ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF PROPER NOUNS IN 5
MENARA AS REALIZED IN KILBANE’S THE LAND OF FIVE
TOWERS THE FUADI’S NEGERI
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Language and Literature
by
Yunita Suryarini 10211141021
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
i
THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF PROPER NOUNS IN
FUADI’S
NEGERI 5 MENARA
AS REALIZED IN KILBANE’S
THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a
Sarjana Sastra Degreein English Literature
Yunita Suryarini 10211141021
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
v
MOTTOS
“Maka nikmat Tuhan kamu yang
manakah yang kamu dustakan?”
(Q.S. 55:13)
“Maka sesungguhnya bersama kesulitan ada
kemudahan, sesungguhnya bersama kesulitan ada
kemudahan”
(Q.S. 94:5-6)
Man Jadda Wajadda, siapa yg bersungguh-sungguh akan berhasil;
Man Shabara Zhafira, siapa yg bersabar akan beruntung;
Man Saara Ala Darbi Washala, siapa yg berjalan di jalannya akan sampai
ke tujuan.
vi
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to
BAPAK, IBU,
vii
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
Alhamdulillahi robbil’alamin, all praise to be Allah SWT who always gives blessing and grace to His people, without this I would never finish my
thesis. I would also like to send my thanks to:
1. Andy Bayu Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum., as my first consultant and Rachmat
Nurcahyo, S.S., M.A., as my second consultant, for their time and patient to
give advice during the process of writing this thesis;
2. Asih Sigit Padmanugraha, M.Hum., my academic advisor, who had given his
advices in the academic world. I wish he get the best place beside Him;
3. my parents, bapak Rahayu Mulyono, B.A. and ibu Sumarsih, for their endless
love, pray, and support both morally or financially so that I can finish my
study;
4. my beloved, Mas Eko Budi Santosa, S.T., for his love, support, positive anger,
patience, and time to accompany me writing this thesis;
5. Bu Darsih, Bu Ismi, and Mbak Astri, for their permission and chance for me to
take a very long break during finishing this thesis, I will be back to schools;
6. all my students in Junior Red Cross in Junior High School 9 and
Muhammadiyah 2 Junior High School, for their spirit during I left them to
finish my thesis;
7. all friends in class B and translation class 2010, Diah, Ana, Rifa, Fitri, Tsasa,
viii
8. all friends in KSR PMI Unit 1 Markas Kota Yogyakarta, Umi Petasan, Ipeh,
Ani KT, U-K; for their help, craziness and silliness that make me amused when
I get bored in doing my thesis; and
9. all people that I cannot mention one by one who have helped me finish this
thesis.
Finally, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, any
comments and suggestions are accepted for the betterment.
Yogyakarta, January 2016
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ... i
APPROVAL SHEET ... ii
RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii
PERNYATAAN ... iv
MOTTOS ... v
DEDICATIONS ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLES ... xii
LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv
ABSTRACT ... xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Research ……… 1
B. Focus of the Research………... 2
C. Objectives of the Research ………... 3
D. Significances of the Research ……….. 4
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ... 5
A. Theoretical Review ………. 5
1. Translation……….. 5
x
b.Types of Translation………... 7
c. Process of Translation………... 8
d.Technique of Translation……….. 9
2. Proper Noun……….. 13
3. Meaning Equivalence………. 16
4. About Negeri 5 Menara………. 16
B. Conceptual Framework ……… 17
C. Analytical Construct………. 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 22
A. Type of Study………... 22
B. Data and Data Sources………. 22
C. Research Instrument………. 22
D. Research Procedure……….. 23
E. Trustworthiness………. 23
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 25
A. Research Results……….... 25
1. The Type of Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara... 25
2. The Techniques in Translating the Proper Nouns……….. 26
3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalent of the Translation of the Proper Nouns………... 28
B. DISCUSSION……….. 28
1. The Types of Proper Nouns………... 29
xi
3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation
of the Proper Nouns……….... 52
C. Summary of the Types of Proper Noun, the Translation Techniques and the Meaning Equivalent……….. 57
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 61
A. Conclusions………61
B. Suggestions………62
REFERENCES ... 64
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Data Sheet ... 23
Table 2. Types of Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara ... 26
Table 3. Translation Techniques of the Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s
Negeri 5 Menara ... 27 Table 4. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of Proper Nouns
in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara ... 28
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Translation Process by Nida and Taber ... 8
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Add : Addition
Con : Conventionality
Cop : Copy
Del : Deletion
DM : Different Meaning
E : Equivalent
FE : Fully Equivalent
GU : Geographical Unit
H : Holiday
NE : Non Equivalent
NM : No Meaning
NR : Nationality and Religion
P : word used for Personification
PE : Partly Equivalent
Phonrep : Phonological Replacement
PN : Personal Name
Rec : Recreation
Ren : Rendition
SL : Source Text
ST : Source Text
Sub : Substitution
TL : Target Text
xv
Trpos : Transposition
TT : Target Text
xvi
THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF PROPER NOUNS IN FUADI’S
NEGERI 5 MENARA AS REALIZED IN KILBANE’S THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS
By:
Yunita Suryarini 10211141021 ABSTRACT
The objectives of this research are (1) to identify the types of proper nouns
in the novel Negeri 5 Menara, (2) to identify the techniques that are used by the
translator in translating the proper nouns in novel Negeri 5 Menara and its
English version The Land of Five Towers, and (3) to describe the degree of
meaning equivalent of the translation of the proper nouns in Negeri 5 Menara and
its English version The Land of Five Towers.
This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. To strengthen and support the data analysis this research also employs quantitative analysis to show the answer of first and second objective. The data were collected from
Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara and its English translation in the form of word or phrase which are containing proper noun.
The results of this research show that all types of proper nouns are found in the texts. They are personal name, geographical unit, nationality and religion, holiday, time unit, and word used for personification. The most frequent proper
noun is personal name with 37.54% occurrences. It shows that Fuadi’s Negeri 5
Menara involves many characters. All the translation techniques are also found in
the English version of Negeri 5 Menara. They are rendition, copy, transcription,
recreation, substitution, deletion, addition, transposition, phonological
replacement, and conventionality. Copy is the most frequent technique that is used by the translator in translating the proper nouns. It is used in 377 data or 56.60%. It implicates that any proper noun can be translated by copying technique. For the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the proper noun, the result is mostly fully equivalent with 613 occurrences of 666 data. It shows that mostly the
translation of the proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara is good in terms of the meaning equivalence.
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research
Today, reading is a need for many people. In Yogyakarta’s Library which
is located in Jl. Suroto 9 Kotabaru, everyday hundreds people visit of this library.
They are not only students, but also common community members. It is related to
the proverb “book is the window of the world” which means that people can
develop their knowledge by reading books. People can get new knowledge by
reading many kinds of book such as biography, encyclopedia, comic, but the most
popular of all is novel. However, sometimes readers are interested in books which
are written in English or in other languages that they do not understand. To solve
this problem, those books are translated into their native language. Therefore,
from the translated books, anyone can read and understand the content of the
books that are written in other language.
Most of the translated novels are English-Bahasa Indonesia translation.
However, in recent years, Indonesian literary works significantly develop since
they begin to be translated into English, such as Anak Semua Bangsa by
Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata, and Negeri 5 Menara
by A. Fuadi. It shows that Indonesia has many talented writers. Negeri 5 Menara
is well-known not only in Indonesia but also in other side of the earth because this
book inspires readers to believe in their dreams and do the best to make them
2
Five Towers so that the messages can be delivered to readers from other countries
because English is one of international languages.
Due to high interest of the readers to this novel, including foreign readers
who want to know more about Indonesia and Islam, English translation of this
novel is preferred. Based on this, the translator translated Negeri 5 Menara into
The Land of Five Towers to satisfy the readers who cannot understand Bahasa
Indonesia.
Negeri 5 Menara tells about the Alif’s journey at Madani Islamic Boarding School in East Java. In that school, Alif meets five boys from other city
in Indonesia. They are extremely excited about a powerful Arabic proverb Man
Jadda Wajada that means “he who gives his all will surely succeed” which is
campaigned in the first day in Madani Islamic Boarding School. To fill their spare
time, they gathered in beneath of mosque’s minaret to discuss everything
including their dreams. Each of them has a dream to go abroad in future. They
imagine the shape of cloud is the shape of the continent that they want to go.
Because of this, they are known as “fellowship of the manara”.
B. Focus of the Research
Translation is not a simple activity. It does not simply change the form of
the words, phrases, or sentences but translator must transfer the message or idea.
Therefore, there are problems that may occur in its translation. The problems that
usually occur in translating novels are address term, cultural item, religion
3
Proper noun is related to message because it can be the subject or object of
an idea. In Fuadi’s book, there are many proper nouns that must be translated.
Translating proper noun can be in several ways. The example of the proper nouns
translation in those books is “Amak” that means “mother”. Angie did not translate
“Amak” into “mom”, “mother”, or its synonym. Even, she preserved the form
without any change. The technique used by the translator is copying. This
research focuses only on proper nouns which exist in Negeri 5 Menara by
A.Fuadi and its English version The Land of Five Towers translated by Angie
Kilbane.
Based on the background and the focus of the research above, the
problems of the research are formulated as follows.
1. What are the types of proper nouns found in A. Fuadi’s Negeri 5
Menara?
2. What are the techniques used by the translator in translating those
proper nouns in A. Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara?
3. What is the degree of the meaning equivalence of the translation of the
proper nouns in A.Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara?
C. Objectives of the Research
Based on formulation of the research above, the objectives of this research
are:
4
2. to identify the techniques that are used by the translator in translating
the proper nouns in novel Negeri 5 Menara, and
3. to describe the degree of the meaning equivalence of the translation of
the proper nouns in the novel Negeri 5 Menara.
D. Significances of the Research
The significances of this research are as follows.
1. Theoretical Significance
This research is expected to give knowledge and understanding in
translating proper nouns from Bahasa Indonesia to English or vice
versa.
2. Practical Significance
This research is also expected to be used as additional references for
5
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
There are three points in this chapter. The first point is the literature review
explaining the relevant theories of this research. The second point is the
conceptual framework describing briefly the concept of the research conducted.
The last point is analytical construct that is presented through a diagram to show
the researcher’s framework.
A. Theoretical Review
The four topics which become the umbrella in this study are translation,
proper nouns, meaning equivalence, and about Negeri 5 Menara. Each topic is
discussed in this chapter.
1. Translation
In this point, the explanation about translation will be divided into four
sections. Those are definitions of translation, types of translation, process of
translation, and techniques of translation.
a. Definitions of Translation
Translation is basically an activity change text from source language into
target language. Some scholars had defined what translation is. Catford (1965:20)
defines translation as the replacement of textual materials in one language (SL) by
equivalent textual materials in another language (TL). In line with Catford,
6
another language in the way that the author intended the text. Those definitions
focus on the terms equivalent the textual material and the difference of language.
Other scholars who define translation are Nida and Taber (1982:12). They
define translation as the process of reproducing a natural equivalent meaning from
the source language (SL) to target language (TL) firstly in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style. From this point, it can be assumed that meaning is
above anything, because the meaning is mentioned first. Then the translator can
deal with the style. Thus, translator is supposed to preserve the result as natural as
possible.
From those definitions, it can be concluded that translation is transferring
the message or idea from the source language (SL) into target language (TL). In
translation the first priority is the meaning then the style is the second one. To get
meaning equivalent the translator might deliver the meaning first and change the
style.
Moreover, translation can be viewed from two points of view. First view is
translation as a process and the second view is translation as a product. The
definitions above show that translation is a process or an activity. Translation as a
product is the result of the process. Readers just see the “result” of the practice by
a translator, not the practice itself (Machali, 2009). In this research, translation is
seen as a product because the researcher analyzes the translation of the proper
7
b. Types of Translation
According to Larson (1984:15) there are two types of translation. They are
form-based translation and meaning-based translation. Form-based translation is a
translation type that the target language (TL) follows the form of the source
language (SL). This is also known as literal translation. While meaning-based
translation or idiomatic translation is a translation type that communicates the
meaning of the source language (SL) text in the natural forms of the target
language (TL).
On the other hand, there are three categories of translation described by
Jakobson (in Bassnett 2002:23). He categorizes translation into three types. They
are intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic.
1) Intralingual translation
This type is the translation of a text from the same language. For example an
English novel is translated into English.
2) Interlingual translation
In this type the translator translates into other language, the example is Harry
Potter by J.K. Rowling that translated into many languages.
3) Intersemiotic translation
This type means the translator must translates from non-written works to
written work or the opposite. The example is no smoking sign is translated
into a symbol of crossed cigarette.
This research uses interlingual translation because the data sources are
8
the translation involves two languages, Bahasa Indonesia and English, it is
considered to interlingual translation.
c. Process of Translation
The process of translation had been explained by Nida and Taber
(1982:33). They state that translation consists of three steps. Those processes are
explained as follows.
1) Analysis. This process is analyzing the terms of grammatical relationship, the
meaning and combination of the words.
2) Transfer. In this step the analyzed material is transferred in mind of translator
from one language to other language.
3) Restructuring. The transferred material is restructured to make sure that the
message fully acceptable in the target reader of the translation product.
For further information, Nida and Taber make a diagram of translation
process.
A (source) B (receptor)
(Analysis) (Restructuring)
X (transfer) Y
Figure 1. Translation Process by Nida and Taber (1982:33)
Based on that diagram, it is known that a translator has a text which must
be translated, so that the translator should analyze the text. In this process the
9
use the language in social communication. It also can be considered with the
dynamic process of translation in the discourse, and rhetorical structures encoded
in the source language can be restructured in the target language. Then, the
translator makes sure for the appropriate syntax and lexicon. A good translation
indicates that the translator had been able to reconstruct the rhetorical structures of
the source language in the target language.
In analysis process, the translator finds the breaks down the texts into
translatable elements. Then, the translator transfers into suitable terms in the
target text. In this research, that process is called as transfer process. The next
process is restructuring. In this step, the translator restructures all elements of the
text from the source language to the target language to result the translation
product.
d. Techniques of Translation
In translation, there are several familiar terms such as method, procedure
and technique. However those terms are often confusing. Molina and Albir (2002)
state that translation method is an option that has been chosen by the translator to
carry out the translation project. They also define translation techniques as
procedures used to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. In line
with Molina and Albir, Vinay and Darbelnet state that translation procedure is
actually same as translation technique. There are ten translation techniques
10
1) Rendition
When the proper noun in the ST is enmeshed in the TT, the meaning is
rendered in the TT. Below is the example of rendition.
ST : Tuhan tambahkanilmu kami . . .
TT: Lord, add to our knowledge . . .
The translator translates the word “Tuhan” as “Lord” which is a synonym of
God.
2) Copy
Copy is when the proper noun in the ST is reproduced in the TT without any
change. The example of copy is shown below.
ST : Amak danAyahmungkin sedang tidak punya uang.
TT: Maybe Amak and Father didn’t have enough money right now.
In that sentence, “Amak” means “mother”, but the translator does not change
it into “mother” or the other synonyms. The translator just copies it in the TT.
3) Transcription
It is a method that a word, for example a name, is transcribed in the
equivalent characters of the TL to keep the readability of the TT. Here is the
example of transcription.
ST : . . . ke PM bulan Syawal depan.
TT: . . . to MP next month in Shawwal.
In that sentence, “Syawal”, one of the names of month in Islamic calendar
11
“sy” into “sh” and puts double “w” to keep the readability in the target
language.
4) Re-creation
In this technique, the translator re-creates or invents a new proper noun but it
has similar effect to the ST. Below is the example of re-creation.
ST : Giant (Japan version)
TT: Damulag(Filipina version)
In Doraemon serials, Giant has a big body. In Filipina, Giant is known as
Damulag which means “big kid” in Tagalog.
5) Substitution
A TL proper noun replaces the SL proper noun, although the SL and TL
formally and/or semantically unrelated. Here is the example of substitution.
ST : Pertama adalah Masjid Jami’ . . . .
TT: The first is main mosque . . .
In this example, the word “jami’” is substituted by “main”.
6) Deletion
In this type of strategy, the meaning of proper noun in the ST is partially or
totally removed from the TT. Below is the example of deletion.
ST : … asuhan ulama terkenal seperti Syeikh Ahmad Khatib
Al-Minangkabawy ….
TT: -
12
7) Addition
Extra information is added to the SL proper noun so that it can be more
understandable and desirable to the target readers. Below is the example.
ST : . . .ke Cina saja disuruh belajar, masak ke Jawa saja tidak.
TT: . . . tells us to go to China, why not to East Java?
The word “Jawa” in the TT is added with “East”. It makes more specific and
understandable to the target reader.
8) Transposition
It is a change of one part of speech for another one without any shift in the
meaning. Here is the example.
ST : . . . pemikir modern Islam . . .
TT: . . . a modern Islamic thinker . . .
In this case, “Islam” in the ST is a noun and it is translated into an adjective
“Islamic”.
9) Phonological Replacement
In this procedure, the phonological features of the original name are imitated
in the TL. In other words, a TL name, which has a similar sound to the SL
name, replaces the original name. The example of this technique is shown
below.
ST : Ibrahim
TT: Abraham
13
10)Conventionality
This technique occurs when a word especially a proper noun in the TT is
conventionally accepted as the translation of the ST. It is usually used for
historical or literary figures and geographical locations. The example of
conventionality is shown below.
ST : . . . naik mobil ke kantor George Bush di Gedung Putih, . . .
TT: . . . by car away from George W. Bush’s office at the White House, . . .
In Bahasa Indonesia, White House is known as Gedung Putih.
2. Proper Noun
Noun is a part of speech used for name of place, thing, person, or action.
According to Nussbaum (2015), there are seven types of noun. Two of them are
proper noun and common noun. They are explained as follows.
a. Proper noun. It is the specific noun that is written by capital letter in the first
letter. Here are the examples: Jakarta, Anna, Semeru, Islam, etc.
b. Common noun. It is noun which is not included in the notion of proper noun.
For examples: city, girl, mountain, religion, etc.
Proper noun is a noun which is specific to something and it has been
written in capital even though in middle of sentence. According to Frank (1972:6)
a proper noun begins with a capital letter in writing. He lists six types of proper
nouns. They are explained as follows.
a. Personal names. It is a name of person, for example Mr. Alex Ferdinand,
14
b. Geographical units. It is a name of some places includes countries, cities,
rivers, etc. such as Mahakam River, Tokyo, Lake Toba.
c. Nationalities and religions. They are related to a status of belonging to
particular nation and religion, for example Indonesian, Javanese, Moslem.
d. Holidays. It is a name of some special days or festival in a country or a
religion, usually everyone has no work or school in those days, such as
Christmas, Idul Fitri, and Independence Day.
e. Time units. It is a particular time unit that must written by capital letters such
as the name of month and day. The examples are Sunday, May, June.
f. Word used for personification. It is a thing or abstraction treated as a person,
such as Liberty, Nature.
According to Panitia Pengembangan Bahasa Indonesia (2000) there are ten
types of noun in Bahasa Indonesia that must be written with capital letter. They
are listed and explained as follows.
a. Berkaitan dengan Tuhan, agama, kitab suci, and kata ganti Tuhan. It is for
the noun related to God, religion, holy book, and the God’s pronoun. For
examples are Allah, Injil, Gusti Allah, etc.
b. Gelar kehormatan, keagamaan yang diikuti oleh nama orang. It is for the
honored or religious title that is followed by the name. The example is Ustad
Torik.
c. Jabatan, pangkat yang diikuti nama orang. Duty or position that is followed
by the name is must be written in capital. For examples, Jenderal Sudirman,
15
d. Nama orang. Name of person is must be capitalized, for example Fanny, Tika, Eko.
e. Nama bangsa, suku, bahasa. Nationality, ethnicity, language are also written
in capital. The examples are Dayak, Bahasa Jawa,
f. Nama tahun, bulan, hari, hari raya, peristiwa sejarah. In Bahasa Indonesia time units, holidays, historical moments are written in capital. Here are the
example, Masehi, Juni, Senin, Idul Fitri, Perang Diponegoro.
g. Nama geografi. Like in English, geographical units are also capitalized. Here
are the examples Gunung Tambora, Danau Toba, Sungai Mahakam.
h. Unsur nama negara, lembaga pemerintah, ketatanegaraan, dokumen resmi. It is for element of a state, the name of department, constitution, official
document. The examples are Republik Indonesia, Departemen Dalam Negeri,
Keputusan Walikota.
i. Bentuk ulang sempurna yang terdapat pada nama badan atau lembaga
pemerintah dan ketatanegaraan, dokumen resmi. In Bahasa Indonesia, perfect repetition in the name of department and constitution, official
document are must be written in capital letter. For example are Perserikatan
Bangsa-Bangsa, Rancangan Undang-Undang Kepalangmerahan.
j. Nama buku, majalah, surat kabar, judul karangan. Name of book, magazine,
newspaper, title of article are written in capital, for examples Ranah 3 Warna,
16
3. Meaning Equivalence
According to Catford (1965:20), translation is the replacement of textual
materials in one language to another language by equivalent textual materials in
another language. Equivalence is the important point that has to be paid more
attention in the activity of translation. It is discovered by comparing the source
language and target language.
Baker in In Other Words (1992:5) classifies equivalence in translation into
five. The first is equivalence at word level, which explores are the meaning of a
single word or expressions. The second is equivalence above word level, which
explores the meaning of combination of words and phrases. The third is
grammatical equivalence, which deals with grammatical categories such as
number and gender. The fourth is textual equivalence, which explores the
meaning of the textual level of language. The last is pragmatic equivalence, which
looks at how texts are used in communicative situations that involved variables
such as writers, readers, and cultural context.
Meanwhile, Bell (1991:6) says that a text in a different language can be
equivalent in different degrees. Bell divides the degrees equivalence into
equivalent meaning which consists of fully equivalent and partly equivalent, and
non equivalent meaning which consists of different meaning and no meaning.
4. About Negeri 5 Menara
Negeri 5 Menara is written by Ahmad Fuadi. It is first book of trilogy
Negeri 5 Menara. A. Fuadi was born in West Sumatera and went to Java to obey
17
Islamic boarding school, he continued his study in Padjadjaran University and he
became a journalist. Fuadi is a scholarship hunter. Until today he has got eight
scholarships to study abroad. He wrote this novel based on his life story.
Negeri 5 Menara tells about Alif’s life journey at Madani Islamic
Boarding School in East Java. Alif meets four boys from across archipelago who
later became his best friends. In the first day of school, they were given a doctrine
by their teacher through an Arabic proverb Man Jadda Wajada which means “he
who gives his all will surely succeed”. The teacher used a log and a blunt machete
when demonstrated the proverb. They gathered in beneath of the mosque’s
minaret when they have spare time. They do anything under minaret such as
studying before exam, practicing before their performance, waiting the time of
praying, etc. Since that they were known as “fellowship of the manara”. Under the
minaret they discuss everything such as about their dream. Each of them has
dream to visit a country. By the Arabic proverb, they believe that if they work
hard to make their dream come true, they will get their dream in future, because
God truly is The Listener.
B. Conceptual Framework
This research focuses on finding out the types of proper nouns, the
translation techniques of the proper nouns and the degree of the meaning
equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns in Negeri 5 Menara by Fuadi
which is translated by Angie Kilbane into The Land of Five Towers. They are
18
This research adopts the notion of translation by Nida and Taber, that
translation is the process of reproducing a natural and equivalent meaning from
the source language (SL) to target language (TL) firstly in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style. Therefore, the employments of the translation
techniques influencing the meaning equivalence in the target language are the
points in this study. In analyzing the techniques used in the English translation,
the collected data of proper nouns are categorized into six types.
This research adopted the definition and the types of proper noun by
Frank. The definition of proper noun by Frank is a proper noun begins with a
capital letter in writing. These types of proper nouns employed in the texts appear
to be the first point. Those are personal name, geographic unit, nationality and
religion, name of holiday, time unit, and word use for personification. Personal
name is name of person that must be written by capital letters, for example
“Ahmad Fuadi”. Geographical unit is name of some places including countries,
cities, rivers, mountains, etc. for example is “Musi River”. Nationalities and
religion also must be written which capital letters for example “Christians” and
“Sundanese”. The example of holiday’s name is “Waisak”. Moreover, time units
are including name of day and month, the examples are “June” and “Thursday”.
The last one is word used for personification, a thing or abstraction treated as a
person, for examples are “Liberty” and “Nature”. Proper nouns can be expressed
in word or phrase rank expression.
This research adopts Lincoln Fernandes’ translation techniques. Fernandes
re-19
creation, substitution, deletion, addition, transposition, phonological replacement,
and conventionality.
The notion of meaning equivalence in this research is adopted from Bell’s
theory. Based on his theory, it is divided into equivalent meaning and non
equivalent meaning.
Equivalent meaning consists of fully equivalent meaning and partly
equivalent meaning. The fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of
the source text is fully translated into the target text. For example word “Sumatera
Barat” translated into “West Sumatera”. While partly equivalent meaning occurs when the translation omits or adds some information in the target text that is not
found in the source text. The meaning of the source text is not fully delivered into
the target text. For example the words “Sazli Rais” that refers to a news anchor
has special characteristic, in the target text it is generalized into “news anchor”.
Non-equivalent meaning consists of different meaning and no meaning.
Different meaning occurs when the meaning from the source text is translated
differently into the target text. The example of different meaning is the word
“Isya” in the ST which means one of Muslim’s pray, it is translated in the TT into
“dinner” which means eating in the evening. No meaning occurs when one or
some words are omitted so that the information or message of the source text loses
in the target text. The example is the word “Betawi”. In the ST, which is omits in
20
C. Analytical Construct
The aims of this research are to identify the types of proper nouns and the
techniques that are used to translate the proper nouns in Negeri 5 Menara by A.
Fuadi and its translation The Land of Five Towers by Angie Kilbane, and to
describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation proper nouns in
those novels. To fulfill these aims, the researcher makes a diagram of thinking.
Firstly, the researcher finds the proper nouns which are exist in Fuadi’s
Negeri 5 Menara and its English version. After that, she classifies the types of the proper nouns. After classifying the types, she identifies the techniques of their
equivalents of proper nouns. The last step is examining the quality of the
21
Translation
Intralingual Interlingual Intersemiotic
Bilingual Towers translate by Angie Kilbane (TT)
Proper Nouns
Meaning equivalent
Equivalent Non-equivalent
Types:
1. Personal names 2. Geographic units 3. Nationalities and religions 5. Substitution 6. Deletion
8. Transposition 9. Phonological replacement
10. Conventionality
Fully equivalent
22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Study
This study is a descriptive qualitative research. According to Vanderstoep
and Johnston (2009:7), a qualitative research is a research that produces narrative
or textual description of the phenomena under study. Since this research uses
descriptive qualitative research, it will deliver the finding in the sentences.
However, to support the data analysis, this research also uses quantitative analysis
to show the frequency of the occurrence of each phenomenon.
B. Data and Data Sources
The data of this research are taken from Negeri 5 Menara novel by A.
Fuadi published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2009 and its English version
which is translated by Angie Kilbane, The Land of Five Towers, published by PT
Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2011. The data which analyzed are the proper nouns
which exist in the Bahasa Indonesia text and their English translation in the form
of words or phrases.
C. Research Instrument
The instruments in this research are the researcher herself, data sheet, and
related references. The researcher acts as the planner, data collector, data analyst
and reporter of the analysis result. Meanwhile, in doing this research, the
researcher uses additional instrument such as dictionaries, internet connection,
23
Table 1. Data Sheet
FE PE DM NM
data types of proper noun translation techniques
p
D. Research Procedure
1. Data collection
In this step the researcher took all data which are related to the
research focus. When collecting the data, the researcher read and reread both
novels Negeri 5 Menara and The Land of Five Towers.
2. Data Analysis
The analysis process was undertaken by several steps. The first was
classifying the proper nouns found in the source text. In this step the researcher
had to make sure that the proper nouns had been classified in the right types.
The second, after classified the proper nouns, the researcher found the
equivalents of the proper nouns in the target text. The researcher must read the
target text carefully to get the equivalents, because it influenced the next step.
Then, the researcher identified the translation techniques that suitable
with the source text and the target text. The last step was examining the
translation quality of the proper nouns in terms of the meaning equivalence.
E. Trustworthiness
To achieve the realiability, credibility, and dependability of the data, the
researcher did the analysis several times to check whether the research results
24
After the data and analysis were stable, the researcher consulted the result to her
consultants. At this point, the researcher used stability as one of the ways to gain
trustworthiness.
In addition, the researcher also employed credibility where the data were
deeply observed. In this way the researcher read and reread the data carefully and
comprehensively so that the data were in accordance with the research problems.
To gain dependability of this study, the researcher also conducted some peer
examination with students of the English Department and discussed the result
with the expert lecturers to get expert judgment. The researcher also applied
25
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of result and discussion. The result presents the result of
the research in form of number which is presented in two ways, frequency and
percentage. Then, the data found are presented in the discussion. The result and
discussion are based on the formulation of the research in the chapter I. They are
the types of proper nouns, the translation techniques and the degree of meaning
equivalence.
A. Research Results
This sub-chapter consists of the findings of the types of the proper nouns, the
translation techniques, and the degree of meaning equivalence. The results are
presented as the tables based on the three formulations of the research which
contain the frequency and the percentage which represent the amount of the result.
1. The Types of Proper Nouns Found in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara
There are six types of proper noun found in this research namely personal
name, geographical units, nationalities and religions, holidays, time units, and
word used for personalities. The table below shows the frequency and the
26
Table 2. Types of Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara
No. Types of Proper Noun Frequency Percentage
1. Personal names 250 37.54 %
there are six types of proper nouns gained as the data of this study. Table 2 shows
that the personal name type is the most frequent type which is found in Fuadi’s
Negeri 5 Menara. The occurrences of the personal names are 250 times or 37.54
%.
2. The Techniques in Translating the Proper Nouns
The second point shows the techniques, frequency and percentage of the
technique used by the translator in translating the proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri
27
Fernandes (2006) names rendition, copy, transcription, recreation, substitution,
deletion, addition, transposition, phonological replacement and conventionality
are all employed by the translator in translating the proper nouns in the books.
The finding is presented in table 3.
Table 3. Translation Techniques of the Proper Noun in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara
No. Techniques Frequency Percentage
1. Rendition 51 7.66 %
translate proper nouns of Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara. It is used 377 times or 56.60
%. The next is conventionality which is 111 times occurs or 16.67 %. It is
followed by rendition which has 51 times occurrences or 7.67%. Deletion occurs
42 times or 6.31%, followed by addition which has 33 times occurrences. Then,
recreation and substitution has same occurrences 16 times or 2.4%. It is followed
by transposition which occurs 10 times or 1.50 %. Transcription occurs 9 times or
1.35%, and the most infrequent is phonological replacement which is employed
28
3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalent of the Translation of the Proper Nouns
This research finds that the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation
of the proper nouns is divided into four levels. They are fully equivalence, partly
equivalence, different meaning, and no meaning. To make a clear description, the
table below shows the frequency and the percentage of the degree of meaning
equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara.
Table 4. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of Proper Noun
in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara
No. Meaning Equivalence Frequency Percentage
1. Fully Equivalent 613 92.04 %
2. Partly Equivalent 15 2.25 %
3. Different Meaning 9 1.35 %
4. No Meaning 29 4.35 %
Total 666 100 %
Based on table 4, it can be seen that from 666 data found the translation of
proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara is mostly fully equivalent. It could be
seen from the frequency number reach 613 which means 92.04 %. It is followed
by no meaning with the frequency number is around 29 or 4.35%. The partly
equivalent reaches 15 or 2.25 %. Then, the lowest frequency is different meaning
which is only 9 or 1.35 %.
B. Discussion
This part presents the detail analysis of the data in this research. The analyses
29
of proper noun that found in the Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara, the translation
techniques used by translator in translating proper nouns, and the degree of
meaning equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns.
1. The Types of Proper Noun
This point aims to analyze the types of proper noun in the novels. The types
are divided into six types. They are personal names, geographical units,
nationalities and religions, holidays, time units, word used for personification. In
this study, the most frequent type of proper noun which occurs in Fuadi’s Negeri
5 Menara is personal name while the most infrequent type is holiday. Further
explanation is described in following discussion.
a. Personal Names
There are 250 out of 666 data that categorized as personal names. Below are
some the examples of the data.
ST: Aku bahkan sudah berjanji dengan Randai, ...
TT: I'd even made a pact with Randai,…
(33/5.5/PN/cop/FE)
Randai is a friend of Alif, the main character in Negeri 5 Menara. Randai is a
rival in everything especially in academic. The translator copies the ST into the
TT and it makes the meaning fully equivalent.
ST: ...aku ingin kuliah di UI, ITB dan terus ke Jerman seperti Pak Habibie.
TT: …attend university at the University of Indonesia, the Bandung Institute
30
(48/8.8/PN/add/FE)
Datum number 48 refers to the third president of Indonesia. The translator adds
the full name of Pak Habibie to translate it. Since the translator adds the full name
of Pak Habibie, it makes the TT have the fully equivalent meaning.
ST: Aku memanggilnya Pak Etek Muncak.
TT: I called him Uncle Muncak.
(74/16.16/PN/ren/FE)
Pak Etek Muncak is relative of Alif. The translator uses rendition technique to
translate it. In English, Pak Etek means uncle and Muncak is the name of person.
Therefore, Uncle Muncak in the TT has fully equivalent meaning.
ST: Ini adalah gaya Bung Karno,..
TT: This was the style of President Sukarno,…
(343/155.145/PN/rec/FE)
Datum number 343 refers to Bung Karno who is the founding father and the first
president of Indonesia. The translator recreates it to be President Sukarno, which
is the full name of Bung Karno. In Indonesia, “Bung” is a common call for a man
in the period of the struggle for independence era.
ST: …tidak jauh dari sekitar Barry Prima, . . .
TT: -
31
The last example is datum number 373. Barry Prima, is Indonesian senior actor in
80’s. The translator deletes in the translation version and it makes no meaning in
the TT.
b. Geographical Units
In Negeri 5 Menara there are 210 occurrences of geographical units. Below are the examples and the explanation.
ST: . . .secawan es tebak di Pasar Ateh, Bukittinggi.
TT: …a glass of shaved ice made by a spinning machine in my village in
West Sumatera.
(04/2.2/GU/del/NM)
Pasar Ateh is a market in Bukittinggi. The translator does not translate it in the
TT. It has no meaning in the TT since the translator deleted it.
ST: . . .secawan es tebak di Pasar Ateh, Bukittinggi.
TT: …a glass of shaved ice made by a spinning machine in my village in
West Sumatera.
(05/2.2/GU/sub/PE)
The next datum is number 05 reffering to Bukittinggi. It is a city in West
Sumatera Province. The translator substitutes Bukittinggi into West Sumatera. It
has partly equivalent meaning in the TT because West Sumatera is too general
when it is used to change Bukittinggi.
ST: … yang lulusan Pondok Madani di Jawa Timur.
32
(56/12.11/GU/ren/FE)
Datum number 52 is found in page 12 at original version. Pondok Madani
is a place where Alif continues his school. It is a modern Islamic boarding school
in East Java. The translator translates Pondok Madani into Madani Pesantren. In
Bahasa Indonesia the context of pondok is pesantren.
ST: …di Surau Kumango, Tanah Datar.
TT: …in Kumango, Tanah Datar.
(351/161.151/GU/del/DM)
The last example is Surau Kumango. Surau is a synonym of mushola or a
small mosque. Kumango is a little village in Bukittinggi. Therefore, Surau
Kumango is small mosque in Kumango village. The translator omits the word
surau, so that the meaning is different.
c. Nationalities and Religions
This type occurs 80 times. Here are the examples of the occurrence.
ST: Insya Allah, dengan doa Amak dan Ayah, ...
TT: Insya Allah, God willing, with Amak and Father's prayer…
(37/6.6/NR/add/FE)
The first example is datum number 37, Insya Allah, which means a wish. The
translator adds the meaning of Insya Allah in the translation version and its
keeping the meaning equivalence of the words.
ST: …dengan membaca Alfatihah dan Ayat Kursi, ….
33
(186/73.68/NR/rec/DM)
Next datum, number 186, Alfatihah dan Ayat Kursi are parts of Al-Qur’an. Al
Fatihah is the first surah in Al-Qur’an, while Ayat Kursi is one verse in surah
Al-Baqarah. Ayat Kursi is 255th verse. In the translation version, the translator
recreates those words into “our prayer”. It makes the meaning different, because
“our prayer” is too general when it is used for replace the specific prayer such as
Al-Fatihah and Ayat Kursi.
ST: …penuh orang Yahudi…
TT: …full of Jewishpeople…
(403/177.166/NR/con/FE)
The third example is Yahudi from datum number 403. It is a religion. The
translation of this religion is Jewish. It has been a convention. Therefore, the
meaning is fully equivalent.
ST: …antara Minangkabau dan tanah Parahiyangan. TT: …between the two lands.
(572/310.290/NR/del/NM)
Datum number 572 is an ethnicity in Indonesia. This ethnicity is from West
Sumatera. The translator does not translate Minangkabau, she deletes it. It has no
meaning because in the TT is omitted.
ST: Tuhan sungguh Maha Pendengar.
34
(666/405.383/NR/con/FE)
The last example of this type is the last data. Maha Mendengar is one of the
natures of Allah. The translator translates it into “The Listener”. Allah is truly the
best listener. Allah will listen all the prayer of His people. It has fully equivalent
meaning because it has been a conventionality.
d. Holidays
According to Cambridge Advance Dictionary Learner’s, holiday is an official
day when someone do not have to go to work or school. In this study, there are
two data that are classified as holiday. Here are the examples.
ST: Pada suatu Idul Fitri, …
TT: One Idul Fitriholiday, …
(346/160.150/H/cop/FE)
ST: …hari besar keramat ketiga setelah Idul Adha dan Idul Fitri.
TT: …the third biggest holy day after Idul Adha and Idul Fitri.
(438/190.177/H/cop/FE)
Idul Fitri and Idul Adha are holidays. Those are celebrated by all Muslims in the
world. Idul Fitri is celebrated on 1st Syawal, while Idul Adha on 10th Dzulhijah.
The translator copies those ST to the TT. Therefore, the TT has fully equivalent
35
e. Time units
In this study, the time unit only occurs nine times from 666 data. Here are the
examples.
ST: Hari sekolah Sabtusampai Kamis…
TT: School is in session Saturday until Thursday…
(161/56.53/TU/con/FE)
The first example is Sabtu which is found in datum 161. Sabtu is sixth day of the
week before Sunday. In English, Sabtu is Saturday, it has been a convention.
Therefore, the meaning in the TT is fully equivalent.
ST: Setiap malam Senin dan malam Kamis…
TT: Every Sunday nightand Thursday night,…
(305/118.111/TU/sub/FE)
Next datum is malam Senin, the translator substitutes Senin into Sunday which is
actually Senin is Monday but the meaning is fully equivalent since malam Senin is
equivalent with Sunday night.
ST: …setiap malam Jumat, dia pasti mengira…
TT: …every Thursday night, he’d surely think…
36
The example above is similar to malam Senin. Jumat is Friday, but the translator
substitutes into Thursday since malam Jumat is Thursday night. It is also fully
equivalent because the meaning in the ST and the TT refer to the same meaning.
ST: Setiap malam Senin dan malam Kamis…
TT: Every Sunday night and Thursday night,…
(306/118.111/TU/con/DM)
Datum number 306 is different from the three data explained before. The
translator translates malam Kamis into Thursday night. It is a convention that
Kamis is Thursday, but in this context malam Kamis means Wednesday night.
Therefore, when the translator translates it into Thursday night, it makes different
meaning in the target text.
ST: …segera kembali ke PM bulan Syawal depan. TT: …to get back to MP next month in Shawwal.
(543/285.268/TU/trcrip/FE)
The last example is datum number 543, Syawal. It is tenth month in
Islamic calendar system. The translator translates it into Shawwal. Even if the
transcription is different, but the pronunciation is the same. So, the meaning is
fully equivalent.
f. Words Used for Personification
This type is a thing which is treated as a person. In this study, the researcher
37
ST: Aku ingin kuliah di UI, ITB dan terus ke Jerman seperti Pak Habibie.
TT: …attend university at the University of Indonesia, the Bandung Institute of Technology, and continue on to Germany, like Mr. B.J. Habibie.
(45/8.8/P/con/FE)
The first example is UI or Universitas Indonesia. It is name of a university in
Indonesia which is located in Jakarta. The translator translates into University of
Indonesia. The translation of this example has been a convention. Therefore the
meaning is fully equivalent.
ST: … di loket bus antar pulau, P.O. ANS.
TT: …a counter for the inter-island bus.
(73/15.15/P/del/NM)
The next is datum number 73, P.O. ANS. It is a bus company for destination to
Sumatera. The translator does not translate this proper noun so it has no meaning
in English version.
ST: …di papan notnya: Sepasang Mata Bola.
TT: …on the note board: Sepasang Mata Bola (A Pair of Eyes)…
(117/34.32/P/add/FE)
The third example is a title of song by Ismail Marzuki. The translator keeps the
source language but she adds the translation in English and it makes the meaning
equivalent.
ST: ……Terminator, Naga Bonar, dan Dongkrak Antik.
TT: …..Terminator, Naga Bonar, and Dongkrak Antik.
38
ST: …seperti: Bangkitnya Nyi Roro Kidul, Ratu Buaya Putih,…
TT: -
(370/171.160/P/del/NM)
Data number 322 and 370 are Indonesian movie in 1980’s. The first movie
is Dongkrak Antik, acomedy movie stared by comedy group “Warkop DKI”. The translator keeps the source text and does not translate the title. Therefore, it has
fully equivalent meaning. Different from the second movie, Bangkitnya Nyi Roro
Kidul is a horror movie stared by Suzanna. The translator does not translate this. So, the first title has equivalent meaning and the second one has no meaning
because the translator deletes it in the target text.
2. The Techniques in Translating the Proper Noun
This point centers on analyzing the translation techniques employed by the
translator in translating proper nouns. All the 666 proper nouns which is
discovered and listed as the data of the analysis are taken from the source novel
by A. Fuadi, Negeri 5 Menara and compared to the target novel The Land of Five
Towers. Here are the techniques found.
a. Rendition
In this study rendition is found 51 times from all 666 data. The concept of
rendition is similar with literal translation. Here are some examples.
ST: ... ada surat dari Pak Etek Gindo,...
TT: …there's a letter from Uncle Gindo…
39
In datum number 54, Pak Etek in Minangese means little brother of father. The
translator translates it into “Uncle Gindo”. Because the Pak Etek istranslated into
“uncle” so that this datum is classified as rendition. In the novel, Pak Etek Gindo
is uncle of Alif, the main character in Negeri 5 Menara. This datum has fully
equivalent meaning.
ST: …tips yang dibacanya di buku Tuntutan Menjadi Orator Ulung.
TT: … a tip he read in a book called A Tutorial on being a Good Orator.
(342/154.144/P/ren/FE)
The second data is Tuntutan Menjadi Orator Ulung. It is the title of a book. The
translator translates it into ”A Tutorial on being a Good Orator”. Literaly, it is the
translation, has equivalent meaning with the ST.
ST: …dengan membaca Ayat Kursi dan Surat Yasin dari kitab Quran
kecilnya…
TT: …reciting the Throne Verse and Surah Ya Sin from his small holy Al-Quran.
(519/241.228/NR/ren/FE)
The third example is Ayat Kursi. It is a verse of surah Al-Baqarah in Al-Qur’an.
Ayat Kursi is 255th verse in Al-Baqarah. The translator translates into “throne
verse”. Throne is equivalent with kursi because when we read the meaning of that
verse, the word kursi means a throne not a chair. So, it is classified as rendition
40
b. Copy
In this research, copying is the mostly used in translating the proper nouns. It
is found 377 occurrences. From all the occurrences, here are some examples.
ST: . . . menayangkan Wheater Channel yang mencatat . . .
TT: … showed the Weather Channel, displaying...
(03/2.2/P/cop/FE)
Datum number 03, “Weather Channel”, is one of TV programs which broadcasts
about the weather. The translator copies the ST into the TT. Therefore it has fully
equivalent meaning.
ST: … menumpang bus kecil Harmonis yang terkentut-kentut merayapi
Kelok Ampek Puluah Ampek.
TT: …I rode a small Harmonis bus that sputtered along a notorious road
called Kelok Ampek Puluah Ampek.
(70/15.15/GU/cop/FE)
Next datum is Kelok Ampek Puluah Ampek. It is a name of a road in West
Sumatera. The meaning of Kelok Ampek Puluah Ampek is 44 junctions. The
translator does not translate it in the TT. The meaning is fully equivalent because
the translator copies the ST in the TT.
ST: Makhluk paling raksasa di kelas adalah Said Jufri yang berasal dari
Surabaya.
TT: The biggest creature in the class was Said Jufri from Surabaya.
41
The third example is “Said Jufri”. It is a personal name. He is Alif’s friend in the
novel. The translator also copies the ST. Therefore, it has fully equivalent
meaning.
ST: … 4. Durusul Lughoh Arabiah dan Muthala’ah
TT: … 4. Durusul Lughoh Arabiah dan Muthala’ah
(167/58.55/P/cop/FE)
The last example is Durusul Lughoh Arabiah dan Muthala’ah. Those are names
of religion majors in Madani Islamic Boarding School. This datum is also copied
by the translator in the TT. Since the ST is copied in the TT, therefore the
meaning of all data using copying technique is exactly fully equivalent.
c. Transcription
This technique occurs 9 times in this study. Here are the examples.
ST: Maka selesai shalat Asharberjamaah,…
TT: After finishing congregational Asrprayer,…
(192/82.76/NR/trcrip/FE)
The first example is Ashar. For Moslem it is a prayer in the afternoon before the
sunset. The translator transcripts it into “Asr”, the pronunciation is quiet different
but the meaning is fully equivalent.
ST: …melagukan syair nakal Abu Nawas bersama sebelum shalat Maghrib. TT: …sang the Poem of Abu Nawas before Magrib Prayer.
42
It is same as the second example, Maghrib, Moslem prays Maghrib after the
sunset. The translator transcripts into “Magrib”, the transcripton is changed but
the meaning is still equivalent.
ST: …dengan membaca Ayat Kursi dan Surat Yasin dari kitab Quran
kecilnya…
TT: …reciting the Throne Verse and Surah Ya Sin from his small holy
Al-Quran.
(520/241.228/NR/trcrip/FE)
The third is Surat Yasin. It is one of 36th surah in Al-Qur’an. The translator
changes the transcription of Yasin with adds a space between Ya and sin. Since the
pronunciation is not changed, the meaning is also fully equivalent.
ST: Mata pelajaran Al-Quran dan Haditsjuga dibawakan …
TT: The subjects Al-Quran and Hadithswere also presented…
(283/112.105/NR/trcrip/FE)
The last example is hadits. In Islam, there are two guidance, Al-Qur’an
and hadits. Al-Qur’an is the holy book and miracle which is given to Prophet
Muhammad through Jibril, the angel. Hadist is record of Prophet Muhammad’s
sayings or customs which is retold by his companions. The translator translates it
into hadiths. She transcripts the –its into –iths. The spelling is changed but it does
not change the meaning.
d. Recreation
This technique occurs 16 times. From all occurrences, there are some
43
ST: …bordir yang produknya sampai ke Tanah Abang.
TT: …embroidery business whose products went as far as Malaysia.
(248/99.93/GU/rec/DM)
The first example is datum number 248, Tanah Abang. It is name of a place in
Jakarta, Indonesia. In translating those words the translator recreates Tanah Abang
into Malaysia. It is totally different meaning because Malaysia is a country in
north-west of Indonesia near Sumatera and Kalimantan or Borneo.
ST: …ditambah segelas susu atau Milo,….
TT: …a glass of milk or iced chocolate,…
(308/120.112/P/rec/FE)
The next is datum is number 308, Milo. It is a brand of chocolate powder drink in
Indonesia that can be served hot or cold. The translator recreates it into iced
chocolate. Since the points in the ST and the TT are the same, chocolate, this
datum is fully equivalent meaning.
ST: …tak ada dana khusus untuk libur pulang ke Padang.
TT: …wasn’t any special money for me to come home to West Sumatra on the break.
(472/214.201/GU/rec/PE)
The third example is Padang. It is a city in West Sumatera Province. The
translator recreates Padang into West Sumatera. This datum is partly equivalent
because West Sumatera is wide. When someone says West Sumatera, people can
think Bukittinggi, Solok, Pariaman. When someone mentions Padang, people
