T B.ING 1200941 Table of content

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Murnijati, 2016

COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.4.The significance of the study ... 4

1.5.The scope of the study ... 4

1.6.The organization of the thesis ... 5

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Collaborative Learning (CL) ... 6

2.1.1. Definition of collaborative learning ... 6

2.1.2. Characteristics of collaborative learning ... 6

2.1.3. Basic elements of collaborative learning ... 8

2.2. Collaborative Writing (CW) ... 9

2.2.1. Definition of collaborative writing ... 9

2.2.2. Principles of collaborative writing ... 10

2.2.3. The phases and procedure of collaborative writing ... 11

2.3. Critical Thinking (CT) ... 13

2.3.1. Definition of critical thinking ... 13

2.3.2. Elements of critical thinking in writing ... 15

2.3.2.1. Issue ... 15

2.3.2.2. Argument ... 16

2.3.2.3. Facts and opinions ... 19

2.3.2.4. Assessing argument... 20

2.3.2.5 Critical thinking standards ... 21

2.3.3. Critical thinking dispositions ... 22

2.3.4. The teaching of critical thinking ... 24

2.3.5. The Discussion text type ... 26

2.4. Other concepts supporting collaborative learning , collaborative writing , and critical thinking ... 30

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2.4.2. Group-peer feedback ... 32

2.5. Collaborative learning (CL), collaborative writing (CW), and critical thinking (CT) ... 34

2.6. Concluding remark ... 35

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research design ... 36

3.5.2. Data from classroom observation ... 44

3.5.3. Data from interview with students ... 45

3.6. Concluding remark ... 45

CHAPTER IV : THE TEACHING PROGRAM 4.1. Phases of the Study ... 47

4.2. Preliminary Phase of the Teaching Program ... 48

4.2.1. Setting the diagnostic writing activity ... 48

4.2.2. Preparing the reading passages for the model of Discussion text type ... 51

CAHPTER V : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 5.1. The elements of CT demonstrated in students’ writing texts ... 81

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5.1.1.1.5. Summary of the findings of Text 1 ... 97

5.1.1.2.Analysis and discussion of Text 2 ... 97

5.1.1.2.1. Issue ... 98

5.1.1.2.2. Argument for ... 100

5.1.1.2.3. Arguments against ... 104

5.1.1.2.4. Conclusion and recommendation ... 107

5.1.1.3. Analysis and discussion of Text 3 ... 109

5.1.1.3.1. Issue ... 110

5.1.1.3.2. Argument for ... 114

5.1.1.3.3. Argument against ... 118

5.1.1.3.4. Conclusion and recommendation ... 122

5.1.1.4. Summary of the findings of text analyses (Texts 1, 2, 3) ... 125

5.1.2. Data from interview ... 127

5.1.2.1. Students’ understanding of CT elements in writing ... 127

5.1.2.2. Students’ awareness of using CT in CW ... 128

5.1.2.3. Summary of the findings from interview ... 130

5.1.3. Conclusion of the findings from students’ texts and interview ... 131

5.2. How collaborative writing helps develop students’ critical thinking ... 132

5.2.1. Data from classroom observation ... 132

5.2.1.1. CT in Modelling phase ... 132

5.2.1.2. CT in Joint Construction I – Planning phase ... 134

5.2.1.3. CT in Joint Construction II - Writing phase ... 136

5.2.1.4. CT in group-peer feedback phase ... 144

5.2.1.5. CT in revision phase ... 146

5.2.1.6. Summary of the findings of classroom observation ... 147

5.2.2. Data from interview ... 147

5.2.2.1. Students’ perception of collaborative writing ... 148

5.2.2.2. Students’ strategies to overcome the problems in CW ... 148

5.2.2.3. Students’ understanding of CT and critical thinkers ... 151

5.2.2.4. Students’ awareness of using CT in CW ... 152

5.2.2.5. Summary of the findings from interview ... 154

5.2.3. Conclusion of the findings from classroom observations and interview ... 155

5.3. Conclusion of the findings and discussion ... 155

CHAPTER VI : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1. Conclusion ... 157

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