Sistem Manajemen Basis Data SIG

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Sistem Informasi

Geografs

Manajemen Basis Data dalam SIG

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Sistem Manajemen Basis Data

SIG



SIG merupakan perangkat pengelolaan

basis data (

DBMS = Data Base

Management System

) dimana interaksi

dengan pemakai dilakukan dengan

suatu sistem antar muka dan sistem

query dan basis data dibangun untuk

aplikasi multiuser.



SIG merupakan perangkat analisis

keruangan (

spatial analysis

) dengan

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Sistem Manajemen Basis Data

SIG

Syarat pengorganisasian data:

Volum kecil dengan klasifikasi data yang baik;

Penyajian yang akurat;

Mudah dan cepat dalam pencarian kembali (data retrieval) dan

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Tipe Data

 Data lokasi:

◦ Koordinat lokasi

◦ Nama lokasi

◦ Lokasi topologi (letak relatif: sebelah kiri danau A, sebelah kanan pertokoan B)

 Data non-lokasi:

◦ Curah hujan

◦ Jumlah panen padi

◦ Terdiri dari variabel (tanah), kelas (alluvial), nilai luas (10 ha), jenis (pasir)

 Data dimensi waktu (temporal):

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Desain Konseptual



Data Model

◦

A data model is a formal specifcation

for the entities, their attributes and all

relationships between the entities for

the GIS.

◦

The purpose of a data model is to

make it possible for both user and GIS

analyst agree on the data defnitions

which is represented completely

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Desain Konseptual

Simple Entity – Relationship (E-R) Diagram

Entities represented as rectangles,

relationship as diamonds and

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Desain Konseptual

E-R Model

• _Entities;

• Relationships between entities;

•_{Attributes of entities or relationships.}

• _{Belonging to;}

• Set and subset relationships; •_{Parent-child relationships;}

• Component parts of an object. 1. Parts of E-R Model:

2. Types of normal relationships:

3. Rules for identifying entities, relationships, and attributes:

•_{A common noun corresponds}

to an entity type;

•_{A transitive verb corresponds}

to a relationship type;

• An adjective corresponds to

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Desain Konseptual

 Each entity and its attribute map into one or more

relational tables.

 _{Each relationship is a regular relationship executed by}

the relational database query system or a spatial

relationship and if it is not a standard operation then the indicated operation which usually includes a

complex computation need to be written (using Avenue Script/Macro Language).

Rise

Area terbangun Bangunan kantor_{Bangunan rumah sakit} Bangunan sekolah Bangunan pertokoan

Koordinat Letak Luas

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Desain Konseptual

 _{Metadata is “information about data”: (i) describe the}

characteristics of the data (entity and attributes) using its standard name, and (ii) provide information on its accuracy and its source and its archiving provision.

 _{Important functions of metadata: provide (i) a basic data}

description of a data set; (ii) information for data transfer / sharing; (iii) information for entries into clearinghouses to catalogue the availability of data.

 _{Metadata should serve as: (i) a documentation and data}

management tool; (ii) data defnition, source documentation, management and updating, data archiving and retention

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Desain Konseptual

An example of metadata tables:

1. Organization Information Name of Organization

Department Room/Suite#

Number & Street Name City

2. Reference Information Filename

File Format Availability Cost

File Internet Address Metadata Created By Date Metada Created Metadata Updated By Date Metadata Updated Metadata Standard Name Comments

5. Attribute Information Data Object Name

Data Attribute Name Attribute Description Attribute Filename Code Set Name

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Perencanaan DB

 _{The quality of information}

_{Information is stored in a database;}

_{Bad construction and data error will give Garbage}

instead of Geographic Information System;

_{What kind of map projection will be used;} _{What scale is the data;}

_{What is the coverage;}

_{How much attribution should be included;} _{What is the attribute data format;}

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Perencanaan DB

 Information required for database design:

_{A complete list of}

data

_{, properly defned}

and checked for validity and consistency (from the master data list, E-R data model, and metadata entries);

_{A list of potential data}

source

_(maps,

aerial photos, tabular fles, digital fles)

cataloged and evaluated for accuracy and completeness (from available data survey);

_{The list of}

functional

_capabilities

required from the GIS (from needs

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Perencanaan DB

Entities,

Attributes,

and Spatial

Object

Deep Ocean Rise

Lower Slope Plateau

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Perencanaan DB



Plan for data sharing

_{Benefts of data sharing include: (i) the}

development of much larger database for far less cost; (ii) the development of more efficient interaction between public

agencies; and (iii) all agencies shared the same up-to-date database / information.

_{Database maintenance requires two}

eforts: ongoing user training (how to

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Perencanaan DB



Designing the Database



_{Most of databases in GIS software}

packages are based on the relational

database model;



_{Two choices of using data table: as}

much data in one table or

small/compact data in one table;



_{How you will represent the data:}

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Konstruksi DB



Database construction/conversion

is the process of building the

digital database from the source

data - maps and tabular fles.



The main emphasis is

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Konstruksi DB



Data Conversion

◦ Manual digitizing using a digitizing tablet and cursor tool (puck);

◦ Scanning (converts lines and text into series of pixels);

◦ Raster to Vector Conversion (convert series of pixels into series of (x,y) coordinates

points), this facility is usually provided by a GIS software;

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Konstuksi DB

 Map graphics represent all of the features (entities) on a map as points, lines, areas, or pixels;

 Tabular databases contain the attribute information which describe the entities (building, parcel, etc.);

 A common key (graphics data index) must be established between the map graphics and the tabular database records to create a link.

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Konstuksi DB

 Raster Data (pixels)

Raster GIS Data

Graphics Grid / Raster Value Attribute Table

1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2

1 1 2 2 2 2

1 3 3 3 3 2

3 3 3 3 3 3

Cell Value Real World Entity

1 Lake

2 Wooded

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Konstuksi DB

 Vector GIS Data

Vector GIS Data

Vector GIS Polygon Layer Polygon Attribute Table

Polygon Identity Attribute Numbet

1 Lake

2 Wooded

3 Built-up

1 2

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Basis Data Relasional



Basis Data relasional

menggunakan tabel dua

dimensi yang terdiri atas

baris dan kolom untuk

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Basis Data Relasional

MHS

NPM Nama Alamat

10296832 Nurhayati Jakarta

10296126 Astuti Jakarta

31296500 Budi Depok

41296525 Prananingrum Bogor

50096487 Pipit Bekasi

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Basis Data Relasional

MKUL

KDMK MTKULIAH SKS

KK021 P. Basis Data 2

KD132 SIM 3

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Basis Data Relasional

NILAI

NPM KDMK MID FINAL

10296832 KK021 60 75

10296126 KD132 70 90

31296500 KK021 55 40

41296525 KU122 90 80

21196353 KU122 75 75

50095487 KD132 80 0

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Basis Data Relasional



Keuntungan:

◦

Bentuknya sederhana

◦

Mudah melakukan berbagai operasi

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Basis Data Relasional

Sumber:

Dinar D.A. Putranto, ‘Pendekatan Basisdata Berorientasi Obyek untuk

Manajemen Tata Ruang Kota’,

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Hybrid & Integrated

System

 Pengertian 1: Struktur data vektor dan struktur data raster

dapat dipadukan pada suatu sistem, dengan melengkapi

fasilitas konversi vektor ke raster dan raster ke vektor. Selain itu juga disediakan fungsi-fungsi untuk mengolah

masing-masing struktur data

 Pengertian 2: Data SIG terdiri dari dua bentuk data: yaitu data

grafs yang menyatakan entitas obyek dan data attribut. Data grafs yang terdiri dari data koordinat dan data topologi

disimpan di berkas yang terpisah dari data atribut. Data atribut ditangani oleh database management system.

Penggabungan kedua tipe data dilakukan melalui suatu kode identifkasi, misal kode identifkasi poligon, garis atau titik. Hal yang sama juga dapat dilakukan ‘linkage’ antara grid-cell

modules dengan database management system.

 Pengertian 3: Operasional SIG secara keseluruhan yang terdiri

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