THE TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY BASED ON THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES APPLIED IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE PROPER
NOUNS IN CHRIS COLOMBUS AND NED VIZINNI’S HOUSE OF SECRETS NOVEL
A THESIS
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature
BY:
ESTER SUSETYA NINGSIH 12211141010
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
iii
iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:
Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih
NIM : 12211141010
Program Study: Sastra Inggris
Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni
Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on the Translation Strategies
Applied in the Translation of the Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus and Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel
menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang
pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain
kecuali bagian-bagian tertetu yang saya ambil sebagai acuan dengan mengikuti
tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang baik dan benar.
Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, hal ini
v MOTTOS
Life has knocked me down a few times. It has shown me things I never wanted
to see. I have experienced sadness and failures. But one thing is for sure…
I ALWAYS GET UP! -Unknown
Always go with the choice that scares you the most because that’s the one that is going to help you grow.
-Psychology Quote
“If someone offers you an amazing opportunity and you’re not
sure you can do it, say yes –then learn how to do it later.” -Richard Branson
Walk with the dreamers, the believers, the courageous, the cheerful, the planners, the doers, the successful people with
their heads in the clouds and their feet on the ground. Let their spirit ignite a fire within you to leave this world better
vi
DEDICATION
THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO:
MY BELOVED PARENTS
AND
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirrobbil alamiin. First of all, I want to praise Allah
Subhanahuwata’ala for the greatest blessings given upon me, so I can finally
finish this thesis. Also, I am so grateful for having so many people around me
who always help, support, and pray for me. They had big roles in motivating me
to finish this thesis for attaining Sarjana Sastra degree. My deepest and sincerest
gratitude is also dedicated to Drs. Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A. and Andy Bayu
Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum., my thesis supervisors, for their guidance, advice,
corrections, and suggestions during the writing process of this thesis. My gratitude
is also delivered to Niken Anggraeni, M.A., my academic advisor, who always
listens to my problems and gives advice related to academic scope. I also specially
dedicate my sincerest and deepest appreciation to:
1. my family members, especially my beloved sisters Dina Kristina Wati and
Yessy Kartika Sari who take role as my guardian after my parents passed
away, and also for their supports both morally and financially to lead me strive
in order to finish my study from this university;
2. Nia Juliarti, Krisna Bayu Aji, and Ulik Chodratillah for their role as data
triangulators, peer reviewers and grammar checkers;
3. Novandy, who always supports me from the very beginning till the end;
4. my bestfriends, Nurul, Hesti, Zen, Febriana, Gita, Nia, Bella, Kiki, Tami, Anis,
viii
5. the students of English Language and Literature class E and Translation major,
with whom I have studied and done many great things together for the last four
years; and
6. my seniors, especially in translation major who have sincerely supported and
helped me finish this thesis.
In the end, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect, so I would appreciate
all the criticisms for the betterment of the thesis given to me. Hopefully, this
thesis will be useful to broaden and enrich knowledge in the translation field.
Yogyakarta, 7 October 2016
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii
ABSTRACT ... xiv
CHAPTER I ... 1
INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Research Background... 1
B. Research Focus ... 4
C. Research Objectives ... 5
D. Research Significance ... 6
CHAPTER II ... 7
A. Literature Review ... 7
1. Translation ... 7
2. Proper Nouns ... 12
3. Translation Ideology ... 23
B. Previous Related Studies ... 26
C. About the Novel... 27
x
E. Analytical Construct ... 32
CHAPTER III ... 33
A. Research Approach ... 33
B. Sources, Form, and Context of Data ... 34
C. Research Instruments ... 34
D. Technique of Data Collection ... 36
E. Data Analysis ... 36
F. Data Trustworthiness ... 37
CHAPTER IV ... 39
A. Findings ... 39
1. The Proper Nouns Categorization... 39
2. The Strategies in Translating the Proper Nouns ... 40
3. The Translation Ideology of the Translation of Proper Nouns ... 41
B. Discussion ... 42
1. Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel ... 42
2. Translation Strategies used in Translating Proper Nouns in House of Secrets Novel ... 59
3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in Translating the Proper Nouns ... 75
CHAPTER V ... 82
A. Conclusions ... 82
1. The Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel ... 82
2. The Translation Strategies Used in Translating the Proper Nouns ... 83
3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in Translating the Proper Nouns ... 84
B. Suggestions ... 84
1. To Translators ... 84
2. To the Students of English Literature Majoring in Translation Studies ... 85
3. To Other Researchers... 86
REFERENCES ... 87
xi
LISTS OF TABLES
Table 1. The Sample of the Data Sheet ... 35
Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Proper Nouns’ Category ... 40
Table 3. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Translation Strategies and Its Ideology... 41
Table 4. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Part of a Person’s Names Category ... 43
Table 5. The Example of Proper Nouns under Given or Pet Names of Animals Category ... 45
Table 6. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Geographical and Celestial Names Category ... 47
Table 7. The Example of Proper Nouns under Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms Category ... 49
Table 8. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods Category ... 50
Table 9. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Months, Days of the Week, Holidays Category ... 52
Table 10. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Groups and Languages Category .. 54
Table 11. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Religions, Deties, and Scriptures Category ... 56
Table 12. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names Category ... 58
Table 13. The Examples of the Application of Preservation Strategy ... 60
Table 14. The Examples of the Application of Addition Strategy ... 62
Table 15. The Examples of the Application of Localization Strategy ... 64
Table 16. The Examples of the Application of Globalization Strategy ... 66
Table 17. The Examples of the Application of Omission Strategy ... 68
Table 18. The Examples of the Application of Transformation Strategy ... 71
Table 19. The Examples of the Application of Creation Strategy ... 72
Table 20. The Frequency and the Percentage of Foreignization Ideology ... 76
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.A Bottom up Scheme of Domestication and Foreignization by Davies
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A : Addition
Apn : Given or Pet Names of Animals
Avb : Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names
C : Creation
CALD : Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
G : Globalization
Gec : Geographical and Celestial Names
Grl : Groups and Languages
Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, and periods
KBBI : Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
L : Localization
Mbr : Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms
Mdh : Months, Days of the Week and Holidays
O : Omission
P : Preservation
Ppn : Part of a Person’s Names
Rds : Religions, Deities, Scriptures
SE : Source Expression
ST : Source Text
T : Transformation
TE : Target Expression
xiv
The Translation Ideology Based on the Translation Strategies Applied in the Translation of the Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus And Ned Vizinni’s
House Of Secrets Novel
By:
Ester Susetya Ningsih 12211141010
ABSTRACT
The aims of this research are to describe: 1) the categories of proper nouns found in Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel, 2) the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper nouns, and 3) the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy which is applied in translating the proper nouns.
This research employed mixed methods, descriptive qualitative method and quantitative method. The main method is descriptive qualitative method. Then, the data analysis is supported by simple statistic which represents quantitative analysis. The data are the original or English version of proper nouns and their Bahasa Indonesia translations found in House of Secrets novel, which are in the form of words and phrases. The key instrument of the research was the researcher, and then supported by data sheets. The trustworthiness of the research was gained by performing credibility, dependability and conformability. The trustworthiness was also gained by applying triangulations.
The results of the research showed three findings. In terms of proper nouns, there are nine categories. They are names of person, names of animals, names of geographical units, names of buildings, names of historical events, names of time units, names of groups and languages, names of religions, and names of awards and brands. Among the categories, names of person became the most frequent category which appeared 143 times (39.18%) in the novel. In terms of translation strategies, there are seven translation strategies: preservation, addition which is under foreignization ideology, and then followed by localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and creation which is under domestication ideology. The result shows that preservation strategy was the most dominant strategy since it occurred 275 times (75.34%) in the novel. Thus, the findings clearly showed that the ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns was foreignization since the dominant strategy which is applied was under foreignization ideology.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Children’s literature has six genres, they are: picture book, traditional
literature, fiction and non-fiction, biography and autobiography, poetry and verse.
Some of the genres have numbers of subgenres. The traditional literature, for
example, has myths, fables, legends, and fairy tales. The fiction has fantasy,
realistic fiction and historical fiction as its subgenres. All of the subgenres
mentioned above contain some stories. The stories usually have some characters
inside, and each character has its own name given by the author. The names of the
characters grammatically can be called as the proper noun.
Newmark (1998b) divides proper nouns into five categories, they are:
proper names, historical institutional terms, international institutional terms,
national institutional terms and cultural terms. They can be found in some
artworks of children’s literature which subgenres are fantasy or fiction, and fairy
tales. Some popular artworks are translated into various languages in all over the
world. Therefore, the translation process includes the translation of the proper
nouns found in the artworks. Those proper nouns are treated differently,
sometimes they do not need to be translated, sometimes they are directly
transformed and sometimes they are added with definitions or explanations. The
decisions depend on the context and their specific characteristics. These
… without any special meanings … should not be altered.” Klingberg (1986:43)
also states that, “In earlier children’s literature descriptive names were frequent …
such names have to be translated”. Thus, fairy tale and the fiction are the ones in
which proper nouns are frequently translated because they usually contain certain
meaning.
According to the statement above, the researcher tried to find the fittest
artworks for this research. The choice went to the novel entitled House of Secrets.
It is a New York Times bestseller written by Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini.
Chris Columbus is a famed Hollywood director who works behind the first two
Harry Potter movies and Percy Jackson: The Lightning Thief movie. Meanwhile,
Ned Vizzini is a bestselling author of the teen books whose works have been
translated into twenty-five languages. This novel focuses on imaginary world that
contains with various numbers of proper nouns from the real to the imaginary
ones. The proper nouns in this novel are translated based on the messages or
meanings inside them.
For example, in this novel the researcher found the name Student Union
Office which is translated into Kantor OSIS. Instead of translating the source text
name into its literal meaning Kantor Serikat Pelajar or Kantor Perkumpulan
Siswa, the translator prefers to pick the local-kind-of-union OSIS to translate the
term Student Union. It is called localization. Then, the name of Blob-ipus is
translated into si Endut-ipus. The using of the word Endut, instead of Gemuk,
readers are children, so it might be more eye-catching. This kind of strategy is
called localization.
Thus, from the examples above, the translator has to make a precise
decision in choosing the fittest strategies in translating the proper nouns found in
this novel to ensure that the messages are accurately digested by the readers. The
dominant strategies that are used to translate the proper nouns can be a parameter
to identify the ideological tendency of the translator toward the text. When the
translator chooses to maintain the names of the proper nouns, it means that the
translator wants to introduce new terms to the target readers, or it can be called as
foreignization. In the contrary, when the translator decides to transform the
names, it means the names are wanted to be understood easily by the target
readers, so it is commonly called as domestication.
According to the described phenomenon above, the researcher decides to
analyze the ideological tendency from translation strategies of the proper nouns
found in House of Secrets novel. This novel provides numbers of proper nouns
which are translated using various strategies, and the strategies can help the
researcher in finding the ideological tendency of the translator. Thus, it is
necessary for the researcher to analyze each strategy the translator used in
translating proper nouns and to identify the ideological tendency of the strategies
used.
The ideology of translating, based on Venuti (1995:469), is foreignization
and domestication which refer to the translator’s basic orientation in operating
translation ideologies that invites the readers to enter the scope of foreign cultures.
Besides, domestication is oriented to target language, so the readers can get
translation product based on their own culture. Foreignization ideology and
domestication ideology are indeed contradictive with each other, but in its
practice, it is difficult to use only one ideology. For this research, finding
ideological tendency is important because the researcher is able to grasp the
translator’s perspective and translator’s orientation of language, whether it is
foreignization or domestication.
B. Research Focus
Translating proper nouns is a challenging task for the translator.
Commonly, there are hidden aspects inside the proper nouns created by the
author, so it will be difficult work for the translator to make a precise equivalent
in the target text. Thus, to produce an accurate product of translation especially in
translating proper nouns, the translator needs special strategies of translation.
This research focuses on categorizing the proper nouns found in the text
and analyzing the strategies applied to each of them. Then, the collected strategies
will show the ideological tendency of the translated text. The subject of this
research is a novel entitled House of Secrets. This novel has been translated into
various languages and it is addressed for children and teenagers, so the proper
nouns need special treatments.
In some cases, the translator tends to foreignize the translation of proper
nouns by maintaining the source’s text names and brings the readers to the source
domesticate the translation of proper nouns by transforming the source names into
the names which are more familiar in target language, so the target readers who
use the language can easily understand the meaning and also the context.
Gaining the ideological tendency of the translation can be guided by
tracing the translation strategies used by the translator to translate the proper
nouns during the research. The various strategies employed in translating the
proper nouns are considered to be worth analyzed since it can help the researcher
in showing the translation ideology for this research. Based on the background
and the research focus, the problems in this research are formulated as follows.
1. What are the proper noun categories found in Chris Columbus and Ned
Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel?
2. What are the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper
nouns?
3. Based on the dominant strategy applied, what is the translation ideology of
the translation of the proper nouns?
C. Research Objectives
The objectives of the research related to the formulation of the problems
are:
a. to describe the categories of proper nouns found in Chris Columbus and
Ned Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel,
b. to describe the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper
c. to describe the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy which
is applied in translating the proper nouns.
D. Research Significance
This research is expected to be significant for the following parties:
1. This research may give contribution for translation study in the topic of
translating proper nouns.
2. For the students of English Language and Literature Study Program,
especially for those who major in translation, this research is expected to
encourage the readers to conduct the same research by using similar topic.
3. It is expected to enrich the translators’ knowledge on deciding the best
7 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is literature review, and the
second part is conceptual framework. Literature review concerns in explaining
about translation, translation of children’s literature, proper nouns, categorization
of proper nouns, translation strategies, translation ideology, previous related
studies and review of House of Secret novel. In the second part, there is
conceptual framework which shows the concept used to conduct the research, and
also the analytical construct which gives description on this research is conducted.
A. Literature Review 1. Translation
Translation is an influential phenomenon in human life. This
phenomenon is related to languages which exist in this world. There are many
countries in the world, and usually each country has language which is
different from other countries. Thus, translation, as a process in turning source
text (ST) into target text (TT), is needed as a bridge to make a certain
language understandable for people who use different languages in different
countries.
a. Definitions of Translation
Translation is a complicated task since the meaning of the
source-language text should be conveyed to the target-source-language readers. In other
text in source language into the meaning and form of the text in target
language. Translation by Electronic Cambridge Dictionary is defined as
something which is translated, or process of translating something, from one
language to another. Then, the goal of a translator should be to produce a
translation that has the same meaning as the source-language text, but is
expressed in the natural form of the target language.
Newmark (1981: 7) indicates that translation is a craft that attempts to
replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same
message or statement in another language. Also, he views translation as a
science, a skill, an art, and a matter of taste. As a science, translation includes
the knowledge and the assessment of the facts and the language that describes
them; as a skill, translation contains the appropriate language and acceptable
usage; as an art, translation differentiates good writing from bad and involves
innovative, intuitive and inspired levels; and lastly, viewing translation as a
matter of taste includes the fact that the translator resorts to his/her own
preferences; so, the translated text varies from one translator to another. Kelly
(2005:25) defines translation as the skill of understanding the source text and
rendering it in the target language by using the register, the background
knowledge, and other language resources according to the intended purpose.
From all the definitions of translation proposed by the theorists, the
researcher chooses the definition of translation as proposed by Kelly
(2005:25) because from the definition, he sees translation as a skill which has
target text. This skill requires background knowledge of both texts, so the
translator can transfer the text exactly based on its intended purpose.
In this research, the skill is used as the translator’s decision to use
certain strategy in rendering texts. The strategies which are used can trace the
ideological tendency of the translator. It is possible for the translator to
introduce foreign language and culture to the target reader, and then it would
be called as foreignization. Also, translator can decide to choose
domestication in order to make the translated texts close to the target language
and culture. Thus, it can be concluded that the researcher chooses definition of
translation by Kelly (2005:25) because it can represent its relation with the
topic of this research.
b. Types of Translation
Based on Jacobson (1959/2000) in Venuti (2000:114), there are three types of
translation:
1) Inter-lingual translation, or rewording
It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages. It
means that inter-lingual translation is the translation which refers to different
languages, whether bilingual or multilingual. In this type of translation, the
messages of a certain language are transferred into different language. This
translation can be done for written texts or spoken texts, for example: books,
2) Intra-lingual translation, or translation proper
It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same
language. It deals with making things clear by rephrasing a text or expression
in the same language. Paraphrasing a poem in the same language and
simplifying a novel are some of the examples of intra-lingual translation.
Since there is only one language involved in this type of translation, it is also
called as monolingual translation.
3) Inter-semiotic translation, or transmutation
It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal
sign system. It involves transferring the essence of the original, for example
written texts into music, painting or film. There is transfer of message from
the shapes of symbol and sign into the language and vice versa.
The analysis for this research will be done by engaging two novels
which are served in two different languages. The novel is originally written in
English and then translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Since the novels related to
two different languages, they can be called as bilingual translation. Thus, this
research is conducted under the inter-lingual translation.
c. Translation of Children’s Literature
Translation of children's literature is a significant area of study, due to
the fact that books for children have always been written by authors who come
from various countries and use different languages. Children's literature is
lot of children’s literatures which are translated and they are still read in all
over the world. Children's literature deserves a special attention because it
plays a fairly important role in children's growing-up process. According to
Jiang and Zhao (2013:946) the language of children's literature is featured by
accuracy, simplicity, vividness and rhyme. Its educational function suggests
that too much language variation and untraditional ways would mislead
children.
Klingberg (1986:45) argues that there are four pedagogical goals when
children’s books are translated: (1) to make more literature available to
children, (2) to further international outlook and understanding of the young
readers, (3) to give the readers, especially children, a text that they can
understand, and (4) to contribute to the development of the readers’ set of
values. Klingberg (1986:45) maintains that goals (1) and (2) require close
adherence to the original text, while (3) and (4) require cultural context
adaptation to facilitate understanding or to modify the content so that it
conforms to the set of values of the target culture. In other words, goals (1)
and (2) require more adequacy-oriented translation or foreignization of the
target text, while (3) and (4) require more acceptability-oriented translation, or
domestication. Thus, it is a must for the translator of children's literature to
consider his/her orientation by adopting the most applicable strategies
according to the children’s language ability so that they could easily achieve
2. Proper Nouns
a. Definitions of Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are the special words that usually indicate sex, age,
history, specific meaning, cultural connotations, animals, companies, festivals,
names of persons and geographical places. It is in line with the definition
given in The Oxford Concise English Dictionary (2001) proper name is “a
name for an individual person, place, or organization having an initial capital
letter”. Some scholars also have their own definition of proper nouns.
Fernandes (2006) says that in literary works proper names are used as “dense
signifiers in the sense that they contain in themselves clues about the destiny
of a character or indicates of the way the storyline may develop”. Nord
(2003:183) in Jaleniauskienė & Čičelytė (2009:31) states that “proper names
may be non-descriptive, but they are obviously not non-informative”. It can be
explained that proper names can tell about the referent gender, age, or
geographical origin.
Finally, the researcher chooses the definition of proper nouns proposed
by Nord (2003:184). He defines name as the word(s) by which an individual
referent is identified, that is to say, the word(s) whose main function is/are to
identify, for instance, an individual person, animal, place, or thing. Then,
related to translation of proper nouns, he says that proper nouns may be
non-descriptive, but they are informative. Then, it means that if the information is
explicit, as in a descriptive name, the name can be translated, but if the
some information. This definition will help the researcher in analyzing the
translated proper nouns in the novel.
b. Proper Nouns Categories
Some theorists draw different categorizations and below are the
categorizations presented by Frank (1972) and Howard (2009:2). Frank, in
Modern English (1972), categorizes proper nouns into six categories. He lists
six categories of proper nouns which are names of person, names of
geographical units, names of nationalities and religions, names of holiday,
names of time units, and words for personification as can be seen below.
1) Names of Person
The names of person category cover names of single person including real
name, nick name, imaginary name or descriptive name. This category also
includes family names, occupation and position treated as the name of the
bearer of that position.
2) Names of Geographical Units
Frank (1972) states that geographical units can be any names of entities,
such as: countries, cities, rivers, etc.
3) Names of Nationalities and Religions
According to Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary,
nationality has a meaning as national status; or it can be meant as membership
in a particular nation. The word religion means an organized system of beliefs,
ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods. It is an
4) Names of Holidays
Based on Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary, holiday
means a day on which one is exempt from work; specifically: a day marked
by a general suspension of work in commemoration of an event.
5) Names of Time Units
Time is a moment, hour, day, or year as indicated by a clock or calendar. It
is an appointed, fixed, or customary moment or hour for something to happen,
begin, or end. This definition is taken from Merriam-Webster's Learner's
Electronic Dictionary.
6) Words used for personification
Personification means the attribution of human nature or character to
animals, inanimate objects, or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical
figure. It is the representation of a thing or abstraction in the form of a person,
as in art. Also, it has a meaning as the person or thing embodying a quality or
the like; an imaginary person or creature conceived or figured to represent a
thing or abstraction.
Then, the second categorization is proposed by Howard (2009).
Howard (2009) in Capitalizing Proper Nouns has categorized the proper
nouns into nine categories. All of the categories are explained as follows.
1) Part of a Person's Name
This category includes persons first and last names, e.g., James A.
nicknames, occupation, family names, and all names related to person’s
names.
Example: Brendan Walker knew the house was going to be terrible.
2) Given or Pet Names of Animals
It is a category which encompasses nicknames and names given to
animals, e.g., Trigger, Lassie (Howard, 2009). In other words, it is category
for animals’ names.
Example: “She. Calico. Light brown with white spots. Her name’s Misty.”
3) Geographical and Celestial Names
This category refers to all place names and names of celestial bodies, e.g.,
Red Sea, Alpha Centauri (Howard, 2009). It covers names of countries, cities,
addresses, and places which exist on earth, also things which exist in space.
Example: A car honked on Sea Cliff Avenue behind them.
4) Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms
This category includes names of buildings build in order to remind of
famous person or event, and names of places where the meetings take place,
e.g., the Taj Mahal; Grant's Tomb; Room 222 (Howard, 2009). This category
also includes names of companies, hospital, campuses and schools as part of
buildings’ names.
Example: Diane led the Walkers into the living room, which had a stunning
5) Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods
It is a category which includes the names that bear a historical importance,
e.g., the Civil War, the Hatch Act, the Reformation (Howard, 2009). It means
that this category covers the names of era or periods of time, and events
happened in the past. Also, it includes any events, documents, books, laws,
and others which have relation with names of events.
Example: Brendan had seen the Sopwith in history books about World War I.
6) Months, Days of the Week, Holidays
This category refers to the names of time units, e.g., Monday, Easter,
December (Howard 2009). The names of holidays are also included in this
category since they are related to a certain point of time.
Example: Date of first visit: March sixteenth, 1899.
7) Groups and Languages
This category encompasses groups’ names and names of languages, e.g.,
Myopia Hunt Club, the Republicans, French, National Football League
(Howard, 2009). Names of groups cover ethnical groups or tribes, sport teams,
Example: “But they didn’t tell me your Christian names.”
9) Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names
It is a vast category including such words as: the Nobel 9 Peace Prize,
From the two categorizations mentioned, the researcher chooses
Howard’s (2009:2) categorization to be the most suitable categorization which
covers various proper nouns found in the novel that will be analyzed. The
researcher considers that the categorization proposed by Howard (2009:2) is
more complete and more up-to-date than Frank’s (1972) categorization. Thus,
the researcher uses the categorization from Howard (2009) for this research.
c. Translation of Proper Nouns
Shirinzadeh & Mahadi (2014:8) stated that proper nouns are regarded
so simple that they might be taken for granted in translation explorations.
Some may believe that they should not be translated in transmitting source
texts to target texts. But, it is not the case; if one looks at present translations,
he will notice that different strategies might be applied for translating proper
nouns. They might often be problematic in translation especially in the course
of rendition between different cultures. It is in line with Pour (2009:1) who
problematic in the act of translation; furthermore, translators have to be very
careful when they want to translate proper nouns.
Different ways of translating proper nouns are posed by some
researchers in different studies, which express the choices a translator has for
translating proper names regarding the context in which a proper noun is used
and some other factors. There are two different theorists who have proposed
their theorists related to strategies used in translation of proper nouns. First,
Vermes (2003:93-94) model of translating proper nouns can be seen below:
1) Transference
Transference is the strategy used which the translator makes use of the
source text proper noun without applying any changes in the target languages
(Vermes, 2003).
Translation strategy is used when the noun is rendered in the target text by
the translator (Vermes, 2003).
4) Modification
Modification is the strategy of using a substitute in the target text for the
original noun which is not related or just partly related to the source language
5) Omission
It is the strategy where the translator substitutes the SL noun or part of it
with none in the TL (Vermes, 2003).
6) Addition
Addition is the strategy in which the translator will use expansion in the
translation of the source language noun (Vermes, 2003).
7) Generalization
It is strategy which the translator uses a super-ordinate noun instead of
using the source language noun (Vermes, 2003).
8) Transference plus phonetic adaptation
Transference plus phonetic adaptation is the strategy that can be applied
by the translator to transfer the source text name into the target text but with
phonetic adaptations so as to match it with the TL conventions (Vermes,
2003).
Second, Eirlys E. Davies (2003:65) proposed seven translation
strategies taking into consideration in translation of Cultural Specific Items
(CSIs) including proper nouns that can be seen below.
1) Preservation
Preservation occurs when the translation of the source text term remains
the same. The terms existing in the source text are transferred directly without
any further explanations; they can be copied or literally translated. Based on
Davies’ (2003) categorization, there are two types of preservation.
maintain the source text term in the translation, for example, the name Ron
Weasley which is also translated as Ron Weasly (Davies, 2003), and
preservation of content which occurs when the actual English words are not
preserved, but where a cultural reference receives a literal translation, with no
further explanation, for example, the name Moony is translated into Luna
which have close meaning in source language (Davies, 2003).
Example: SE (Source Expression): “It’s truly the most amazing house, Mrs.
Walker,” Diane chirped on speaker.
TE (Target Expression): “Rumah itu sungguh sangat menakjubkan,
Mrs. Walker,” celoteh Diane di telepon.
2) Addition
This strategy occurs when “a translator may decide to keep the original
item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary”
(Davies, 2003:78). The additional information can be written within the text in
the form of adjectival descriptions or explanations and outside the text in the
form of explanatory footnotes and glosses.
Example: SE: He’d seen this plane too; it was what the Red Baron flew in old movies.
TE: Dia juga pernah melihat pesawat ini, pesawat yang diterbangkan
Red Baron—si penerbang pesawat tempur legendaris asal
Jerman—dalam film-film tua.
3) Omission
Omission appears when a problematic CSI is left out in the translation so
words, the translator can simply removes the original noun or part of the noun
in the translated noun. Omission can be employed in the translation of CSI due
to three reasons according to Davies (2003). First of all, omission can be used
when the translator cannot find the equivalent in the TL. Secondly, omission
may be used as a reasoned decision of a translator. Finally, omission is used
when the translation by explanation or paraphrase gives “a prominence it did
not posses in the original” (Davies, 2003).
Example: SE: But, when she saw the truck, she realized it wasn’t Spartan like
self-denying; it was Spartan like a citizen of ancient Sparta,
with a plumed helmet for a logo.
TE: Tapi, ketika melihat truknya, dia baru sadar arti spartan disini
bukan hidup susah, melainkan warga Sparta Kuno, dengan helm berjambul sebagai logonya.
4) Globalization
Davies (2003) defines this translation strategy as “the process of
replacing culture-specific references with ones which are more neutral or
general”, e.g., mint hamburgers-bonbons a la menthe (Davies, 2003). In other
words, this more neutral or general words are used in globalization strategy
since they are more accessible to various readers with multicultural
backgrounds.
Example: SE: If the Big One comes and the house falls off the cliff, it’s
designed to hit the ocean and drift away.
5) Localization
Localisation occurs when a translator “instead of aiming for ‘cultural
-free’ descriptions, […] may try to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of
the target audience” (Davies, 2003). In other words, this translation strategy is
used when culture-specific references are replaced by ones that are more
familiar to the target readers. Davies also added that localisation does not
contain any strangeness of the foreign text and thus, does not cause any
misunderstanding for the TT readers.
Example: SE: “A couple of amateur occult nerds digging up a Native
American grave.”
TE: “Sepasang pecandu ilmu gaib amatir yang menggali kuburan
orang Indian.”
6) Transformation
Transformation may be used because the translator’s or editor’s
“willingness to wrestle with possible obscurity” (Davies, 2003). The meaning
and the form of the target text are rather different from the source language
text. This strategy also includes the substitution of the source language names
into one equivalent name which exist in the target language.
Example: SE: “... an overgrown tree out in front and a bunch of snoopy
neighbours who were going to look at the Walkers and
whisper,”
TE: “... pohon gondrong diluar, serta sekelompok tetangga ingin
7) Creation
Creation appears when “translators have actually created CSIs not
present in the original text” (Davies, 2003). In other words, this strategy is
used when there is a recreation of name from the source language to be one
which is firmly or totally different from the source language.
Example: SE: Eleanor put down Gladius Rex and picked up The Heart and the
Helm, a book about pirates.
TE: Eleanor meletakkan Gladius Rex dan memungut Kendali Juru
Mudi, buku tentang bajak laut.
From the explanation above, the translation strategies proposed by
Davies (2003) are finally used by the researcher for this research. These
strategies are listed by taking into consideration translations of CSIs including
proper nouns (Davies, 2003). This strategy can help the researcher in finding
the ideological tendency of the translation of proper nouns because some of
them represent the foreignization or domestication ideology. For example,
preservation and addition strategies are covered by foreignization ideology,
and other strategies are covered by domestication ideology. Therefore, Davies’
(2003) seven strategies of translation are relevant with this research.
3. Translation Ideology
a. Definition of Translation Ideology
According to the ideas of Abrams (2004) cited in Shandra (2014),
ideology is the dominant product of interest of the society, not a single vision
values, and ways of thinking that human beings comprehend and they take to
be reality. Therefore, there is relation between the common definitions of
ideology with definition of ideology in translation. As Schäffner (2003:23)
claims that all translations are ideological since "the choice of a source text
and the use to which the subsequent target text is put are determined by the
interests, aims, and objectives of social agents".
The terms ‘translation ideology’ covers the tendency, consideration
and interest of the translation that can be reflected by the application of
translation strategy. In other words, ideology, in translation, influences the
translator in choosing translation strategies in translating texts which have
cultural background. Thus, the ideology can be meant as the translator’s
orientation either to source culture, or to the target culture.
b. Foreignization and Domestication Ideology in Translation
Foreignization and domestication terms were introduced and explained
by Lawrence Venuti in his book, The Translator’s Invisibility which published
in 1995. Venuti (1995) is concluding two translation tendencies expected by
the society. Those tendencies, however, showing a serious contrast; on one
hand it is believed that a good translation is a translation which holds the
source language and culture, or commonly called as foreignization, while in
another hand it is believed that a good translation has to close to the target
language and culture, or recognized as domestication. Venuti (Katan,
1999:156), regards foreignization as a means to take “the reader over to the
differences.” Meanwhile, Venuti regards domestication as the ideology that
conform[s] to values currently dominating target-language culture, taking a
conservative and openly assimilations approach to the foreign, appropriating it
to support domestication canons, publishing trends, political alignments.
From the brief explanation above, it can be concluded that
foreignization can be called as source language approach. It takes the target
reader towards the source text, and highlights the identity of the source text.
This ideology tries to send the reader abroad, so the readers can feel the
atmosphere of the original language culture. Different from foreignization,
domestication can be called as target language approach. It is translator’s way
to adjust the element of the source language with the condition of the target
language. Generally speaking, there will be difficulties in understanding the
situation because of the cultural difference between the source language and
target language. Then the translation can be done by turning the text into the
familiar translation culture of the reader. This ideology also can be mentioned
as reader-to-author approach which allows the translation to be read and
understood easily by the readers. The ideas of translation ideology also can be
Figure 1.A Bottom up Scheme of Domestication and Foreignization by Davies (2003)
The bottom up scheme as drawn in Figure 1 as proposed by Davies
(2003) shows that the ideology in certain text can be traced from the strategies
employed by the translator. The scheme shows that preservation and addition
strategy are under foreignization ideology, while localization, transformation,
and creation are under domestication ideology. The globalization and
omission strategies are changeable since they can be under foreignization or
domestication ideology, based on the contextual consideration. Therefore, in
this research, globalization and omission strategies are placed under
domestication ideology since all of the analyzed data under these strategies
tend to domestication.
B. Previous Related Studies
This research is guided by the previous studies which analyze the
notions of foreignization and domestication in film translation conducted by a
researcher, Ligita Judickaitė (2009), and also a study conducted by Erys
Shandra (2014) which assessed the ideological tendency of proper nouns
traced from the techniques which are applied. Both studies help the researcher
result to the previous studies, whether it will be in line or the opposite. The
former which was conducted by Ligita Judickaitė (2009) was analyzing the
notions of foreignization and domestication applied to film translation:
analysis of subtitles in cartoon Ratatouille. The analysis is related to English
culture-specific items and their translation strategies used in cartoon
Ratatouille. The latter study was conducted by Erys Shandra (2014), an
English Language and Literature student of State University of Yogyakarta
which analyzed ideological tendency assessed from the translation techniques
applied through the proper nouns in Joanne k. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer’s Stone and its bahasa Indonesia translation Harry Potter dan Batu
Bertuah.
C. About the Novel
House of Secrets is published by HarperCollins on April 23rd, 2013.
This is one of New York Times bestsellers novel written by famed Hollywood
director Chris Columbus (director of first two Harry Potter films and Percy
Jackson: The Lightning Thief) and bestselling author of the acclaimed teen
books Ned Vizzini (his work has been translated into twenty-five languages).
This novel has 496 pages. Fantasy, adventure/action, and family are
well-combined as its genre. This is a suitable novel for children in the age of 8-12
years old. J. K. Rowling comments that this novel is hailed as “a breakneck,
jam-packed roller coaster of an adventure”.
The story is about siblings Brendan, Eleanor, and Cordelia Walker
Dr. Walker, their father, lost his job. Then, the family must relocate to an old
Victorian house. The house is formerly the home of novelist Denver Kristoff.
Inside the house, there are book collections of Denver Kristoff which are
magical. Each Kristoff’s books have imaginary world that brought the
Walkers to unexpected journey. This novel focuses on imaginary world inside
the books of Denver Kristoff which have visited by the Walkers. This novel is
fit for this research because it contains various numbers of proper nouns, from
the real or imaginary world which are brought and created by the author’s
illusion, which can be analyzed by the researcher.
D. Conceptual Framework
In this research, the definition of translation proposed by Kelly
(2005:25) is chosen since he defines translation as the skills of translator. One
of the skills which become significant to support this research is decision
making skill. It will affect the translation in choosing the strategies that will be
used to translate proper nouns. Then, from the most frequent strategies used to
translate the proper nouns, the researcher can identify the ideological tendency
of the translator.
As for the type of translation, the researcher directly shows and
chooses Jacobson (1959/2000) in Venuti (2000:114) this research. His three
types of translation are common in translation studies. As the analysis for this
research will be done by engaging two novels which are served in two
different languages, it can be said that it is bilingual translation. Accordingly,
Translation of children's literature is a significant area of study because
there are many books for children that have been written by authors from
various countries and use different languages. According to translation of
children’s literature, Klingberg (1986:45) argues that there are four
pedagogical goals when children’s books are translated: (1) to make more
literature available to children, (2) to further international outlook and
understanding of the young readers, (3) to give the readers a text that they can
understand, and (4) to contribute to the development of the readers’ set of
values. Goals number 1 and 2 tend to foreignization, while goals number 3
and 4 lead to domestication.
‘The word(s) by which an individual referent is identified, that is to
say, the word(s) whose main function is/are to identify, for instance, an
individual person, animal, place, or thing’ is stated by Nord (2003:184). This
definition then chosen by the researcher for this research. The researcher sees
its close relation with translation of translation since he said that proper nouns
may be non descriptive, but they are informative. It means that if the
information is explicit, as in a descriptive name, the name can be translated,
but if the information is implicit, the translator can ignore it unless he/she
intends to add some information.
The choice of translation strategy can reflect the ‘translation ideology’
which covers the tendency, consideration and interest of the translation.
Venuti (1995) is concluding two translation tendencies. Those tendencies,
translation is a translation which holds the source language and culture, or
commonly called as foreignization, while in another hand it is believed that a
good translation has to close to the target language and culture, or recognized
as domestication.
The aims of this research are to investigate three important points of
objectives, i.e. the proper nouns categories which are found in House of
Secrets novel, the strategies used by translator in translating the proper nouns,
and then the ideology tendency of the translated proper nouns based on the
dominant strategies which are applied.
To answer the first research questions, the researcher uses the nine
categories of proper nouns proposed by Howard (2009:2). His categorization
covers; 1) part of person’s names, 2) given or pet names of animals, 3)
geographical and celestial names, 4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms, 5)
historical events, documents, laws, and periods, 6) months, days of the week,
holidays, 7) groups and languages, 8) religions, deities, scriptures, 9) awards,
vehicles, vehicles models, brand names. These nine categories of proper nouns
are commonly found in literature texts, especially in the novel House of
Secrets. Thus, the categorization of proper nouns is needed to classify all of
the proper nouns which are found in the novel, so they can be analyzed for this
research.
The second and third questions are about the strategies used in
translating proper nouns and ideological tendency of the translated proper
researcher task to find the appropriate theory to solve these two questions. It
has been decided that the researcher chose translation strategies proposed by
Davies (2003:65). Her translation strategies are preservation, addition,
localization, transformation, globalization, omission, and creation. These
seven strategies are related to ideology of translation which is foreignization
and domestication. Foreignization ideology covers preservation and addition,
while localization, transformation, globalization, omission and creation are
under domestication ideology. In the end, the researcher can see the
ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns by tracing the
E. Analytical Construct
2.Given or pet names of animals
3.Geographical and celestial
models, brand names Translation Ideologies
Translation Strategies (Davies: 2003) Proper Nouns Categories
33 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Approach
This research employed mixed methods, both descriptive qualitative
method and quantitative method. Mixed method research is a research designed
(or methodology) in which the researcher collects, analyzes, and mixes (integrates
or connects) both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or a
multiphase program of inquiry (Creswell, 2003). The purpose of this method of
research is that the combination of both qualitative research and quantitative
research provide a better understanding of a research problem or issue than either
research approach alone. This research focused on categorizing the proper nouns
found in House of Secrets novel. The analysis allowed this research to set up
categories and count occurrences belong to each category. Then, the collected data
were recommended to be counted using a simple statistics.
The qualitative research applied descriptive analysis and process in which
facts and (or) individual ideas of the researcher were gained to achieve a general
conclusion from specific situations. The quantitative data then complemented
qualitative data in terms of giving precise frequency of proper nouns occurrence.
This combination was held to attempt the investigation of the ideological
tendency as proposed by Venuti (2003) that domestication and foreignization of
the translation of proper nouns in House of Secrets can trace the strategies
B. Sources, Form, and Context of Data
The sources of the data were House of Secrets novel by Chris Columbus
and Ned Davinci and its Indonesian translated novel entitled House of Secret by
Lulu Fitri Rahman. The data of this research were the proper nouns which exist in
the analyzed novel. The data were in the form of words and phrases which are
found in the expressions or sentences inside the text or paragraph as the context of
data. The novels were chosen because they have enough adequate data in the form
of proper nouns which can be observed for this research.
C. Research Instruments
There were two instruments involved in this research. The key instrument
was the researcher who took an action as the planner, data collector, data analyzer,
and data reporter. The secondary instrument was the data sheet. It was in the form
35 Table 1. The Sample of the Data Sheet
Notes:
Ppn : Part of a person’s name Grl : Groups and languages G : Globalization
Apn : Given or pet names of animals Rds : Religions, deities, scriptures O : Omission
Gec : Geographical and celestial names Avb : Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand
names
T : Transformation
Mbr : Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms
P : Preservation C : Creation
Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, and periods
A : Addition ST : Source Text
Mdh: Months, days of the week, holidays L : Localization TT : Target Text
Code
Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories
Translation Strategies
002/1/1/Pa/SP/F Diane Dobson Diane Dobson
D. Technique of Data Collection
There are many kinds of technique in collecting data in qualitative research.
Those are interview, focus group, or observation (Vanderstoep & Johnston, 2009:
200).
Meanwhile, the process of collecting the data took the following steps:
a. reading and giving highlight the proper nouns in the source text,
b. reading and giving highlight the proper nouns in the target text,
c. classifying the proper nouns by splitting them up into the nine categories,
and
d. comparing and analyzing the data in the source and the target text to figure
out the strategies applied.
At the end, the most frequent strategies employed were seen and the
ideological tendency of the text was finally detected.
E. Data Analysis
After finishing the technique of the data collection, the researcher finally got the
raw data to analyse. The relation between data collection and data analysis is
inseparable since when the researchers collected the data, they actually have started
conducting data analysis. The remaining steps of data analysis of data are described
1. Categorizing
After getting the raw data, the researcher made a categorization system in form
of table. The table contained lists of categorization of the proper nouns.
2. Classifying
The next step to do after categorizing was putting the proper nouns with based on
their types or categories along with their strategies.
3. Analysing
After the classifying finished, the researcher started to analyse the data.
4. Discussing
After analysing and getting the data finding, the researcher did not only confirm
the findings to some employed theories, but the researcher also elaborated to
ensure that the findings answered the objectives of the research.
5. Reporting
The last step was reporting the findings and discussion gained from the research.
F. Data Trustworthiness
As stated by Moleong (2001), there are four criteria of validity and reliability
to obtain the trustworthiness of the data. They are credibility, transferability,
dependability, and conformability. In this research, the trustworthiness was gained by
using credibility, dependability and conformability. Credibility is concerned with the
accuracy of the data. In achieving credibility, the researcher performed deep and
as, Howard (2009), Davies (2003), etc to confirm the research data, so the data can be
regarded credible. The researcher read the novel comprehensively and confirmed
selected data which are in line with the research questions.
Then, dependability refers to the stability and track ability of the changes in
data over time and conditions. The researcher examined both the process and the
product of the research for consistency to achieve the degree of dependability. To
gain dependability of the data, the researcher used the triangulation technique. There
are four main types of triangulation; by sources, by methods, by researchers and by
theories. In this research, only sources and theories applied. The sources are in the
form of the original and Bahasa Indonesia version of novel House of Secrets. For the
theories, the researcher checks some books, journals, article, undergraduate thesis and
some internet sources related to the research.
Finally, conformability aims to measure how far findings and interpretation of
the data which have been analyzed. The overall thesis including its appendix was
checked separately by three English Language and Literature students, Krisna Bayu
Aji whose major is Translation Studies, Nia Juliarti whose major is Linguistics, and
Ulik Chodratillah whose major is Literature. Then, the results of the triangulated data
were discussed and consulted with the thesis supervisors, they are Drs. Suhaini M.
Saleh, M.A and Andy Bayu Nugroho, M.Hum. Both of them give advice regarding
39 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Findings
In this research, there are three findings according to three research objectives.
It is about the proper nouns categorization, application of the translation
strategies, and the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy applied in
translating the proper nouns. The findings are shown in the form of tables which
contain frequency and percentage to support the analysis of the data.
1. The Proper Nouns Categorization
From the research, there are 365 proper nouns found inside 223 pages of
House of Secret novel. The categorizations of the proper nouns based on the
categorization proposed by Howard (2009). There are nine categories of proper
nouns; 1) part of a person's name (Ppn), 2) given or pet names of animals (Apn),
3) geographical and celestial names (Gec), 4) monuments, buildings, meeting
rooms (Mbr), 5) historical events, documents, laws, and periods (Hdp), 6) months,
days of the week, holidays (Mdh), 7) groups and languages (Grl), 8) religions,
deities, scriptures (Rds), 9) awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb).
All of the categories of proper nouns were found in the House of Secrets novel.
Thus, Table 2 below shows the frequency and percentage of the number of each
