Kuliah Umum
–
Sesi Siang
Para Aktor
Perubahan Iklim
•
Joseph Viandrito, SE, Msi.
•
Fakultas Ekonomi UNPAR Bandung
Bahasan kita siang ini:
•
Apa yang pemerintah Indonesia lakukan terkait perubahan iklim?
•
Apa yang dilakukan kalangan bisinis di Indonesia terkait perubahan
iklim?
•
Apa yang dilakukan aktor lainnya untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim?
The market was distorted….
I
2007, Indonesia spent 30 percent of its budget on energy subsidies and only 6
percent on education. At the same time, the Western industrial countries spent
roughly $270 billion subsidizing agriculture, so their farmers got rich, their
consumers got cheap food, and Third World farmers had a hard time competing.
This helped to keep some food supplies artificially low even as worldwide demand
was growing and there were more and more middle-class mouths to feed. Bottom
line: The markets were
distorted…..
Climate
The Government of Indonesia (GOI) puts CC on the political agenda after the
Climate Summit in Bali (2007)
2009 the Indonesian president announces a GHG emission mitigation target by 2020
The GOI officially launched its Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR) regarding mitigation in March 2010
The National Action Plan for GHG
Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK) defines the required measures per sector for reaching the target
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)
President commitment G-20 Pittsburgh and COP15
to reduce te GHG emission in 2020
RAN-GRK
Scenario of 2020 GHG emission reduction and RAN GRK
Waste Waste Agriculture Energy & transport
-26%
-15%
= 41%
Unilateral (without international support) With international support
Forestry & peat
WHAT IS THE INDONESIAN CLIMATE CHANGE
SECTORAL ROADMAP (ICCSR)?
Q
The Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap ill support the GOI s de elop e t
vision related to climate change for the next 20 years.
The implementation of the Roadmap will be through National Development Plan; the next Development is for period 2010 – 2014.
There are nine priority sectors:
Mitigation Sectors-: Energy, Forestry, Industry, Transportation, Waste Management
NATIONAL PRIORITY & ACTION PLAN 2010-2014
Bureaucracy Reform and Good Governance
Education
Environment and Disaster Management
(incl. Climate Change)
Disadvantaged, Borders and Post-Conflict Areas 11 National
Priorities
-Indonesian Cabinet 2010-2014
Policy Documents on Climate Change (1)
www.icctf.or.id
Policy Content
Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN) 2005-2025
In order to achieve the vision of sustainable development, the GoI concluded that "the long term sustainability of development will face the challenges of climate change and global warming which affect activities and livelihood".
National Action Plan on Climate Change (RAN-MAPI), 2007
Initial guidance for a multi-sectoral coordination effort designed to address jointly the challenges of mitigation and adaptation to climate change
National Development Planning: Indonesian Responses to
Climate Change (Yellow Book), 2007-2010
It was intended to strengthen and reinforce the RPJMN (National Medium-Term Development Plan) 2004-2009 as well as to include inputs that can guide the integration of considerations of climate change into the preparation of RPJMN 2010-2014
Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2010-2014
It emphasizes 11 national priorities, which 3 of them (food security, energy, and environment and disaster management) are strongly related to climate change.
Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR), 2010
A roadmap to serve as a detailed policy guidance and in order to mainstream climate change issues into national development planning.
Presidential Regulation
No.61/2011 regarding National Action Plan on GHG Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK), 2011
National action plan for mitigation to achieve the national targets of emission reduction (-26% and -41% of the BAU scenario until 2020). It contains policy directions and actions for mitigation in 5 sectors and constitutes important guidance for channeling financial flows into national and local mitigation programs.
Policy Documents on Climate Change (2)
www.icctf.or.id
Policy Content
Presidential Regulation
No.71/2011 regarding National GHG Inventory System, 2011
Regular information on the level, status and trend of GHG emission change and absorption, including national, and subnational carbon stock as well as GHG emission reduction.
Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011 on Forest Moratorium, 2011
Development of REDD+ schemes including Indicative Moratorium maps
Presidential Decree No. 25/2011 on National Task Force for
REDD+, 2011
REDD+ agency and related institutional development (finance and MRV)
In addition to that, also Government regulation on trust fund
Presidential Regulation No.80/2011 regarding Trust Fund, 2011
Other Legal & Regulatory Framework related to
Climate Change
•
Presidential Rule No.5, 2006 regarding National Energy Policy, asp. on
energy mix by the year 2025
•
Presidential Decree No.10, 2005 on energy efficiency
•
Presidential Decree no. 1, 2006 regarding Biofuel Utilization Program
•
Act No. 6/1994 which stipulate the ratification of UNFCCC
•
Act No. 23/1997 regarding Environmental Management
•
Ministrial Decree of Forestry No. 14/04 regarding
Afforestation/Refforestation Project
•
Ministrial Decree of Environment no. 53/03 regarding Ministry of
Environment as National Committe of Climate Change
•
Ministrial Decree of Environment no. 206/05 regarding Ministry of
Environment as the Indonesia DNA
•
Government Regulation no. 4/2001 concerning Controlling
Mainstreaming Climate Change into National Development Agenda
Bi-/Multilateral cooperation
BALI ACTION PLAN
Bridges National Action Plan on CC into 5 yr mid-term development plan (RPJM) 2010-2014 & inputs till 2030.
National Action Plan on GHG Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK)
Presidential Regulation No.61/2011 Regarding National Action Plan on GHG Emissions Reduction (RAN-GRK)
Sectors: Agriculture, Forestry & Peatland, Industry, Energy & Transportation, Waste
Preside t’s Co
it e t at G
-20 Pittsburgh and COP15
Reducing green house gas emission by 2020
26%
26+15=41%
GoI efforts
(Unilateral NAMAs)
GoI efforts and International supports
Indonesia Own Budget is limited:
•
Indonesia is already responding to this challenge in anticipation of
the future consequences.
•
In 2007 and 2008, central government spending on environmental
programs over 2006 levels to 6 trilion rupiah was doubled.
•
At the regional level, we have also nearly doubled spending to 6
trillion Rupiah on reforestration and special funds for environment
and conservation.
•
Together, these funds amount to USD 1.4 billion spent on
environment management, conservation and forest restoration.
Foreign Funding:
Indonesia
(RPJP, RPJM, RKP)
Donor
(Country Strategy/ Program)
Climate Change
Joint Programs
The support of developed countries on Climate Change Program all over the world should be in addition to their commitment to
Bilateral
Int’l trust funds: GEF,
Adaptation funds, CIF Private Sectors
TA & financial & management support
CC Trust Fund
Mitigation & Adaptation
Public-private partnership
PRIORITY
FOCUS
•Land, Area Development & Agriculture Spatial Plan
•Infrastructure
•Research and Development
•Investment, Finance and Subsidy
•Food and Nutrition
•Adaptation to Climate Change
FOOD SECURITY
•Policy
•Restructuring of State Enterprises
•Energy Capacity
•Alternative Energy
•Oil and Gas Derivative Production
•Gas Conversion
ENERGY
•Climate Change
•Environmental Degradation Control
•Early Warning System
•Capacity Building on Disaster Mitigation & Forest Fire
a
Di bidang
mitigasi
• When I went to board the Etihad Airways flight at 2:30 a.m. in Abu Dhabi's teeming air- port, the gate agent told me to take a seat, because my section was board-ing last. So I sat down by the window and watched as about two hundred young Indonesian women, not one of whom was much more than five feet tall, boarded the plane, all carrying purses and wearing backpacks overflowing with clothing, shoes, and electronic
equipment. They were obviously returning home after some kind of lengthy stay and were bring-ing back gifts and "stuff" in every pocket and bag.
• "What do all these girls do?" I asked the well-dressed Indian business- man seated next to me. "They're all maids," he answered. He and I then fell into conversation. It turned out that he was a management
consul-tant and was in the Gulf advising governments on how to improve pro-ductivity. We chatted about the impact of globalization on the region. Before long, we were comparing India and Indonesia, and finally, he turned back to that long line of Indonesian maids snaking past us onto the plane. "Indonesia exports raw labor, not brains," he mused. What the country should be doing, he added, is educating its people better, so more of them could secure better jobs at home, and fewer of them would have to sell their manual labor abroad. I made a mental note of our conversation and filed it away for my next book on globalization. But shortly after arriving in Jakarta, I realized that those maids had a lot in common with Indonesia's trees—and that exporting raw labor and exporting raw trees were, at root, different mani-festations of the same
problem.
• THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN Hot, Flat, a d Cro ded
Bahan Bakar Nabati (Biofuel) 5% Panas Bumi 5% Biomasa, Nuklir, Air, Surya, Angin 5%
PRIMARY ENERGY MIX 2005
National Energy Mix Target 2025
(PERPRES NO. 5/2006)
• Enhancing energy security & mitigating CO2
emissions: to secure strategic reserve, to improve efficiency in energy production & use, to increase reliance on non fossil fuels and to sustain the
domestic supply of oil/gas (slower growth in fossil fuel-demand in oil/gas imports and in emissions). • Proposed energy technology use, diffusion and
deployment, increasing clean energy technologies. • Energy infrastructures and its time frame.
• Etc.
THE NATIONAL ENERGY ISSUES
What is the
SustainableRoad Map?
NATIONAL ENERGY TRAJECTORY
Minyak
Bio Fuel Development
–
Legal Status
Presidential Decreed No. 1 / 2006
Regarding
Rationale behind the Establishment of ICCTF
National Background
• Vulnerability to the negative impacts of climate change
• Though Indonesia is not mandatory for GHG emission reduction, climate change is a reality and urgent actions on adaptation and mitigation is
required as an integral part of the development challenge facing the nation • Mitigation and adaptation actions have to be taken jointly by all countries.
Indonesia is ready to cooperate both bilaterally and multilaterally with international efforts.
International Background
• UNFCC 1992, Article 3.4 incorporate climate change into national
development planning; Article 4.1 underlines the needs of all countries to develop specific national development priorities and objectives accordance to principles of common but differentiated responsibilities
• Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC 1998 states emission reduction is binding for developed countries.
• Bali Action Plan 2007 includes the request for developed countries to contribute to mitigation of global warming in the sustainable development context and envisages enhanced actions on adaptation, technology
•
Objective:
1.
To a hie e I do esia s goals of a lo ar o e o o
and greater resilience to climate change;
2. To enable the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to increase
the effectiveness and impact of its leadership and
management in addressing climate change issues.
•
Governing body:
Steering Committee, Technical Committee,
Secretariat, Fund Manager
•
Legal status:
government trust fund
(ministerial decree)
•
Capital:
USD 11.2 million
(2010-current)
•
Beneficiaries:
central government
(Executing Agency)
;
central and local government, universities, CSO, NGO, private
sector
(Implementing Agency)
Steering Committee
Plenary Members
Observer/ Resources Person
GOI Members
(Chairman and Vice Chairman from Bappenas)
Technical Committee GOI Members
(Chair& Co-Chairs from Bappenas & Ministry of Finance)
Representatives of Plenary Members
ICCTF Secretariat
Executing Agency(Central Govt. Agency)
/Implementing Agency (Govt. Agency, University, CSO/NGO, Private Sector)
Fund Management National Fund
Manager
Approval and
Assignment Fund Channeling Monitoring and Supervision
Indonesian Working Groups on Climate Change
Institution Involved:
Ministry of Environments
Ministry of Research and Technology
Agency for the Assessment and Application
of Technology (BPPT)
Governments Departments: Energy &
Mineral Resources, Forestry, Agriculture, etc.
Meteorology and Geophysical Agency
Indonesia State Electricity Company
Private Sectors
Universities
How it work?
Supporting Indonesian partners through:
• Policy advice
• Capacity development • Technical assistance
What?
• Empowering Indonesian public and private
stakeholders to implement climate change strategies and instruments
Approach
• Multi-level
• Multi-stakeholder • Cross-sectoral
PAKLIM
(„Policy Advice for Environment and Climate Change‟)PAKLIM
Policy advice Cities and urban areas Industries and industrial estates
GIZ/PAKLIM and KADIN to jointly work on increasing awareness and engaging Indonesian companies in climate change mitigation activities in Indonesia
• The Private Sector is the driving force for development and growth in Indonesia
(Indonesia is said to soon become the 2nd I i B‘IC
• With this growth, however, it is also an increasingly important contributor to
I do esia s e issio le els
• E.g. due to the large a ou ts of e erg o su ed for o pa ies produ tio a ti ities a d daily operations, process-related generation of GHG and waste produced in the various industry sectors, commercial land use conversion
• The Pri ate “e tor is e pe ted to pla a esse tial role i I do esia s itigatio
regime to achieve the national mitigation targets in the defined RAN GRK sectors
Companies predispose of important competences, expertise and largely also
financial means for successfully tackling the issues posed by climate change and for helping to reduce GHG emissions by applying the right management and investments approaches
•
Invest in and implement new technologies
•
Engage in mitigation measures, e.g. energy efficiency improvements, fuel
switching, major process modifications
•
Esp. multinational corporations (MNCs) and large national companies to act
as li ate ha pio s for other atio al usi esses
•
Provide qualified personnel, transfer skills and experiences
•
Show corporate social responsibility (CSR)
•
Do research and innovate
Public expectations towards the private sector and „routes‟ for involvement
Routes for involvement
Policies and regulations
Economic and fiscal instruments
Mitigation Target by 2020
Example:
Industry sector
in Indonesia and climate change
*World Bank (2008): Low carbon development options for Indonesia
• The industry sector accounts for 35%* of emissions from fossil fuel in Indonesia due to: • Energy consumption (accounting for 48% of overall final energy consumption in
Indonesia)
• Production processes • Waste
• Challenge: balance the two overarching policies objectives: • Improve industry competitiveness
• Achieve low-carbon industrial development
Largest GHG emitting industry sectors are: • The RAN-GRK defines mitigation strategies
in the industry sector with regard to: - Energy efficiency
- Alternative energy
- Efficient production processes
Cement
Textiles Iron & steel
Pulp & paper
Mitigation Target by 2020
So far, only few policies and instruments
targeted
to mitigate climate change
Energy
• Energy diversification (PerPres No. 5/2006)
• Energy efficiency and conservation (e.g. gov. reg. No. 70/2009)
• Development of green industry Air pollution
• Regulate emissions from static and non/static sources (emission standards set for 4 industries and for selected equipment)
Waste management
• Control waste management activity (esp. hazardous waste) (gov. reg. No. 18/1999)
• Waste utilization (gov. regulation No.18/2008)
Subsidized loans
• Soft loan programmes for green investments from different donors (e.g. Japan, Germany) via MoEnv.
Tax subsidies
• For customs duty, sales tax (PPN), income tax (Pph) –for energy and industry sectors
Fiscal subsidies
• For investment in machinery equipment to improve industrial competitiveness
• Support for investment in CC mitigation technology
Examples of existing regulatory and initiatives
A challenge for the GOI, but
PAKLIM private sector cooperation
–
Overview
Projects/ Initiatives
•Mer k: E iro e tall “ou d Ma age e t of Che i al Waste ;
12/09-12/12; 1,4 Mio.€(STA)
•O“‘AM: Energy Saving Movement”; 12/09-06/11; 400T€
•Merck customers (e.g. laboratories); KLH
•Elementary schools & SMKs, local communities, Indonesian population
•Adidas: Gree i g Glo al “uppl Chai s – Fo us o E erg ;
05/11-05/13; 168T€
•O“‘AM: Energy Efficient Street Lighting / LED Street
Lighting”; 05/11-12/12; 184T€
• Service providers, local footwear & apparel suppliers; MoI, ESDM
• Local government; urban population
• “Innovations for a low-carbon future in the Indonesian
Industries” •• Technology providers (D, EU)local MNC, SOE, national companies
• Empirical study on “Business and Climate Change in Indonesia”
• “Green” CSR
• Interviews a.o. with Siemens, SAP, APP, Sinarmas, Martha Tilaar, Chandra Asri, DB Schenker
• local CSR networks, associations; KLH
Partner / Target group
Develop DPP
Integrated DPP
PAKLIM Call for Proposals 2011
Private Sector Dialogues
•NAMA (overall concept and sectors industry, energy, waste, energy efficiency in urban areas)
•Voluntary Partnership Agreements
•ICCTF (Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund), Green Finance
• Bappenas, MoI, ESDM, MoHA
• MoI; cement industry
• Aims to establish new partnerships with private companies to jointly develop innovative projects under the title of:
I o atio s for a lo - ar o future i the I do esia i dustries
Realize synergies between public and private interests:
PAKLIM Project
DPP
PAKLIM
• Development of NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) in the Indonesian industry sector • GHG reductions through e.g.
increase in energy efficiency, fuel switching, and/ or major process modifications
Private Sector
• Launching innovative technologies in the Indonesian market
• „Greening‟the supply chain • Qualified personnel
Challenge
The industry sector accounts for high amounts of GHG emissions due to energy consumption, inefficient production processes & industrial waste.
High need & potential for energy efficiency (EE) measures.
Approach
Capacity building for service providers and training & technical assistance for 16 suppliers in the apparel & footwear industries.
Energy audits and tools for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of energy performance.
Implementation of financially feasible EE measures.
Indonesia
Greening global supply chains
– Focus on energy
Partners:
Adidas Group (Sourcing Ltd. Asia)
05/2011 – 05/2013 Volume: 268.000 € PAKLIM: 133.000 €
Impact
Qualified service providers, enhanced capacities of selected
suppliers a d redu tio of the fa tories e iro e tal
footprint.
Challenge
Lack of efficient energy due to outdated technologies in commercial and residential buildings as well as public infrastructural services.
High potential for cost and energy savings in urban areas.
Approach
Assessment of technical & economic feasibility of LED street lighting.
Replacement of conventional lights by LED based on an adequate metering system, lighting management, and a consumption-based payment for the energy used by public street lighting.
Identification of financing options for local governments.
Development of a handbook for energy, cost and CO2 savings through LED street lighting.
Indonesia
Energy Efficient Street
Lighting / LED Street Lighting
Partners:
PT OSRAM Indonesia
05/2011 –12/2012
Volume: 184.000 €
PAKLIM: 92.000 €
Impact
Provides a model for NAMA on the energy demand side.
Challenge
High environmental impacts from waste, unsafe disposal of hazardous waste.
Cement industry has high potential to improve waste management by applying co-processing.
Approach
Development of a guideline with the requirements and standards for co-processing.
Tra sfer of lesso s lear ed fro de eloped ou tries.
Capacity building before launching of co-processing.
Indonesia
Guideline on Co-processing Waste Materials in Cement Production
Partners:
Holcim Group, Indocement
11/2006 –11/2009
Volume: 90.000 €
Public (ProLH): 30.000€
Impact
Decrease the environmental impacts of waste.
Decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
Challenge
> 19% of total energy consumption is attributed to the use of artificial light.
Common use of energy wasting light bulbs.
Approach
Integrated approach that includes an upgrade of lighting systems at selected schools and households combined with educational measures on energy efficiency.
Students participate in math and essay competitions with focus on energy saving.
Nationwide media campaign about energy efficiency.
Indonesia
Energy Saving Movement
Partners:
PT OSRAM Indonesia
12/2009 – 06/2011
Volume: 400.000 €
Public: 200.000€
Impact
Energy consumption has successfully been decreased by more than 50 percent.
The learning module about energy efficiency is being
Environmentally Sound Management of Chemical Waste
Partners: Merck
12/2009 – 12/2012
Volume: 1.4 million €
Public: 700.000 €
Impact
Local SMEs are receiving technical support.
Meso level organisations are applying innovative chemical waste management strategies.
Partner countries are harmonizing their frameworks within ASEAN.
Challenge
Growing volume of chemical waste is creating a challenge for local and national authorities.
No management expertise in the prevention of health and environment hazards.
Approach
Coordination of training units for transfer of expertise at the micro and macro levels.
