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r e p a p c i m e d a c a y n a s a n o it a t o u q e h t n i d e ti c e s o h t t p e c x e , e l p o e p r e h t o f o s k r o w
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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ………... i
E G A P L A V O R P P
A ……….………...…... ii ..
E G A P E C N A T P E C C
A ……….. iii
E G A P O T T O
M ………. v..i
E G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ……….………... .v
S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ……….. vi
A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P N………... iiv i
Y T I L A N I G I R O F O T N E M E T A T
S ……… . iiv i
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ………. .i x
R T S B
A ACT……….………xi
K A R T S B
A ………..………xii
N O I T C U D O R T N I : I R E T P A H
C ………... 1 .. d
n u o r g k c a B .
A oft heStudy………....…… .1 o
F m e l b o r P .
B rmulaiton……… 4 ... f
o s e v it c e j b O .
C theStudy……… 5 .. …
… … … … … … … … … … … … s m r e t f o n o it i n if e D .
D ……… 5 .
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T : I I R E T P A H
C ……….………… .6 t
a l e R f o w e i v e R .
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a l e R f o w e i v e R .
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e t c a r a h C n o s e ir o e h T .
1 andCharacteirzaiton……… 8 .. v
it o M f o y r o e h T .
2 aiton…………..….………..……….….... 2..1 3 .TheRelaitonbetweenLtieratureandPsychology……… 18
a c it e r o e h T .
C l Framework……… 8.1
Y G O L O D O H T E M : I I I R E T P A H
C ……….… … 0… 2
c e j b O .
A toft heStudy…….……….. 02 f
o h c a o r p p A .
B theStudy………. 1..2 t
f o d o h t e M .
C heStudy……….…… 2.2
S I S Y L A N A : V I R E T P A H
C ……….……… .24 .
A Jim’ scharacterisitc BeforeHeFoundHi sMoitvaiton …… ………. 42 ’
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l o i s y h P s ’ m i
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a S s ’ m i
J e tyNeeds ………...………. 4..3 n
i g n o l e B s ’ m i
J gnes sandLoveNeeds………. ... .. .35 fl
e S s ’ m i
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e S s ’ m i
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e P t n e i c if f
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R l a n o s r e p r e t n
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B Jim’ sCharacteirsitcst ha tcanbes eenf romhi sMoitvaiton………. .4 5 .
1 S fel Reilant………. .4 5 .
2 Diilgent………4 6 .
3 Loyal………4 7 .
4 Concern………4 8 .
5 Respecftu landTolerant……….. 4 9 .
6 BraveandDependable……… .4 9
N O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H
C ………. 1 .5
Y H P A R G O I L B I
B ……….. 5 4
X I D N E P P
i x
T C A R T S B A
. o w o b a r P u d n i
S The Study o fJim Graham’ sMo itva iton in J.G Ballard’ s n
u S e h t f o e r i p m
E .Depatrmen tof Engilsh Facutly o fLetters .Sanata Dharma .
1 1 0 2 a tr a k a y g o Y y ti s r e v i n U
s i h
T study discussest hemoitvaiton oft hemain character ,Jim Grahami n s
’ d r a ll a B G
.J Empireoft heSun .Jim’ smoitvaiton t osurvivef rom t heoppression s
i h s e c n e u lf n i o t s m e e
s characteirsitc .From the expe irence to endure from the n
o i s s e r p p
o s ,hegain sadevelopmentt ha tmakeshimmorematureand managest o e
v i v r u
s theharshl fieo fwa.r
e k il d l u o w r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t f o e lt it e h t o t d e t a l e
R to answe rthe
o r
p blems : 1 ) What are Jim’ s characteirsitcs descirbed before he found hi s n
o it a v it o
m ?2 )How i sJim’ smoitvaiton t osurvivefromt heoppression desc irbed n
e h t n
i ovel? 3 ) What are some characteirsitc s tha t can be seen from hi s n
o it a v it o
m ? T . he analysi stire sto show the signi ifcance o fmoitvaiton to shape .
c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ’ m i J
s e s u d n a a t a d e h t n i a t b o o t d o h t e m h c r a e s e r y r a r b il s e il p p a y d u t s s i h T
l a c i g o l o h c y s P . s i s y l a n a e v i s n e h e r p m o c a t e g o t l o o t a s a h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p
l p m e s a w h c a o r p p
a oyed a saguidanceso t hatt hi sstudy focused consisten lty on d
n a n o it a v it o m s ’ r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t g n i z y l a n
a characteirsitcs.
r e ti r w e h t ,s i s y l a n a e h t m o r
F ifnd soutt ha tJim’ scharacteirsitcchangei nto o
c e b e H . r o i v a h e b d n a g n i k n i h t f o y a w e h t n i y ti r u t a
m me sadfiferen tperson atfe r a s a d e b ir c s e d t s ri f t a m i J . n o i s s e r p p o e h t n i e v i v r u s o t n o it a v it o m n w o s i h g n i d n if
d n e p e d h c u m o o t o h w d i k d e li o p
s s on his parent . In the discussion these m
y n a m d n a , t n e g il i d , t n a il e r o t n i p o l e v e d d n a e g n a h c n o it a z ir e t c a r a h
c oret ha tcan
s a m i J t a h t s e d u l c n o c y d u t s e h T . n o it a u ti s t l u c if fi d s u o ir a v e m o c r e v o o t m i h p l e h
ir e p x e r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h
t ence scharacteirsitcchange satfe rhei sin lfuencedbyhi s a h r a w f o e fi l h s r a h e h t n i e v i v r u s o t s e c n e ir e p x e s i H . e v i v r u s o t n o it a v it o
m vea
r e d n u w e n a s t e g y ll a n if m i J . y ti l a n o s r e p s ’ m i J g n i p a h s n i e l o r t a e r
g standingabou t
v il d l u o h s e h w o
ii x
ABSTRAK
. o w o b a r P u d n i
S The Study o fJim Graham’ sMo itva iton in J.G Ballard’ s n
u S e h t f o e r i p m
E .Jurusan Sasrta Ingg irs ,Fakutla sSasrta ,Universtia sSanata .
1 1 0 2 a tr a k a y g o Y a m r a h D
s a h a b m e m i n i i d u t
S tentang moitvasi karakte rutama ,Jim Graham dalam l
e v o
n Empire o fthe Sun karya .JG Ballard. Moitvasi Jim untuk betrahan dar i n
a s a d n i n e
p mempengaruh i pengembangan kep irbadian . Dar i pengalamannya n
a k t a p a d n e m a i d , n a s a d n i n e p m a l a d p u d i h n a h a tr e b k u t n
u pengembangan
n a i d a b ir p e
k yang membuatnya lebih dewasa dan mebuatnya berhasi lbetrahan p
u d i
h dalammenghadap ikerasnyakehidupanmasaperang. j
n a g n e d t i a k r e
T udu l stud i in i penuil s akan menjawab permasalahan -n
a k r a b m a g i d m i J h o k o t a n a m i a g a B . 1 ( u ti a y , l u c n u m g n a y n a h a l a s a m r e
p sebelum
a y n i s a v it o m n a k u m e n e m a i
d ? (2 .Bagaimanamo itvasi mJ i untuk be trahan hidup n
a k r a b m a g i
d dalamnoveli ni? (3 .Kep irbadianapasajayangt erilha tdar imoitvas i m
i
J ?Anailsisi nimencobauntuk menunjukkan betapapenitngnyamoitvasidalam n
a g n a b m e k r e p i h u r a g n e p m e
m kep irbadiankarakte rutama. i
n i i d u t
S menggunakan metode kepustakaan untuk memperoleh data dan n
a t a k e d n e p n a k a n u g g n e
m psikologi ssebagai ala t untuk mendapatkan anailsi s g
n a
y lengkap .Metodepsikologis dtierapkansebaga ipedomansehinggapeneilitan i
n
i hanya terfokus pada anailsa moitvasi tentang karakte r utama dan n
a i d a b ir p e
k n . ya a
D r ihasi lanailsa, penu ils menemukan bahwa kep irbadian mJ i berubah i
d a j n e
m dewasa dalam cara berpikri dan perliaku . D ia menjadi orang yang a
d e b r e
b setelah menemukan moitvasin ya send ri i untuk betrahan dalam n
a s a d n i n e
p . mJ i pada awalnya digambarkan sebagai anak manja yang telralu k
a y n a
b bergantung pada aor ngtuanya. Dalam diskusi in ikep irbadian tersebut n
a d h a b u r e
b berkembang menjadi mand ri,i raijn ,dan banyak lag iyang dapa t u
t n a b m e
m dia untuk mengatasi berbagai stiuas i yang sulti . Stud i ini n
a k l u p m i y n e
m bahwaJ imsebagait okohutamamengalam iperubahan ek p irbadian .
p u d i h n a h a tr e b k u t n u i s a v it o m r e t a i d h a l e t e
s Pengalamannya untuk betrahan n
a p u d i h e k m a l a
d perang yang keras memiilki peran besar dalam membentuk n
a i d a b ir p e
k J mim. J i akhrinya mendapat pemahaman baru tentang bagaimana ia s
u r a
h hidupdengancara berpikrisecaradewasa
1
I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
h c i h w , s r e t c a r a h c f o s t s i s n o c y a l p r o , l e v o n , a m a r d s a h c u s s k r o w y r a r e ti L
s c it s ir e t c a r a h c n w o r i e h t e v a
h andpersonaltiy .Character sbecomep irmaryi mage s e
h T . e r u t a n n a m u h f
o way scharacter sspeak and ac tis display to give u sthe . fl e s ti r e t c a r a h c e h t f o r e tt a m e h t n o p u y ll a c it a h p m e k n i h t d n a l e e f o t y ti n u tr o p p o
s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t e e s y a m e w , r e t c a r a h c a f o c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t g n i d n a t s r e d n u y B
d n u o r a n o it a u ti s e h t d r a w o t w e i v f o t n i o
p him/her .
. s r e d a e r e h t r o f s e u l a v y n a m e v i g d n a d e y o j n e e b o t n e tt ir w s i e r u t a r e ti L
a g n it ir w n
I ltierary work, t heautho rmay ge tan i n lfuencef romhis/he rpersona l r i e h t e ti r w s r o h t u a y n a M . d n u o r g k c a b l a i c o s r o n o it a c u d e s a h c u s e c n e ir e p x e
a s e c n e ir e p x
e nd poin to fview i n essays ,drama ,poerty ,etc .Theway an autho r d n a e c n e ir e p x e r i e h t s s e r p x e o t y a w e n o s i y l b a b o r p k r o w y r a r e ti l r i e h t e t o r w
.r o h t u a e h t f o g n il e e f r o n o i s s e r p x e e h t l e e f ll i w r e d a e r e h t o s ,r e d a e r e h t o t g n il e e f
g n i d a e
R a ltierature c ean b v ery impo trant because ti gives su t
n e m y o j n
e da n benefti .s T he reader ym a f eeel t h expression ro feeilng fo et h r
o h t u
a tt sha i relfected through et h character fo his/herwork.From et h work, et h r
e d a e
r llw oi a tls g e someimpo trantinformaiton,knowledge da n value .s eT h other ti
f e n e
b fo reading ltierature si t ehat t h reader w ill pracitce et h ablitiy ot d
n a t s r e d n
u sti story. Therefore, eo yn m ta n o judge tt ha reading a ltierary work si y
l n
2
i
Jm Graham’ sproces so fsurviva ldu irng the Japanese occupaiton i sthe n
i a
m reasonf o rthewrtie rchoosingt hi snovel .JimGrahami san eleven-y - earold s
e v il o h w y o
b among weatlhy famliy in B iritsh colonizaiton in the suburb o f .
i a h g n a h
S Suddenly the Japanese invade China , the B iritsh resident s are o
c e h t g n i v a e l m o r f g n it p m e tt
a unrty .When t he i nvasion began, t herewa sa big m
i J d n a t e e rt s d e d w o r c a n i s o a h
c i sseparated f rom hi sparent .Asuddenchange .
e fi l s ‘ m i J o t d e n e p p a
h Hemus tsurvivealoneandcould no tdepend onhi sparen t .
e r o m y n
a Thewrtier’si nteniton i st oanalyzeJim’ s rtansformaiton f rom irch and fl
e s d n a t s il a v i v r u s a e m o c e b d e r e tl e h
s -reilan tkid .Thi sexpeirenceb irng sJim t o fl
e s f o s l e v e l w e
n -discoverya sher eailze shisi ngenutiy ,courage ,andr esiilencei n .
y d e g a rt f o e c a f e h t
e r e tl e h s a m o r
F dandp irvliegedboywhoi salways tge itngwha thedesried ,
n i g e b m i
J tol earnhowt osurviveonhi sown ,paritculalryatfe rhei scapturedand
o t n e k a
t a wa rcamp .Heencountered hardship, l oneilnes sand sadnes sand these
e c n e ir e p x
e sshapehi sgrowthmentallyandpsychologically.
it a u ti s e h t t a h t s e v r e s b o r e ti r w e h
T on descirbes in the nove l reveals r o h t u a e h t w o h g n i s s u c s i d h tr o w s i tI . r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t r o f t n a tr o p m i g n i h t e m o s
o l i a t e d e h t s e s s e rt
s fcharactert or evea lsomething .A sStantonstated ,byr eading t
a h t d n if y a m r e d a e r e h t s e m it l a r e v e s r o f s e ir o t s e h
t the autho rgive shis/he r e h t h c i h w , s li a t e d e h t d n a d n u o r g k c a b e h t f o k o o l l u ft h g u o h t d n a n o it n e tt a l u f e r a c
k r o w s i h n i n e s o h c s a h r o h t u
a (1965:18) .The wrtie rbeileve stha ta stiuaiton n
i d e b ir c s e
d thestory can help t hereaderunderstand t hecharacter’ sbackground f
o d lr o w e h t y fi t n e d i d n
a thecharacter.
4
e c it o n r e ti r w e h
T s tha tthi snove li spresenitng a grea tdea lo fspeciifc li
a t e
d s abou twar .Through the character’ sexpeirences ,we are thrown into a it
a u ti
s ono ras cenet ha twecanvisuailzeeasliyandt hati sprobablyf amiilart ous . f o n o it p ir c s e d d e li a t e d h g u o r h t e c a l p f o e s n e s g n o rt s a s tr a p m i l e v o n l a i c o S
s d n u o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c d n a , s g n i d li u b d n a s t e e rt s n w o t ,s e d i s y rt n u o c , s e s u o h , s m o o r
. s e it i v it c a d n
a Theobjecitvei st ogiveu senoughdatat oprojec tourselvesi ntot he h ti w y fi c e p s e h t t a h w e m o s h ti w e r u t a n s ti d n a t s r e d n u o t , d e b ir c s e d g n i e b d lr o w
e w h c i h
w understandou rownwo lrd( Henkle ,1977: 22 -2 3 .)
Consideirngthestatementsabove, “TheStudyo fJim ’Grahammo itvaiton” d r a w o t e d u ti tt a s i h e g n a h c y a m n o s r e p a w o h t a h t s l e e f r e ti r w e h T . n e s o h c s i c i p o t
m i h s d a e l r e t a l h c i h w , m i h d n u o r a n o it a u ti s e h
t to hi scharacte irsitc change, si .
g n i s s u c s i d h tr o w
.
B ProblemFormula iton
e t a t s d n u o r g k c a b e h t g n i n r e c n o
C dabove,t woquesiton scanbef ormulated :
s w o ll o f s a
e r a t a h W .
1 Jim’ scharacteirsitc sdescirbebeforehef oundhi smo itvaiton? ? l e v o n e h t n i d e b ir c s e d m o r f e v i v r u s o t n o it a v it o m s ’ m i J s i w o H . 2
s i h m o r f n e e s e b n a c t a h t s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e m o s e r a t a h W .
3 moitvaiton?
.
C Objec itveo fStudy
n o it s e u q e h t r e w s n a o t s i y d u t s s i h t f o m i a e h
T s in the problem
s d n e t n i r e ti r w e h T . n u S e h t f o e ri p m E h ti w l a e d h c i h w , n o it a l u m r o
f to ifgureout
m i
J ’ sproces so fsurvivali n t hestory t ha tchange shi scharacteirsitc .From a irch r e t a l d n a r e r e d n a w s a e v il o t d e c r o f d n a , h tl a e w s i h l l a t s o l m i J , y o b d e r e tl e h s d n a
e h t s e b ir c s e d o s l a r e ti r w e h T . r e n o s ir p
a characteirsitc o fJim presented in the s
’ m i J . l e v o
n characteirsitcs are divided i nto t wo ,before t hei nvasion began and du irng t he i nvasion and his l fiea sap irsoner .Jim reailze shi smoitvaiton du irng
n i d n a d o ir e p l a v i v r u s f o s s e c o r p e h
t here, the analysi so ftheory o fmoitvaiton s
’ m i J n o d e il p p a e b l li
w characteirsitc change .The wrtie rt ire sto analyze the f
o e c n e u lf n
i Jim’ smoitvaitonr elatedt ohi scharacteirsitcchange .
.
D Deifni itono fTerm
r e ti r w e h t ,s r e d a e r g n o m a n o it a t e r p r e t n i s i m d i o v a o t r e d r o n
I givesal tilte
: e r a s r e h t o g n o m A .s i s e h t s i h t n i d e s u s d r o w y e k e m o s n o n o it a n a l p x e
.
1 Moitvaiton
e b n a m u h s i n o it a v it o
M haviort oseek persona lgoalt ha tmakehis/herl fie .
6
I I R E T P A H C
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies
n e h
W Empire o fthe Sun wa spubilshed in 1984 ,i tquickly became a e
c c u s l a i c r e m m o c d n a l a c it ir
c ss .Manycommentatorsr egardi ta soneoft he ifnes t t
s o M . n e tt ir w r e v e s l e v o n r a
w ciritcismson .JGBallardrelatethecharactersi nhi s e
c n e i c s t u o b a k r o w s i h d n a e fi l n w o s i h h ti w s e ir o t
s ifciton. .
n i t s r u h k c u L r e g o
R Contemporary Ltierature lvoume 35, examine sthe l
e v o n h t o b n i e c n a c if i n g i s l a c i h p a r g o i b o t u
a Empireoft heSunandThekindnes so f n
e m o
W .In hi sessay en itlted Peititon ,Repeititon ,and 'Autobiography' :J .G . n
e m o W f o s s e n d n i K e h T d n a n u S e h t f o e r i p m E s ' d r a ll a
B . Luckhurs tstates t ha t
r a ll a
B d’ sassociaiton wtih science ifciton and the need sfo rciritc sto distance l a n o it c n u f s y d s a ” n a f “ e g a r e v a e h t f o t i a rt r o p l a c i p y t o e r e t s e h t m o r f s e v l e s m e h t
8 8 6 : 4 9 9 1 ( t n e c s e l o d a e l a
m -708) .Luckhurs tstatemen tshowed Ballard’ sway so f p
x e t s r u h k c u L . g n i k n i h
t lainst ha tBallardi san autho rwtih acreaitvework o fhi s .
n o it c if e c n e i c s
k r o w s i h f o e m o s s e s s u c s i d o s l a d r a ll a
B s on an interview wtih Jonathan e
lt it n e , tt o
C d “The Strange Vision so fJ.G.Ballard”i n Rolilng Stone (Novembe r .
) 7 8 9 1 , 9
1 Int hisi nterview,Ballarddiscusseshowt henovelr elatest ot hescience .
e r n e g n o it c if
d e lt it l e v o n a , 4 8 9 1 n
I Empireoft heSunwa spubilshedi nEnglandandt he a
t S d e ti n
U test o grea tc iritca lacclaim ."An astonishing pieceo fadventure T
y a d n u S n o d n o L e h t d i a s " n o it c
if imes ."Aprofound andmovingwork o f s
e l e g n A s o L e h t d i a s " , n o it a n i g a m
n o it n e m t t o
C ed tha t when the nove l wa s fris t released i t go t a big n i r e n o s ir p a s a r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t f o l a y a rt r o p e h T . s c it ir c y n a m d r a w o t e c n e u lf n i
Japanese concenrtaiton camp i sde irved from the author’ spersona lexpeirence . s
e k a m t a h
T Empire of t he Sun, an autobiographica lnovel t hati s wo trh reading . s i h y b d e ri p s n i s i r e ti r w l a n o it c if a s a s k r o w s ’ d r a ll a B , s n o it n e m o s l a t t o C
cu irostiy t oward science ,hesays :"Fort hewrtie,r i n paritcular , tii sl es sandl es s . e r e h t y d a e rl a s i n o it c if e h T . l e v o n s i h f o t n e t n o c l a n o it c if e h t t n e v n i o t y r a s s e c e n
.) 6 7 : 7 8 9 1 ( ” . y ti l a e r e h t t n e v n i o t s i k s a t s' r e ti r w e h T
w e i v e r e h t s i t x e
N by Luc Sante ,in hi sTale so fDark Side (New York s
k o o B f o w e i v e R s e m i
T , Septembe r 9 , 1990) . He explore s the "complex , .l
e v o n e h t n i s e m e h t " g n it e i u q s i d d n a , e v i s s e s b
o “Fo rmany genera lreaders , e
r u t a r e ti l y r a r o p m e t n o c f o p a m e h t n o d e r a e p p a y l n o d r a ll a
B , in 1984 wtih hi s
c i h p a r g o i b o t u
a a lnove l''Emprie oft heSun '', t hel eastt ypica lo fhi sbook sbuti n k
r o w f o y d o b e ri t n e s i h o t y e k e h t s y a w y n a
m .”Santemen itonedt henove’l shero , e
r e w h t o B . e c n e ir e p x e e fi l s ’ d r a ll a B n o d e s a b s i m i
J bornand r aised i nShanghai , a
n a r r e h t a f s i h e r e h
w larget extlief rim .Thef amliyenjoyedt hel uxuryo fal arge , ll
e
w -staffedhouse ,leadingacolonia lexistencef arr emovedf romt het urmolit ha t a
n i h C d n a , i a h g n a h
S ,andl ateri nvasionbyJ apan. w
e i v e r y d u t s
A from www.brothersjud.com gives a good review fo r a
ll a
B rd’ swork. I tsayst ha tdu irngt hegrea twa rbook swerewirtten etihe rbyt he
.s n a ir o t s i h y b r o s e v l e s m e h t s t n a t a b m o c
.JG .Ballard ha sdrawn upon hi sown f ou ryearsi n t heLunghuaCiviilan m
i e h t ,i a h g n a h S d e i p u c c o e s e n a p a J r a e n , r e t n e C y l b m e s s
A aginaitveand
8
s r e ti r
w a sCha lre sDickensand Mark Twain ,and a dark ,bu taccurate , o
n o i s i v l a n o s r e
p fWWI Iasltiltemoret hanapreludet oWWII,It ocreate y
d o o l b e h t s e r u t p a c t a h t l e v o n
a -mindednatureoft he20thCenturya sno r
o h t u a r e h t
o h (a s brothersjudd.com ,2001 .)
Jame sWarnerinhi saritcleenitlted, TheDeatho fJ.GBallard Considered A
n a s
a troctiyExhibiiton (May 8 ,2009 ,) say sabou tBallards' i safeve irsh post
, d lr o w l a ir e p m
i o f arbirtary cruelite s committed in landscape s o f rtauma , d i m a , s t n e m e s it r e v d a l l a c e w e h c y s p e h t r o f s p a rt e s o h t h ti w d e r e tt a l p s
y ll a c i g o l o n h c e
t -d irvens ocia l lfux ,andconstantr eferencest ot hei dea lo fescaping .
e m it m o r
f Fu trhermore ,he explains t ha tBallard’ sprotagonist i n Empire of t he n
u
S i sa ifcitonailzed accoun to fhi sexpe irenceo fLunghuacamp ,deduces t hat , e
h t o n a , r e v o y l e v it c e f f e s i r a w e n o e m it e h t y
b rwa rha seffecitvelybegun .
.
B Reviewo fRelatedTheories
v e
R iewofr elated t heo iresi san aim tosuppo tr t heanalysi sby giving t he f
o n o it p ir c s e d d n a n o it a n a l p x
e the theo ire sneeded to analyze the work .The :
e r a d e d e e n s e ir o e h t
.
1 Theoryo fCharacterandCharacteriza iton
n
I An Introduciton to Ficiton ,Stanton says tha tthe use o fthe term r a l u c it r a p a g n i v i g s i e n o t s ri f e h T . s e g a s u t n e r e f fi d o w t o t s r e f e r r e t c a r a h c
s r e f e r e n o d n o c e s e h T . y r o t s e h t n i s r a e p p a o h w l a u d i v i d n i e h t t u o b a n o it p ir c s e d
b m o c e h t o
t inaiton ofi nterest ,desrie ,emoiton ,and mora lp irnciplet hatf ormt he e h t n i s t n e v e l l a o t t n a c if i n g i s s i t a h t r e t c a r a h c n i a m a s a h y r o t s y r e v E . s l a u d i v i d n i
e d u ti tt a s ’ r e d a e r e h t r o m i h n i r e h ti e n o it a r e tl a f o e s u a c e h t s a y ll a u s u s i tI . y r o t s
m i h d r a w o
t (1965:17 .) n
I Understanding Unseen ,Murphy (1972:161-173 )deifne snine ways t o :
e r a s y a w e n i n e s o h T . r e t c a r a h c e h t d n a t s r e d n u o t r e i s a e s r e d a e r e h t e k a m
.
a Persona lDescirpiton
e h T . s e h t o l c d n a s e c n a r a e p p a s ’ n o s r e p a f o n o it p ir c s e d s ’ r o h t u a n a s i t I d r o h t u
a esc irbe sthe characte rin detalis ,the face ,skin ,eyes ,and clothes .The .r e t c a r a h c e h t o t s e u l c e v i g n a c t i e s u a c e b t n a tr o p m i y r e v s i n o it p ir c s e d l a n o s r e p
.
b Character sa sSeenbyAnothe.r
o n a f o n o i n i p o d n a s e y e e h t h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c a s e b ir c s e d r o h t u a e h
T the r
d e t c e lf e r a t e g y a m r e d a e r e h t , n o i n i p o d n a w e i v s ’ r e h t o e h t h g u o r h T . r e t c a r a h c
. e g a m i
.
c Pas tLfie
a m e h t e v i g o t e fi l t s a p s ’ r e t c a r a h c a t u o b a g n i h t e m o s n r a e l n a c r e d a e r e h T
t c e ri d e h t y b e n o d e b n a c s i h T . r e t c a r a h c e h t e p a h s o t r e d a e r e h t p l e h o t e u l c
e h t h g u o r h t r o , n o it a s r e v n o c s i h , t h g u o h t , s ’ n o s r e p e h t , r o h t u a e h t y b t n e m m o c
. n o s r e p r e h t o n a f o m u i d e m
.
d Conversaitono fOther
e h t h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c s ’ n o s r e p o t e u l c e m o s r e d a e r e h t e v i g n a c r o h t u a e h T
t u o b a y a s y e h t g n i h t d n a e l p o e p r e h t o f o n o it a s r e v n o
c him .Peoplet alkabou tothe r n o s r e p e h t f o r e t c a r a h c e h t o t e u l c a e v i g n e tf o y a s y e h t s g n i h t e h t d n a e l p o e p
0
2 1
o t y l b a v e il e b e d u ti n g a m s ti f o e g n a h c a r o f e m it t n e i c if f u s w o ll a t s u m t I .) 3
.) 1 7 : 4 7 9 1 ( e g n a h c a r o f e m it h g u o n e s d e e n s r e t c a r a h c e h T . e c a l p e k a t
.
2 Theoryo fMo itva iton
t s i y r o e h t n o it a v it o m s ' w o l s a M f o s i s a b e h
T ha t human being s are
r e w o l n i a tr e c t a h t d n a , s d e e n d e if s it a s n u y b d e t a v it o
m factor sneedt o besaits ifed l a r e n e g e r a e r e h t , w o l s a M o t g n i d r o c c A . d e if s it a s e b n a c s d e e n r e h g i h e r o f e b
fl e s d n a , m e e t s e , s s e n g n i g n o l e b , y t e f a s , l a c i g o l o i s y h p : s d e e n f o s e p y
t
-t c
a uailzaiton .Maslow descirbe a human being a sa wanitng anima lwho rarely l a n o s r e p e n o s a , m e t s y s s ’ w o l s a M n I . n o it c a f s it a s e t e l p m o c f o e t a t s a s e h c a e r
s i h t d e if s it a s n o s r e p a n e h W “ . e c a l p s ti e k a t o t s e c a f r u s r e h t o n a , d e if s it a s s i e ri s e d
r e h t o n a l li t s , e n
o clamo rfo rsaitsfaciton .I ti scharacteirsitc o fhuman lfie tha t .)
8 6 3 : 1 8 9 1 , e l e j H ( ” g n i h t e m o s g n ir i s e d s y a w l a t s o m l a e r a e l p o e p
a s e c u d o rt n i ) 8 6 3 : 1 8 9 1 ( n o it a v it o m f o y r o e h t s ’ w o l s a M m a h a r b A
d e H . l e v e l h g i h e h t l it n u c i s a b m o r f s l e v e l r o s e g a t s e l p it l u
m evelop s the
fl e s : s d e e n c i s a b r e h g i h e h t l it n u s d e e n l a c i g o l o i s y h p c i s a b l a u d i v i d n
i
f o y h c r a r e i h f o l e v e l e v if a n i s d e e n c i s a b e h t s e d i v i d w o l s a M . s d e e n n o it a z il a u t c a
t a d e e n c i s a b t s o m e h t h ti w d i m a r y p f o m r o f e h t n i d e g n a r r a s d e e n e v if e h T . s d e e n
o b e h
t ttom.
.
a Physiologica lNeeds
n i a tr e c a l li fl u f o t n o s r e p a r o f n o s a e r c i s a b e h t s i s u t e p m i l a c i g o l o h c y s P
l a v i v r u s d n a s d e e n n o it a l u m it s : s tr a p o w t o t n i d e d i v i d e b n a c s d e e n e s e h T . d e e n
, p e e l s , y t s ri h t ,r e g n u h s e d u l c n i m e h t f o h c a E . s d e e
n sex ,novetly ,etc.
.
b SafetyNeeds
, y c n e d n e p e d , y ti li b a t s , y ti r u c e s s a h c u s s e v it o m e d u l c n i s d e e n y t e f a s e h T
. e r u t c u rt s r o f d e e n d n a y t e i x n a d n a r a e f m o r f m o d e e r f , n o it c e t o r p
.
c Belongingnes sandLoveNeeds
e v o l g n i d u l c n i e r a e v o l d n a s s e n g n i g n o l e b f o s d e e n e h
T and affeciton .An
. r e h t o h ti w p i h s n o it a l e r e t a n o it c e f f a r o f g n o l l e v e l s i h t n o d e t a v it o m l a u d i v i d n i
. l a u d i v i d n i e h t r o f l a o g t n a n i m o d a s e m o c e b p i h s r e b m e m p u o r G
s d e e N l a c i g o l o i s y h P
s d e e N y t e f a S
d n a s s e n g n i g n o l e
B LoveNeeds s d e e N m e e t s E
fl e
4 1
.
d Sel fEsteemNeeds
f s m e e t s e : s e ir o g e t a c o w t n i e d i v i d s d e e n m e e t s E f l e S e h t , e s a c s i h t n
I o r
s d e e n e h t : s e d u l c n i fl e s m i h m o r f m e e t s e e h T . l a u d i v i d n i r e h t o n a m o r f d n a f l e s m i h
e h t e li h W . e c n e d n e p e d n i d n a m o d e e r f , t n e m e v e i h c a , y ti li b a p a c , s m e e t s e f l e s f o
d n a n o it n e tt a , e c n a t p e c c a , e c n e t s i x e : s e d u l c n i l a u d i v i d n i r e h t o n a m o r f m e e t s e
. n o it i s o p
.
e S -efl Actuailzaiton s e t a t s w o l s a
M tha t‘’s -eflactuailzaiton i satendency t o becomemore and m o c e b f o e l b a p a c e n o t a h t g n i h t y r e v e e m o c e b o t , s i y l e u q i n u e n o t a h
w ing’ ’
s e s s e r p l e v e l t s e h g i h s i h t d e v e i h c a s a h o h w n o s r e p e h t n a e m s i t I . ) 3 7 3 : 1 8 9 1 (
l u f e h t d r a w o
t luse o fhis/her t alents ,capaciites ,and potenitailites .He also says n
e h
w a in ndividua lactuailzehimsefli tmeanhecanaccep thimsel fa swha thei s . fl
e s ,t r o h s n
I -actuailzaitoni sapersondesrief ors efl-improvemen.t s
’ z tl u h c S n
I Growth Psychology : Mode l o f the Heatlhy Personaltiy , s
e t a t s o s l a w o l s a
M tha tsefl-actuailzaiton i sa hard proces sand because o ftha t w
e f a y l n o s d n if e h n o s a e
r people get t hei ractuailzaiton, t hough he i ssure t ha t n
o it a z il a u t c a r i e h t e v e i h c a o t e l b i s s o p y r e v s i n o s r e p y r e v
e fit hey develop t hei r
y ll u f ll i w l a u d i v i d n i n a t a h t s e t a t s e h , e r o m r e h tr u F . ) 1 6 : 7 7 9 1 ( .s e it il a it n e t o p r e n n i
e l d d i m e h t n i s i e h n e h w f l e s m i h e z il a u t c
a -aged o rolder .Rarely f ort heyoung t o e
l b a t s n u l li t s n o it o m e d n a g n il e e f ri e h t e c n i s n o it a z il a u t c a w o h
s .Beside ,st heydo
t c a o t e l b a e r a m e h t f o e m o s , r e v e w o H . e fi l t u o b a e c n e ir e p x e h g u o n e e v a h t o n
fl e s d r a w o t h t w o r g d o o g “ s a t i d e ll a c w o l s a M r o n o it a z il a u t c a d r a w o t y l e s o l
c
-.) 8 6 : 7 7 9 1 ( ” n o it a z il a u t c a
n i o g e r b A & r e m m a r B o t g n i d r o c c
A Therapeuitc Counseilng and ,
n o it a z il a u t c a f l e s , y h p a r e t o h c y s
P s -efl actuailzaitoni st heprocesst o createone’ s e v a h e b d l u o c e n o e m o s f i d e v o r p s i n o it a ti m il e h T . s r e h t o d r a w o t n o it a ti m il r e t u o
n a , e r o m r e h tr u F . g n i h t e m o s h ti w t r o f m o c s i d r o d e ir r o w s l e e f e h n e v e , y lr e p o r p
e z il a u t c
a dpersoni seasliy t o ge tclose rwtihothe raroundhimandpreparef ort he )
3 6 : 3 9 9 1 ( k s ir e l b i s s o p y r e v e
d e r e d i s n o c e b n a c l a u d i v i d n i n
A a ssefl-actuailze ri fhe show scetrain c
it s ir e t c a r a h
c s in hi sbehaviorMaslow i n Hjelleand Ziegler’s book (1981 :388) r
e t c a r a h c e m o s s e t a t
s s ofs efl-actuailzers:
.i AnEfifcien tPercepitono fRealtiy fl
e
S -actuailze robserve the fact sabou tthing sand person saround him .
m e h t d n u o r a d e t s i x e s s e n l u ft i e c e d e z i n g o c e r n a c e h t d n a y l e v it c e j b
o They have
y ti l a e r f o n o it p e c r e p r e tt e
b ands eer ealtiya stii srathert hanast heywish tit obe .
.i
i Acceptanceo fSefl ,Other ,andNature fl
e
S -actuailzingperson sdisplayasenseofr espectf o rsel fandother .They it e h t e t s a w t o n l li w y e h T . s e s s e n k a e w r i e h t n e v e s e v l e s m e h t h ti w d e if s it a s e r
a me
. e r a y e h t y a w e h t s a t c a y e h t d n a e r u li a f ri e h t h ti w y r r o s l e e f o t
.i
ii Spontanetiy ,SimpilctiyandNaturalness fl
e s , e fi l f o t c e p s a l l a n
I -actuailze rbehavei nopenanddriec tways ,devoid e
c n a d r o c c a n i , s i t a h t ; y ll a r u t a n e v a h e b s n o s r e p e s e h T . e s n e t e r p f
o wtih thei r
fl e s ,r e v e w o H . e r u t a
6 1
. v
i ProblemCente irng fl e s e h
T -actuailzing person sdono tonlyf ocust hemselve sonhi sbehavio r r
e h t o t u o b a e l b i s n o p s e r d n a n r e c n o c y e h t , d e e d n I .t c il f n o c r e n n i d n
a thing, i n t hi s
y e h t e c n i s k r o w r i e h t d r a w o t n o it a c i d e d d o o g a e v a h y e h T . k r o w r i e h t e s a c
e s u a c e b y l n o t o n s i ti d n a y ti li b a r i e h t s s e r p x e o t m u i d e m e h t s a g n i k r o w r e d i s n o c
. y e n o m f o
.
v Detachment :Needf o rp irvacy fl
e
S -actuailzing person ssomeitme sneed sp irvacy and independence .A .
y lt n e d n e p e d n i g n i h t y n a o d n a c y e h t t a h t o s d e t c e p x e s i y l e n o l e b o t e m it
.i
v Autonomy:I ndependenceo fcutlureandenvrionment fl
e
S -actuailzingpeopleareno tdependentf ort hei rmains aitsfacitonont he n
e m n o ri v n e l a i c o s d n a l a c i s y h
p t
.i i
v AConitnuedFreshnes so fAppreciaiton fl
e
S -actuailzer s conitnually appreciate cetrain expeirence though i t , e l p m a x e r o F . e r u s a e l p f o e s n e s h s e r f h ti w , e fi l y li a d r i e h t n i y lr a l u g e r s n e p p a h
if r e tf a k r o w o t e v ir d y li a d e h t n o w e i v y l e v o l e h t r e d i s n o c y e h
t ve year swtih
. e m it t s ri f t a t i e e s y e h t fi s a e r u s a e l p h c u m
.i ii
v Peako rMysitcExpeirences fl
e
S -actuailzingi ndividual scommonlyha swha thecall speakexpe irences . s s e n l u f s s il b , s s e n l u f e c a e p , n o it a x a l e r ,t n e m e ti c x e f o t n e m o m o t s r e f e r m r e t s i h T
s s e n ll it s d n
a .
. x
i SocialI nterest fl
e
S -actuailzer shave a srtong feeilng o flove and empathy toward al lo f s e v l e s m e h t e b o t n o it c a f s it a s h c u m e v e i h c a n a c y e h t t a h t l e e f y e h T . s g n i e b n a m u h
. e fi l l a i c o s d r a w o t y ti n a m u h f o g n il e e f d o o g a g n i v a h m e h t s e k a m t i d n a
.
x Interpersona lRelaitons fl
e
S -actuailzers arecapableo fhavingsrtongerr elaitonship swtihothe rsince d
n e ir f r e p e e d d n a e v o l r e t a e r g e v a h y e h
t ship .Simlialry ,those wtih whom they fl
e s o t r e s o l c d n a r e i h tl a e h e b o t y l e k il e r a e t a i c o s s
a -actuailzaitont hant heaverage fl
e s , r e v o e r o M . n o s r e
p -actuailzer sare i ncilned t o associateclosely wtih othe ro f .
y ti c a p a c d n a , t n e l a t ,r e t c a r a h c r a li m i s
.i
x ADemocraitcCharacte rSrtucture fl
e
S -actuailzaitonmakesf irendst oanykindo fpeoplef romeverydfiferen t e
r d n a , e c a r , e r u tl u
c ilgion and tire sto tolerate among each othe .r They tend to s i o h w y d o b y n a m o r f n r a e l o t g n il li w e r a y e h t , e r o m r e h tr u F . n o s r e p l l a t c e p s e r
.s f e il e b l a c it il o p r o , e c a r , n o it a c u d e , s s a l c f o e v it c e p s e r ri , m e h t h c a e t o t e l b a
.i i
x DiscirminaitonbetweenMean sandEnds ,BetweenGoodandEvli
fl e
S -actuailze rclealry disitnguishe sbetween mean sand end ,s t heend o r e r a y e h t , o s l A . m e h t g n i h c a e r f o s n a e m e h t n a h t t n a tr o p m i e r o m h c u m e r a s l a o g
. g n o r w d n a t h g ir , li v e , d o o g n e e w t e b h s i u g n it s i d o t e l b a
.i ii
x Senseo fPhliosophicalHumor
s ’ r e h t o n a t a n u f s e k o p t a h t r o m u h y o j n e y a m n o s r e p c it s ir e t c a r a h c s i h T
t s u j d n o y e b e s o p r u p a , y e v n o c o t g n i h t e m o s s a h y l b a b o r p s e k o j s i h d n a y ti r o ir e f n i
. h g u a l a g n i c u d o r p
. v i
x Creaitveness fl e
S -actuailze ri svery innovaitve in creaitng cetrain work .I tcan be a s s
g n i h
8 1
. v
x Resistancet oencutluraiton
d n a e r u tl u c r i e h t h ti w y n o m r a h n i e r a s t c e j b u s s i h t a h t d e v r e s b o w o l s a M
, s g n i e b s u o m o n o t u a y ll a it n e s s E . ti m o r f t n e m h c a t e d r e n n i n i a tr e c a n i a t n i a m t e y
y e h
t maket hei rowndecision ,even fit heyarea todd swtihpopula ropinion.
.
3 TheRela itonbetweenLtieratureandPsychology
, y g o l o h c y s p d n a e r u t a r e ti l n e e w t e b n o it a l e r a s i e r e h t t a h t y fi t n e d i o T
e h t n i h s il a
K Psychologica lo fHuman behavior impile stha tltierature hold the r i e h t f o g n il e e f e h t e t a c i n u m m o c n a c t s il e v o n r o r e ti r w d o o g A . n a m e h t f o r o r ri m
e fi l e r o m m e e s m e h t e k a m d n a s r e t c a r a h
c -ilke than the rea l people whose e h t e s u n a c r e ti r w e h T . e b ir c s e d o t t p m e tt a t s i g o l o h c y s p e h t r o i v a h e b
f o g n i d n a t s r e d n
u human behavio rby drawing from the deep sensiitvtiy o fan .
) 8 : 9 7 9 1 ( r o h t u a
e s o l c a e v a h e r u t a r e ti l d n a y g o l o h c y s p , n e r r a W d n a k e ll e W o t g n i d r o c c A
e l p o e P . s e s a c l a c i g o l o h c y s p t u o b a k l a t s k r o w y r a r e ti l f o e m o s h c i h w n i n o it a l e r
g o l o h c y s p f o y r o e h t n r a e l n a
c y tha tmay be revealed work so fltierature by .)
1 8 : 6 5 9 1 ( .s k r o w e h t g n i z y l a n a
.
C Theoreitca lFramework
s e ir o e h t e h T . l e v o n e h t e z y l a n a p l e h o t s e ir o e h t e m o s e s u l li w s i s e h t s i h T
it a z ir e t c a r a h c d n a r e t c a r a h c f o y r o e h t e r a s i s e h t s i h t n i d e il p p a e b l li w t a h
t on ,and
fl e s f o y r o e h
t -moitvaiton .
20
I I I R E T P A H C
Y G O L O D O H T E M
.
A Objec toft heStudy
s ’ d r a ll a B G .J s i y d u t s s i h t f o t c e j b o e h
T Empireoft heSun ,wirtteni n1984 e h T . r a e y e m a s e h t n i d t L z e n a l o G r o t c i V y b n i a ti r B t a e r G n i d e h s il b u p t s ri f d n a
a w s i s e h t s i h t n i d e s u r e ti r w e h t t a h t e c r u o s n i a
m sp irnted i n1988 andpubilshed 3 o t n i d e d i v i d d n a s r e t p a h c 1 4 , s e g a p 1 5 3 f o s t s i s n o c l e v o n e h T . k o o B n o tf a r G y b
. y r o t s s tr a p
d e h t t n e m e lt t e S l a n o it a n r e t n I s' i a h g n a h S n i s n e p o y r o t s e h
T ay before t he
d e k c a tt a e s e n a p a
J Pear lHarbor .Aneleven year sold boy Jim ,expeirenced awa r I
. a n i h C d n a n a p a J n e e w t e
b n t het urmolit hatf o llowedhewasseparatedf romhi s h
r o f d n e f o t tf e l d n a s t n e r a
p imsefl .For t wo months ,heroamed round t he ctiy , y n a p m o c s u o r e g n a d e h t o t n i g n il l a f n e h t d n a s a ll i v d e tr e s e d n i g n i g n e v a c
s o fa
. k n a r F d n a e i s a B d e ll a c r o li a s n a c ir e m A y d a h
s Later ,Jim wa ssen tto p irsone r . d n i m s i h n e p o d n a e g n a h c d l u o w t a h t g n i h t e m o s d e n r a e l e h , p m a c e h t n I . p m a c
e i v o m e h t , y ll a u t n e v e d n a e s a e l e r t s ri f e h t n i s s e c c u s s ti d e n i a g l e v o n e h T
e s a e l e r s a w n o i s r e
v d in 1987 and driected by Steven Spielberg .The flim also c i s u m d n a n g i s e d d n u o s , y h p a r g o t a m e n i c r o f s d r a w a n o w t i , y ti r a l u p o p d e n i a g
e b o l G n e d l o G h t 6 4 e h t t a e li h w , s d r a w A m li F y m e d a c A h s it ir B t s 1 4 e h t t a e r o c s
s d r a w
A Empireoft heSun wa snominated fo rBes tMoiton Picture (Drama )and .
e r o c S l a n i g ir O
2
, n o it p ir c s e
d character’ sown dialogue and behavior ,and wha tprovided by the s
r e t c a r a h c r e h t
o .
a d e il p p a r e ti r w e h t r e t a
L moitvaiton theory from Abraham Maslow e
h T . y ti l a n o s r e p s ’ r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t d r a w o
t moitvaiton theory used to explore r
e t c a r a h c n i a m e h
t ’ s psychologica l condiiton and late r analyze how hi s n
o it a v it o m s i h f o e s u a c e b e g n a h c s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c .Byconsideirngt hequesiton,t he n o it a v it o m s ’ r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t f o n o it a l e r l a it n e s s e r o f h c r a e s e r l li w r e ti r w
s i h s e c n e u lf n
i characteirsitc .The las tstep wa sto draw a conclusion from the .s
i s y l a n
4 2
V I R E T P A H C
S I S Y L A N A
e b l li w r e t p a h c s i h t , n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t n o d e s a
B dividedi nto t hree
. s tr a
p In the firs tpa tr ,the wrtier analyzes the characteirzaiton o fJim Graham t
n e m p o l e v e d e h t s e c n e ir e p x e e h e r o f e
b fronhi smoitvaiton . Int hesecondpar,tt he e
ti r
w ranalyze sJim’ smo itvaiton using Maslow’ stheory o f moitvaiton. The d n a y r o t s e h t o t d e t a l e r t n e v e e h t e b ir c s e d o t t n a c if i n g i s s i y r o e h t s ’ w o l s a M
s ’ m i J e t a v it o m s t n e v e e h t w o h s n i a l p x
e characteirsitc. I n t het h rid pa tr ,based on s
e z y l a n a r e ti r w e h t , c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ’ m i
J someo fhi snewcharacteirsitct ha tcanbe .
n o it a v it o m s i h m o r f n e e s
.
A Jim’ sCharacterisitcBeforeHeFoundHi sMo itva iton
n e v e l e n a , m a h a r G m i J n o s e s u c o f y r o t s e h
T -y -ear old Biritsh boy who n
i y li m a f s i h h ti w s e v
il Shanghai .Beforet heJ apant ake sove rShangha,iJ im ilve s m o r f e t a r a p e s m i J s e k a m a n i h C o t n a p a J f o n o i s a v n i e h T . t n e r a p s i h h ti w y li p p a h
d n a d e rr a c s a h ti w t e e m , i a h g n a h S f o t e e rt s e h t n i e n o l a s r e d n a w e H . t n e r a p s i h
e d r e v e n e h t a h t n o it a u ti s n o it a v r a t
s al tbefore .Finally,J imf allsi nt hehand soft he s
d n e s d n a e s e n a p a
J to a p irson camp .Jim' sexpeirencesi n t he camp changehim e h y tl e u r c e h t t p e c c a o t s n r a e l e H . n a m d e c n e ir e p x e n a o t y o b t n e c o n n i n a m o r f
e u rt e h t d n a t s r e d n u o t s e m o c d n a m i h d n u o r a s e e
s horro ro fwar .
s ’ d r a ll a B G .J n i m a h a r G m i J f o n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c e h
T Empire o fthe Sun
s e z y l a n a e b l li
w through applying the theory o fcharacte rand characteirzaiton 1
6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( y h p r u M J . M m o r
8 2
n o it a n a l p x e f e ir b a s e v i g r o h t u a e h
T ofJ imt hroughhi sd riec tcomment . e
m o
S examplestakenwhenJ imha saconversaitonwtihD rRansome.J imi sj us t .s t o li p e s e n a p a J d n a s e n a l p ri a s e z il o d i e H . e g a s i h t a y o b n o m m o c r e h t o n a e k il
’ ? m i J l a m i n a n i d e t s e r e t n i u o y e r A ‘
r m ’ I t a h W . h c u m t o n . . … s e Y
‘ eally interested in i s ’.
n o it a i v a
’ ? n a e m u o y , s e n a l p o r e A ? n o it a i v A ‘
f o t i p k c o c e h t n i t a s I ‘ : d e d d a m i J , y ll a u s s a C ’ . y lt c a x e t o N ‘
r e t h g if e s e n a p a J
? s t o li p e s e n a p a J e ri m d a u o Y ‘
’ … e v a r b y e h T ‘
t n a tr o p m i s ’t a h t d n a ‘
’ ’ r a w a n i w o t t n a w u o y f i a e d i d o o g a s ’t I
‘ (p.139 .)
a t o li p d n a s e n a l p ri
A lway sbecome Jim’ sbes tente trainmen.t sH i preoccupaiton s
e n a l p ri a h ti
w shows by hi sway o fhist oy plane .Theplane become shi sdream g n o rt s a e s o o h c t s u m e h , s u h T . t o li p a e m o c e b o t s e i s a t n a f s i h f o e n o , e p o h d n a
w e n a l p ri
a henhef ile son ti .Hi satrtactedt ooneoft heJapanesearicraf tZero-sen . r
a w e h t n i o j l li w e s e n a p a J y a d e m o s t a h t e p o h a s a h m i
J on the same side a s
s i H . h s it ir
B dreams oft hewa randi magines tha thei spar to f ti ,wea ra lfyingsui t a
c a f o k c e d e h t n
o rire rprepairngt oj oint hewa rwtiht heJapanese.‘ ’Aricraf thad d e t a t s a v e d d a h t a h t s r e b m o b e s e n a p a J e h t y ll a i c e p s e d n a m i J d e t s e r e t n i s y a w l a
e k g n o H d n a o a t n a
N ydistirc to fShanghaii n1937 ’’(p.25). k l a n o i s u l e d a m i h s e k a m t o li p a e m o c e b o t m a e r d s ’ m i
J id .Bored wtih a
y r a ti li m d n a d l e if ri a e h t , e c a l p e ti r o v a f s i h o t t n e v e s i h t s e p a c s e y ll a u s u m i J , y tr a p
e h t f o e n o s i e h t a h t s e z i s a t n a f d n a r e i d l o s d n a t o li p y a l p n a c e h e r e h w t n i o p k c e h c
h c u m o s s e n a l p ri a s e v o l m i J e k a m t o li p a e m o c e b o t m a e r d s i H . s t o li
p .Oneo fhi s
o r e Z s i s e n a l p ri a e ti r o v a
2 3
d e t a t s r e t s r o F M . E s A . y t e f a s n w o s i h r o f e l u r a w o ll o f o t t p e c c a d n a t n e m n o ri v n e
g n i v o m d n a g n i g n a h c f o e l b a p a c s i t a h t r e t c a r a h c s i m i J , r e t c a r a h c d n u o r t u o b a
t n i x e l p m o c s i r e t c a r a h c d n u o r a , e r o m r e h tr u F . n o it c a h g u o r h
t emperamen tand
t a v it o
m ionandrepresentedwtihs ub lte( 1974:46 .)
.
B Jim’sMo itva itont oSurviveFromt heOppressionDescribed int heStory.
d n a s e v it o m e v a h o s l a y e h t , e c n e g il l e t n i d n a t c n it s n i e v a h s g n i e b n a m u H i s e
d resi n t hei r ilves .Simliart o peoplei n reall fie ,Jim Graham ,thecharacteri n m
s A . e v it o m a s a h o s l a y r o t s s i h
t enitoned above ,Stanton says tha ta characte r . ) 7 1 : 5 6 9 1 ( s e v it o m s a h e h s r o e h , s d r o w r e h t o n I ” . g n i v a h e b r o f n o s a e r “ s a
h Fo r
h t s e ri s e d , s e ri s e d s i h l li fl u f y b n o i s s e r p p o f o e fi l h s r a h e h t e v i v r u s e h , m i
J a tmake
, e fi l s i h n i g n i h t y r e v e t s o l y d a e rl a t a h t d i k a s i m i J . w o r r o m o t r o f e fi l o t s t n a w e h
t a h t g n i h t e m o s t e g o t s e ir t ll i w e h , n o it a u ti s e t a ir p o r p p a n i n a g n i c a f e h n e h w o s
. r e tt e b l e e f m i h e k a m
f e h
T ristt hingt ha twli lbediscussedi n t hi sanalysisi st hemoitve soft he l li fl u f o t r e d r o n i e v i v r u s o t s i n o it a v it o m s ’ m a h a r G m i J . l e v o n s i h t n i r e t c a r a h c
. r a w f o s e it il a e r h s r a h e h t n i s d e e n s i
h From thi sexpeirence ,h e wli llearns an d
n a n o s s e l t n a tr o p m
i tha tmake shi spersonaltiytodevelop.
.
1 Jim’ sPhysiologica lNeeds
l l a f o s u o i v b o d n a , l u f r e w o p , c i s a b t s o m e h t ) 9 6 3 : 1 8 9 1 ( d i a s w o l s a M s A
, d o o f r o f d e e n e h t e r a p u o r g s i h t n i d e d u l c n I . l a v i v r u s l a c i s y h p s i s d e e n n a m u h
y r o s n e s d n a , e r u t a r e p m e t e m e rt x e , n o it c e t o r p , p e e l s r o f y ti v it c a , n e g y x o , k n ir d
m it
s ulaiton. m i J n e h
W wa sseparatedf romhi sparen,tt hectiywa son irot .Fo rdays ,he d
e r e d n a
w around in the ctiy o fShanghai .The fris tthing tha tJim looke d i sa .
r e tl e h
s Hewentt o St .MaireHosptia land had been waiitng f ort hreedayst here . h
t s y a w l a e
H ink sabou thi sparent sandhopest hey wli lcomevisi thimsoon .The e
k a m t a h t e c a l p t s ri f e h t s e m o c e b l a ti p s o
h sJimf eelsafeatfe rseparatedf romhi s d
e s u m a s a w m i J , e r e h t n I .t n e r a
p himsel fwtihhisf antasie so fanariplane .Heha s f
o s e n a l p e h t d e i d u t
s theJ apaneseandknowst hei rnames( P.53) . e
p a c s e m i J n o o
S s from the hosptia land heads away to hi shouse ,H e k
n i h
t s tha thi sparen tprobablywatis rfo hima thome .Hef ulifllshi sdesrieofl ack s
e o d e h e r e h w d o o f f
o no tge tenough a tthe hosptial .Jim survive sby eaitng a m
o r f d o o f r e v o tf e
l therefirgerator .
d n a r e h t o m s i h r o f e s u o h e h t n i e n o l a s y a d e e r h t r o f s ti a w m i J ’ ‘
l a u s u s i h n i g n it ti s , m o o r g n i n i d e h t n i s t a e e H . n r u t e r o t r e h t a f
d o o f d e n n a c g n it a e s i e h d n a d a b o g o t g n it r a t s s i d o o f e h T . e c a l p
r e t a w e h t d n a n e p o t e c u a f e h t t f e l s a h e H . y rt n a p e h t m o r f
’ ’ r e t a w d e lt t o b e lt ti l a y l n o h ti w t f e l s i e H . y r d n i a r d s e v r e s e r
5 6 . p
( -6 6 .)
t a h t s t p e c c a m i J , w o n y
B hi smothe rand f athe rareno tcominghome .Jim f
i e p o h o n s i e r e h t s e z il a e
r hestayst here .Therefore ,hedecidest ovistit hehome s s
d n e ir f s i h f
o andset sou tonhi sbicycle. Hegetst ot hef ris thomeand ifndst wo e H . e d i s t u o e r u ti n r u f g n i g g a r d e r e h t y li m a f s i h r o f k r o w y l s u o i v e r p t a h t s h a m A
o s e c a f s i h s p a l s h a m a e h t f o e n o t u b p l e h r o f s ll a
c hard .Jim knows t ha tshe i s o t g n il li w e n o o n s i e r e h t e z il a e R . r e h o t d i d e h g n i h t e m o s r o f k c a b m i h g n i y a p
m i J , m i h p l e
4 3
e v il o
t s a sap irsonert hanwander saround,t hough tifalied tlaer .Jim’st houghtt o s
i h f o e v o r p a s i r e d n e r r u
s desperaitont owardt he rtagedyt ha thappene dtohim.
.
2 Jim’ sSafetyNeeds
s e t a t s w o l s a
M (1981 : 370 ) ‘t’ha t the safety need s are mos t readliy h
e v it a l e r ri e h t f o e s u a c e b n e r d li h c g n u o y d n a s t n a f n i n i d e v r e s b
o elplessnes sand
s tl u d a f o e c n e d n e p e
d ’ .’ Fu trhermore ,heexplain ,s i fsuch elements ,fo rexample : d n a , s u o i x n a , e r u c e s n i l e e f l li w d li h c a , t n e m n o ri v n e e h t n i t n e s b a e r a , y li m a f
. y ti li b a t s t s o m e h t r e f f o h c i h w e fi l f o s a e r a e s o h t t u o g n i k e e s ,l u ft s u rt s i m
t
A thehosptial t hat i sguarded by t he Japanese soldier ,Jim reailzes t ha t e
s e n a p a
J ist aking conrto lal love rShanghai .In hi smind, hef eel sglad t hatt hey .
m i h t c e t o r p l li w
n i e fi l s p a h r e p , d e s u m m i J , r a w e h t n o w d a h e s e n a p a J t a h t w o N ‘ ‘
t e r d l u o w i a h g n a h
S urn t onormal .When t heyoungsoldie rshowed r e t h g if f o h p a r g o t o h p e h t d e i d u t s y ll u f e r a c e h r e p a p s w e n e h t m i h
e h t a h t s e n e c s , r e ir r a c e s e n a p a J e h t m o r f f f o g n i k a t s r e b m o b
.) 3 5 . p ( ’ ’ r a w f o e v e e h t n o l e t o H e c a l a P e h t t a r e b m e m e r o t d e m e e s m i
J ’ sopinion t oward t heJapanesei sgrowingmoret hanadmriaiton .Hebecome s a
J e h t n o t n e d n e p e d o o
t panesef o rhi ssurvival .Jimdoesno tseet hema sat hrea t y e h t n e h w y ll a i c e p s e , d i k a o t e c i n e b d l u o w e s e n a p a J e h t t a h t t h g u o h t e h d n a
. m r o fi n u l a y o r h s it ir B a r a e w
a r o
F lmos to fhisl fie,J imalwaysha sbeenadependen tyoungboy .Hehas a paren twho can saitsfy hi sneed and many servant s who obey unde r hi s
s k l a w m i J s A . t e e rt s y ti c e h t n i e n o l a s r e d n a w e h e m it t s ri f e h t s i s i h T . d n a m m o c
, e m o
