc h s tu d ie s . In th e s e p a p e rs d e m o g ra p h ic fa c to rs s u c h a s g e n d e r, b a c k g ro u n d , e th n ic ity a n d a g e in r e la tio n to g rad e a v e ra g e , ris k , p o lic y , in te n tio n to e n tre p re n e u r a n d e ffe c t o f e n tre p re n e u r p ro g ra m s a re th e m o s t re p e a te d fa c to rs in a n a ly s is s tu d e n ts ’ a ttitu d e s (M g a y a a n d M a g e m b e , 2 0 0 7 , V e n e s a a r, K o lb re a n d P ilis te , 2 0 0 6 , V e c ia n a , A p o n te and U r b a n o , 2 0 0 5 , R a m a y a h a n d H a ru n , 2 0 0 5 , W a n g a n d W o n g , 2 0 0 4 , O k e y M u k h ta r a n d K ip lin g , 2 0 0 2 , R o m e ro a n d A s u n c io n , 2 0 0 1 , a n d E d e and P a n ig rh i, a n d C a lc ic h , 199 8). H o w e v e r, it is re p o rte d th a t s tu d e n ts ’ a ttitu d e s are c h a n g in g o v e r tim e (M a tth e w s M o s e r, 199 6). F ra z e r a n d N ie h m , (2 0 0 8 ) in v e s tig a te F a m ily a n d C o n s u m e r S c ie n c e s (F C S ) s tu d e n ts ’ a ttitu d e s to w a rd s e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip a s a fu tu re d ire c tio n o f th e ir c a re e r. T h e y p ro v id e so m e t h e o r e tic a l s u g g e s tio n s fo r F C S p ro g ra m . T h e re s u lt o f th is q u e s tio n n a ir e su rv e y d e p ic t th a t e n tr e p re n e u ria l e d u c a tio n b u ilt a s o lid c o n fid e n t o f s ta rtin g o w n b u s in e s s w h ile c re a tin g a n a p p ro p ria te id e a fo r a n e w b u s in e s s is c o n s id e re d no t a n e a s y ta s k . F u r th e r m o r e , d e v e lo p in g a b u s in e s s p la n a n d s k ill a re c o n s id e re d a s im p o r ta n t fa c to rs ( F ra z e r a n d N ie h m , 2 0 0 8 ). In th e s a m e d ire c tio n H a rris , and G ib s o n (2 0 0 8 ) e x a m in e S m a ll B u s in e s s I n s titu te (S B I) p ro g ra m s tu d e n ts ’ a ttitu d e o f m u ltip le U S u n iv e rs itie s . T h e y u s e e n tre p re n e u r a ttitu d e o r ie n ta tio n
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
s u rv e y in s tru m e n t w h ic h in c lu d e s ; a c h ie v e m e n t a n d in n o v a tio n in b u s in e s s in o n e h a n d a n d p e rs o n a l c o n tro l o v e r o u tc o m e s a n d s e lf-e s te e m o n th e o th e r h a n d . B a s e d o n th e d e m o g r a p h ic d a ta o f g e n d e r a n d e n tr e p re n e u ria l fa m ily b a c k g ro u n d th e y c o n c lu d e th a t m a le p e rc e iv e c o n tro l o v e r b u s in e s s a n d in n o v a tio n m o re im p o rta n t th a n fe m a le s tu d e n ts w h ile e n tre p re n e u ria l fa m ily b a c k g ro u n d c o n tr ib u te m o re in r e s p o n d e n ts ’ e n tre p re n e u ria l a ttitu d e s (H a rris a n d G ib s o n , 2 0 0 8 ).
W u (2 0 0 4 ) lo n g itu d in a l P h D d is s e rta tio n e x a m in e s n a s c e n t e n tr e p r e n e u r s ’ m o tiv a tio n a n d a s p ira tio n . S h e fin d s th a t e n tre p re n e u rs a c tiv e ly re s e a rc h fo r b u s in e s s id ea s a n d c re a tio n in fo rm a tio n a t v e ry e a rly s ta g e o f s ta r tin g a n e w o w n b u s in e s s . H o w e v e r, c o n tra ry to lo w m o tiv a te d n a s c e n t e n tre p re n e u rs , h ig h ly m o tiv a te d a re h ig h ly s a tis fie d w ith w e a lth a s p ira tio n (W u , 2 0 0 4 ). G e ld e re n e t al. (2 0 0 8 ) u s e p la n n e d b e h a v io u r th e o ry to in v e s tig a te s tu d e n ts ’ e n tre p re n e u ria l in te n tio n s . T h e y re v e a l th a t f in a n c ia l s e c u r itie s a n d e n tre p re n e u ria l a w a r e n e s s a re th e m o s t im p o rta n t fa c to rs . E e d e n , L o u w a n d V e n te r ( 2 0 0 5 ) s tu d y e n tre p re n e u ria l o rie n ta tio n s o f th e U S A , S o u th A f r ic a a n d th e N e th e rla n d s u n d e rg r a d u a te s tu d e n ts . A lis t o f 17 e n tr e p re n e u ria l tra its p re s e n t to 1,52 8 s tu d e n ts th a t U S s tu d e n ts ’ m e a n o f im p o rta n c e f o r m a jo r ity o f tra its w a s h ig h e r th a n th e o th e r c o u n trie s . H o w e v e r, e n tr e p re n e u ria l tra its w e re d iffe re d a m o n g th re e c o u n trie s (E e d e n , e t al., 2 0 0 5 ). In a n o th e r s u rv e y in th e s a m e a re a , S e g a l, B o r g ia a n d S c h o e n fe ld (2 0 0 5 ) in v e s tig a te p e rc e p tio n o f u n d e rg ra d u a te s tu d e n ts o f U S G u l f C o a s t U n iv e rs ity . T h e y r e p o r t th a t d e s ira b ility a n d fe a s ib ility o f s e lf-e m p lo y m e n t is re la te d to th e to le r a n c e fo r ris k o f stu d e n ts .
M o tiv a tio n s o f 5 7 2 e n tre p re n e u rs fro m th re e V ie tn a m m a jo r c itie s w e r e fo c u s o f s tu d y in a r e s e a rc h p ro je c t. In c o m e a n d in d e p e n d e n c e w a s th e m o s t m o tiv a te d fa c to rs fo r V ie tn a m e s e re s p o n d e n ts . T h e r e s p o n d e n ts c o n s id e r frie n d lin e s s , c o m p e titiv e p ric e s g o o d p ro d u c t a n d c u s to m e r s e rv ic e s a s th e m o s t im p o rta n t s u c c e s s fu l fa c to rs in th e ir e n tre p re n e u ria l b u s in e s s e s (C h u & B e n z in g , 2 0 0 4 ). In th e a re a o f u n iv e r s ity e d u c a tio n re la te d to e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s , th e r e c e n t p a p e r o f S h in n a r, P ru e tt a n d T o n e y (2 0 0 9 ) te s ts a ttitu d e s o f s tu d e n t a n d fa c u lty o f a 4 - y e a r u n iv e r s ity in th e U S A . T h e y s u g g e s t t h a t a ttitu d e s o f s tu d e n ts a n d fa c u lty h a v e d iff e re n t to w a rd s o c c u p a tio n a l a s p ira tio n . W h ile th e r e is n o d iffe re n t b e tw e e n e n tr e p re n e u ria l a ttitu d e s o f m a le a n d f e m a le s tu d e n ts , th e re s u lts o f S h in n a r e t al. (2 0 0 9 ) d e p ic t th a t n o n -b u s in e s s s tu d e n ts d e m a n d in g u n iv e rs ity lev e l e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip e d u c a tio n . H o w e v e r, a s s ite d b y S h in n a r e t al. (2 0 0 9 ) s o m e u n iv e r s itie s o ffe rin g e n tre p re n e u ria l r e la te d c o u rs e s fo r e n g in e e rin g ( R a e -D u p re e , 2 0 0 1 ), g e o g ra p h y , e a rth a n d e n v ir o n m e n ta l s c ie n c e ( M a g u ire a n d G u y e r, 2 0 0 4 ). In th e sa m e a re a K a u ffa n R e s e a rc h S e rie s p re s e n ts th e im p a c t o f e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip e d u c a tio n o n th e s tu d e n ts ’ o f U n iv e rs ity o f A riz o n a , U S A ( C h a rn e y & L ib e c a p , 2 0 0 0 ). T h is c u rr ic u lu m in c lu d e s e n tre p re n e u ria l b u s in e s s re la te d c o u rs e s to p ro v id e u n d e rg r a d u a te s tu d e n ts m a jo rin g in e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip a n d p o s tg r a d u a te s ’ c h o ic e o f c o n c e n tra tio n in th e sa m e a re a . E tz k o w itz , W e b s te r G e b h a rd t a n d T e rra (2 0 0 0 ) e x p la in th a t
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
52 Entrepreneurship Barrier and M otivations,.
u n iv e r s ity e x te r n a l a n d in te rn a l fa c to rs th a t c o u p le d w ith k n o w le d g e -b a s e d te c h n o lo g y a re f o rc in g u n iv e rs itie s to re s tru c tu rin g th e ir c u rric u lu m to in c lu d e e n tre p re n e u ria l e d u c a tio n .
R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n s a n d H y p o t h e s e s
T h is r e s e a rc h f o c u s e s o n th e b ro a d q u e s tio n of; w h a t a re th e b a rr ie r a n d m o tiv a tio n f a c to rs o f e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s fro m s tu d e n ts v ie w p o in t? S p e c ific a lly , th e s tu d y a tte m p ts to a d d re s s th e f o llo w in g d e ta ile d q u e s tio n s .
1. Is s tu d e n t s ’ p e rc e p tio n a b o u t b a rrie r a n d o r m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs o f e n tr e p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s d iff e r in a c c o rd a n c e to th e i r g e n d e r, a g e , th e r is k th e y a tta c h to e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s a n d th e i r w o r k in g s ta tu s ? 2. W h a t a re th e m o s t im p o rta n t b a rr ie r a n d o r m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs p e rc e iv e d
b y c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts ?
H y p o th e s is t e s tin g is u s e d in th is re s e a rc h . T h e n u ll h y p o th e s e s o f th e s tu d y a re d e v e lo p e d b a s e d o n th e a b o v e q u e s tio n s in tw o s e c tio n s o f e n tre p re n e u rs h ip b a rr ie r a n d m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs as fo llo w s .
E n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p B a r r i e r s
T h e fir s t fo u r n u ll h y p o th e s e s in v e s tig a te th e a ttitu d e s o f L in c o ln U n iv e rs ity c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a n d th e ir p e rc e p tio n s a b o u t b a rr ie r f a c to rs o f e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s . F o r t h e s e h y p o th e s e s in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le s o f g e n d e r, r is k th a t a tta c h to e n tr e p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s a n d w o r k in g s ta tu e s o f s tu d e n ts c o n s id e r e d re le v a n t. H l - 1 : T h e re is n o re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n g e n d e r o f c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a n d th e ir
p e r c e p tio n a b o u t e n tre p re n e u ria l b a rrie r fa c to rs .
H I -2: T h e r e is n o r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e ris k th a t c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a tta c h to e n tr e p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s a n d th e ir p e rc e p tio n a b o u t e n tre p re n e u ria l b a r r ie r fa c to rs .
H I -3 . T h e r e is n o r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n w o rk in g s ta tu s o f c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a n d th e i r p e rc e p tio n a b o u t e n tre p re n e u ria l b a rrie r fa c to rs .
H I -4: T h e re is n o r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n a g e o f c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a n d th e ir p e rc e p tio n a b o u t e n tre p re n e u ria l b a rrie r fa c to rs .
E n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p M o t i v a t i o n s
T h e n e x t f o u r n u ll h y p o th e s e s te s t th e L in c o ln U n iv e rs ity c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts ’ p e rc e p tio n s a b o u t m o tiv a tio n s o f e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s . T h e sa m e in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le s a s p re v io u s c o n s id e re d r e le v a n t in n u ll h y p o th e s is d e v e lo p m e n t.
H 2 -1 : T h e re is n o r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n g e n d e r o f c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a n d th e ir a ttitu d e s to w a rd s e n tre p re n e u ria l m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs .
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
H 2 -2 : T h e re is n o r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e ris k th a t c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a tta c h to e n tr e p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s a n d a ttitu d e s to w a rd s e n tre p re n e u ria l m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs .
H 2 -3 : T h e re is n o r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n w o rk in g s ta tu s o f c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a n d th e ir a ttitu d e s to w a rd s e n tre p re n e u ria l m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs .
H I -4: T h e re is n o r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n a g e o f c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a n d th e ir a ttitu d e s to w a rd s e n tre p re n e u ria l m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs .
R e s e a r c h M e t h o d o l o g y
L in c o ln U n iv e rs ity c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts ’ a ttitu d e s to w a rd s e n tre p re n e u ria l b a rrie rs a n d m o tiv a tio n s a re a n a ly s e d in a q u e s tio n n a ire s u rv e y . T - te s t is u s e d to in v estig a te, th e v a lid ity o f re s p o n s e th e n s ta tis tic a l a n a ly s is (i.e . re g r e s s io n a n d c o rre la tio n ) s tu d y th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e le v e l o f r is k t h a t . s tu d e n ts c o n s id e r r e le v a n t f o r e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s a n d th e ir d e m o g r a p h ic d a ta o n o n e h a n d a n d b a rrie r s /m o tiv a tio n s fo r h y p o th e s e s te s tin g o n th e o th e r h a n d . D e s c rip tiv e a n a ly s is (i.e . m e a n , s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n ) is e m p lo y e d to in v e s tig a te th e im p o rta n c e o f b a r r ie r a n d m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs .
R e s e a r c h I n s t r u m e n t
T h e q u e s tio n n a ire o f th e s tu d y d e v e lo p e d b a s e d o n a v a r ie ty o f p re v io u s re s e a rc h q u e s tio n n a ir e s (i.e . S h in n a r, P ru e tt a n d T o n e y , 2 0 0 9 , V e n e s a a r , K o lb re a n d P ilis te , 2 0 0 6 , th e In te rn a tio n a l L a b o u r O r g a n is a tio n q u e s tio n n a ir e - IL O , 2 0 0 5 , V e c ia n a e t a l., 2 0 0 5 a n d R a m a y a h a n d H a ru n , 2 0 0 5 a n d W u , 2 0 0 4 ) a n d c o n s u ltin g w ith fiv e u n iv e rs ity le c tu re rs w ith s tro n g e n tre p re n e u ria l b a c k g ro u n d . 5 - p o in t L ik e rt sc a le is u s e d in d e v e lo p in g th e q u e s tio n n a ir e to in v e s tig a te s tu d e n t s ’ a ttitu d e s to w a rd s b a rrie r a n d m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs . T h e e n tr e p re n e u r e x p e rts c h e c k th e firs t d ra ft o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire . A g ro u p o f 20 s e n io r c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a n s w e r th e q u e s tio n s w h ile te s tin g e a s y o f re a d in g a n d u n d e rs ta n d in g . A p ilo t s tu d y w a s c o n d u c te d to in v e s tig a te p o s s ib le c h a n g e in to th e fin a l d r a f t o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire .
T h e q u e s tio n n a ir e s w e re a d m in is te re d a t th e e n d o f le c tu re s o f a ll c o m m e rc e c o u rs e s a t w e e k 10 o f th e s e m e s te r w ith th e p e rm is s io n o f th e le c tu re r. A n s w e r to q u e s tio n n a ir e w a s v o lu n ta ry ; s tu d e n ts c a n le a v e th e c la s s ro o m i f u n w illin g to a n s w e r. H o w e v e r, 2 2 8 in c lu d in g 110 m a le a n d 118 fe m a le s tu d e n ts h a n d o v e r c o m p le te d q u e s tio n n a ire s .
F i n d i n g s
T h is s tu d y in v e s tig a te s th e a ttitu d e s o f c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts to w a rd s b a rr ie r a n d m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs o f e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s . T h e r e s p o n d e n ts a re c la s s ifie d by g e n d e r, a g e a n d w o rk in g sta tu s . T h e s tu d e n ts a re c la s s if ie d a s “ lo w r is k ” i f
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
th e y b e lie v e t h a t r is k o f s ta rtin g o w n b u s in e s s is “ n o t in v o lv e a n y ” o r “m o d e r a te ” , o th e r w is e i f th e y c o n s id e r th e ris k o f s ta rtin g o w n b u s in e s s “ a lo t” o r “ m u c h ” th e y c la s s if ie d a s “ h ig h r is k ” . S im ila rly s tu d e n ts w h o h a v e a jo b w h ile s tu d y in g c o n s id e r e d a s “ w o r k in g ” o th e rw is e “ n o t w o r k in g ” . T h e re s u lts o f d a ta a n a ly s is a re p re s e n te d in th re e s e c tio n s o f b a rrie rs , m o tiv a tio n s a n d c rite r io n o f c re a tin g o w n b u s in e s s .
B a r r i e r s
A s e rie s o f r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is ru n s im u lta n e o u s ly to in v e s tig a te th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n g e n d e r, a g e a n d w o r k in g s ta tu s w ith th e im p o r ta n c e o f 13 b a rrie r f a c to rs th a t m a y p r e v e n t s tu d e n ts fro m s ta rtin g o w n b u s in e s s . C o rre la tio n s are to o w e a k to e x p la in s ta tis tic a l s ig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n g e n d e r, a g e a n d w o r k in g s ta tu s o f a n d th e ir p e rc e p tio n a b o u t th e im p o r ta n t b a rr ie r fa c to rs p r e s e n te d in th e q u e s tio n n a ire s . T h e re fo re , a ll fo u r n u ll h y p o th e s e s r e la te d to b a r r ie r f a c to rs o f e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s a re a c c e p te d . T h e re s u lts o f r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is re v e a l w e a k s ta tis tic a l re la tio n b e tw e e n th e in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le s o f g e n d e r, a g e a n d w o rk in g s ta tu s w ith 13 b a r r ie r fa c to rs . T a b le 1 p re s e n ts fiv e fa c to rs th a t e x h ib it s ta tis tic a lly s ig n ific a n t c o rr e la tio n (a t 0.01 and 0 .0 5 le v e l 2 - ta ile d ) w ith G e n d e r o f stu d e n ts . O th e r b a rr ie r fa c to rs a n d s tu d e n ts c h a ra c te r is tic s th a t a re n o t in c lu d e d in ta b le 1 illu s tra te n o s ta tis tic a lly s ig n if ic a n t r e la tio n s h ip .
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Entrepreneurship Barrier and Motivations
, . . . .T a b l e l : C o r r e l a t i o n s o f fiv e b a r r i e r f a c t o r w i t h s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p
B a r r i e r F a c t o r G e n d e r
L e v e l o f c o m p e titio n in th e p ro p o s e d lin e o f b u s in e s s
P e a rs o n C o rre la tio n 191 **
' N = 2 2 8 S ig. (2 -ta ile d ) .0 04
F in a n c ia l r is k P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n .161 *
N = 2 2 8 S ig. (2 -ta ile d ) .01 5
S o c ia l s a fe ty n e t/s e c u r ity P e a rs o n C o rr e la tio n .15 4*
N = 22 8 S ig. (2 -ta ile d ) .0 20
I f I fa il, w h a t w ill m y f a m ily th in k o f m e P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n .134 *
N = 22 8 S ig. (2 -ta ile d ) .043
L e v e l o f c o r r u p tio n in b u s in e s s P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n .132 *
N = 2 2 8 S ig. (2 -ta ile d ) .047
** C o r r e la tio n is s ig n if ic a n t a t th e 0.01 lev e l (2 -ta ile d ). * C o r r e la tio n is s ig n if ic a n t a t th e 0.0 5 le v e l (2 -ta ile d ).
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Centre, fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
T a b le 2 p re s e n ts th e m e a n a n d s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s o f 13 f a c to rs th a t im p e d e s tu d e n ts fro m s ta r tin g o w n b u s in e s s . In th is ta b le s tu d e n ts a re c la s s if ie d b y g e n d e r, w o r k in g s ta tu s a n d th e ris k th a t th e y c o n s id e re d r e le v a n t to s ta rt o w n b u s in e s s . A ll e ig h t g ro u p s o f s tu d e n ts s p re a d a w a y in te rm s o f th e le v e l o f im p o rta n c e o f 13 b a rr ie r f a c to rs in ta b le 2. M a le a n d f e m a le s tu d e n ts w h o w o rk a n d s tu d y b e lie v e th a t fa ilu re
(If I fail, what will my fam ily think o f me)
is n o t a n b a rrie r f a c to r (2 .1 , 2 .5 , 2 .6 a n d 2.4 fo r m a le a n d 3 .3 , 2 .6 , 3 .0 a n d 2 .6 fo r fe m a le s tu d e n ts w o r k in g w ith h ig h o r lo w ris k re s p e c tiv e ly ).Having to Payback student loan
is n o t a n im p o rta n t b a rrie r fo r m a le a n d f e m a le n o t w o rk in g w ith lo w o r h ig h ris k (2 .9 fo r m a le lo w a n d h ig h r is k a n d fe m a le lo w ris k a n d 3 .0 fo r f e m a le h ig h ris k ). M a le s tu d e n ts w o r k in g w ith lo w r is k a n d fe m a le fro m th e sa m e c a te g o ry h a v e a n o p p o s ite a ttitu d e s a b o u tHaving to
Payback student loan
fac to r, m a le s tu d e n ts c o n s id e r th is f a c to r a s o n e o f th e le a s t im p o rta n t w h ile f e m a le c o n s id e r it a s th e m o s t im p o r ta n t b a rr ie r fa c to r. H o w e v e r, s tu d e n ts w h o a re w o r k in g c o n s id e r th is f a c to r a s im p o rta n t.E x c e p t n o t w o r k in g lo w ris k s tu d e n ts all o th e r g ro u p s b e lie v e t h a t
financial risk
is th e m o s t im p o r ta n t fa c to r (3 .5 , 4 .2 , 4 .0 a n d 4 .2 fo r fe m a le a n d 3 .5 , 4.1 fo r w o rk in g m a le , 3 .8 fo r m a le n o t w o rk in g h ig h ris k ) fo r e n tr e p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s . H o w e v e r, m a le n o t w o r k in g w ith lo w r is k c o n s id e r th is f a c to r ( m e a n 3 .3 ) as t h e ir s e c o n d im p o r ta n t a fte r th e d e m a n d fo r th e ir p ro d u c t o r s e rv ic e s(People
would not have a need fo r my proposed product/services)
w ith m e a n o f 3 .6 .T a b l e 2 : A t t i t u d e s o f s t u d e n t s a b o u t b a r r i e r s o f s t a r t i n g o w n b u s i n e s s
W o r k i n g N o t W o r k i n g
L o w R i s k H i g h R i s k L o w R i s k H i g h R i s k
M a l e : A 8 f1 A 8
H a v in g to P a y b a c k
s tu d e n t lo an 2 .0 1.301 3.2 1.1 12 2 .9 1 .0 2 2 2 .9 1.243 L e v e l o f c o m p e titio n
in th e p ro p o s e d lin e o f
b u s in e s s 3.2 0.9 7 5 3.7 0 .7 8 2 3 .2 1.013 3 .4 0 .8 1 8 F in a n c ia l ris k 3.5 0 .8 5 5 4.1 0.57 1 3.3 0 .9 7 8 3 .8 .0 .7 1 1
S o c ia l s a fe ty
n e t/s e c u rity 3 .2 0.8 9 3 3.3 0 .7 5 3 2 .8 0 .8 2 7 3 .2 0 .7 6 3
I f I fa il, w h a t w ill m y
fa m ily th in k o f m e 2.1 0 .8 6 4 2.5 1.145 2 .6 1.093 2 .4 1.06 2 R is k o f fa ilu re 3 .0 1.038 3.7 0 .7 5 4 3.1 1 .0 0 4 3 .6 0 .8 2 3
L e v e l o f c o rru p tio n in
b u s in e s s 2.3 1.069 3.1 0 .6 1 6 2.7 1.21 8 3 .0 0 .9 4 8 P e o p le w o u ld n o t h a v e
a n e e d fo r m y p ro p o s e d
p ro d u c t/s e rv ic e 3 .0 1.240 3 .4 0 .8 2 0 3 .6 0 .9 6 0 3.3 0 .8 7 3
56
Entrepreneurship Barrier and Motivations,.
T a x la w ( c o m p le x a n d
a rb itra ry ) 2 .8 0 .9 7 5 3 .2 0.851 3.3 0 .9 3 3 3.1 0.7 13 P r e p a r in g A c c o u n tin g
re c o rd s 2 .7 0 .7 2 6 3.0 0 .8 2 4 3 .0 0 .9 3 3 2 .9 0 .8 0 8 P e r fo r m in g f in a n c ia l
a n a ly s is 2 .7 0 .8 25 3.1 0 .7 9 2 3.1 0 .8 8 0 3 .0 0 .7 8 0 G o v e r n m e n t
p ro m o tio n a l p r o g ra m /p o lic y s u p p o rtin g
e n tre p re n e u rs 2 .8 0 .8 0 2 3 .0 0 .7 4 7 3.3 0 .4 8 9 3.3 0 .8 4 0 N o n G o v e r n m e n t
O r g a n is a tio n s ( N G O ) p r o g ra m s s u p p o rtin g
e n tr e p re n e u rs 2 .9 0 .8 6 4 3.1 0 .6 9 6 3 .7 0 .6 6 7 2 .8 0 .8 6 2
F e m a l e :
H a v in g to P a y b a c k
s tu d e n t lo a n 3 .8 0 .6 2 7 3.3 1.4 29 2 .9 0 .9 4 4 3.0 0 .9 3 0 L e v e l o f c o m p e titio n
in th e p r o p o s e d lin e o f
b u s in e s s 3 .6 0 .7 4 6 3 .6 0 .6 0 5 3 .7 0 .4 7 2 4 .0 0 .6 5 4 F in a n c ia l r is k 3.5 0 .8 7 6 4 .2 0 .5 2 8 4 .0 0 .3 9 9 4.2 0 .5 8 2
S o c ia l s a fe ty
n e t/s e c u r ity 3 .2 0.6 5 1 3.5 0 .7 5 0 3.6 0 .7 8 5 3.5 0 .7 6 0 I f I fa il, w h a t w ill m y
fa m ily t h in k o f m e 3.3 0 .8 9 9 2 .6 1.031 3.0 0 .9 6 5 2 .6 1.026
R is k o f fa ilu re 3 .7 0 .7 3 4 3.5 0 .9 2 9 3.8 0 .7 7 8 3.5 0 .9 1 6 L e v e l o f c o rr u p tio n in
b u s in e s s 3 .2 0 .8 0 5 2 .9 0 .7 9 6 3.6 .0.701 3.1 0 .8 7 6 P e o p le w o u ld n o t h a v e
a n e e d f o r m y p ro p o s e d
p r o d u c t/s e r v ic e 3.3 0 .7 4 6 3 .7 0 .6 5 3 3.3 0 .7 3 3 3 .4 0.9 13 T a x la w (c o m p le x a n d
a rb itra ry ) 3 .2 0 .7 1 0 3.2 0 .7 0 4 3.4 0 .4 6 9 3.3 0.8 6 5
P r e p a r in g A c c o u n tin g
re c o rd s 3 .2 0.781 3.3 0 .7 8 6 3.1 0 .7 5 0 2 .9 0 .9 8 0 P e r fo r m in g f in a n c ia l
a n a ly s is 3 .2 0 .8 6 4 3 .4 0 .6 3 5 3.3 0 .6 6 7 3 .0 0 .8 6 8 G o v e r n m e n t
p ro m o tio n a l p r o g ra m /p o lic y
s u p p o rtin g 3.5 0 .7 3 4 3.3 0 .6 8 9 3.5 0 .6 2 5 3.1 0.7 8 3
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58
Entrepreneurship Barrier and Motivations,. . . .
L e v e l o f c o m p e titio n in th e
p r o p o s e d lin e o f b u s in e s s 8 10 5 10 10 11 12 12 78 N o n G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n is a tio n s
(N G O ) p ro g ra m s s u p p o rtin g
e n tre p re n e u rs 9 9 12 4 12 12 8 10 76
G o v e r n m e n t p r o m o tio n a l p r o g r a m /p o lic y s u p p o rtin g
e n tre p re n e u rs 10 6 13 8 8 8 10 9 72
S o c ia l s a fe ty n e t/s e c u r ity 11 8 7 9 9 7 5 11 67
R is k o f fa ilu re 6 11 4 11 11 4 7 8 62
T a x la w (c o m p le x a n d a rb itra ry ) 5 4 10 12 7 6 11 7 62 P e o p le w o u ld n o t h a v e a n e e d fo r
m y p r o p o s e d p r o d u c t/s e r v ic e 3 7 11 6 6 10 4 6 5 3 P e r fo r m in g f in a n c ia l a n a ly s is 7 5 9 7 2 9 6 4 4 9 P r e p a r in g A c c o u n tin g r e c o rd s 12 3 6 5 . 4 5 . 3 2 4 0 L e v e l o f c o rr u p tio n in b u s in e s s 2 12 1 3 3 3 9 5 3 8 H a v in g to P a y b a c k s tu d e n t lo a n 1 2 3 2 13 1 2 3 27
I f I fa il, w h a t w ill m y f a m ily
t h in k o f m e 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
A g e is c o n s id e r e d a s n o t a n e ffe c tiv e c h a ra c te ris tic b e c a u s e m o s t o f s tu d e n ts r e s p o n d e d to th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s u rv e y w e r e fro m th e sa m e a g e g ro u p o f 2 0 -2 5 y e a r o ld . H o w e v e r , to p r e s e n t a c o m p le te p e rs p e c tiv e o f s tu d e n ts ’ p e rc e p tio n s a b o u t th e b a rr ie r s , a g e a s a d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le is s u rv e y e d . F o r th is in v e s tig a te m a le a n d fe m a le s tu d e n ts w e re c la s s ifie d in th re e a g e g ro u p s o f b e lo w 2 1 , 2 1 -2 6 a n d o v e r 2 6 y e a r s o ld . T h e re w e re n o s ig n ific a n t d iff e re n c e s o b s e rv e d b e tw e e n th e p e r c e p tio n s o f s tu d e n ts fro m v a rio u s a g e g ro u p s a b o u t b a rrie rs fa c to rs . A s F ig u re 1 s h o w s s ix lin e s (i.e . s ix a g e c a te g o rie s ) fo r 13 b a r r ie r fa c to rs a re v e ry c lo s e a n d f lu c tu a tio n s a re th e sam e.
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
F i g u r e 1 : M e a n o f i m p o r t a n c e o f b a r r i e r f a c t o r s ( a g e g r o u p s ) .
R e s u lts o f f a c to r a n a ly s is a re p re s e n te d in th e f o llo w in g ta b le s . A c c o r d in g to ta b le 4 (K M O a n d B a rtle tt's T e s t) a d e q u a c y o f s a m p lin g is 0 .8 2 2 w h ic h in d ic a te th a t f a c to r a n a ly s is y ie ld d is tin c t a n d re lia b le fa c to rs.
11 .3 74 2 .8 8 0 9 5 .9 4 8
12 .311 2 .3 9 4 9 8 .3 4 2
13
.216 1.6 58 1 0 0 .0 0 0
E x tra c tio n M e th o d : P rin c ip a l C o m p o n e n t A n a ly s is .
C o m p o n e n t
1 2
T a x law ( c o m p le x a n d a rb itra ry ) .72 8
P re p a rin g A c c o u n tin g re c o rd s .6 8 9
P e rfo rm in g fin a n c ia l a n a ly s is .6 8 2 -.4 2 6
L e v e l o f c o rru p tio n in b u s in e s s .6 79
G o v e rn m e n t p ro m o tio n a l p r o g ra m /p o lic y s u p p o rtin g
e n tre p re n e u rs .6 2 7 -.4 6 8
I f I fa il, w h a t w ill m y fa m ily th in k o f m e .623
P e o p le w o u ld n o t h a v e a n e e d fo r m y p ro p o s e d
p r o d u c t/s e rv ic e .6 1 6
N G O p ro g ra m s .5 9 2
S o c ia l s a fe ty .5 7 7
R is k o f fa ilu re .5 6 6
L e v e l o f c o m p e titio n in th e p ro p o s e d lin e o f b u s in e s s .5 4 0 .49 7
H a v in g to p a y b a c k m y s tu d e n t lo a n .4 9 8
F in a n c ia l ris k .66 2
E x tra c tio n M e th o d : P rin c ip a l C o m p o n e n t A n a ly s is , a 2 c o m p o n e n ts e x tra c te d .
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Entrepreneurship Barrier and Motivations
, . . . .T a b l e 7 : R o t a t e d C o m p o n e n t M a t r i x ( a )
C o m p o n e n t
1 2
1 P e r fo r m in g f in a n c ia l a n a ly s is .7 9 6 2 G o v e r n m e n t p r o m o tio n a l p ro g ra m /p o lic y s u p p o rtin g
e n tr e p re n e u rs .781
3 P r e p a r in g A c c o u n tin g re c o rd s .773 4 N o n G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n is a tio n s (N G O ) p ro g ra m s s u p p o rtin g
e n tr e p re n e u rs .6 5 6
5 T a x la w ( c o m p le x a n d a rb itra ry ) .641
6 P e o p le w o u ld n o t h a v e a n e e d fo r m y p ro p o s e d p ro d u c t/s e r v ic e .4 8 7
7 F in a n c ia l r is k .747
8 L e v e l o f c o m p e titio n in th e p ro p o s e d lin e o f b u s in e s s .728
9 S o c ia l s a fe ty .64 0
10 R is k o f fa ilu re .621
11 I f I f a il, w h a t w ill m y fa m ily th in k o f m e .543
12 L e v e l o f c o rr u p tio n in b u s in e s s .461 .507
13 H a v in g to p a y b a c k m y s tu d e n t lo an .405
E x tra c tio n M e th o d : P rin c ip a l C o m p o n e n t A n a ly s is . R o ta tio n M e th o d : V a r im a x w ith K a is e r N o rm a liz a tio n , a R o ta tio n c o n v e rg e d in 3 ite ra tio n s .
M o t i v a t i o n
T h e s a m e a s p r e v io u s s e c tio n , fiv e r e g re s s io n a n a ly s is ru n fo r m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs . R 2 f o r t h e s e f a c to rs a re e v e n lo w e r th a n p re v io u s s e c tio n , th e re fo re no s ta tis tic a l s ig n if ic a n t r e la tio n s h ip e x is te d b e tw e e n m o tiv a tio n s o f s ta rtin g o w n b u s in e s s a n d in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le s o f th e stu d y . T h e r e f o r e , a ll fo u r null h y p o th e s e s r e la te d to m o tiv a tio n s o f e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s a re a c c e p te d . T h e re s u lts o f r e g r e s s io n a n d c o rre la tio n a n a ly s is in d ic a te n o s ta tis tic a l s ig n ific a n t re la tio n b e tw e e n g e n d e r, a g e a n d w o r k in g s ta tu e s o f s tu d e n ts a n d th e ir p e rc e p tio n a b o u t m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs . T h e o n ly e x c e p tio n s a re tw o fa c to rs o f u n iv e r s ity a n d p re - u n iv e r s ity b a c k g ro u n d th a t e x h ib it c o rr e la tio n w ith g e n d e r (0 .2 1 3 a n d 0 .1 7 0 re s p e c tiv e ly ).
T a b le 8 p r e s e n ts d e s c rip tiv e s ta tis tic s a n a ly s is o f s tu d e n ts ’ p e rc e p tio n a b o u t m o tiv a tio n s o f s ta tin g o w n b u s in e s s fo r e ig h t g ro u p s o f s tu d e n ts . T h e e ffe c ts o f a g e o n s tu d e n t s ’ p e rc e p tio n a re p re s e n te d s e p a ra te ly a s p r e v io u s s e c tio n .
C o m p a rin g ta b le 1 ( b a r r ie r fa c to rs ) w ith ta b le 8 ( m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs ) re v e a ls th a t g e n e ra lly m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs h a v e h ig h e r m e a n th a n b a r r ie r fa c to rs . T h is in d ic a te s th a t a ll m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs a re c o n s id e re d im p o r ta n t a s v e ry fe w fa c to rs a s s ig n m e a n le s s th a n 3.
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
U n iv e rs ity s tu d y a n d p e rs o n a l e x p e rie n c e a re c o n s id e re d im p o r ta n t m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs fo r c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts w h ic h re v e a l th e im p o rta n c e o f u n iv e rs ity p ro g ra m s a n d tr a in in g fo r fu tu re e n tre p re n e u rs .
Personal experience
a s a m o tiv a tio n fa c to r is c o n s id e re d th e m o st im p o rta n t fo r a ll g ro u p s o f s tu d e n ts e x c e p t n o t w o r k in g w ith h ig h r is k fe m a le s tu d e n ts (4 .4 , 4 .3 , 3 .9 , 4 .2 , 4 .4 , 4 .3 , 4.3 a n d 4.1 fo rm lo w ris k m a le to h ig h r is k fe m a le s tu d e n ts r e s p e c tiv e ly ). T h is f a c to r fo r m a n y g r o u p s o f s tu d e n ts is fa llo w e d b y u n iv e rs ity b a c k g ro u n d s tu d y . T h e lo w e s t m o tiv a tio n fa c to r is m e d ia (3 , 2 .9 , 2 .9 , 2 .8 , 2 .7 , 3.1 a n d 3 .1 ) fo r s e v e n g ro u p s w h ile o n e g ro u p (fe m a le n o t w o rk in g w ith lo w r is k ) c h o s e g o v e rn m e n t s u p p o rt (3 .1 ) as th e lo w e s t m o tiv a tio n fa c to r. H o w e v e r, th is f a c to r ( g o v e rn m e n t s u p p o rt) is th e s e c o n d lo w e s t fo r o th e r s e v e n g ro u p s o f re s p o n d e n ts . C o n s id e rin g m e d ia a n dgovernment supports
a s tw o le a s t m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs is a la rm in g th a t s tu d e n ts a re p a s s iv e a b o u t th e ro le o f th e s e fa c to rs in th e ir e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s . T h e s e tw o fa c to rs s p e c ia lly s h o u ld ta k e a le a d in g r o le in s u c h a c tiv itie s w h ic h b e n e fit th e e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t.T a b l e 8 : A t t i t u d e s o f s t u d e n t s a b o u t m o t i v a t i o n s o f s t a r t i n g o w n b u s i n e s s
W o r k i n g N o t W o r k i n g
L o w * i s k H i g h R i s k L o w i i s k H i g h R i s k
M a l e : n 5 n 8 K 6 A
P e rs o n a l e x p e rie n c e 4 .4 0 .4 9 7 4.3 0 .5 6 7 3 .9 0 .9 9 0 4 .2 0.7 11
F a m ily 4.1 0 .7 3 0 3.4 0 .9 8 5 3.1 1.0 6 0 3 .8 0 .8 5 8 F rie n d s 3.3 1.069 3.3 0 .9 1 2 .3 .1 1.2 80 3 .0 0 .9 3 3 C a r e e r a d v is o r 3 .0 0.961 3 .0 1.073 3.2 1.082 3.1 1.013 M e d ia (T V , R a d io ,
In te rn e t) 3 .0 1.240 2 .9 1.077 2 .9 1.163 2 .8 0 .9 0 7 T e a c h e rs /le c tu re rs 3 .0 1.177 3 .4 1.012 3.7 0 .7 0 4 3.3 0.841
B a c k g ro u n d s tu d y ( p r e
u n iv e rs ity ) 3.1 1.207 3.3 1.249 3 .6 1.0 56 3.3 1.031
B a c k g ro u n d s tu d y .
(u n iv e rs ity ) 3.6 0.7 45 3.9 1.026 3 .9 0 .9 9 0 3 .9 0 .6 8 6 G o v e rn m e n t S u p p o rt 3.0 1.177 3.1 1.149 3.1 1.40 7 2 .8 1.147
F e m a l e :
P e rs o n a l e x p e rie n c e 4.4 0 .6 5 0 4.3 0.441 4.3 0 .6 3 7 4.1 0 .6 5 2 F a m ily 3 .6 1.044 3 .7 0 .8 9 7 3 .9 0 .7 4 1 3 .8 0 .8 4 0
F rie n d s 3 .4 0.961 3.5 0 .9 6 2 3.3 0 .9 1 7 3.3 0 .7 6 3 C a r e e r a d v is o r 3.5 0 .9 6 7 3.4 0 .7 8 6 3.3 0 .9 6 3 3 .2 0 .8 5 3
M e d ia (T V , R a d io ,
In te rn e t) 2 .7 1.109 3.1 0.891 3.2 1.12 9 3.1 0 .7 3 5 T e a c h e rs /le c tu re rs 3.6 0 .7 6 8 3.8 0 .7 7 2 3.4 0 .9 2 4 3.5 0 .8 4 5 B a c k g r o u n d s tu d y ( p r e
u n iv e rs ity ) 3.9 0 .7 6 0 3.8 0 .9 6 7 3 .9 0 .8 5 0 3 .6 0 .7 93
B a c k g ro u n d s tu d y 4 .2 0.801 4.1 0 .6 2 9 4.1 0.7 4 1 4 .2 0 .6 6 2
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
68 Entrepreneurship Barrier and Motivations, .
C o n c l u s i o n a n d R e m a r k s
T h is p a p e r in v e s tig a te s L in c o ln U n iv e rs ity c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a ttitu d e s a b o u t b a rr ie r a n d m o tiv a tio n fa c to rs o f s ta rtin g o w n b u s in e s s ( e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s ) a n d c rite r io n o f c re a tin g o w n b u s in e s s . T h e re s u lts d e p ic t th a t g e n d e r, a g e a n d w o r k in g s ta tu s o f r e s p o n d e n t a re n o t s ig n ific a n tly e ffe c t th e ir p e rc e p tio n a b o u t e n tre p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s . H o w e v e r th e y e m p h a s is fin a n c ia l r is k is a n im p o r ta n t b a rr ie r a n d c o n s id e r fe a r fro m fa ilu re a s le a s t im p o rta n t b a rrie r. U n iv e r s ity p r o g ra m m e s a n d p e rs o n a l e x p e rie n c e a re m o s t m o tiv a te d fa c to rs a n d m e d ia a n d g o v e rn m e n t s u p p o rts a re th e le a s t o n e s .
T h is s tu d y r e v e a ls th a t s tu d e n ts a re c o n s id e rin g to c re a tin g th e ir n e w firm u p o n g r a d u a tio n , w o u ld lik e to b e e n tr e p re n e u r a n d lo o k a t e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip as a c a re e r. R e s p o n d e n ts b e lie v e th a t a n e n tre p re n e u r s h o u ld b e g o o d in a c c o u n tin g a n d f in a n c ia l a n a ly s is a n d e d u c a tio n a l b a c k g ro u n d in g e n e ra l w ill in flu e n c e e n tr e p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s . H o w e v e r, th e y b e lie v e th a t s k ill is im p o rta n t fo r c ra tin g n e w o w n b u s in e s s .
T h is r e s u lt o f th e s tu d y s u g g e s t th a t s tu d e n ts a re m u c h c o n c e r n a b o u t b a rrie rs o f e n tr e p re n e u ria l a c tiv itie s th e y d e m a n d fo r a p p ro p ria te e d u c a tio n a n d tra in in g to b e a b le to s ta r t th e ir o w n in d e p e n d e n t b u s in e s s u p o n g ra d u a tio n . T h is is u p to th e u n iv e r s itie s p ro g ra m m e s to s a tis fy th is n e e d w h ic h is in th e lin e o f e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e c o u n try . T h is s tu d y s u g g e s t th a t s tu d e n ts a re m o tiv a te d by th e ir p e rs o n a l e x p e rie n c e , u n iv e r s ity b a c k g ro u n d a n d fa m ily w h ile c o n s id e rin g f in a n c ia l ris k , le v e l o f c o m p e titio n a s th e m o s t im p o rta n t b a rrie rs . O n th e o th e r h a n d th e y c o n s id e r e d e n tre p re n e u rs s h o u ld b e g o o d in a c c o u n tin g a n d fin a n c ia l a n a ly s is w h ile e d u c a tio n a l b a c k g ro u n d is in flu e n tia l. T h is im p lie s th a t u n iv e r s ity p r o g ra m m e s s h o u ld e n a b le s tu d e n ts to m a in ta in a c c o u n tin g re c o rd s , p e rf o r m fin a n c ia l a n a ly s is , c o n tro l fin a n c ia l ris k a n d o v e rc o m e c o m p le tio n s . I n c lu d in g m a r k e tin g , f in a n c e , a c c o u n tin g a n d p la n n in g s u b je c ts in an e n tr e p re n e u ria l u n iv e r s ity p ro g ra m m e w ill h e lp s tu d e n ts ’ s tru g g le o f b e in g fu tu re e n tr e p re n e u rs u p o n g ra d u a tio n .
T h e ta r g e t r e s p o n d e n t o f th e s tu d y w a s c o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts a t o n e s e m e s te r on ly . T h is lim ite d th e s c o p e o f th e s tu d y , fu tu re re s e a rc h n e e d to in c lu d e s tu d e n ts fro m o th e r a re a s s u c h a s a g ric u ltu re , e n g in e e rin g a n d s c ie n c e .
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Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
R e f e r e n c e s :
C h a m e y , A . a n d L ib e c a p , G .D ., (2 0 0 0 ). Im p a c t o f e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip e d u c a tio n , T h e K a u f fm a n C e n tre fo r E n tre p re n e u ria l L e a d e rs h ip , K a u f fm a n R e s e a rc h S e rie s.
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1 5 (2 8 ), 2 5 -3 3 . R e trie v e d S e p te m b e r 19, 2 0 0 9 , fro m A B I/I N F O R M G lo b a l. ( D o c u m e n t ID : 6 5 0 7 3 4 1 6 1 ).E d e , F . O ., P a n ig rh i,B . a n d C a lc ic h , S. E . (1 9 9 8 ), A fric a n A m e r ic a n s tu d e n ts ' a ttitu d e s to w a rd e n tre p re n e u rs h ip e d u c a tio n ,
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Business;
M a y /J u n ; 7 3 , 5; A B I/IN F O R M G lo b a l, p g . 291E e d e n , S ., L o u w , L . a n d D a n ie V e n te r, D ., (2 0 0 5 ). E n tre p r e n e u r ia l tra its o f u n d e rg r a d u a te C o m m e rc e s tu d e n ts: A th re e -c o u n try c o m p a r is o n ,
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14(3), 2 6 -4 3 . R e trie v e d S e p te m b e r 19, 2 0 0 9 , fro m A B I/I N F O R M G lo b a l. (D o c u m e n t ID : 9 8 6 7 5 1 0 9 1 ).E tz k o w itz , H ., ( 2 0 0 3 ). R e s e a rc h g ro u p s as 'q u a s i-firm s ': T h e in v e n tio n o f th e e n tr e p re n e u ria l u n iv e rs ity ,
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VoL 18, No. 1 August 2010
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