PROPERTIES
IES OF BUTON NATURAL ROCK AS
MODIFIED BITUMEN
uirements in completing undergraduate edu gineering of Sultan Agung Islamic University
NGGRAINI SEVIANA
3230 3020
KULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN SIPIL
IVERSITAS ISLAM SULTAN AGUNG
SEMARANG
2016
ASPHALT
ducation on Civil ity
A MEI LASARI
0201203252
IL
MOTTO
Sesungguhnya sesudah kesulitan itu ada kemudahan maka apabila kamu telah selesai suatu urusan segeralah mengerjakan urusan yang lain dengan sungguh-sungguh
(QS Al-Insyirah : 5-7)
Percayalah Allah SWT. adalah sebaik-baiknya pembuat takdir, jalani takdir kita dengan sebaik-baiknya dan langkahkan diri kita menuju kebaikan.
(Seviana Mei Lasari)
Tidak ada usaha yang sia-sia jika dilakukan dengan penuh keikhlasan dan selalu memohon berkah dari Allah SWT.
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DEDICATION
“We dedicate this modest work to our parents, our sisters, the
people who have always supported us and our beloved
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamiin, Innalhamdalillah nahmaduhu wa nasta-‘iynuhu. Upon
Ridho and Rahmat Allah Subhana wa Ta’ala this final assignment report can be complete,
entiled “Properties of Buton Natural Rock Asphalt Modified Bitumen”. This final assignment
was submitted to meet the requirements to completing the Bachelor of Civil Engineering at the University of Islam Sultan Agung Semarang.
The authors wish to thank you profusely to:
1. Mr. Dr. Ir. H. Kartono Wibowo, MM, MT. as Dekan of the Faculty of Engineering, UNISSULA for giving me a chance to study in Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering UNISSULA.
2. Mr. Ir. H. Rachmat Mudiyono, MT, Ph.D. as Chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNISSULA and as Co-Supervisor Final Assignment, which has taken the time and effort to provide guidance with patience, motivation, thought, criticsm, suggestions and encouragement.
3. Mr. Ir. H. Gatot Rusbintardjo, M. R. Eng. SC, Ph.D. as the Supervisor Final Assignment, which has taken the time, encourages, guidance, criticsm, and friendship. 4. Mr. H. Danna Darmayadi, ST, MT. as the guardian lecturer which has taken the
guidance during the education.
5. Mr. and Mrs. Lecturer Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Sultan Agung, as a lecturer. Thank you for all the knowledge and experience that has been given.
6. M. Bustomi, ST. and Yuda Wicaksana, ST. which has helped provide useful information for the completion of this final assignment by means of the final assignment them.
7. Parents, relatives, and friends of the authors for the support and assistance given. 8. Thank you to my partner Seviana Mei Lasari which has taken everything for me, she
was very patient and always understand the nature of each other, even if we fight like a woman who would commit-murder.
9. Thank you to my friends who have helped us in the laboratory for this final assignment : Novby Mintyas Saputri and Agung Rizqi Sofyan.
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11. Thank you to all my best friends : Icak, Cumut, Itin, Inis, Sisin, Habib, and Ade Wahyu for their support and prayers from away.
12. Thanks to my best new friends : Ade Wahyu, Khabibur, and Fauzi for his support and prayers until my final assignment is done.
13. Thanks to Gagas Prabowo, ST. for his support, prayers, patience, encouragement from away.
14. Thanks to S3 (Sport Supaya Sehat) community : Reza, Putra, Prasetyo, Seviana, Tia, Nuril, Tika, Eko, Irfan, Helmi, Raditya for support and prayers until my final assignment is done.
15. All those who have helped in the completion of this final assignment that we can not mention one by one.
The writer realizes, because of the limitation of knowledge, ability, and experience, in this final assignment there are still many shortcomings. Therefore, criticsm and constructive suggestions make it better and more towards the perfection.
Semarang, August 2016 The Writer
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter Content Page
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL ... ii
PROCESS VERBAUX (BERITA ACARA) ... iii
MOTTO ... iv
DEDICATION ... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... vi
ABSTRACT ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... x
LIST OF TABLE... xiv
LIST OF FIGURE ... xv
ABBREVIATIONS ... xvi
I INTRODUCTION... 1
1.1 Background and Problem Statement ... 1
1.2 The Objective of the Research... 4
1.3 Scope of the Study... 4
II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 6
2.1 Introduction ... 6
2.2 Binders... 6
2.3 Behavior of bitumen binder ... 7
2.4 The reasons to modify bitumen binders ... 10
2.5 The role of modifying bitumen in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures ... 11
2.6 History, use, and benefits of the present bitumen modifications ... 14
2.7 Temperature susceptibility ... 15
2.7.1 Penetration Index (PI)... 15
ix
mixtures ... 19
2.9.1 Moisture Susceptibility Tests ... 20
2.10 Buton Natural Rock Asphalt (BNRA)-modifier use in the research ... 21
2.11 Summary of the literature review ... 25
III RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLODY ... 27
3.1 Introduction ... 27
3.2 Bitumen Characterization ... 29
3.3 Optimum Bitumen Content ... 31
3.4 Determination of Mixing Variables of Bitumen and (Buton Natural Rock Asphalt)... 31
3.5 Preparation of Materials ... 32
3.6 Material Test... 33
3.6.1 Softening Point Test ... 33
3.6.2 Specific Gravity Test ... 35
3.6.3 Penetration Test ... 36
3.7 Determination of PI Content... 38
3.8 Aggregate Characterization ... 38
3.9 Materials Test ... 38
3.9.1 Coarse and Fine Aggregate... 38
3.9.2 Gradation Limits of Combined Aggregate ... 39
3.10 Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixtures ... 40
3.10.1 Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) 14-mixtures ... 40
3.11 Marshall Stability and Flow Test ... 41
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 42
4.1 Introduction ... 42
4.2 Bitumen Characterization ... 42
4.3 Mixing Bitumen with BNRA ... 43
4.4 Penetration Test ... 44
4.5 Softening Point Test ... 46
4.6 Penetration Index (PI)... 47
4.8 Mix design of SMA-14 determination of optimum bitumen
content ... 49
4.9 Marshall Stability Testing ... 50
V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS... 51
5.1 Conclusions ... 51
5.2 Recommendations ... 51
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table No. Content Page
2.1 Gradation limits of combined aggregates for SMA... 19
2.2 Chemical substance composition of BNRA (Source: BAI Co. Ltd) ... 22
2.3 Consistency of the bitumen of BNRA (Source: BAI Co. Ltd) ... 23
2.4 Gradation and Properties of Buton-NRA (Source: BAI Co. Ltd) ... 23
3.1 Gradation limits of aggregates for Stone Mastic Asphalt 14 (SMA-14) ... 39
4.1 Base bitumen properties ... 42
4.2 The results of consistency test of BNRA... 43
4.3 Statistical analysis of penetration test results of BNRA-MB ... 45
4.4 Statistical analysis of softening point test results of BNRA-MB ... 46
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Content Page
a. Basic flexible pavement structure... 2
b. Load distributions on flexible pavement ... 3
2.5 Bitumen-time temperature dependency... 8
2.2 Viscoelastic behaviour of ... 9
2.3 Viscoelastic responses of an HMA under static load ... 12
2.4 Viscoelastic responses of an HMA under moving wheel load ... 12
2.5 Nomograph to determine penetration index (SP/pen) ... 16
2.6 Cross-sectional view of a typical SMA and a dense-graded HMA 18 2.7 Buton island and the location of BNRA... 21
2.8 Rock asphalt in the depth 1 to 1.5 meter from the land surface ... 22
2.9 Buton-NRA in bag (left) and coarse grains of Buton-NRA (right) 24 3.1 Flowchart of Research Plan Part 1 ... 28
3.2 Flowchart of Research Plan Part 2 ... 30
3.3 Fine particle of BNRA... 31
3.4 Illustration of blending BNRA and Bitumen... 32
3.5 Softening Point Test ... 34
3.6 Specific Gravity Test ... 36
3.7 Apparatus for The Bitumen Penetration Test ... 37
3.8 Marshall Test Set ... 41
4.1 Student t distribution ... 44
4.2 Regression model of penetration test results of BNRA... 45
4.3 Regresion model for softening point test result... 47
4.4 Regression model of PI value of BNRA-Bitumen mixtures ... 48
xiii
ABBREVIATIONS
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
⁰C Celcius
dmm decimillimeters
G grams
HMA Hot Mix Asphalt Kg kilograms KPa kilo pascal mm millimeter
BNRA Buton Natural Rock Asphalt BNRA-MB BNRA-Modified Bitumen PEN Penetration
PI Penetration Index psi Pound per square inch R Coefficient of correlation R2/R-square Coefficient of determination R&B Ring and Ball
SG Specific Gravity SMA Stone Mastic Asphalt SNI Standar Nasional Indonesia SP Softening Point
US United State
VFB Voids filled with bitumen VIM Voids in the compacted mix VMA Voids in Mineral Aggregate
μ m microns
