The Analysis of Jargon Formation in Online Trading: A
Case Study of Jargon Formation in Forum Jual Beli
Kaskus
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree in Indonesia University of Education
By: Linda Nurmala
(0902568)
English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
The Analysis of Jargon Formation in Online Trading: A
Case Study of Jargon Formation in Forum Jual Beli
Kaskus
Oleh
Linda Nurmala
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sastra pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Linda Nurmala 2013
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Desember 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,
PAGE OF APPROVAL
THE ANALYSIS OF JARGON FORMATION IN ONLINE TRADING: A CASE STUDY OF JARGON FORMATION IN FORUM JUAL BELI
KASKUS By Linda Nurmala
0902568 Approved by
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Dr. Dadang Sudana, M.A, Ph.D. Ripan Hermawan, S.S., M.A. NIP.196009191990031001 NIP.198010242005011001
Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
ABSTRACT
The research entitled The Analysis of Jargon Formation in Online Trading: A Case Study of Jargon Formation in Forum Jual Beli Kaskus is aimed to reveal jargon formation in FJB Kaskus postings and investigate context of situation underlying the use of jargons. This research used some theories for the theoretical framework. To analyze the formation of jargons, the theories used are
from Bauer’s (1983), Yule’s (1996), O'Grady & Guzman’s (1996), and Stageberg (2000), while Hyme’s (1974) theory are used to analyze the context of situation. The result shows that there are 51 jargons with the total of 365 occurrences that can be divided into 10 types of jargon formation, they are: 18 abbreviation (121 occurrences), 9 clipping (84 occurrences), 6 clipped compounds (35 occurrences), 6 borrowing (73 occurrences), 1 coinage (1 occurrences), 4 derivation (27 occurrences), 4 reduplication (16 occurrences), and 3 antonomasia (8 occurrences). Those jargons are used in various situations depending on the context. Most of them are used in greeting, offering, and in giving notice with various tone in formal and informal register.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian yang berjudul The Analysis of Jargon Formation in Online Trading: A Case Study of Jargon Formation in Forum Jual Beli Kaskus bertujuan untuk mencari tahu pembentukan jargon yang ada di postingan - postingan FJB Kaskus serta menginvestigasi konteks situasi yang mendasari pemakaian jargon – jargon tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa teori sebagai kerangka teori. Untuk menganalisis pembentukan jargon, teori yang digunakan adalah terori dari Bauer (1983), Yule (1996), O'Grady & Guzman (1996), dan Stageberg (2000). Sedangkan teori dari Hyme (1974) digunakan untuk menganalisis konteks situasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada 51 macam jargon yang ditemukan dengan total kemunculan sebanyak 365 kali, yang dapat dikategorikan kepada 10 tipe pembentukan, yaitu: 18 abbreviation (121 kali), 9 clipping (84 kali), 6 clipped compounds (35 kali), 6 borrowing (73 kali), 1 coinage (1 kali), 4 derivation (27 kali), 4 reduplication (16 kali), and 3 antonomasia (8 kali). Jargon – jargon tersebut digunakan dalam situasi yang bervariasi tergantung konteks yang ada. Jargon – jargon tersebut kebanyakan digunakan dalam menyapa, menawarkan, dan memberikan pemberitahuan dengan nada yang bervariasi serta register yang formal dan tidak formal.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.5 Significance of the study ... 3
1.6 Research Methodology ... 3
1.7 Organization of the Paper ... 4
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 5
2.1 Jargon ... 5
2.2 Morphology and Word-Formation ... 6
2.2.1 Word Formation processes based on Laurie Bauer (1983) ... 7
2.2.2 Word-formation processes based on George Yule (1996) ... 8
2.2.3Word-Formation processes based on O’Grady and Guzman (1996) ... 9
2.2.4 Word-Formation Based on Norman C. Stageberg (2000) ... 10
2.3 Context of Situation ………... 10
2.4 Kaskus ………... 12
2.4.1 Kamus Besar Bahasa Kaskus ………...………... 12
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 19
3.1 Formulation of Problems ... 19
3.2 Research Method ... 19
3.3 Clarification Key Terms ... 19
3.4 Data Collection ... 21
3.5 Data Analysis ... 22
3.6 Closing Remarks ... 25
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 26
4.1 Findings ... 26
4.1.1 Jargon Formation in FJB Kaskus ... 26
4.1.1.1 Abbreviation ... 27
4.1.2 The Frequencies of Jargon Formation Processes in FJB Kaskus Postings.. 37
4.1.3.4 Context of Situation Underlying the Use of borrowing in 35 postings in
FJB Kaskus………...….…… 45
4.1.3.5 Context of Situation Underlying the Use of coinage in 35 postings in FJB Kaskus………..….…… 47
4.1.3.6 Context of Situation Underlying the Use of prefixes in 35 postings in FJB Kaskus……….……….…… 48
4.1.3.7 Context of Situation Underlying the Use of sufixes in 35 postings in FJB Kaskus………...…… 50
4.1.3.8 Context of Situation Underlying the Use of affixes in 35 postings in FJB Kaskus……….……….……. 52
4.1.3.9 Context of Situation Underlying the Use of reduplication in 35 postings in FJB Kaskus……….….…….. 53
4.1.3.10 Context of Situation Underlying the Use of antonomasia in 35 postings in FJB Kaskus………..…..… 55
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 63
5.1 Conclusions ... 63
REFERENCES ... 65
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Acronym in FJB Kaskus ……….……. 28
Table 4.2 Clipping in FJB Kaskus …….……….……. 30
Table 4.3 Clipped Compound in FJB Kaskus ……….……. 31
Table 4.4 Borrowing in FJB Kaskus ………..……….…. 32
Table 4.5 Coinage in FJB Kaskus ………..……….……. 33
Table 4.6 Prefixes in FJB Kaskus ………...……. 34
Table 4.7 Sufixes in FJB Kaskus ………...……….…. 35
Table 4.8 prefix + sufix in FJB Kaskus ……….….. 35
Table 4.9 Reduplication in FJB Kaskus ……….………. 36
Table 4.10 Antonomasia in FJB Kaskus ……..………..….. 37
Table 4.11 Total Frequencies of jargons ……….. 38
Table 4.12 SPEAKING analysis of WTS ……… 40
Table 4.13 SPEAKING analysis of bro ………... 42
Table 4.14 SPEAKING analysis of ongkir ……….. 44
Table 4.15 SPEAKING analysis of ane ………... 46
Table 4.16 SPEAKING analysis of bata ………. 48
Table 4.17 SPEAKING analysis of reseller ……… 49
Table 4.18 SPEAKING analysis of aganwati ………. 51
Table 4.19 SPEAKING analysis of penampakan ………... 53
Table 4.20 SPEAKING analysis of mimin ………. 55
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a general description of the paper. It covers:
background, the reasons for choosing the topic, the scope of research, research
questions, aims of the research, method of analysis, and organization of the paper.
1.1.Background
Research on word formation has shown that it is very common for a
language to coin vocabularies from other language. Coining happens especially
when a language does not have its own words to convey, or to express something
(Suandi, 2008; Arua & Alimi, 2009). Moreover, previous researches reveal that it
is possible to categorize or divide various types of process from one formation
(Soetopo, 2000; Ermanto, 2006; Fabrijanic, 2013). For example, reduplication can
have fifteen different patterns that can be divided into three categories (Ermanto,
2006). Another result shows that it is posible for a language to have a certain
criteria of formation which differenciate one language to another (Omachonu &
Abraham, 2012). There are other prespectives from other fields. From the
perspective of semantic study, one word could have different meanings
(Karisman, 2012; Arua & Alimi, 2009). For example, grammatical meaning,
lexical meaning, and term meaning (Karisman, 2012).
Research on jargons found, also investigating about how jargons are
formed. Jargon provides the members of a social community with the words they
need in order to communicate with each other. Jargon that exists in a social
community is usually about the subject matter related to their field (Katamba,
1994). The briefness and the simplicity of practical formations of jargons become
common. Jargon simplifies the words so that the meaning could be easily
transferred and the choosing of the formation can be adjusted with the user needs
New forms of jargons are created from the habit of some society or
groups. The habit of some society or groups who creates new forms of jargons can
possibly be traced back to the older time when our ancestors still exist
(Suratminto, 2010). Previous research on jargon was done by Sulaeman (2012) on
‘Bahasa Gaul’ created by Deby Sahertian. The research reveals that an artificial
language will be hard to be accepted if it does not have steady rules or systematic
rules. This slang language or artificial language could be said as an exclusive
language since the pattern of the formation process could only apply to certain
words, not all words (Sulaeman, 2012).
Many other researches which are investigating jargons have been done,
but the objects are often times taken from daily language which is spoken in
actual world (non-virtual). On virtual world, some of the research on jargon found
are focused on identifying types of word formation and the semantic meanings.
One of the examples of the research is about Kaskus jargons. The research proved
that language used in Kaskus can be said as jargons, since the usage only appear
in Kaskus and the outsiders do not understand the jargons (Amelinda, 2013).
There is also a research that investigates the jargons in buying and selling
activities in Kaskus. It focuses on analyzing the semantic meanings and also word
formation. The research results that jargons with denotation meanings show fewer
results than connotation meanings (Setiawan, 2011).
This study examines the formation of jargon in Forum Jual Beli Kaskus
(henceforth FJB), the biggest online trading forum in Indonesia. This research
investigates the jargon formation in FJB Kaskus. However, unlike the previous
researches on Kaskus jargons, this study also focuses on the context situation
underlying the usage of the jargons.
1.2.Research Questions
This research will investigate the following questions:
2. What is the most common type of jargon formation processes found in
Kaskus FJB forum?
3. What is the context of situation underlying the use of the jargons?
1.3. Aims of Study
This research aims to:
1. Identify types of jargon formation processes in Kaskus FJB forum.
2. Identify the most common type of jargon formation processes in
Kaskus FJB forum.
3. Identify the context of situation underlying the use of jargons.
1.4. Scope of the Study
This study observes jargon formation processes in an online
trading forum, FJB. This research focuses on the analysis of the formation
of jargons found in Kaskus FJB Forum, using the theory of word
formation process and context of situation.
1.5. Significance of the Study
This research can be the beginning of a further research in word
formation, especially, jargon formation in online trading or a more specific
research on online communication. The researcher hopes that this research
can offer a new sight for those who are interested and willing to do a
research in the area of morphology especially on word formation in a
computer mediated communication.
1.6. Research Methodology
This research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative
method. Flick (2009) said that qualitative research is mainly concerned
or field notes and other analytic materials. The data used in this research is
in the form of online threads or postings from Kaskus FJB Forum. There
are several steps of data analysis on this research. Further details will be
elaborated in chapter 3.
1.7. Clarification of Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, some following terms need to be
described:
Jargon provides members of a social sub-group with the lexical items they need in order to talk about the subject matter that their field deals with
(Katamba, 1994).
Word formation is the study of how new complex words are built on the basis of other words or morphemes (Plag, 2002).
Abbreviation is a word which is formed by a series of initial letters (Bauer, 1983).
Clipping is a process where a word (simple or complex) is shortened but still has the same meaning (Bauer, 1983).
Clipped compounds are the compounding made by clippings in which both halves of a compound are clipped (Bauer, 1983).
Borrowing is taking over of words from other languages (Yule, 1996).
Coinage is the invention of totally new terms. (Yule, 1996)
Derivation is the most common wordformation process found in the production of new English words (Yule, 1996). It deals with affixes which
will be explain below:
o Prefixes is a kind of affixes that have to be added to the beginning of the word (e.g. un-, mis-)
Reduplication is the process of word formation which duplicates all part of the base to which it applies to mark grammatical or semantic contrast
(O'Grady & Guzman, 1996). There are full reduplication and partial
reduplication.
Antonomasia is a formation of a common noun, a verb, or an adjective from the name of a person or a place (Stageberg, 2000)
Context situation is a way of understanding how language functions in context. It is said to be crucial to understand and interpret the meaning of
what is being said (Paltridge, 2006). According to Hymes (1972), in the They could be the speaker, listener, etc.
Ends refer to the intention or the purpose of the speech event.
Act sequence refers to the shape of the speech and the content of the speech.
Key refers to the tone, the way speech is delivered and the passion where the message is delivered.
Instrumentalitites refer to the media in which language is used. For example, whether it is written or spoken.
Norms of interaction refers to the norms or the rules in the interaction.
Online trading is an activity of buying and selling securities via the Internet or broker-provided proprietary software that works through the
Internet (Business Glossary - Online Trading, 2013).
Kaskus is the biggest discussion and online trading forum in Indonesia. Kaskus was made in November 6th 1999 by three young men from
Indonesia who continued their study in Seattle, US. (About - Sejarah Kaskus, 2013)
FJB Forum is an acronym from Forum Jual Beli. It is one of Kaskus forums where people can do online transaction. FJB forum is a place
where people can sell and buy stuffs.
Kamus Besar Bahasa Kaskus or Kaskus Dictionary is a dictionary of Kaskus jargons and terms available in Kaskus website.
1.8.Organization of the Paper
The Organization of the paper will be as follows:
Chapter I elaborates the background of the research, research
question, the aims of study, scope of the study, significance of the study,
and a brief explanation of research methodology.
Chapter II discusses the related literature of the research and the
theoretical frameworks.
Chapter III provides the methodology of the study, discussing what
kinds of steps and methodology that are used in the study.
Chapter IV consists of data presentations, findings, the result of the
study and the discussions.
Chapter V elaborates the conclusions of the study. The suggestions
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology of the present study. It presents
the formulation of problems, method of data collection, method of data analysis,
and the procedures of the analysis.
3.1 Formulation of Problems
1. What types of jargon formation processes found in Kaskus FJB forum?
2. What is the most common type of jargon formation processes found in
Kaskus FJB forum?
3. What is the context of situation underlying the use of the jargons?
3.2 Research Method
This research was conducted by using a descriptive qualitative method,
and to some extent, simple formula was used to find out the frequencies of the
occurrences of jargons. According to Flick (2009), qualitative research is mainly
concerned with the production and analysis of texts, such as transcripts of
interviews or field notes and other analytic materials. The data used in this
research is in the form of online threads or postings from Kaskus FJB Forum.
There are several steps of data analysis in this research.
3.3 Data Collection
The data of this study were taken from one of Indonesian websites,
Kaskus. Kaskus was created in Novermber 6th 1999 by three young men from
Indonesia. Kaskus is claimed to be the biggest discussion and trading forum in
Indonesia. Kaskus has two major forums and one of them is FJB Forum, the data
in this research are taken from FJB Forum. FJB Forum is the forum where
posting a thread to promote their product. The data used in this research is in the
form of online threads or postings from Kaskus FJB Forum. There are 35 postings
in FJB Kaskus chosen to be the data. The time length is 8 October 2013 until 16
October 2013. Then after transcribing the data, the researcher sought for jargons
that appear in FJB Forum by using the steps that will be elaborated below.
After the chosen postings were collected, the postings were transcribed by
removing unnecessary elements like pictures and link. Then, the transcribed
postings were converted into plain text so that they can be read by monoconc
software. By using the help of monoconc software, the jargons found in the
postings were counted and then categorized into different types of formations.
Monoconc is also used to help analyzing the context of situation.
3.4 Data Analysis
The collected data were analyzed by using the framework of word
formation theory proposed by Bauer (2007), Yule (1996), O’Grady & Guzman
(1996), and Stageberg (2000). Hymes’ (1989) theory was also used to analyze the
context of situation underlying the use of jargons. The analysis was also supported
by other tools, in this case, dictionaries such as Oxford Advanced Learner
Dictionary, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Daring), and Kamus Besar Bahasa
Kaskus. In observing the data, the following steps have been taken:
1. Classification of Jargons.
The researcher classified the jargons based on types formation
processes from the theories used. One table is for one type of word
formation. The detail explanation is served below the table. Here is the
example of the table:
Table 1
Each Type of Jargon Formation
2 WTB Want to Buy 24
3 WTT Want to Trade 11
4 PO Pre order 13
2. Meaning Search.
The researcher searched for the meaning in Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia Bahasa and Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary. If the
meaning is not available, then the researcher tried to find it in Kamus
Besar Bahasa Kaskus available in Kaskus, or by seeing the context.
3. Analysis of Jargon Formation.
After knowing the classification and the meaning of each jargon, the
researcher analyzed the data by using the theories elaborated in chapter
two.
4. Calculation of Occurrences.
When the jargons were classified and analyzed, the frequencies of
occurrences of the jargons were counted by using the simple formula
elaborated below:
The formula for all of the process is:
N = Type of jargon formation
P = The total of each jargon formation process used in FJB Kaskus
Q = The total of all jargon formation process in FJB Kaskus
P
After all of the processes were counted, the results of the data are
presented in a table below:
No. Jargons Total words Total in Percent
1 Abbreviation
5. Investigate the Context of Situation.
When analyzing the jargon formation and the frequencies has been
done, the analysis is moving on to the context of situation analysis. For
example:
AGAN in the sentence“Kalau AGAN mau serius, harga boleh nego tipis.”
Setting and scene FJB Forum postings which sell cellphone,
February 2013
Participant Seller who is the Kaskuser (member of
Kaskus)
Ends This usually ends with a deal between the
seller and buyer
explained the product and price, offered
negotiation of the price, how to do transaction
and also the contact number.
Key The tone is serious in a friendly way
Instrument Non-verbal communication and the register is
informal
Norms of Interaction Trying to communicate like a seller and buyer
Genre Informal promotion
6. Conclusions and Suggestions
The last step is making conclusions and suggestions from the result.
1.1.Closing Remarks
The chapter has discussed formulation of problems, the research
methodology, the clarification key terms, data collection and data analysis. In data
collection, the process of collecting data was elaborated. The steps cover the
transcribing of the data and the change of data format so that it can be used in
monoconc software. Several steps were also done in analyzing the data.
Classification of jargons, analysis of jargon formations, meaning search, and
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter elaborates the conclusions and suggestions of the research.
The conclusions are based on the findings and discussions of the research, and the
suggestions are made for further research in the future and those who are
interested in this study.
5.1 Conclusions
The purpose of this research is to investigate the jargon formation
processes in FJB Kaskus postings and also the context of situation underlying the
use of jargons found in FJB Kaskus postings. Based on the results elaborated in
findings and discussions, there are some points that can be concluded. First, the
findings show that there are 51 jargons found with the total of 365 occurrences in
FJB Kaskus postings. Those jargons can be divided into ten types of formation,
they are 18 abbreviations (121 occurrences), 9 clippings (84 occurrences), 6
clipped compounds (35 occurrences), 6 borrowings (73 occurrences), 1 coinage (1
occurrence), 4 derivations (27 occurrences), 4 reduplications (16 occurrences),
and 3 antonomasias (8 occurrences).
Second, as seen from the results, it can be concluded that abbreviation is
the type of formation which has the most occurrences (121 occurrences or
33,15%), followed by clipping which has 84 occurrences (23,01%).
Lastly, it can be concluded that the jargons found in FJB Kaskus postings
are used in various situations depending on the context. Most of them are used in
5.2 Suggestions
Morphology, especially the study of word formation has many interesting
sides to be studied. Language phenomenon and variety of objects can be the topic
of a research. This research is about jargon formation in online communication,
especially in online trading. The objects of this research are 35 postings in FJB
Kaskus. For online communication itself, there are a lot of objects that can be
analyzed beside online trading forum, for example, the research can cover the
jargon formation in communication in social network, communication in online
chatting, online dating forum, and etc.
For further research in the future, there are some suggestions that can be
considered. First, the researcher can explore more types of formation by extending
the data and the scope of the study, for example, the research analyzes not only
the posting in FJB, but also the comments from the reader. Second, the object of
the research can be added, for example, not only online trading in one forum, but
also in other forums because as we know, there are countless online trading
forums and websites nowadays such as amazon.com, tokobagus.com,
berniaga.com, ebay.com, even facebook page is also used to sell product(s).
Third, further research might consider other aspects to complete the details of the
data collected, for example, the analysis can cover the gender of the writer, and
the age of the writer to make the analysis more convincing. Hopefully, this
research will be useful for those who have an interest in linguistics and
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