AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG Student Number: 044214143
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDT PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
i
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF
PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF
PRAMOEDYA’S
RUMAH KACA
INTO
HOUSE OF GLASS
BY MAX LANE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG Student Number: 044214143
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDT PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
iv
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universias Sanata Dharma :
Nama : CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG
Nomor Mahasiswa : 044214143
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya berjudul :
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF GLASS BY MAX LANE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta
v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancellation if he took somebody else’s ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper references.
Yogyakarta, 4 March, 2010
vi
Only a LIFE lived
for OTHERS
is WORTH living
vii
To Mama’
viii
Firstly, I would like to thank God, especially Jesus Christ. I know that You always listen my prayers. I also would to thank my beloved father and mother Drs. F.X. Pantasilaban, and sisters Andriyani Yulianti Imokbonang and Brigita Oktaviana Imokbonang.
I am very grateful to my advisor J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. for helping me doing my undergraduate thesis with his guidance, patience, and opinion for almost four semesters. I am grateful to my co-advisor Adventina Putranti, S. S., M. Hum. for her very important criticism and opinion. I can improve a lot of my knowledge about linguistic study, especially for the translation
I also would like to say many thanks to my friends and brothers: Shintya Dwi Aryani, Hans, Mart, Tirman, Polo, Guido, Tains, Eka Chetavnk, Toras, Dicky, Bodjai, Wawan, Ronny, Adit, Galih, Galon, Yuli Satyawati, Femme, Taufik, Ison, Toni, Meita, 3Bayu, Hardian, Alfa, Christo, Eling, Elli, Danita, Troy, The Killers, Reena Rai and Merry from Myanmar, 2Adi, Jojo, Saverin, Diana and friends, Nina, and others. I also would to thank Sanata Dharma University lectures and staff; Mr. Arianto, Mbak Niek, Ms. Anna, Mr. Alip, Ms. Ria, Ms. Linda, Ms. Dewi, Father Harry, Mr. Sarwoto, Mr. Fajar, Mr. Dwijatmoko, Mr. Hir, Ms. Ni Luh, Mr. Pomo, and others. All of you have made my life colorful in Sanata Dharma. Finally, I must express deep gratitude for Alm. Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Max Lane, you have the high quality works.
ix
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………. 7
A. Review of Related Studies ………. 7
B. Review of Related Theories ………... 8
1. Theory of Idiom ………... 8
2. Theory of Affixes in Indonesian Language ………. 10
3. Theory of Translation ……….. 11
4. Theory of Translation Strategy: Idiom Translations ………... 11
a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form ……… 12
b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form ………… 12
c. Translation by paraphrase ……….. 12
d. Translation by omission ………. 13
5. Theory of Figurative Expressions ……… 13
6. Theory of Equivalent ………... 15
a. Figurative Equivalent ………. 15
b. Nonfigurative Equivalent ………... 16
C. Theoretical Framework ……….. 16
D. Research Framework ……….. 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 19
x
1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form ……….. 24
2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form ……….. 25
3. Translation by paraphrase ……… 26
B. The Classification of Translation Strategies based on Figurative and Nonfigurative Equivalents ……….. 36
1. Figurative Equivalents ………. 37
2. Nonfigurative Equivalents ………... 40
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………. 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………... 51
APPENDICES ... 53
xi
ABSTRACT
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG. Classification of Translation Strategies of Pure Idioms in The Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca
Into House of Glass by Max Lane. Yogyakarta; Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2010.
This undergraduate thesis discusses the equivalents of the applied strategies of pure idiom translations in House of Glass, the English translation of Rumah Kaca by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This work is related with the idiom usages as a part of cultural language expression, especially in The Indonesian language. The data of this undergraduate thesis are concerned on pure idioms. The consideration lies in the fact that pure idiom is one class of idioms which is categorized as the most complex idiom; it is very possible that not everyone can understand pure idioms, even in condition that they are the native.
There are two problems that were analyzed in this thesis. The first problem is what strategies which are applied in translating pure idioms in House of Glass, and the second is how the translation strategies are classified in terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents.
The method used in this study is comparative method which was comparing the data from one language to another language. This method was used to probe how the pure idioms in ST (Source Text) were translated and to classify the translation strategies.
The first result of this analysis is finding the applied strategies of pure idiom translations in House of Glass, they are using an idiom of similar meaning and form strategy for two translations (8%), using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy for three translations (12%), and
translation by paraphrase strategy for twenty translations (80%). The second results are that the equivalents of applied strategies are classified into figurative and nonfigurative usages, and the results are the strategies of using an idiom of similar meaning and form and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form only have figurative equivalents; while the strategy of translation by paraphrase has both figurative and nonfigurative equivalents in the translations inside, secondly, the usages of other figurative ways besides idiom in
xii
Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2010.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang kesamaan-kesamaan pada terjemahan dalam terapan strategi penerjemahan idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, yakni versi bahasa inggris dari Rumah Kaca karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Karya ini berkenaan dengan penggunaan idiom-idiom sebagai bagian dari ungkapan kultural suatu bahasa, khusunya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Data pada skripsi ini dititikberatkan pada idiom penuh. Pertimbangannya adalah karena pada kenyataanya idiom penuh merupakan salah satu kelas idiom yang dikategorikan sebagai idiom yang paling kompleks, jadi sangat besar kemungkinan bahwa tidak semua orang dapat mengerti idiom penuh, bahkan untuk penutur asli sekalipun.
Terdapat dua masalah yang akan dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Permasalahn pertama adalah strategi apa saja yang diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, dan permasalahan kedua adalah bagaimana strategi-strategi yang diterapkan diklasifikasikan dalam artian kesamaan majas dan kesamaan nonmajas.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode perbandingan, yang membandingkan data dari dua versi bahasa. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengetahui bagaimana idiom-idiom penuh pada teks sumber tersebut diterjemahkan, dan untuk mengklasifikasikan strategi penerjemahannya.
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
One of Pramoedya’s four great novels known as the fourth editionof The Buru Quartet or Tetralogy Pulau Buru is Rumah Kaca. This novel tells about the Hindia Belanda people (now Indonesia) life in the early 20th century, it was the time when the Hindia Belanda people were seeking their identities as the colonized people. This novel contains many social, political, cultural criticisms for Dutch government in Indonesia as Pramoedya’s allusions for the conditions of human-right matters in Indonesia government New Order regime, the era when Indonesia was led by president Soeharto.
Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca was banned in Indonesia. In other words, it was very hard for everyone to have and read it at that time. Based on linguistic point of view, this novel contains many cultural language expressions, and one of them is pure idiom, for examples; berbesar hati in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘merasa bangga’(to feel proud), the words berbesar and
hati have not literal connections with words ‘merasa bangga’ and muka dua in
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak jujur’(dishonest), ‘tidak satu pendirian’ (to have not a standpoint), the words muka dua have not literal connections with words ‘tidak jujur’or ‘tidak satu pendirian’. Chitra Fernando in
and read Rumah Kaca can understand the pure idioms inside, even in condition that they are the natives. The factual information for this novel is that Rumah Kaca and three other novels in Tetralogy Pulau Buru let Pramoedya to get PEN Freedom-to-write Award in 1988, and this novel was also already translated into English in 1992.
The political and linguistic contents of this novel seem to be hardly delivered by the public, but the achievement of this novel make it important to be considered for. Therefore, this phenomenon led the writer who concerns about this linguistic matter into the questions of how the pure idioms in Rumah Kaca
were translated into English in particular translations strategies, and how are the applied translation strategies classified in terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents.
The concern of this thesis is the equivalents of the applied pure idiom translation strategies. Many theories which are about idiom and its applications in translation studies, but the writer only uses some theories that have the similarities idea and related with the writer’s concern in thesis. They are Beckman and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’s theories of idioms, Chaer’s theory of suffixes in Indonesian Language, Larson’s theory of translation, Baker’s theory of idiom translation strategy, and Larson’s theories of figurative senses and equivalent.
3
and the literal meanings of individual words which make them up. A working definition of pure idiom which is adequate for the present is a type of conventionalized, non-literal multiword expressions (1996:1).
In the process of determining pure idioms in Rumah Kaca, Chaer’s theory of idioms in Indonesian Language takes the important role in this thesis, because ST is in Indonesian Language. Therefore, the writer can determine pure idiom in Indonesian Language and probe their forms and meanings by using Chaer’s
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia as the only reference in providing the meaning of all pure idioms in Rumah Kaca.
What strategies he used are the first question which guides the writer to make the study about the strategies of translating idioms from Rumah Kaca (ST) into House of Glass (TT). Therefore the writer uses Mona Baker’s idiom translation strategies to probe the applied strategies for each pure idiom; they are
using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission. Some references which are used in this step, they are Chaer’s Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia and Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia, Mona Baker’s in Other Words: A coursebook on translation, Linda and Roger Flavell’s dictionary of idioms and their origins, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, and Larson’s
senses. In addition, the explanation of the usages of other figurative senses besides idioms in the translation will be a valuable study in elaborating Baker’s strategies for idiom translation, especially for pure idiom translations from Indonesian Language into English.
B. Problem Formulation
In this thesis, there are two important points that will be discussed. First point is finding out what translation strategies that are applied in TT. Second is the classification of applied strategies in terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalences. Those points are briefly formulated as:
1. What the translation strategies for pure idioms are applied in the translation Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into House of Glass?
2. How are the translation strategies classified in terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents?
C. Objective of the Study
5
D. Definition of Terms Context
According to Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, context is the multi-layered extra-textual environment which exerts a determining influence on the language used (2004:336).
Equivalent
According to Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, equivalent is a TT segment or even full text which functions as an equivalent of the ST segment (2004: 339). Figurative Expression
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber in Theory and Practice of Translation state that figurative (meaning, expression) which is used in place of another meaning or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of ideas often mediated through a supplementary component (1974:201).
Idioms
According to Beckman and Callow in Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation, idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood literally and which function as a unit semantically. Idiom is one class of figurative expressions which occurs in all languages, but which is very language specific (1984:115).
Paraphrase
E. Benefit of the Study
The prime concern of this thesis is the equivalents of pure idioms tanslations in the applied strategies. Therefore the results of data analysis in this thesis have some benefits which are categorized into two segments; they are theoretical and practical benefits which are related with the concern of this thesis.
1. Theoretical Benefit
The study of this thesis will be useful reference for the other studies which are related with pure idiom translation, idiom translation strategies, and the equivalent of translation. The results and the process of the study also can be learned and compared with the other related study, especially in terms of the translation of Indonesian pure idioms into English in Pramoedya’s novels and the their English version.
2. Practical Benefit
The practical benefit of this study is for the translator/s in translating Indonesian pure idioms into English by using certain strategies. The possibilities which are found in this study in translating pure idiom by using other figurative expressions will be the consideration for the translator/s in elaborating Baker’s
7 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
The problems of translation are closely connected with the cultural background, strategies of translation, and some effects of translation in TT (target text). There are two related studies that are connected with those problems.
The first is Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s Undergraduate Thesis The Effects of Using Translation Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words
Related to Tools in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of
Mankind Translated by Max Lane. In his thesis, he analyze how the words connected with ‘tools’ in ST (source text) in Pram’s Bumi Manusia are translated into English, what translation strategies applied, and what kind of effects from applying those translation strategies. He categorizes the effects into: ‘loss of meaning’, ‘loss and gain of meaning’, ‘wrong translation’ and ‘accurate translation’.
The second is Yunita Wulansari’s Undergraduate Thesis Translation Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s
The similar ideas of Jamil’s, Yunita’s, and the writer are about translation and its strategies applied in TT, though each of us uses different strategies of translation and object of the studies. In this study, the writer is trying to find out the translation strategies for the other object, it is pure idiom.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Idiom
Beckman and Callow in Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation states that idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood literally and which function as a unit semantically.” Idiom is one class of figurative expressions which occurs in all languages, but which is very language specific (1984:115).
9
special to that co occurrence relation and no other. The examples are catch one’s breath ‘check’, foot the bill ‘pay’, etc. And the third sub-class is literal idioms, for examples: on foot; tall, dark and handsome; waste not, want not; on the contrary; a (very) happy birthday; a merry Christmas and a happy New Year, etc. Literal idioms meet the salient criterion for idioms: invariance or restricted variation. They are, however, less semantically complex then pure and semi-idioms (1996:36).
Indonesian Idioms are quite similar to English Idioms. Idiom which is quoted from Abdul Chaer in his dictionary Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia
(1984:7) is a fixed expression of words, phrases, or sentence which cannot be defined literally.
Idiom adalah satuan bahasa (entah berupa kata, frasa, maupun kalimat) yang maknanya tidak dapat “ditarik” dari kaidah umum gramatikal yang berlaku dalam bahasa tersebut, atau tidak dapat diramalkan dari makna leksikal unsur-unsur yang membentuknya (Chaer, 1984:7). (Idiom is the unity of language (words, phrases, and sentence) which meaning cannot be taken from general grammatical rule which is applied in the language, or defined from the lexical items which construct the unity, translated.) Idioms in Indonesian Language are categorized into two types only, pure and semi idioms. Pure idioms are idioms which all items have lost its lexical meaning. For examples; duduk perut means ‘hamil’ pregnant, membanting tulang
will be placed below its base stem. For example; ber-, me-, pe- for idiom sakit hati, they will be bersakit hati, menyakitkan hati, and penyakit hati (1984:11)
2. Theory of Affixes in Indonesian Language
Abdul Chaer in his book Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia
(1998:92, 210-279) explains the suffixes in Indonesian Language, some of them are affix/s ber-, me-, di- -kan, pe- -an,–nya and -mu. Affix ber- has the function to form intransitive verb, and has the meaning: to have, to use, to ride, etc. For examples; ber-ayah means to have ‘ayah’ father, ber-sepatu means to use ‘sepatu’ shoes, and ber-sepeda means to ride ‘sepeda’ bike cycle. Affix me- has the function to form active intransitive verb, and has the meaning: to do, to work with tool/s, to create something, etc. For examples; mem-baca means to do ‘baca’ read, meng-gergaji means to work with ‘gergaji’ a saw, and meng-gambar means to create ‘gambar’ picture. Affixes di- -kan has the function to form passive verb as the reverse of active verb in suffixes me- -kan. For example; di-gunak-an
means to be used as the reverse of meng-guna-kan which means to use. Affixes
per- -an has the function to form noun from verb, noun, or certain adjective, and has the meaning: thing/s or event/s. For examples: pem-bina-an means the event of ‘bina’ to build. Affixes -nya and –mu is the affixes which give the possessive meaning of noun. For example: mobil-nya means his/her ‘mobil’ car, mobil-mu
11
3. Theory of Translation
Larson in Meaning –Based Translation states that basically translation is a change of form. The forms refer to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc; which are spoken or written. In translation the form of source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language (1984:3). According to her, translation is the matter of transferring the meaning. Therefore the meaning which is being transferred must be held constant, and only the form which changes (1984:3).
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation, translation is the reproduction in a receptor language of the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style (1974:208).
Idiomatic translation takes the important role in translating figurative expression, according to Larson, idiomatic translations are meaning-based translations which make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Idiomatic translations use the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and the choice of lexical items (1984:15-16).
4. Theory of Translation Strategy: Idiom Translations
translator will recognize it as an idiom. It is because they do not make sense if they are interpreted literally. According to Baker, there are some strategies that may help in translating idioms after the meaning of the idioms in the SL are discovered, they are using an idiom of similar meaning form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and translation by omission (1992: 72-78).
a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
This strategy involves using an idiom in target language which conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom, in addition, consists of equivalent lexical items (1992:72).
b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
It is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression, but which consists of different lexical items (1992:74). Translator uses an idiom in the TL which has the similar meaning as the SL idiom although the form is not similar.
c. Translation by paraphrase
13
the other form. Translation by paraphrase strategy is used when the translator cannot find any idiomatic form in the TL. Therefore the translator may paraphrase the idiom in SL.
This is by far the most common way of translating idioms when a match cannot be found in target language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target languages. You may or may not find the paraphrase accurate;… (1992:75)
d. Translation by omission
This strategy is used when there is no close match in the target text or cannot be easily paraphrased. The translator may omit the idiom in the translations.
5. Theory of Figurative Expressions
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation, figurative expression is an expression which is used in place of another meaning or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of ideas often mediated through a supplementary component (1974:201). Larson in
Meaning-based Translation explains what figurative senses are. He quotes from Beekman and Callow’s Skewing of the Lexical and Grammatical Hierarchies
involving association. For example, ”The kettle is boiling.”, however a kettle
cannot boil. That sentence means the water is boiling, kettle is used to associate water which is usually boiled in a kettle. Synecdoche is figurative sense which based on part-whole relationships. For example, “give us this day our daily bread.”, bread associates food, because bread is a part of food (1984:113).
Nyoman K.R. in Stilistika: Kajian Puitika Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya states that synecdoche is divided into two types; Pars Prototo or part for whole relationships and Totem Proparte or whole for part relationship (2009:446). Idiom is one class of figurative expressions which occurs in all language, but which is very language specific. For example, “He has a hard heart.” has the meaning; he is indifferent to the needs of others. Euphemism is a figurative expression which is used to avoid an offensive expression or one that is socially unacceptable, or one that is unpleasant. For example, The Jews avoided mention of the name of God
by using the word heaven. Hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more said than the writer intended the reader to understand. For example, I’m frozen to death, this hyperbole has the meaning; very cold (1984:117). According to Michelson’s explanation which is quoted from Mahmoud Ordudari‘s journal
How to Face Challenging Symbols: Translating Symbol from Persian to English, considers a symbol is something which associates something else.
15
6. Theory of Equivalent
According to Basil H. and J. Munday in Translation: An advanced resource book, equivalent is a TT segment or even full text which functions as an equivalent of the ST segment, the function in context means the use of language for a particular purpose (2004:339).
Larson in his book Meaning-Based Translation states that secondary and figurative senses will almost never be translated with the equivalent lexical item of the source languge. In finding an adequate lexical equivalent, the translator must build into the context sufficient collocates to indicate the desired meaning.
Translators who want to make a good idiomatic translation often find figures of speech especially challenging. ... Figures of speech are often based on stories or historical incidents (Larson, 1984:21).
The desired meaning of figurative senses are possible to be translated, it is based on the usages in figurative or nonfigurative ways. In order to translate the desired meaning of ST, Larson categorizes the translations into figurative equivalent and nonfigurative equivalent (1984).
Figurative senses and figures of speech will almost always need adjustment in translation. Sometime a nonfigurative equivalent will be needed in the receptor language; sometimes a different figure of speech with the same meaning may be found. All figurative usage should not be eliminated from the translation. Sometimes it will be possible to translate a nonfigurative word of the source language with a figurative equivalent (Larson, 1984:159).
a. Figurative Equivalent
defined as figurative equivalent if the translator uses figurative expressions to indicate the desired meaning of figurative sense in ST.
b. Nonfigurative Equivalent
The translation will be defined as nonfigurative equivalent if the translator uses nonfigurative expressions to indicate the desired meaning of figurative sense in ST. It means that the usages translations are not categorized as figurative expressions.
C. Theoretical Framework
Considering the problems formulations that probe translations in and translation strategies of pure idioms from ST Paramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into target text House of Glass translated by Max Lane, some related studies and theories are needed to compare some ideas in the studies with writer’s idea about pure idioms in order to find some information and comparisons of theories and elements that are important for the writer’s ideas development in his study and also to help the writer in arranging the data with its formulized definitions and explanations.
The studies, Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s The Effects of Using Translation Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words Related to Tools
in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of Mankind
17
Manyar into The weaverbirds are about translation and its applied strategies. From their studies, the writer wants to show their general context of study that is same with the writer’s, it is translation. But the ideas and objects of the studies make us quite different.
D. Research Framework
Lane (English version)
pure idoms
translations of pure idioms (English) Baker’s translation strategies of
idioms:
‐ Idiom ∞ idiom (similar form)
‐ Idiom ∞ idiom (different form)
‐ Idiom ∞ paraphrase
‐ Idiom ∞ omission strategies for translation of pure idioms in Rumah Kaca (Indonesia – English)
Conclusion: the equivalents classification of the applied strategies shows their equivalents in each strategy, the possibilities of other figurative senses usages besides idioms, and the
The Equivalents classifications of the applied Strategies in terms of Figurative and
Nonfigurative usages.
19 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The thesis is about how equivalent pure idioms translations from Indonesian ST to their translation in English as TT, therefore, there are some data that are collected. First data is Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca which was published by Hasta Mitra in Yogyakarta, 1988. Rumah Kaca is the fourth of Buru Quartet that told about Hindia life under the colonialization in 19-20th century. This novel contents some pure idioms as one element of cultural language expressions in Indonesian Language. The second is Pramoedya’s English version
House of Glass which is translated by Max Lane. The third is the pure idioms in
B. Research Procedure 1. Objective Data
The most prevailing data are taken from the library. Therefore the study can be categorized as a library research. The data are 25 translations of 19 pure idioms of the novels Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca and the translations in English version House of Glass. All pure idioms are formalized; it means the pure idioms are categorized based on the dictionaries like dictionaries of idioms and other published English dictionaries.
2. Method of the Study
The comparison method is used in the study, because the main data are the pure idioms in ST and their translations. The writer needs to compare both data, especially for categorizing the applied strategies and finding the equivalents between them.
3. Data Collection
In order to collect the pure idioms from Rumah Kaca (ST), understanding about what the pure idiom is very important in determining what the pure idioms in ST are. The writer also needs to collect the phrases and sentences that are contextually connected with the pure idioms in ST. Then, after determining and collecting the pure idioms from ST, the writer needs to find out their translation in House of Glass (TT) by using theory of translation.
21
are two main data that be processed in the application of theories used by the writer; first, the pure idioms with context connected phrases and sentences in ST, and second are their translations in TT.
4. Data Analysis
There are some processes in explaining the technique of analysis for this study. First step is determining pure idioms from ST, the writer uses Beckman and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’ theories of idiom. The writer uses their interpretations about idioms in order to find the categories of idioms, so that they can be able to be differentiated by the other types of words in ST, and then the writer probe those pure idioms by using Chaer’s Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia. Second step is to find out the English translation for those pure idioms and their context connected phrases and sentences by using Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, dictionary of idioms and their origins, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, and Larson’s theory of translation. The writer uses those theories and dictionaries to probe the translations for the pure idioms and their context connected phrases and sentences, so they will be scientific to be analyzed and explained.
idiom of similar meaning form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission.
In fifth step, based on the usages of figurative and nonfigurative expressions in translating pure idiom, the writer classifies the applied strategies in terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents, therefore the writer can find the equivalents of the applied strategies. In this step of analysis, Larson’s theories of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents are used. Especially for nonfigurative equivalents analysis, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary is frequently to be the reference in determining the meaning of lexical items in pure idiom translation. Chaer’s theory of affixes in Indonesian Language is also used in analyzing the meaning of pure idioms which are added by some affixes.
23 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
A. Strategies of Pure Idiom Translations
Based on the definitions of idioms provided previously, 25 translations of 19 pure idioms have been found in ST (Rumah Kaca novel). Thus the pure idioms were translated using different strategies in House of Glass by the translator; Baker’s strategies of idiom translation are used in this analysis.
The analysis of the pure idioms translations of Rumah Kaca translated into House of Glass employed Baker’s four basic translation strategies in translating idioms: using an idiom of similar meaning and form, and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and
translation by omission.
1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
The translation of an idiom is very similar in its form and meaning to the source language idiom, it means, the translations roughly have the same meaning and equivalent lexical items.
a. bermuka dua translated into being two-faced
ST: Rupanya aku kurang pandai bersandiwara, bermuka dua.
TT: It seemed I was not very clever at putting on an act at being two-faced. Their meanings are quite similar each other. The idiom bermuka dua in
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak jujur‘ (dishonest), ‘tidak satu pendirian‘ (have not a standpoint), and the pure idiom being two faced in
dictionary of idioms and their origins is defined as hypocritical, saying one thing and meaning another. Their forms are also similar as pure idioms, because idiom
muka dua in Indonesian is from same origin of an English idiom, two-faced. Two faces under one hood was the original expression of duplicity (2005: 194).
b. menara gading translated into an ivory tower
ST: Dia melihat dunia ini dari suatu tingkat di dalam menara gading.
TT: He would be viewing the world from one floor or another of an ivory
tower.
25
of idioms and their origins, it is defined as a sheltered existence away from the problems and realities of life. An ivory tower also has same form with menara gading in ST, since they are from same origin of a French idiom, tour d’ivoire
which means ivory tower in English or menara gading in Indonesian.
2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
An idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy is translation of idiom by using an idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form in the target language. In this case the lexical items of an idiom are not preserved.
a. membanting tulang translated into working their guts out
ST: Semua pun tahu, anak-anak di Holland membanting tulang dalam kuliah mereka, …
TT: Everyone knew that the children in Holland were working their guts out in their studies; …
The idioms membanting tulang and working their guts out are quite similar in meaning, because banting tulang in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘bekerja keras‘ (to work hard), and idiom work their guts out in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined as to work very hard to achieve something. But they are dissimilar in form; membanting tulang is a pure idiom, while working their guts out is a semi idiom.
b. gulung tikar translated into close up shop
1. ST: …seakan-akan Hindia Belanda akan gulung tikar tanpa seorang Pangemanann.
2. ST: …dia, kalau tidak gulung tikar, akan tetap menjadi organisasi sosial,…
TT: No, if in fact it doesn’t just close up shop, it will never be anything more than just a social organization,…
There are two translations for gulung tikar, both translations of them are
close up shop (see appendix 1, no. 8 and 9). Both of them are used to explain the bankrupt condition of both organization, Indies and Sarekat Islam. The idiom
close up shop in Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms is defined as to stop doing bissines. The translator only uses the adjustment in form which corresponds to the similar meaning of gulung tikar which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘bangkrut‘ (bankrupt) or ‘terhenti usaha dagang karena kehabisan modal’ (the business was stopped because of loss of capital or money).
3. Translation by paraphrase
This strategy is usually used in translating idioms when a match cannot be found in the target language. In this kind of strategy, the translator transfers the meaning of an idiom using a single word or a group of words in order to correspond to the meaning of idiom but is not an idiom itself.
a. anak buah translated into men
1. ST: Bawa anak buahmu sesedikit mungkin. TT: Bring only the minimum number of men.
27
There are two translations for anak buah, both idioms anak buahmu and
anak buah are translated into men. Their translations men are not classified as idiom, they are the adjustments used by the translator to correspond to the meaning of idiom anak buah which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘pembantu dalam suatu pekerjaan‘ (an assistance/s in a particular work).
b. angkat kaki translated into pulled up camp and left
ST: Mereka angkat kaki dari bumi Papua, untuk kemudian digantikan oleh Belanda,…
TT: The English pulled up camp and left Papua, to be replaced by the Dutch,…
The idiom angkat kaki in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘pergi‘ (to go) or ‘lari‘ (to run). The translator use the adjustment in translating
angkat kaki by using pulled up camp and left in order to correspond to the meaning of idiom angkat kaki, because the match for idiom angkat kaki cannot be found in TT.
c. membanting tulang translatedinto working with all their might
ST: Ia didakwa membanting-tulang untuk mencapai kebalikan daripada cita-citanya sendiri.
TT: They have been accused of working with all their might only to achieve the opposite of their own ideals.
worked hard to achieve the reverse of their own ideals. The words working with all their might in the translation above are not an idiom, but paraphrase of using a group of words that roughly correspond to the meaning of idiom membanting tulang.
d. berbesar hati translated into feel so proud
ST: Bagaimana orang yang sudah menjelang setengah abad begini bisa
berbesar hati karena pujian,…
TT: How was it possible that someone who was almost half a century old could feel so proud just because of praise like that,…
The match or idiomatic language in TT cannot be found for idiom besar hati
which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘merasa bangga (gembira, girang)‘ (to feel proud (glad, joyful)), therefore, the word feel so proud
is used by the translator to express the meaning of this idiom.
e. lemah lembut translated into a gentle and refined person
ST: Dan nampaknya dia memang lemah lembut.
TT: And it seemed that she was indeed a gentle and refined person.
29
f. bermain mata and permainan matanya translated into talking and their support
1. ST: …segala kemungkinan seyogianya dicegah agar Inggris menghentikan bermain mata dengan Aceh untuk kemudian mencaploknya.
TT: …everything should be done to prevent the English from talking
with the Acehnese with the ultimate aim of taking over Aceh. 2. ST: …kejadian di Filipina bisa memberanikan Inggris melanjutkan
permainan matanya.
TT: …the rebellion in the Philippines might embolden the British to resume their support for Aceh.
There are two translations for anak buah, they are bermain mata
translated into talking and permainan matanya translated into their support. The pure idiom main mata itself in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘bersekongkol (dengan memberi uang sogok, dsb)‘ (to plot or conspire (by giving bribe, etc)). First translation of main mata, the translator uses a single word
talking to express the meaning of bermain mata, and in other translation, the words their support are used to express the meaning of permainan matanya. Both translations are categorized as paraphrases which are used to explain the conspiracy between English and Aceh.
g. membuang muka translated into turned the other way
ST: Aku membuang muka dan berjalan ke luar Molukken.
The idiom membuang muka in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘berpaling‘(to turn) or ‘tidak mau melihat (karena benci)‘ (do not want to see (because of hate)). turned the other way is used by the translator to express how Pangemannan’s act in corresponding to the meaning of membuang muka. The words turned the other way in the translation above are not an idiom, but paraphrase of using a group of words.
h. memutar otak translated into put my brain to work
ST: Aku memutar otak. Betapa sulitnya mencari nama.
TT: I put my brain to work. How difficult it was to find a name.
The translation put my brain to work is used by the translator to express how hard and seriously Pangemannan (one of characters in ST) thought about something. The words put my brain to work in the translation above are not an idiom, but paraphrase of using a group of words that roughly corresponds to the meaning of memutar otak which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘berpikir dengan susah payah dan bersungguh-sungguh‘ (to think hard and seriously).
i. minta diri translated into excused myself
ST: Hanya akan membikin aku kebingungan dan membungkuk-bungkuk aku minta diri.
TT: It would only throw me into more confusion, so I stood and, bowing,
31
The match or idiomatic language in TT cannot be found for idiom minta diri which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘mengharap supaya diijinkan pergi (pulang, dsb)‘ (to hope the permission to go (to go home, etc)), therefore, the adjustment excused myself is used by the translator to express the meaning of idiom minta diri.
j. naik pitam translated into furious
ST: Pakai sepatu sekotor itu ke dalam rumah akan bikin istriku naik pitam. TT: My wife would be furious if I wore such dirty shoes into the house.
The single word furious in the translation above is not classified as an idiom, but a single word in order to correspond to the meaning of naik pitam. The idiom naik pitam in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘marah sekali‘ (very angry). furious is used by the translator to express how angry Pangemannan’s wife would be.
k. patah arang translated into severed all links
ST: Goenawan telah patah-arang dengan Syarikat,…
TT: Goenawan had severed all links with the Sarekat…
l. rendah hati translated into humble
ST: Sepku mendengarkan dengan tertib seperti seorang mahasiswa yang
rendah hati, seakan dia bukan sepku,…
TT: My boss listened to this very attentively as if he were a humble
university student, as if he weren’t my boss,…
The idiom rendah hati in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak sombong‘ (not arrogant), ‘tidak menonjolkan kehebatan diri‘ (do not to show self quality). The single word humble in the translation above is not classified as an idiom, itis used by the translator to express how Pangemannan’s boss acted in corresponding to the meaning of rendah hati.
m. tanah air translated into the environment and your country
1. ST: Anak-anak, aku sering membawa kalian ke alam terbuka dengan hanya satu tujuan agar kalian mengenal tanah-air kalian sendiri,… TT: Children, I often took you out into the open classes. Why? For no
other reason than that you should get to know the environment
around you,
2. ST: Kalau itu benar, tentu dia lupa, bahwa meninggalkan tanah-air dan mengadu nasib di negeri orang adalah satu ijazah kemampuan dan keberanian bertualang.
TT: If that was the case, then he had also forgotten that to leave behind
your country and seek your fate in another country was the equivalent of receiving a diploma confirming your courage and ability to set out on a real adventure.
3. ST: Dan kau Wardi, kau baru meninggalkan orang tua dan kampung halaman, belum lagi tanah-air.
33
There are three translations for tanah air, they are tanah air translated into the environment, and two translations of tanah air that are translated into
your country. First translation of tanah air, the translator uses the environment to correspond to the meaning of tanah air, and in other translations, the words your country are used to correspond the meaning of tanah air. Three translations above are paraphrases that are used by the translator to correspond the meaning of tanah air which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘negeri tempat kelahiran‘ (a country where a person was born or a homeland).
n. dititik beratkan translated into the main concern
ST: Pengawasan terhadap organisasi-organisasi Pribumi terutama dititik-beratkan untuk menghindarkannya dari kontak dengan orang-orang Jerman dan Turki.
TT: The main concern was to ensure that Native organizations had no contact with Germans and Turks.
The match or idiomatic language in TT cannot be found for idiom titik berat which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘hal yang sangat dipentingkan atau diutamakan‘ (something which is very important and primary), therefore, in order to correspond to the meaning of idiom titik berat the translator makes an adjustment in translating this idiom into the main concern in TT.
o. bertulang punggung translated into to fall back on
ST: Kami tidak bertulang punggung tanah, sawah ataupun ladang.
Idiom tulang punggung in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘yang menjadi poko kekuatan‘ (the main strength), bertulang punggung is verb form of tulang punggung which can means to have main strength. The translator makes an adjustment for idiom bertulang punggung by using phrasal verb to fall back on which is in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined as to have something to use when you are in difficulty.
p. mengundurkan diri translated into retire
ST: Kalau kelak akhirnya aku kalah, aku hanya akan mengundurkan diri
dari kursiku. Pensiunku telah terjamin.
TT: If in the end I am defeated, all that will happen to me is that I will retire
from my office. There will be a pension waiting for me.
The single word retire in the translation above is not classified as an idiom, but a single word which is used by translator in order to correspond to the meaning of menundurkan diri. The idiom menundurkan diri in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘berhenti dari suatu jabatan (tugas) atas kemauan sendiri‘ (to stop doing your job (duty) because of self will). retire is used by the translator to express contextually what Pangemannan would do in order to deal with the situation he faced.
35
and translation by paraphrase, while omission strategy is not found in the translations.
There are two translations categorized in using an idiom of similar meaning and form strategy, three translations categorized in using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy, and 19 translations categorized in
translation by paraphrase strategy. The most prevailing strategy in translations by Max Lane is translation by paraphrase. This strategy comprises even 19 of 25 pure idioms translations. This data confirms the fact that Indonesia language and English are quite different, it is not only in language, but also in the constructed components inside. The majorities of pure idioms in ST (Source Text) have not match in TT (Target Text). The table 1 below will shows the percentage of the applied strategies for pure idioms translation in House of Glass.
Table 1. The percentages of applied strategies used for translation of pure idioms in House of Glass (1992)
No. Strategies the translations
in TT Percentage (the translations in TT: total x 100)
1. using an idiom of similar meaning and
form
2 8%
2. using an idiom of similar meaning but
dissimilar form
3 12%
3. translation by paraphrase 20 80%
4. translation by omission 0 0
Table 1 shows the translations percentages of the applied strategies. The translations of the strategy of using an idiom of similar meaning and form is 8%,
using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form is 12%, and translation by paraphrase is 80% from total 25 pure idiom translations in House of Glass.
B. The Classification of Translation Strategies in terms of Figurative and Nonfigurative Equivalents
In analyzing the equivalents of pure idiom translation strategies, Larsson’s equivalents in figurative sense translation is used to clarify that the analyzed equivalents focus attention on the desired meaning which is conveyed in the translation. The translations fulfill the requirements of equivalents as long as they can convey the desired meaning of figurative expressions in source language.
37
1. Figurative Equivalents
Figurative equivalents are figurative term/s which is/are used as the translations in order to find the indicated meaning of ST. The translations are classified as figurative as long as the figurative way is used in translating ST. The figurative equivalents can be seen in the translations of the following figurative usages in the translations.
a. Idiom
Idiom is one class of figurative expressions which of at least two words which cannot be understood literally and which function as a unit semantically (1984: 115). The usages of idioms as the figurative equivalents can be seen in the following applied strategies and the translations inside.
1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
a. bermuka dua translated into being two-faced
An idiom being two-faced in TT conveys intended meaning of an idiom
bermuka dua in ST which means to have not a standpoint, because the meaning of idiom being two-faced is hypocritical or saying one thing and meaning another that is used for reflecting someone who has not a standpoint.
b. menara gading translated into an ivory tower
An idiom an ivory tower in TT conveys the desired meaning of idiom
away from realities, because the meaning of idiom an ivory tower is a sheltered existence away from the problems and realities of life.
2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
a. membanting tulang translated into working their guts out
An idiom working their guts out in TT conveys the desired meaning of an idiom membanting tulang in ST which means work hard, because the meaning of idiom working their guts out is to work very hard to achieve something.
b. gulung tikar translated into close up shop
Both idioms gulung tikar in ST are translated into idiom close up shop. The idiom close up shop which is defined as to stop doing business has a quite similar meaning with idiom gulung tikar which is defined as bankrupt or the business is stoped because of loss of capital or money.
b. Symbol
39
1. Translation by paraphrase
a. angkat kaki translated into pulled up camp and left
The terms pulled up camp and left are used by the translator as the translation of idiom angkat kaki which is defined as to go, to run. Although the term left has represented ‘go’ as the desired meaning of idiom angkat kaki in ST, the additional information of terms are found in its translation, they are pulled up camp. Based on the context of the sentence “The English pulled up camp and left Papua, to be replaced by the Dutch, who established their headquarters at
Manokwari.”, a word camp which in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined as a place where people live temporally in tents or huts can be categorized as a symbol of English temporary establishment in Papua, and the words pull up in pull up camp and left is used to relate camp with certain action which associates English action in removing their temporary establishment and leaving from Papua. (see appendix 1, no. 2).
c. Synecdoche
Synecdoche is one of figurative senses; this figurative sense is based on the part-whole relationship. The usage of synecdoche as a figurative equivalent can be seen in the following applied strategies and the translations inside.
1. Translation by paraphrase
a. main mata translated into talking
synecdoche based on the part-whole relationship with the meaning of a pure idiom main mata that is defined as to plot or to conspire, because talking is a part of the whole activity in conspiring (see appendix 1, no. 11). Talking is being used figuratively in TT ”…, everything should be done to prevent the English from talking with the Acehnese with the ultimate aim of taking over Aceh.” which means ”…, everything should be done to prevent the English from conspiring with the Acehnese with the ultimate aim of taking over Aceh.”
2. Nonfigurative Equivalents
Nonfigurative equivalents are nonfigurative term/s which is/are used as the translations in order to find the indicated meaning of ST. The translations are classified as nonfigurative terms as long as there is no figurative usage in translating ST. The nonfigurative equivalents can be seen in the translations of the following applied strategies and the translations inside.
1. Translation by paraphrase
a. anak buah translated into men
41
who obeys the instructions of a person of higher rank. The same matter also happens in the second translation of idiom anak buah. The translation men has the indicated meaning of idiom anak buah in ST (see appendix 1 and 2).
b. ber-besar hati translated into feel so proud
An idiom besar hati is defined as to feel proud (glad, joyful). feel so proud is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom besar hati, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, a word so in feel so proud is defined as to such a great degree, so feel so proud means to feel such a great degree of pride which expresses glad or joyful pride (see appendix 1, no. 7).
c. lemah lembut translated into a gentle and refined person
An idiom lemah lembut is defined as politeness, well behaved. a gentle and refined person is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom lemah lembut, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
gentle is defined as calm and kind; doing things in quiet and careful way, and
refined is defined as polite. The meaning of well behaved is represented by
gentle, and the meaning of politeness is represented by refined, so a gentle and refined person means a polite and well behaved person.
d. permainan matanya translated into their support
the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom permainan matanya which addresses to English in ST context, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, support is defined as encouragement and help that you give to somebody/something because you approve of them and want them to be successful. their support means English action in giving the weapons and advices in order to help Aceh, this action represents the conspiracy between English and Aceh (see appendix 1, no. 12).
e. membuang muka translated into turned the other way
An idiom membuang muka in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as to turn or do not want to see (because of hate). turned the other way is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom membuang muka, based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, turn is defined as facing a different direction (see appendix 1, no. 13).
f. memutar otak translated into put my brain to work
An idiom memutar otak is defined as to think hard and seriously. put my brain to work is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom memutar otak, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
43
g. minta diri translated into excused myself
An idiom minta diri is defined as to hope the permission to go (to go home, etc). excused myself is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom minta diri, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, a word excused in excused myself is defined as to say in polite way that you are leaving, so excused myself means to say in polite way that I am leaving in TT (see appendix 1, no. 16).
h. naik pitam translated into furious
An idom naik pitam is defined as very angry. Furious is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom naik pitam, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, furious is defined as very angry.
i. patah arang translated into severd all links
j. rendah hati translated into humble
An idom rendah hati is defined as not arrogant, do not to show self quality. Humble is considered as the translation that has the indicated meaning of idiom rendah hati, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
humble is defined as showing you do not think that you are as important as other people (see appendix 1, no. 19).
k. tanah air translated into your country
There are two idioms of tanah air which are translated into your country.
Tanah air is defined as country where a person was born or homeland. In first and second translation of idiom tanah air, your country is considered as nonfigurative equivalents, because the desired meaning of both idioms tanah air
is the country. (see appendix 1, no. 21 and 22).
l. dititik-beratkan translated into the main concern
45
m. bertulang punggung translated into to fall back on
An idiom bertulang punggung is verb form of idiom tulang punggung
which is defined as the main strength; affix ber- in bertulang punggung means to have the main strength. Based on ST context, the main strength is land, paddy field or garden. to fall back on is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom bertulang belakang, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, to fall back on is defined as to have something to use when you are in difficulty, and based on TT context the word something above refers to land, paddy fields or garden as the main strength in ST (see appendix 1, no. 24).
n. mengundurkan diri translated into retire
An idiom undur diri is defined as to stop doing your job (duty) because of self will. Retire is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom undur diri, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
retire is defined as to stop doing your job, especially because you have reached a particular age or because you are ill/sick. Based on ST context, Pangemannan will stop doing his job, not only because the game but also his age which is related with his pension (see appendix 1, no. 25).
The analysis of translation equivalents are classified into figurative and nonfigurative usages which show that the figurative equivalents are found in all applied strategies; idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form and translation by paraphrase. The strategy of
using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form has three figurative equivalents, and the strategy of translation by paraphrase has two figurative equivalents. While nonfigurative equivalents are only found in translation by paraphrase strategy, this strategyhas 17 nonfigurative equivalents.
Both strategies idiom of similar meaning and form and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form have the most equivalents based on the usages of figurative sense in the translation, because the idioms are categorized as figurative expressions. The strategy of translation by paraphrase has two figurative equivalents by using symbol and synecdoche of figure of speech, and 17 nonfigurative equivalents from 20 translations in this strategy. One translation is reduced, the pure idiom is tanah air which is translated into environment.
Tanah air is translated into the environment. Tanah air is defined as country where a person was born or homeland, but in the translation in appendix 1 no. 16, 1st part, the environment which is defined as the physical conditions that somebody/something exists in in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is used. The translation is not equivalent, therefore this translation cannot be categorized as figurative nor nonfigurative equivalent.
Both usages of symbol and synecdoche in the pure idioms traslations of
47
pure idiom angkat kaki into pulled up camp and left, and synecdoche in translating pure idiom main mata into talking in translation by paraphrase
strategy show that this strategy is divided into two usages in order to find the equivalents, they are figurative and nonfigurative equivalents. The table 2 below will shows the percentage of the applied strategies for pure idioms translation in
House of Glass
Table 2. Percentage of Figurative and Nonfigurative Equivalents in the applied strategies used for 25 translations of pure idioms in House of Glass (1992)
No.
Items
Table 2 shows the equivalents percentage of figurative and nonfigurative
equivalents in the applied strategies. Figurative equivalents in the strategy of
using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning
48
The purpose of this study was to classify the equivalents of applied strategies in the translations of pure idioms which were collected from the Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca translated by Max Lane. The data of pure idioms and the translations which were collected are 19 from 25 translations; all translations were translated into some particular strategies. The writer used the Baker’s translation strategies for idiom translations to categorize each pure idiom and their translation into these strategies. The strategies are; using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, translation by omission.
The result of this step of analysis shows that the applied strategies for pure idioms translations from Rumah Kaca into House of Glass were three applied strategies for idiom. They are; using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, and translation by paraphrase.
