Komunikasi dan Geografi
Manusia
Triarko Nurlambang Departemen Geografi UI
Apa itu Komunikasi?
The process of sending and
reviewing messages to share
Model Dasar Komunikasi Interpersonal
Event X Message
• Context
• Affect
Perceptual screens
/
Perceptual screens
Communicator Receiver
Influence message quality, accuracy, clarity
Include age, gender, values, beliefs, culture, experiences, needs
Elemen dalam model di atas:
• Sender – Speaker (penyampai)
• Receiver – Listener (pendengan)
• Messages (pesan)
• Feedback (umpan balik)
• Encoding (kode yg dikirm)
• Decoding (membaca kode yg diterima)
Dua Jenis Pesan
•
Verbal - using words
–
volume
–
tone
•
Non-Verbal
–
appearance
–
gestures
–
body movement
–
eye contact
5 Kunci komunikasi yang efektif
•
Berbicara yang ekspresif
•
Pendengar yang empatetik
•
Pemimpin yang persuasif
•
Memiliki rasa yang sensitif
Hambatan dalam Berkomunikasi
•
Terpisah/Pemisah
fisik
•
Perbedaan status
•
Perbedaan Gender
•
Keragaman Budaya
•
Bahasa
Hambatan
Komunikasi:
Faktor-faktor yang menghambat (block) atau secara signifikan mengurangi keberhasilan komunikasi
?!
Indra dalam Komunikasi
•
Alat komunikasi yang digunakan
menentukan tingkat pemahaman
dalam berkomunikasi
•
Mendengar
•
Melihat
Tujuan Komunikasi
•
Umum
–
Kontak Sosial
–
Jati diri
(Self-Esteem)
–
Berbagi dan
Menambah
pengetahuan
•
Spesifik
–
Pertukaran Info.
–
Pengendalian
–
Mengikuti aturan
sosial-budaya-ekonomi-politik
c c = social 4-12’
b b = personal 1.5-4’
Proxemics: Territorial Space
Territorial Space - bands of space extending outward
from the body; territorial space differs from culture to culture (bagaimana dengan budaya di indonesia?)
a a = intimate <1.5’
Contoh:
Proxemics: Seating Dynamics
Seating Dynamics - seating people in certain positions according to the person’s purpose in communication
Cooperation
X O
Non-
Communication
O X O
Competition
X
O
X
Communication
Persepsi dalam Komunikasi
Proses penyaringan dan interpretasi terhadap
pemahaman yang diterima dan diolah untuk
memberikan makna atas pesan tersebut.
Tahapan dalam
merumuskan Persepsi:
• Ada sesuatu yang memicu pemahaman (melalui pendengaran, penglihatan, dan
sentuhan)
• Interpretasi apa yang diterima oleh indera tersebut dan
memberikan makna Perbedaan persepsi dapat
terjadi oleh sebab:
• kondisi fisik
• situasi perasaan
• pengalaman yang lalu
Sejarah Singkat Komunikasi
Awal Peradaban Simbol dan huruf Industri dan Teknologi
Industri kertas
Awal
Perkembangan Pemanfaatan Peta
(Info Spasial)
Perubahan Perilaku (Time-Space)
Perubahan Perilaku (Time-Space)
Pengetahuan Tambahan Dalam
Memahami Konteks Pemaknaan
Cross-cultural Values
• Freedom
• Independence
• Self-reliance
• Equality
• Individualism
• Competition
• Efficiency
• Time
• Directness
• Openness
• Belonging
• Group harmony
• Collectiveness
• Age/seniority
• Group consciousness
• Cooperation
• Quality
• Patience
• Indirectness
• Go-between
Americans Japanese
Edward T. Hall's Model
High-context cultures
• Long-lasting relationships
• Exploiting context
• Spoken agreements
• Insiders and outsiders clearly distinguished
• Cultural patterns
ingrained, slow change
Low-context cultures
• Shorter relationships
• Less dependent on context
• Written agreements
• Insiders and outsiders less clearly
distinguished
Cultural Classification--Hall
• Low-Context Cultures - What Is Said Is More Important Than How or Where It Is Said
– U.S.
– Germany
• High-Context cultures - What Is Said and How or Where It is Said Are Significant
– Asia
– Latin America
Low-context in business
•
Business before friendship
•
Credibility through expertise &
performance
•
Agreements by legal contract
High-context in business
•
No business without friendship
•
Credibility through
relationships
•
Agreements founded on trust
High and Low Context Cultures
Factors / Dimensions
High Context
Low Context
Less important
Is his or her bond
Taken by top level
Lengthy
Japan Middle East Lawyers
A person’s word
Responsibility for organizational error
Negotiations
Examples:
Very important
Get it in writing
Pushed to lowest level
Proceed quickly
U.S.A.
