The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”, an Indonesian Indie Film.

(1)

Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

This research is entitled “The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in cin(T)a, an Indonesian Indie Film.” This research investigates the subtitle strategies that are used in the film and to know the quality of subtitling in the English subtitle of the film cin(T)a (2009) directed by Sammaria Simanjuntak. A descriptive qualitative research method is used to to explain, analyze, and classify data through various techniques, such as examining documents and interviewing participants (Creswell 2009, p.175).

The research reveals that there are 575 dialogues to be analyzed in this film. The data are analyzed by applying subtitle strategies theory proposed by Gottlieb (1992). In this research, there are nine subtitle strategies used by the translator; they are transfer, paraphrase, imitation, expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation.It is also found that there are three dominant strategies. They are transfer, paraphrase, and imitation. Transfer as the most frequent strategy occurs 368 items or covers 64% of the data. It is followed by the other strategy; expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation.

Transfer is the most frequent strategy. This is because the subtitler translated the source language (SL) accurately and completely without leaving any single word. Then, they do not need additional information or deletion to give the same effect as the source language (SL). The possible reason why this strategy is used is because he or she does not want to lose the original meaning of the source language.

In addition, based on the criteria for the judgement of translation quality proposed by Barnwell (1996), the quality of subtitle in the English subtitles of the film cin(T)a is in grade 3 or in “good” level. The criteria for the judgement of translation quality are based on accuracy, clarity, and naturalness by the judgement of two people. These two people are native speakers. This shows that transfer strategy is appropriate to apply in the subtitle of this film.

(2)

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini berjudul “The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in cin(T)a, an Indonesian Indie Film” atau “Analisis Pada Penggunaan Strategi terjemahan pada film cin(T)a, film indie Indonesia”. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi strategi terjemahan apa yang digunakan pada film ini dan kualitas terjemahannya. Metode Kualitatif deskriptif digunakan untuk menjelaskan, menganalisa, dan memengklasifikasikan data seperti menguji dokumen dan mewawancara partisipan.(Creswell, 2009).

Terdapat 575 dialog yang dianalisa di film ini. Data tersebut dianalisa dengan menggunakan strategi terjemahan dari Gottlieb (1992). Dalam penelitian ini terdapat sembilan strategi yang ditemukan yaitu, transfer, paraphrase, imitation, expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation. Transfer diketahui merupakan strategi yang paling banyak digunakan di dalam terjemahan film ini. Transfer digunakan pada 368 dialog dan meliputi 64%. Lalu diikuti oleh strategi lainnya seperti, expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation.

Transfer merupakan strategi yang paling banyak digunakan. Hal ini dikarenakan penerjemah tetap menerjemahkan teks sumber dengan tepat tanpa menghilangkan atau menambahkan. Salah satu alasan mengapa penerjemah menerapkan strategi ini karena dia tidak ingin menghilangkan arti dan pesan sesungguhnya dari teks sumber.

Dalam penelitian ini, kualitas dari hasil terjemahan dianalisa menggunakan penilaian kualitas terjemahan yang diusulkan oleh Barnwell (1996). Dari hasil ini diketahui bahwa hasil terjemahan dari terjemahan film cin(T)a adalah di tingkat “3” atau di tingkat bagus. Kriteria penilaian ini berdasarkan akurasi, kejelasan, dan natural yang dievalusi oleh dua orang. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa strategi transfer sangat sesuai diaplikasikan di terjemahan film ini.

(3)

i

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains the background, reasons for choosing this topic,

research question, aims of study, scope of the study, significance of the study,

clarification of the terms and the organization of this paper.

1.1 Background

Subtitling is the translation of the spoken source language text (film

dialogues) of an audiovisual product into a written text. (Gottlieb 1994, as cited in

Marashi & Poursoltani, 2009). Subtitling is important to be in films. It makes the

films to be watched by large audience. Therefore, many films have become

popular worldwide because they use Audiovisual translation (subtitling or

dubbing) to show translation of the dialogue into the language that the audience

understand.

It is important that the message in films must be delivered to the audience.

The message of the film can be delivered through the language. However, if the

audience do not know the language used in the film, they will not understand the

storyline. Unfortunately, as Darma (2011) mentioned that subtitling is not an easy

job because it has some constraints and limitations. It is probably one of the

reasons why some subtitles are still less accurate, not clear and not natural.

By looking at the problem in subtitle of the films, one of the solutions for

this problem is to analyze the subtitle of a film. This is important to do in order to

know what subtitle strategies are used in Indonesian subtitle. So, it will give the

solution for the film translators to be well-informed what strategies are good to

(8)

2

There are some previous studies covering subtitle strategies. However,

most of the studies only analyzed the subtitle in international films not in

Indonesian films. For instance, Lestarian (2011) wrote a study entitled “Indonesian Subtitling Strategies of the English Movie Inception”. she analyzed the subtile strategies purposed by Gottlieb that were used in the Indonesian

subtitle in a film Inception. Another study is written by Darma (2011). He

analyzed the subtitling strategies in The Magic of Belle Isle Movie. Another one is

the study written by Graha (2010). He analyzed the subtitling strategy in The

Departed movie. Nevertheless, it is very rare to find the previous research

concerned with indie films and analyzing the English subtitle.

According to Ramli and Fathurahman (2005, p.5), an indie film is a

specific film produced by the outside major films which is based on the individual

freedom and it has strong characters and original. Hence, this research is going to

analyze subtitle strategies applied in one of Indonesian indie films.

This film that the writer analyzes is cin(T)a. This film is produced by

Sembilan Matahari Film. It was directed by Sammaria Simanjuntak and the story

was written by Sally Anom Sari and Sammaria Simanjuntak. This film is starred

by Saira Jihan and Sunny Soon. This film describes the problems about religion,

faith and cultural differences that happen in Indonesia. This film has a good

message for people who watch it. It shows the reality that happens in Indonesia

and it can widen people’s mind about differences. Besides that, the film is good

and has strong theme. The film took part in some international film events and has

been watched by international audience. This film has been played in some

universities in UK, such as Birmingham University, Northumbria University,

Leeds University, and Manchester University.

(9)

3

The writer chooses this topic because she is interested in translation

subject and also the writer is interested in one of the aspects of the film, that is

subtitling. So, it is hoped that the writer’s ability in translation will increase and

she will give contribution for other translators to use the effective subtitle

strategies in films. Furthermore, cin(T)a is a great film in terms of the message.

This film has a big potential to be promoted to overseas. Another reason is that the

film is good to be watched by many viewers including international audience.

1.3 Research Questions

The questions that are related to the analyzing of the subtitle of the film

are:

1. What subtitling strategies are used in the film?

2. How is the quality of the film subtitle as evaluated by the viewers?

1.4 Aim of Study

The aim of this study is to analyze, identify, and describe the subtitling

strategies that are used in the film, cin(Ta),and to know the quality of subtitling in

this film as evaluated by the viewers.

1.5 Scope of the Study

There are a lot of aspects that can be investigated in term of translation,

but this research is only focused on subtitling strategies proposed by Gottlieb

(1992) which are used in English subtitle of an Indonesian indie film entitled

Cin(T)a and to investigate the quality of subtitling.

1.6 Significance of the Study

In theorical way, this research will increase the literature study about

(10)

4

In practical way, this research will be beneficial to the film industries

because they can improve the quality of translation. Then, it will also contribute

for students to the application of subtitling strategies and application of the

subjects that have been obtained during the studies in the English Department,

especially Translation.

1.7 Clarification of the Terms

The following are some of terms which are used for the research. The terms

are clarified to avoid misunderstanding of the problem in this research:

1. Translation

Translation can be defined as conveying the source language (SL) into target language (TL). Catford says that translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” (Catford, 1965, as cited in Machali, 2009, p.25).

2. Indie films

Independent films can be defined as films produced outside major films

and indie films have strong characters, original ideas and controversial storyline.

(makeindependentfilms,2010)

3. Subtitles

Subtitles are the textual versions of the dialogue in a film and in television

programs, and are usually displayed at the bottom of the screen.(Spanakaki,

2007).

1.8 Organization of the Paper

This research will be organized into five chapters:

Chapter I: Introduction

This chapter is a general introduction that covers the background of the

(11)

5

of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the terms, and organization

of the paper.

Chapter II: Theoretical Foundation

It consists of theoretical review that provides a basis for conducting the

research problems.

Chapter III: Research Methodology

This section deals with the research methodology, discussing the steps and

procedures of the study, and the data resources in conducting the study.

Chapter IV: Findings and Discussion

This part presents the result of the research. It contains the research

findings and discussion.

Chapter V: Conclusions and Suggestions

This last chapter contains the interpretation toward the result of the

(12)

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 23

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the research to discuss

the issue raised in the research questions. It consists of method of research,

research design, research questions, scope of the study, movie synopsis, data

collection and techniques, and data analysis.

3.1 Method of the research

In conducting the research, a descriptive qualitative method was applied to

obtain the goals of the study by the writer. According to Creswell (2009, p.175),

descriptive method is a method used to explain, analyze, and classify data through

various techniques, such as examining documents andinterviewing participants.

Sugiyono (2014, p.9) states that qualitative “research is descriptive”.

Therefore, Sugiyono (2006, as cited in Meylanie, 2009, p.25) states that:

Qualitative research can be defined as research method based on positivism philosophy, used to observe certain population or sample; generally the technique used to take sample is done randomly; data collecting technique uses research instrument; and data analysis is quantitative/statistic with aim to examine hypothesis that is used.

This method was considered to be relevant to this study because it

involved the collection of data for the purpose of describing existing phenomenon

about subtitle strategies. This method was used in presenting data.Thus, this

research focused on the above techniques mentioned in addition to textual

(13)

In this research, the writer identified and classified the subtitle strategies based on Gottlieb’s theory (1992) in English subtitle of the indie filmcin(T)aand also figured out the quality of subtitling of this film.

3.1.1 Research questions

In the present study the writer responds to the following questions:

1. What subtitling strategiesare used in the film?

2. How is the quality of the film subtitle as evaluated by the viewers?

3.1.2 Scope of the study

There are a lot of aspects that can be investigated in term of translation,

but the writer only focuses on subtitling strategies proposed by Gottlieb (1992)

which are used in English subtitle of an Indonesian indie film entitled Cin(T)a and

to investigate the quality of subtitling.

3.1.3 Subject of the Research

In the present study, the writer used two kinds of subject. The first subject

was the trancription dialogues of the film cin(T)a, both English and Indonesian.

The writer analyzed the trancription in order to find the subtitle strategies applied in this film by using Gottlieb’s theory (1992). The writer found 575 dialogues in the film and 36 scenes. The writer found 575 dialogues in the film and 36

scenes.This sudy revealed that subtitle strategies applied in the subtitle are

transfer, paraphrase, imitation, transcription, condensation, expansion, deletion,

decimation, and resignation.

The second subject of the study were two people who have watched the

(14)

English subtitle of the film. Since the writer did not have many experiences in

judging the translation quality of subtitle, the writer asked two of her friends to

participate in judging the quality of translation in English subtitle. The two of

them are native speakers who studied Indonesian culture and live in Indonesia for

several years, so that the writer thought that the judgement will be acceptable and

fair enough. Another consideration is that the target text is in English, so it is good

to be judged by the native speakers. By using questionnaires method, the writer

gave several questions about accuracy, clarity, and naturalness of the translation based on Barnwell’s (1996) criteria of judgement in order to know the quality of English subtitle of the movie.

3.2 Movie synopsis

The beginning of the story waswhen Cina, a new architecture student, met

Annisa, a senior student who hadsome problems with her study because of her

work as a famous actress and a family problem. Because of her popularity and her

beauty, she felt alone and did not have any friends. Her bestfriend was only her

finger drawn a sad face.

Cina had Bataknese-Chinese blood and he was a religious Christian. His

ideal was to become a governor in Tapanuli if Tapanuli became a province one

day. However, Annisa was Javanese and she was a Muslim. As well as Cina, she

was also religious.

Time flew, they became closer each other. Since they had some

differences, they always discussed love, God, and religion. The most frequent

issue that they discussedwas asking why God created us differently if He probably

(15)

They never had problems with the differences until one day on Christmas

terrorists exploded bombs in churches in some cities in Indonesia. Due to this

problem, they were angry at each other. They tried to understand what really

happened but they gave up. Finally, Cina decided to take a scholarship to

Singapore and Annisa was married with a man choosen by her mom.

3.3 Data Collection

The main data of the research were taken from the DVD of an indie film ‘cin(T)a’. The Indonesian subtitle was taken from transcribing the dialogues by the writer and the English subtitle was taken from the film. The writer analyzed

the databy adopting descriptive method. In collecting and analyzing the data, the

writer applied some research procedures as follows:

1. Selecting the film

Selecting the film was to choose an indie film that would be analyzed

among other indie films. The writer decided to analyze the subtitle

strategies of “cin(T)a” by considering the themes, the story line, and the genre of the film. The writer believed that the film has a good theme and

storyline.

2. Observing the original DVD of “cin(T)a”

The next step after library research was observing the original DVD of

“cin(T)a. The writer watched and observed this film repeatedly. The writer needed to get a better understanding of the storylines, the theme and the

genre of the film. Besides that, the writer also should understand the

source language (SL) from the movie dialogue and the target language

(16)

3. Transcribing the dialogue and the subtitle

The writer transcribed each translation. It had to be done because there

was no script of the film. Transcribing the dialogues of this film was to

make it easier to analyze the subtitle of the film. Then, the data were

written in the table. The example is as follows:

Tabel 3.3.1 The transcription of the dialogues

Source Language Target Language

Allah, kenapa di dunia ini

diciptakan perbedaan? Karena

kita ini ingin bersama dan bersatu

seperti layaknya orang biasa.

Allah, why did You create

differences? We just want to be

together, just like any other

people.

Yang kasihan tuh kau. Poor you!

3.4 Data Analysis

After all data have been collected, the writer analyzed them by adopting the

descriptive method. In analyzing the data, the writer applied these research

procedures as follows:

(17)

The writer read both scripts (Indonesian as the source language (SL) and

English subtitle as the target language (TL). The purpose was to understand the

storyline, the language style that was used, and also the context, culture, and the

background of the story.

2. Comparing and identifying the script

The writer compared both original Indonesian as the source language (SL)

and English subtitle as the target language (TL) of the film. The writer also

identified strategies used in translation by using the theory from Gottlieb (2001).

3. Classying the subtitle strategies

In order to classify the subtitle strategies in the film, the writer divided the dialogues into 10 different strategies based on Gottlieb’s theory, which are transfer, expansion, paraphrase, condensation, decimation, imitation,

transcription, dislocation, deletion, and resignation. As the examples, the writer

took them from the first and second dialogue in the first scene of the film.

Tabel 3.4.1 The Classification of Subtitle Strategies

Source Language Target Language Subtitle Strategy

Tuhan, ini Glo-Glo. God, I’m Glo-Glo Transfer

Disebelah Glo-Glo

ada Adi.

. Beside me there’s Adi. Transfer

Glo-Glo sayang

banget sama Adi.

Glo-glo loves Adi so

much.

(18)

4. Calculating the number of subtile strategies

The writer calculated the number of subtitle strategies applied and

presented all numeric data as simple as scalling for subtitle strategies by using the

formula proposed by Malik (1996 as cited in Hussain and Munir, 2009) which is:

P= Percentage

F = Frequency of Subtitle Strategies

N= Overall number of translation

After calculating the percentage, the most frequently used subtitle strategy was

found.

5. Makingquestionnaires

In order to know the quality of subtitling, the writer made a questionnaire.

The writer used data sample for making the questionnaire in order to know the

quality of English subtitle in film cin(T)a. There were 142 samples or 25 % from

all the data taken randomly. It was because the population of its classification was

homogenous which had equal opportunity to be chosen. Arikunto (2002, as cited

Meylanie, 2009) states that sample can be taken between 10 % up to 15 %, or 20

% up to 25 % or more. In this research, the writer took 25% samples of all the

dialogues in this film. The writer took the samples25% in every subtitle

strategies.Then, the writer consulted about this matter to the lecturer. The

questionnaire of judgment is as follows:

(19)

Source

Language

Target

Language

Accuracy Clarity Naturalness

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

The description criteria grades and levels to the subtitle quality can be seen

in the table is as follows:

Tabel 3.4.3 The Criteria Description of Subtitle Quality

Aspects Grade Level Qualification

Accuracy(meaning and context aspects)

1 Bad Semantically misleading and incomprehensible, unclear meaning, there are some

grammatical errors, and deviation of meaning.

2 Fair Correct meaning, minimum redundancy and grammatical errors.

3 Good Correct meaning, no omission, addition or any change of meaning. 4 Excellent Accurate, clear, no omission,

addition or any changes of meaning.

Clarity (fluency, stylistic, vocabulary, mechanical structure)

1 Bad Stylistically awkward, structurally burdensome, poorly structures diction and mechanical errors. 2 Fair Complex syntax but understandable

meaning and some diction that have mechanical errors.

3 Good Appropriate words, phrases, and grammar also clear meaning. 4 Excellent Easy to be understood, correct

(20)

2 Fair Makes sense and minimum

unnatural words, grammar, phrases and

idioms.

3 Good Correct meaning, appropriate idioms and words but there are some syntactic structure errors. 4 Excellent Make sense and read naturally, (written in ordinary language, common grammar, proper idioms an words).

6. Finding respondents

The writer found respondents to fill in the questionnaires. The writer asked

her two friends to help her in finishing the questionnaire. They are native speakers

who studied Indonesian culture and live in Indonesia for several years, so that the

writer thought that the judgement will be acceptable and fair enough. Another

consideration is that the target text is in English, so it is good to be judged by the

native speakers.

7. Giving the questionnaire

The writer gave the questionnaires related to the quality of the Indonesian

subtitle to two persons. The quality of the translation was measud by thelevel of

accuracy, clarity and naturalness. There are four criteria in the questionnaire,

(21)

the TL reader, and not sound natural in the target language), fair (if the meaning

of the translaion is correct, cannot be understood by the TL reader, and not sound

natural in target language), good (if the meaning of translation is correct, can be

understood by the TL reader, and not sound natural in target language), and

excellent (the meaning of translating is rendered completely and correcly, can be

understood easily by the TL reader and sound natural in target language). The

participants were asked to give the opinion of the quality of subtitle (in number

from 1 to 4).

8. Calculating the result of questionnaire

After getting all the data, the writer calculated the result of questionnaires

and presented it in a form of diagram to see how is the quality of Indonesian

subtitle of the movie.

9. Reporting and discussing in findings

The writer reported and discussed the findings in a descriptive narrative in

form of research paper.

10.Making conclusions

The writer made conclusions based on the findings and discussions of the

present research.

(22)

This chapter has explained the method employed by the researcher in

conducting this study in order to find out the language functions in dialogues and

also the translation procedures found in it. Besides that, it had explained the

research design that was descriptive qualitative mehod; cin(T)a the movie

produced by as the source of the data; data collection; data population consisting

575 dialogues which were divided into 36 scenes. Then, the data sample

consisting 25% or samples taken randomly, it was divided into sample of transfer

92 items, paraphrase 26 items, Imitation 12 items, expansion 4 items,

condensation 3 items, transcription 2 items and deletion, decimation and

resignation with 1 item. Besides that, this chapter had explained the steps of data

(23)

49

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter draws the conclusion and suggestions of what the writer has done

in the analysis of subtitling strategies of cin(T)a, an Indonesian indie film. The

conclusions are not only taken from the findings and discussion in the previous

chapter, but also from the whole research. Meanwhile, the suggestions contain some

ideas for the next writer or for those who are interested in the same field.

5.1 Conclusion

Principally, the research is aimed at investigating the subtitle strategies used

by the translator in subtitling of the film cin(T)a. Gottlieb (1992) proposes ten types

of the strategies which are transfer, paraphrase, imitation, expansion, condensation,

transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation.Based on the findings the writer

reveals that there were nine strategies from 575 dialogues. Then, it can be concluded

that there are three dominant strategies are found. They are transfer, paraphrase, and

imitation.

Transfer is the most frequent strategy. This is because the subtitler translated

the source language (SL) accurately and completely without leaving any single word

and not need additional information or deletion to give the same effect as the source

language (SL). The possible reason why this strategy is used is because he or she

(24)

50

Another frequent strategy is paraphrase. The translator used this strategy

because he/she has to alter expressions so that they appeal to the audience and reflect

its culture (such as swear words). Therefore, the translator has often employed

paraphrase to make the content more suitable and intelligible to the audience.

The third strategy is imitation. The translator used this strategy because to

explain the dialogue in the source language (SL) when it cannot be retrieved in the

culture words of the target language (TL), such as proper names, places, country, and

also some dialogues were already in English

The next strategy is expansion. Expansion has often been employed to make a

sentence more coherent or to make it sound more like English language. By

employing this strategy, the translator gave the elements to make the content

intelligible and target text oriented. Another common strategy is condensation.

Condensation is the best strategy to use as it condenses an expression without

reducing or omitting important elements of the content.

Transcription, deletion, decimation and resignation are the least frequently

employed strategies by the translator. It may be due to the fact that the omission of an

expression just for translator’s convenience and it makes the meaning is lost.

In addition, based on the criteria for the judgement of translation quality

proposed by Barnwell (1996), the quality of subtitle in the English subtitles of the

film cin(T)a was in grade 3 or in “good” level. The criteria for the judgement of

(25)

51

This shows that transfer strategy is appropriate to apply in the subtitle of this

film. Then, the English subtitle of an Indonesian Indie film entitled cin(T)a is almost

accurate, understandable, natural and acceptable to the target audience of the film.

5.2 Suggestions

After conducting this study, the writer expects to share some suggestions

which bring benefits for the readers or those who want to conduct a research relating

to this study.

First, the film translators are recommended to use Gottlieb’s subtitling

strategies which provide some approriate strategies in subtitling the text of the film.

In addition, all subtitlers or translators have to translate the text carefully and

accurately. They also have to avoid mistranslation in subtitling processes.

Subtitlers and translators are recommended to have good knowledge in the

source language such as culture, habits or the way of talking in order to understand

the context of subtitling or translation. Therefore, every translator should have a

comprehensive knowledge of both source and target language. He or she needs it to

produce a good translation result. Then, the translators are recommended to give

more attention to the context of conversation in translating the cultural and religion

(26)

52

By conducting this study, the writer expects that this research will give some

contributions for the educational purposes and valuable information for the

development of translation theories. Therefore, it can be beneficial to indie film

industries as well. They will make an improvement of the subtitle, so it can be

watched by international audience. This study is also recommended for those who are

interested in subtitle of films; they can read this research and find the beneficial

(27)

REFERENCES

Aini (2011). Foreignization and domestication in Indonesian subtitle of cartoon movie Rattatouille. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Amirian, Z. & Dameneh, D. D. (2014). Microstrategies employed for translation of English humor subtitled into Persian: A case Study of the Simpsons movie. University of Isfahan, Iran. Rerieved from

http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr34/amirian.html

Bagheri, M. & Nemati , A. (2014). Subtitling: A frequency analysis on explicitation in translation. Retrieved from

www.hrpub.org/download/20140205/LLS3-19301788.pdf

Brockhoff, D. S. (2009). A comparative analysis of macro – and microstrategies

in subtitling. Aarhus School of Business. Retrieved from pure.au.dk/portal/files/8734/opgaven_samlet.doc

Creswell, J.(2009) . Research design. qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.Third edition. USA: Sage Publication.

Darma, I. (2011). An analysis of subtitling strategies in the magic of Belle Isle Movie. Universitas Udayana.

Ghaemi, F. & Benjamin, J. (2010). Strategies used in translation of interlingual subtitling. Islamiz Azad University.

Graha, E. B. (2010). An analysis of slang translation in the subtitles of the Departed movie. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Georgakopoulou, P. Anderman, G.& Cintas, J. (2009). Audivisual translation. language transfer on screen. Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Goenka, R. (2012). Corporate film. Retrieved from http://corporatefilmmaker.com/

(28)

http//www.museum.tv/eotsection.php?entrycode=subtitling

Hassanpour, A (2010). Dubbing. Retrieved from http://www.museum.tv/eotv/dubbing.htm

Hussain, M. & Munir, M. (2009). Impact of micro in allevating

poverty: An insight from rural rawalpindi, Pakistan. Retrieved from www.pjlss.edu.pk/sites/default/.../16-revised%20maqsood1%2090-97.pdf

Ismail, G (2014).An Analysis of subtitling strategies of idiomatic

expressions in the film entitled “The Avengers”. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Karamitroglou, F. (1988) A proposed set of subtitling standards in Europe. Translation Journal. Retrieved from

http://accurapid.com/journal/04stndrd.htm

Kanthy K, I. (2010). An analysis of the stratgies used in translating swearwords in the subtitling of “Bad Boys 2” movie. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Larson, M. L. (1984), Meaning - based translation : A guide to cross language equivalence. New York: University Press of America.

Lestarian, A. (2011). Indonesian subtitling strategies of the English movie Inception. University Andalas

Machali, R (2009). Pedoman bagi penerjemah. Bandung: Kaifa PT Mizan Pustaka.

Make Independent films (2007). What exactly is an independent film? Retrieved from http://www.makeindependentfilms.com/definition.htm

(29)

Massaoud (1988). Criteria of good translation. Retrieved from

http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/mmazen/Documents/Criteria%20for%20a%20goo d%20translation%20Massoud.pdf

Meylanie (2009). An analysis of translation procedures found in different language functions in dialogues in “The Alchemist” novel by Paulo Coelho. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. UK: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd

Nida, E. A. & Taber, C. A. (1982). The theory and practice of translation. The United State Society.

Novari, A. F. (2012). Forignization in cultural words translation of John’s book the Boy in the Striped pajamas. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Orero, P (2004). Topics in audiovisual translation. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain. John Benjamins B.V.

Pym, A (2011). Translation research terms: A tentative glosery for moments of perplexity and dispute. Intercultural Studies Group. Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Spain.

Ramli, A. & Fathurahman (2005). Film independen: Dalam perspektif hukum hak cipta dan hukum perfilman Indonesia. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.

Robinson, D (1997). An introduction to the theory and practice of translation Second Edition. Routledge.

Sardiyana, D. (2010). The subtitling “gue ga mau salah jalan( I don’t want to

take the wrong way).”. Politeknik Negeri Bandung.

Schwarz, B (2002). Translation in a confined space— Film sub-titling with a

special reference to Dennis Potter’s “lipstick on your Collar” part 1.

Translation Journal. Retrieved from

(30)

Simanjuntak, S (2009). cin(T)a. Indonesia: 9 Matahari.

Spanakaki, K. (2007). Translating humor for subtitling. Retrieved from http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/40humor.htm

Sugiyono (2014). Memahami penelitian kualitatif. Bandung. Alfabeta cv

Venuti, L. (2000). The translation studies reader. London. Routledge.