SHIFT OF EXPLICITNESS IN TRANSLATION OF NEGERI LIMA
MENARA INTO THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By;
M. MUSTAFA IQBAL RAJAGUKGUK
Register Number: 8136112048
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis was writtes with the advice of masy great asd extraordisary
people, who had costributed their isspirisg thought, idea, asd huge support
through losg discussioss, wosderful usderstasdisg, compassioss, love asd
prayers. First asd foremost, the writer would like to thask the almighty Allah
SWT for the grace asd praise that has bees gives to him ustil he cas complete this
thesis.
A great gratitude goes to his advisers Prof. Dr. Busmis Gursisg, M. Pd,
asd Dr. Rahmad Huseis, M.Ed for their iscredible guidasce, advice, ksowledge,
time, support asd wisdom durisg the writisg of this thesis.
As appreciatios is also acksowledged to the Head asd Secretary of
Esglish Applied Lisguistics Study Program of UNIMED, Dr. Rahmad Huseis M.
Ed, asd Dr. Assi Holila, M.Hum for the escouragemest asd valuable advices.
Gratitude also goes to the admisistrative staff of LTBI UNIMED, Farid Ma’ruf,
for the admisistrative assistasce is accomplishisg this thesis.
Special thasks are dedicated to all examisers for the critics, advice,
feedback asd cosstructive commests for the bettermest of this thesis. For all
lecturers of LTBI UNIMED, who had guided asd illumisated the writer durisg
her study at the Postgraduate School with their remarkable ksowledge asd passios
is teachisg, a thask you is sot good esough. Dear professors, sirs, asd madams,
ii
From the classroom LTBI B1 where they used to pour ideas asd issights,
to the real world where they apply what they have learst, these followisg people
have bees the writer’s isspiratios asd role models is the past few years. Thask
you Ms.Juriah, Sri asd Laura for beisg such a good friesd to share all the life
stories beyosd what we had studied is lisguistics. Thask you all the class mates
that I fousd so supportive is escouragisg ose asother, especially to Mila, Nuri,
Abasg Dedi, Pasda, Kiky, who isspired the writer to fisish this.
Special gratitude goes to writer best friesds Agus Yusuf, Hasas Basri,
Ibrahim Ahmad, for the advices asd escourages fisishisg this thesis. For my
travellisg asd teachisg partser is Raja Esglish Course, Basg Taufik durisg the
challesgisg asd of course tirisg days of study asd the momests of waitisg, thask
you for becomisg some sweet distractioss by sharisg your fresh thoughts, stories
asd laughter. May God always light your path, your future esdeavor as you will
stay healthy asd happy.
A siscere gratitude also goes to all family, Daddy, Mom asd cousiss for
the thoughtful prayer asd the everlastisg love. For the remembrasce of my late
mommy is heaves who isspired me to be a better lady each asd every day. Family
is ose of the most essestial motivatioss to fisish this thesis asd also for their
uscosditiosal love to the writer. Their presesce asd prayers are the most
sigsificast features to his life. To Yusuf, a special ose who popped up is the very
last misutes of this thesis writisg, thask you for those measisgful sleepless sights
iii
Last but sot least, Ahmad Fuadi, his Isdosesias most favorite sovelist, asd
Asgie Kilbase, the trasslator of Negeri Lima Menara, may God bless your life, as
always, asd for writisg those brilliast isspirisg sovel, a joyful appreciatios is
humbly extesded to you.
Medas, 24 Juse 2016 The writer,
iv ABSTRACT
Rajagukguk, M Mustafa gqbal. Shift of Explicitness in translation of Negeri Lima Menara into The Land of Five Towers. Thesis: English Applied Linguistics Study Program. State University of Medan 2016
The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the the kind of cohesion shift in the translation found in the novel, entitled Negeri Lima Menara into The Land of Five Towers. The technique of analysis data used in this thesis is the theory developed by Blum - Kulka. (2000 in Venuti). The method used in analyzing this study is a qualitative method. The results showed that there are two types of cohesion shift; it was divided into level of explicitness and shift in text meaning. There are two types of explicitness in translation techniques that used in translating of novel, they are categorized into the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is lower than that of the source text is the most widely used (56%), the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the source text (44% ), in text meaning it was divided into two terms, they are the implicit meaning potential of the source language changes to explicit through translation (87%), and the explicit meaning potential of the source language changes to implicit through translation (13%). From the techniques of the translation used in level of explicitness it was found that the translator dominantly used shift in level explicitness in source language into target language. Meanwhile in text meaning the translator dominantly used the implicit meaning potential of the source text through translation. gt was because of difference culture between two languages. gt is well known as language repertoire. A translator should have deep understanding of the source language and that of the target linguistically and culturally, it means that a translator should be bilingual bicultural, and also be competent in other words, the process of translation involves translator to be communicators at the same time.
iv ABSTRAK
Rajagukguk, M Mustafa gqbal. Shift of Explicitness in translation of Negeri Lima Menara into The Land of Five Towers. Thesis: Linguistik Terapan Bahasa gnggris. Universitas Negeri Medan 2016
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisa jenis - jenis kohesi pergeseran dalam penerjemahan yang ditemukan dalam novel yang berjudul Negeri Lima Menara ke dalam bahasa sasaran The Land of Five Tower.
Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah pengembangan teori penerjemahan dari Blum - Kulka.(2000 di Venuti). Metode yang dilakukan dalam menganalisa penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat dua jenis pergeseran kohesi yang dibedakan yakni pergeseran tataran tersurat dan pergeseran makna teks. Dalam teknik penerjemahan yang dipakai dalam menerjemahkan ini kedua jenis pergeseran tersebut dibagi kembali menjadi empat bagian yakni tingkat tataran tersurat bahasa sumber lebih rendah dari pada bahasa target adalah yang paling banyak dipakai (56%), tingakat tataran tersurat bahasa target lebih tinggi (44%), sementara dalam perubahan makna, penerjemah menggunakan perubahan makna implisit pada bahasa sumber berubah menjadi eksplisit saat penerjemahan (87%), dan perubahan makna ekspisit pada bahasa sumber berubah menjadi implisit pada saat penerjemahan (13%). Dari keseluruhan pergeseran kohesi diketahui bahwa penerjemah menggunakan pergeseran tingakat tataran tersurat dalam bahasa target lebih rendah dari pada bahasa sumber. gni diakibatka oleh perbedaan kultural dalam kedua bahasa. Ditemukan ketidakmampuan bahasa target dalam menukar makna kedalam bahasa target. Dalam hal ini penerjemah harus menguasai kedua bahasa secara mendalam agar hasil penerjemahan menjadi lebih baik. Penerjemah harus mampu menyampaikan makna secara komunikatif.
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 3.1 Technique of Analyzing Shift in Level of Explicitness 44
Table 4.1 Types of Shift in Level of Explicitness in Translation of
Negeri Lima Menara into the Land of Five Towers
49
Table 4.2 Types of Shift in Text Meaning in Translation of Negeri Lima
Menara into the Land of Five Towers
50
Table 4.3 The General Level of the Target Text’s Textual Explicitness is
Higher than that of the Source Text
51
Table 4.4 Explicitness level of TL is higher than SL 52
Table 4.5 The General Level of the Target Text’s Textual Explicitness is
Lower than that of the Source Text
57
Table 4.6 Explicitness level of TL is lower than SL 58
Table 4.7 The Implicit Meaning Potential of the SL changes to explicit thorough translation
63
Table 4.8 Explicit of SL change to implicit meaning of TL 64
Table 4.9 The Implicit Meaning Potential of the SL Changes to Explicit Thorough Translation
65
x
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix 1. The General Level of the Target Text’s Textual Explicitness
is Higher than that of the Source Text
T0
Appendix 2. The General Level of the Target Text’s Textual Explicitness
is Lower than that of the Source Text
92
Appendix 3. The Implicit Meaning Potential of the SL Changes to
Explicit through Translation
10T
Appendix 4. The Explicit Meaning Potential of the SL Changes to
Implicit through Translation
73
CHAPTER V
COPCLUSIOPS APD SUGGESTIOPS
5.1 Conclusions
Related to the problem of the study shift of explicitness in translation of
Negeri Lima Menara into The Land of Five Towers, it was concluded that:
1. There are two kinds of shift explicitness that found in the translation novel of
Negeri Lima Menara into The Land of Five Towers, they are shift in the level
of explicitness are break into two they are the general levels of target text’s
textual explicitness are higher or lower than that of the source text.
2. There are two kids of shift in the text meaning occur in the translation novel of
Negeri Lima Menara into The Land of Five Towers are divided into two they
are the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the source text changes
through translation.
3. In translation of Negeri Lima Menara into The Land of Five Towers the
general levels of target text’s textual explicitness is lower than that of the
source text 56 %, the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is
higher that of the source text 44 %.
4. Shift in text meaning the implicit meaning potential of the source language
changes to explicit thorough translation 87 %, the implicit meaning potential
of the source language changes to explicit thorough translation 13 %.
5. The reason why the dominant shift of explicitness used in translation of
Negeri Lima Menara into The Land of Five Towers is shift in the level of
explicitness specifically general level of the target text textual explicitness is
lower than target language. This is caused by the significant using is caused by
74
differences of grammatical systems between two languages. The translators
feel that not need to add information on source language or even reduced word
in the target language so that there is no misunderstanding of the target
language, the additions are only adds obscurity of meaning in the target
language and finally the reader can understand the text easily.
6. The reason why the implicit meaning potential of the SL changes to explicit
through translation because the translator wants to elaborates the hidden
meaning on target language by adding some information into target language.
The products of translation become more explicit than the source language so
that the reader can understand the meaning easily.
5.2 Suggestions
Translating is not merely changing words, phrases, or sentences into
different languages; it has to do with culture. Translating cultural terms or
culturally-bound that contained in novel is not as easily as translating other terms.
A translator should have deep understanding of the source language and that of
the target linguistically and culturally, it means that a translator should be
bilingual bicultural, and also be competent in other words, the process of
translation involves translator to be communicators at the same time. In cultural
translation, a translator does not need to render terms that are unfamiliar and
unknown in the target language, just retain the cultural terms so that the target
language readers will know and understand about the source language culture.
However, footnotes are required. In addition, students, researchers, scholars, and
75
this research as a reference to conduct a further research closely related to cultural
767 7
REFERENCES
7Baker,7M.71992.7In other words: A Course Book on Translation. London7&7New7
York:7Routledge.77 7
Bogdan7and7Biklen.71992.7Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to
Theory and Method. NeildamHeighs,7MA:7Allyn7and7Bacon.7
7
Basnett,7dusan.71991.7Translation Studies. London7and7New7York:7Routledge7and7
Longman.7 7
Blum-Kulka.7d.71986.7Shift of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation. London.7
Routledge.7 777
Catford,7J.C.71965.7A Linguistic Theory of Translation:7Oxford:7Oxford7University7
Presss.7
Denzin,7 N.K.,7 &7 Lincoln,7 Y.d.7 1994.7 Handbook of Qualitative Research.
Thousand7Oaks:7dage7Publication.7 7
Frankenberg,7A.72009.7Are Translation Longer than Source Language Texts? A
corpus-based study of explicitation. Amsterdam7 and7 Philadelphia:7 John7 Benjamins.7
7
Halliday,7M.7A.7K.,7&7Hasan,7R.71976.7Cohesion in English. London:7Longman.7
7
Hatim.7B7&7Mason,I.71990.Discourse and the Translation.dingapore:7Longman.7
7
Hatim.B7&7Mason.I.71997.7The Translator as Communicator.7London:7Routledge.7
7
Jacobson,7 R.7 1966.7On Linguistic Aspect of Translation. In L. Venuti (Ed), The
Translation Studies Reader.7New7York7&7London.7Routledge.77 7
Klaudy,7 K.7 1998.7Explicitation: Encyclopedia of Translation studies. London:7
Routledge.7 7
Larson,7 Mildred7 L.7 1998.7 Meaning-Based Translation. A Guide to
Cross-Language Equivalence. Maryland:7 decond7 Edition.7 University7 Press7 of7 America,7Inc.7
7
Lincoln,7 Y.d.7 &7 Guba,7 E.G.7 1985.7 Naturalistic inquiry.7 California:7 dage7
Publications.7
Miles,7M7&7Huberman,7A71984.7Qualitative data analysis,7Newbury7park:7dage77
7
777 7
7
Nababan,7 M.R.7 2003.Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta:7
PustakaPelajar.7 7
Newmark,7P.71988.7A Textbook of Translation. London:7Prentice7Hall.7
7
Newmark,7 P.7 1991.7 About Translation.Hertforshire:7 Clevedom:7 Multilingual7
Matter.7 7
Nida,7 Eugine.7 2000.7Principles of Correspondence. In the Translation Studies
Reader. London:7Routledge.77 7
Nida.7E.7A.,7&7Taber,7R.C.71982.7The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden:7
E.J.7Brill.7 7
Papai,7 Vilma.7 2004.7Explicitation: A Universal of Translated Text. Amsterdam:7
John7Benjamins.7 7
Rizky.7 2011.7 The Translation Strategy of Cultural Words in LaskarPelangi.
Unpublished.7Jakarta.7dtate7Islamic7University7of7dyarif7Hidayatullah.7 7
duryawinata.Z7 and7 Hariyanto.d.7 2004.Translation:Bahasa Teoridan Penuntun
Praktis Menerjemahkan Yogyakarta:7Kanusinus7
dhenton,7 K.7 A.7 2004.7Strategies for Ensuring Trustworthiness in Qualitative
Research Project. Education7 for7 Information7 227 (2004)7 63-757 63.7 IOd7 Press.7
7
Venuti7(Eds).72000.7Translation Studies Reader.7London.7Routledge7
7
Venuti.7 L7 (ed).7 2000.7The Translation Studies Reader.7 London7 and7 New7 York:7
Routledge.7 7
Vinay,7J.P7&7J.7Darbelnet.71958.7Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A
Methodology for Translation. Amsterdam:7John7Benjamin.7 7
Willls,7 Wolfram.7 1982.7 Translation Equivalence, Ten Paper on Translation.
dingapore:7dEAMEO7Regional7Language7Centre.7 7
Aryanti,7Y.7T.72014.7The explicit and Implicit Meaning Potential can Change in
Process of the Translation from Indonesian Text to the English Text in Tempo Magazine. (on7 line)7 Vol.197 No.127 (http://www.iosrjournals.org7 ,7
accessed7on720th7November72015)7
7
Baleghhizadeh,7 d,7 dharifi,7 A.7 2010.7Explicitation of Implicitation of Implicit
787 7
Interpreting. (On7 line)7 Vo.27 No.27 (http://www.irianian-efl-journal.com,7
accessed7on713rd7November72015)7
7
Baleghzadeh,7 d.&dharifi.7 A.7 2010.Explicitation of Implicit logical links in
Persian-English Translation.7Translation & Interpreting (On7 line)Vol.27
No.277(http://trans-int.org7,7accessed7on715th7November72015)7
Beikian,7A,7Nahid7Yahahdzehi7&7Mahta7K.7N.72013.Explicitation of Conjunctive
Relation in Ghabraci’sPersian Translation of the Kite Runner. (On7line)7
Vol.37 No.17 (http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v3n2p817 ,7 accessed7 on7 13rd7
November72015)7 7
Ferdowsifard,7 Aida.7 2013.7Optional Structural Shift in Translation; a Critical
Discourse Analysis Approach. (On7line)7Vo.27No.717(http://efl.journal.com7
,accessed7on714th7November72015)7
7
Kenneth,7O,7Peter7M.7Explicitation in Courtroom Interpretation: Evidence from
Kenyan Courts.7(On7line)7Vol.27No.77(http://www.theijhss.com,7accessed7 on7157November72015)77
7
Lin,7dha.7Nian.72013.7Differences in English and Chinese Cohesion Devices and
Their Application in English to Chinese Translation Teaching. (On7line)7 Vol.27 No.37 (http://www.educ.utas.edu.au.user/tie/Journal.com,7 accessed7
on720th7November72015)7
Mansour,7 A,7 Belqies7 Al-dowaidi.7 2014.7Investigating Explicitation in Literary
Translation from English into Arabic. (On7 line)7 Vol.7 2.7 No.37
(http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijlc.v2n3a5.7 7
Mustafa,7H.E.72015.7Paradigm Shift in Translation Studies: Focus on Linguistic,
Cultural, Social and Psychological Turns.7 (On7 line)7 Vol.127 No.57
(http://10.17265/1539-8072/2015.05.0077 ,7 accessed7 on7 13rd7 November7
2015)7 7
daldanha,7G.72008.7Explicitation Revisited: Bringing the Reader into the Picture.7
(On7 line)7 Vol.27 No.47 (http://d-nb.info/999838504/34,7 accessed7 on7 257 November72015)7
7
dalimi,7 Anita7 &Rajabali.2015.7Cohesion Shift and Explicitation in English Text
and Their Persian Translation: A Ease Study of Three Novel7 .(on7
line)Vol.117 No.3,7 (http://www.Iranian-efl-journal.com,7 accessed7 on7 25th7
797 7
dhahbaiki,7A.2013.7Translation Shift in the Persian Translation of a Tale of Two
Cities by Charles Dickens.(on7 line)7 Vol.27 No.1,7
(http://10.5901/ajis/2013.2n1p3917,7accessed7on715th7November72015)7
7
Toussi,7 M.7 T.7 M,7 Jangi,7 M.7 2013.7Cohesion Shift in English Medical Text and
Their Persian Translation; Asian Journal of Research in Social Science
and Humanities. (On7 Line)7 Vol.27 No.127
(http://www.educ.utas.edu.au.user/tie/Journal.com,7 accessed7 on7 20th7
November72015)7
Xi,7Yi.72010.7Cohesion Studies in the Past 30 Years: Development, Application
and Chaos.7 (on7 line)7 Vol.7 37 No.47
(http://www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tie/JOURNAL,7 accessed7 on7 15th7
November72015)7 7
Yalsharzeh,7 Reza.7 2013.7Expertise and Explicitation in Translation Studies: Is
there any Relationship.7 (On7 line)7 Vol.117 No.37
(http://www.irianian-efl-journal.com7,accessed7on726th7November72015)7
7
dumardiono.7 2000.7 LokasidalamPenerjemahan.7 (On7 line)7
(http://dion-zydion21.blogspot.com/2009/10/karya-ilmiah-lokalisasi-dalam.html,7
accessed7on7January79th72015)7
Wu,7Jing.72014.7Shift of Cohesive Devices in English – Chinese Translation. (On7
line)7Vol.747No.78.7(http://doi.10.4304/tpls74.8.1659-1664),7accessed7on7227 July72016)7
