Short communication
Lignin biosynthesis during wound healing of potato tubers
in response to gamma irradiation
M.S. Ramamurthy
a,*, K.K. Ussuf
b, P.M. Nair
a, P. Thomas
aaFood Technology Di6ision,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Trombay,Mumbai4000 85,India
bNuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Di6ision,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Trombay,Mumbai4000 85,India Received 22 March 1999; accepted 21 October 1999
Abstract
The effect of gamma irradiation on lignin biosynthesis during wound healing in potato tubers was studied by [U-14C] phenylalanine incorporation into lignin and monitoring the activities of key enzymes involved in the
lignification process. There was a 40% reduction in lignin biosynthesis during wound healing in response to gamma irradiation. The level of the first enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), was five-fold higher in irradiated potatoes than in control tubers during wound healing. However the level of another key enzyme, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) was found to be 30% less in irradiated potatoes. There was no significant change in peroxidase activity and its isozyme pattern during wound healing. Differential regulation of different enzymes of lignin biosynthesis in response to gamma irradiation may be responsible for the decreased lignin biosynthesis. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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1. Introduction
Stimulation of lignin biosynthesis is one of the inducible defence responses in plants in response to wounding and microbial attack (Vance et al., 1980; Ride, 1983). The biochemistry of lignin biosynthesis is a complex process involving the action of several enzymes of primary phenyl-propanoid metabolism as well as of lignin
biosyn-thetic branching enzymes. Following the
deamination of phenylalanine to cinnamic acid by
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the lignin biosynthetic branching pathway is operative and the key enzymes involved are hydroxylases, O-methyl transferases, COA ligases and alcohol de-hydrogenases (Kuboi and Yamada, 1978). In addition, peroxidases (EC1.11.1.7 donor:H2O2
ox-idoreductase) are also involved in the last step for the polymerisation of cinnamyl alcohols to form lignin (Imberty et al., 1985). Peroxidases exhibit unique isozyme profiles in response to particular physiological situations (Lagrimini and Rothstein, 1987). Studies from several laboratories have shown that lignin biosynthesis can be monitored
* Corresponding author. Fax: +91-22-5560-750.
by assessing the level of these marker enzymes (Kutsuki et al., 1982).
Phenylpropanoid metabolism is highly regu-lated by several stress factors and environmental stimulants (Jones, 1984). The effect of gamma irradiation on phenylpropanoid metabolism and its relation to development of disease resistance in plants has been well studied (Pendharkar and Nair, 1987, 1995). One significant observation emerging from these studies is the suppression of wound periderm formation in potatoes, thereby making the irradiated potatoes more accessible to pathogens. Suppression of cinnamic acid hydroxy-lase (CA-4H) activity has also been related to imperfect wound periderm formation (Pendharkar and Nair, 1987). However the effect of gamma irradiation on enzymes involved in the lignin biosynthetic branching pathway is not well under-stood. Wound-induced peroxidase activity and isozyme patterns during lignin biosynthesis in re-sponse to gamma irradiation have also not been investigated. In the present investigation we stud-ied further the effects on PAL, CAD and peroxidase.
2. Materials and methods
Mature potatoes (Solanum tuberosum, cv Kufri chandramuki), 3 – 4 weeks stored at room temper-ature after harvest, were obtained from the local market. Tubers free from apparent diseases and mechanical injury were selected and irradiated to 100 Gy in a package irradiator (Atomic Energy of Canada) with a Cobalt-60 source at a dose rate of 10 Gy/min and an overdose ratio of 1.4 (max/
min=1.4/1). The dosimetry was performed using the Fricke system to ensure that the tubers re-ceived a dose of 100 Gy. Irradiated and
non-irra-diated potatoes (60 tubers) each weighing
:50 – 60 g were used for wound healing
experiments.
In earlier investigations, potato tubers cut into two longitudinal halves have been found to provide a convenient system to study wound-in-duced metabolic changes (Thomas and Delincee, 1979; Thomas, 1982). Wound healing studies were carried out as described by Ramamurthy et al.
(1992). Irradiated and non-irradiated tubers of uniform size were sliced in half longitudinally from bud end to stem end and the wound allowed to heal at 25°C by keeping them in trays covered with perforated polyethylene sheets. The relative humidity inside the trays was maintained at 90%. After a specified period of wound healing (up to 16 days), 1 mm thick blocks of tissue cut from below the wound surface, were used for determi-nation of various enzyme activities and to study lignin biosynthesis.
The incorporation of [U-14
C] phenylalanine (specific activity 1.8×1010
Bq/mmol; purchased from the Board of Radiation and Isotope Tech-nology, Mumbai, India), into lignin and the isola-tion of lignin, were carried out as described by Pendharkar and Nair (1995). In a typical experi-ment 3.7×106 Bq of [U-14C] phenylalanine was
fed to the wound surface and the wound was allowed to heal. At regular intervals the wound periderm was removed (5 g) and homogenised in acetone (−30°C). The insoluble residue was pre-pared and hydrolysed as described by Pendharkar and Nair (1995) and an aliquot of 100ml was used
to estimate the radioactivity incorporated into lignin. The incorporation of [U-14
C] phenylalanine into lignin was monitored from three replicates.
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was ex-tracted from 5 g tissue by using 10 ml borate buffer (0.1 M, pH 8.8) as described by Ussuf and Nair (1980) and assayed according to Zucker (1965) by measuring the absorbance of transcin-namic acid at 290 nm. Activity was expressed as micromoles of transcinnamic acid formed/h/mg protein. Protein content was determined by the method of Bradford (1976) using bovine serum albumine (BSA) as a standard. Three tissue repli-cates were extracted and each was assayed three times.
is the amount of enzyme which converts 1 mol substrate/s. Three replicates were extracted and each was assayed three times.
Peroxidase was extracted from 50 g tissue with 100 ml of 0.5 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), containing 0.8 M KCl and 2 gm Polyclar AT as described by Lee (1973). The purification was carried out by ammonium sulphate fractionation (30 – 90%) and subsequent affinity chromatogra-phy on Con (A) Sepharose. This purified enzyme was used for determination of peroxidase activity. Peroxidase activity was measured using guaia-col as the hydrogen donor as described by Thomas et al. (1982). The reaction was initiated by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. The amount of tetraguaiacol produced was monitored by measuring the absorbance at 470 nm for 2 min. Peroxidase activity was expressed as variation of absorbance/min/mg/protein. The electrophoretic profiles of the Con A Sepharose-purified potato peroxidase was carried out by SDS-PAGE ac-cording to Laemmli (1970).
Isoelectric focussing and activity staining of potato peroxidase was performed as described by Thomas and Delincee (1979) using pH 2-11 ‘Serv-alyt’ carrier ampholytes (Serva, Heidelberg, Ger-many) and Sephadex G-75 superfine (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) on a 20×20 cm glass plates, the separation distance being 15 cm. Peroxidase activity was detected by the paper print technique
using 1% urea-peroxide and 1% o-phenylene di-amine as described by Delincee and Radola (1972).
3. Results and discussion
Incorporation of [U-14 C]-phenylalanine into
lignin as a function of the wound healing period is shown in Fig. 1. Maximum incorporation of
[U-14C] phenylalanine into lignin was observed on the
tenth day of wound healing and thereafter it remained constant in control potatoes. The pat-tern in irradiated potatoes was similar, although there was a 40% reduction in incorporation, indi-cating an impairment in lignin biosynthesis as a result of gamma irradiation.
The constitutive expression of PAL activity in intact potato tuber was low and this level re-mained unaltered during the period of storage (Fig. 2(a)). However, PAL activity markedly in-creased during wound healing over the first 8 days in both control and irradiated potatoes and there-after decreased slightly. The increase in PAL ac-tivity in irradiated potatoes was four- to five-fold higher than that in control potatoes.
The results suggest that as a result of activation
of PAL by gamma irradiation, the initial
metabolic pathway for lignin biosynthesis might be activated. However, results from the
Fig. 2. Activities of (a) phenylalanine ammonia lyase, (b) cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and (c) peroxidase during wound healing of potatoes. All measurements were done in triplicate (mean+SE).
ration of [U-14C]-phenylalanine into lignin have
shown that lignin biosynthesis was reduced. To understand the mechanism involved in this para-doxical situation, further studies were carried out to determine the effect of gamma irradiation on another key enzyme, CAD, involved in lignin biosynthesis.
Induction of CAD activity was comparatively slow during the first 6 – 8 days after wounding and thereafter activity increased as wound healing progressed (Fig. 2(b)). Maximum activity was reached in 14 days. Unlike PAL activity, the level of CAD activity from irradiated potato tubers during wound healing was 30% less than that of control tubers. There was no alteration in the constitutive level of CAD activity in unwounded control tubers.
Thus the activity of CAD, a specific enzyme involved in lignification, showed a positive
corre-lation with PAL activity and lignin biosynthesis in control potatoes during wound healing. However, the higher levels of PAL activity in irradiated tubers was not accompanied by a parallel increase in CAD activity. One possible reason for this could be the ineffective utilization of transcin-namic acid by gamma-irradiated tuber tissues, a view also expressed in a study on biochemical aspects of gamma-irradiated potatoes by Pend-harkar and Nair (1987). Another possibility could be the preferential channelling of transcinnamic acid by secondary pathways to flavonoids and anthocyanins. Thus irradiation resulted in the im-pairment of CAD activity which limits the supply of lignin monomers required for polymerisation.
peroxidase enzyme. A 45-fold purification with 62% recovery was achieved by using the purifica-tion procedure. The electrophoretic separapurifica-tion of purified peroxidase enzyme on 10% SDS-PAGE showed a major band having a molecular mass of 45 000 (data not shown). Peroxidase from both control and irradiated potatoes exhibited the same electrophoretic profile during wound healing. In-duction of peroxidase in both control and irradi-ated tissues was slow during the initial period of wound healing (Fig. 2(c)) The activity reached a maximum in about 10 days and then remained constant. Even though the level of extractable peroxidase was found to be slightly higher in control potatoes, no significant difference in per-oxidase activity was observed as a result of irradi-ation during wound healing.
In order to find out whether there are any major changes in the isozymes of peroxidase formed during wound healing in control and irra-diated potatoes, isoelectric focusing coupled with activity staining was carried out. The isoelectric pattern of peroxidase from unwounded and wound-healed tissue of both control and irradi-ated potatoes after staining with o -phenylene-di-amine is shown in Fig. 3. During wound healing several isozymes with a wide range of PIs were induced in control and irradiated potatoes. How-ever, the isozyme pattern in control and irradiated potatoes did not show any significant differences.
Peroxidase has been implicated in lignification and suberisation during wound healing (Lagrimini and Rothstein, 1987; Roberts et al., 1988). The peroxidase activity reached a maximum in about 8 – 12 days when wound healing was almost com-pleted, further confirming the involvement of per-oxidase in the wound healing process. The lack of any differences in peroxidase and the isozyme patterns suggests that peroxidase was not affected by gamma irradiation. Although the isozyme pat-tern remained the same, the possibility of inacti-vation of a specific peroxidase isozyme which contributes only a very small portion of the total peroxidase involved in the lignification process, cannot be ruled out.
Our results suggest that irradiation interferes differentially with the various enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis. The induction of PAL activity was several fold higher in irradiated potatoes. However, no correlation with lignin deposition was observed. The induction of CAD activity was significantly lower in irradiated potatoes and these data correlated with decreased lignin accumula-tion. Studies from our laboratory have also shown that irradiation impaired the induction of cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (CA-4H), the second enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway (Pendharkar and Nair, 1987). Reduced accumulation of lignin, accompanied by the impairment in wound perid-erm formation as a result of gamma irradiation, may influence the postharvest physiology of pota-toes and may affect the long term storage stability of irradiated potatoes.
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![Fig. 1. [U-14C]-Phenylalanine into lignin. The vertical error bars represent SE of the mean.](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok/1031368.928126/3.612.110.432.423.591/fig-phenylalanine-lignin-vertical-error-bars-represent-mean.webp)
