ABSTRACT
PURWANINGSIH, YANI. Translation Mapping of the English Prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their Equivalence in Back Translation. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This study discusses the translation mapping of English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their equivalents when they are translated back into English. The writer has an expectation that the study will broaden readers’ knowledge and understanding of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, both in English and Indonesian, that further might strengthen their translation skills.
There are two problems analyzed in this study. The first problem is how the mapping of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. It is analyzed to see how the translations and the meanings of the English prepositions
above, beyond, and over are classified in Indonesian. The second problem is how the equivalence of the Indonesian translations seen using reverse translation method. In this study, the writer focused on the equivalence of preposition’s meaning and expression in both English and Indonesian.
The study focused on the translation mapping and translation equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian and vice versa based on the existing theories on prepositions and some theories on translation studies. The data used in this study were divided into two categories, data in English as the first source text and Indonesian data as the target text. The methodologies applied in this study were a combination of field and library research. Field research was employed by giving a survey to certain respondents to translate using the reverse translation method. The writer also conducted a library research in order to get as much information as she needed for the study.
ABSTRAK
PURWANINGSIH, YANI. Translation Mapping of the English Prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their Equivalence in Back Translation. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Studi ini membahas mengenai pemetaan terjemahan preposisi above, beyond, dan over yang ditemukan di buku City of Ember karya Jeanne Duprau ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan sejauh mana ekuivalensi preposisi ini ketika mereka diterjemahkan kembali ke Bahasa Inggris. Penulis berharap studi ini dapat menambah pengetahuan dan pemahaman para pembaca maupun mahasiswa mengenai preposisi above, beyond, dan over, baik di Bahasa Indonesia maupun Bahasa Inggris, sehingga nantinya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mereka dalam menerjemah.
Terdapat dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana pemetaan preposisi above, beyond, dan over yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui terjemahan dan arti dari preposisi tersebut dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Masalah kedua yaitu seberapa ekuivalen terjemahan dari preposisi ini ketika mereka diterjemahkan kembali ke Bahasa Inggris. Dalam studi ini, penulis memfokuskan ekuivalensi pada arti yang dibawa oleh preposisi tersebut, baik di Bahasa Indonesia maupun di Bahasa Inggris.
Studi ini terfokus pada pemetaan terjemahan preposisi above, beyond, dan
over dan ekuivalensinya dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan juga sebaliknya berdasarkan beberapa teori yang ada mengenai preposisi dan ilmu terjemahan. Data dibagi menjadi dua kategori, data dalam Bahasa Inggris sebagai teks sumber dan data dalam Bahasa Indonesia sebagai teks target. Metode yang digunakan adalah perpaduan studi pustaka dan riset lapangan. Riset lapangan dilakukan dengan cara melakukan survey terhadap beberapa responden untuk menerjemahkan menggunakan metode back translation. Penulis juga melakukan studi pustaka untuk mendapatkan informasi selengkap-lengkapnya yang dibutuhkan dalam studi ini.
Berdasarkan hasil analisis studi ini, berikut adalah jawaban untuk tiap permasalahan yang dibahas. Pertama, pemetaan preposisi above, beyond, dan over
TRANSLATION MAPPING OF THE ENGLISH
PREPOSITIONS ABOVE, BEYOND, AND OVER IN JEANNE
DUPRAU’S
CITY OF EMBER INTO INDONESIAN AND
THEIR EQUIVALENCE IN BACK TRANSLATION
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YANI PURWANINGSIH
Student Number: 094214045
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
TRANSLATION MAPPING OF THE ENGLISH
PREPOSITIONS ABOVE, BEYOND, AND OVER IN JEANNE
DUPRAU’S
CITY OF EMBER INTO INDONESIAN AND
THEIR EQUIVALENCE IN BACK TRANSLATION
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YANI PURWANINGSIH
Student Number: 094214045
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
“Being happy doesn't mean
that everything is perfect. It
means that you've decided to
look beyond the
imperfections.”
Gerard Way
“Language is the means of
getting an idea from my brain
into yours without surgery.”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I believe that this research report could never be accomplished without
help from others. It would be my pleasure to address my sincere appreciation to
all parties who were willing to give me their time and support during the writing
process of my undergraduate thesis.
First of all, my deepest gratitude goes to Allah SWT for the blessings upon
me. I got many learning points during the long writing process before finally I
came to this piece.
I would like to address my special thanks for my advisor, Harris
Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum., who has guided me and helped me in finishing this
study. I thank him very much for the time he has spent on giving me his thoughts,
advice, and suggestion. I am also indebted a gratitude to my co-advisor,
Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., for suggestion and willingness to do correction
on my undergraduate thesis. I am likewise grateful to my Main Examiner, Dr. Fr.
B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for his observations and corrections during my thesis
defense. Without their help, it would never come into being. I also thank all the
lecturers in the English Letters Department for the time and energy they spent
teaching, and for the love, patience, and motivation given to me during my study.
I owe a great deal to my beloved husband for the incomparable love,
support, and encouragement, and to my parents whose love, prayer, and patience
Ulil, who was doing her undergraduate thesis at the same time with me. I
thank her for being my motivation to finish this thesis sooner.
I must give many thanks also for students of English Letters 2009,
especially my close friends Richard, Vicka, Putri, and Vincentia “Vince” with
whom I share most good and bad times.
Lastly, I extend a million thanks for all parties who have supported me
during my study in Sanata Dharma University whose names I cannot mention
here, but I inscribe them in my heart.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii
MOTTO PAGE ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLES ... xi
LIST OF FIGURES ... xi
ABSTRACT ... xii
ABSTRAK ... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 5
C. Objectives of the Study ... 5
D. Definition of Terms ... 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8
A. Review of Related Studies ... 8
B. Review of Related Theories ... 13
1. Prototype Theory ... 13
2. Prepositional Meanings ... 14
3. Types of Preposition in Bahasa Indonesia ... 15
4. Theories of Equivalence ... 16
5. Theories of Back Translation ... 17
C. Theoretical Framework ... 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 20
A. Area of Research ... 20
B. Object of the Study ... 20
C. Method of the Study ... 21
D. Research Procedure ... 21
1. Types of Data ... 21
a. Objective Data ... 22
b. Affective Data ... 22
2. Data Collection ... 23
a. Document Analysis ... 23
b. Survey ... 24
3. Population and Sample ... 24
4. Data Validity ... 25
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 29
A. Translation Mapping of Prepositions above, beyond and over in Indonesian ... 30
1. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition above ... 30
2. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition beyond ... 33
3. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition over ... 38
B. The Translation’s Equivalence of Prepositions above, beyond and over Seen through Back Translation Method ... 48
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 57
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 59
APPENDICES ... 62
Appendix 1: Data Collection – The Group of Data with Preposition above ... 62
Appendix 2: Data Collection – The Group of Data with Preposition beyond ... 64
Appendix 3: Data Collection – The Group of Data with Preposition over ... 66
Appendix 4: The Translation Mapping of Preposition above ... 74
Appendix 5: The Translation Mapping of Preposition beyond ... 75
Appendix 6: The Translation Mapping of Preposition over ... 76
Appendix 7: The Data for the Survey ... 79
Appendix 8: The Form of the Survey ... 80
Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 1 (R1) ... 82
Appendix 10: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 2 (R2) ... 84
Appendix 11: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 3 (R3) ... 86
Appendix 12: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 4 (R4) ... 88
Appendix 13: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 5 (R5) ... 90
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above ... 23
Table 2. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above ... 27
Table 3. The Example of the Meanings of Preposition above ... 27
Table 4. The Example of the Translation Mapping of Preposition above ... 28
Table 5. The Example of the Result of Back Translation ... 28
Table 6. The Group of Data with Preposition above ... 30
Table 7. The Meanings of Preposition above ... 31
Table 8. The Translation Mapping of Preposition above ... 33
Table 9. The Group of Data with Preposition beyond ... 33
Table 10. The Meanings of Preposition beyond ... 36
Table 11. The Translation Mapping of Preposition beyond ... 37
Table 12. The Group of Data with Preposition over ... 38
Table 13. The Meanings of Preposition over ... 40
Table 14. The Translation Mapping of Preposition over ... 47
Table 15. The Result of the Survey from Five Respondents ... 49
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Semantic Network of Preposition over ... 9
Figure 2. The Diagram of Source Triangulation ... 25
Figure 3. The Diagram of Methodological Triangulation ... 26
ABSTRACT
PURWANINGSIH, YANI. Translation Mapping of the English Prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their Equivalence in Back Translation. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This study discusses the translation mapping of English prepositions
above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their equivalents when they are translated back into English. The writer has an expectation that the study will broaden readers’ knowledge and understanding of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, both in English and Indonesian, that further might strengthen their translation skills.
There are two problems analyzed in this study. The first problem is how the mapping of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. It is analyzed to see how the translations and the meanings of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over are classified in Indonesian. The second problem is how the equivalence of the Indonesian translations seen using reverse translation method. In this study, the writer focused on the equivalence of
preposition’s meaning and expression in both English and Indonesian.
The study focused on the translation mapping and translation equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian and vice versa based on the existing theories on prepositions and some theories on translation studies. The data used in this study were divided into two categories, data in English as the first source text and Indonesian data as the target text. The methodologies applied in this study were a combination of field and library research. Field research was employed by giving a survey to certain respondents to translate using the reverse translation method. The writer also conducted a library research in order to get as much information as she needed for the study.
ABSTRAK
PURWANINGSIH, YANI. Translation Mapping of the English Prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their Equivalence in Back Translation. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Studi ini membahas mengenai pemetaan terjemahan preposisi above, beyond, dan over yang ditemukan di buku City of Ember karya Jeanne Duprau ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan sejauh mana ekuivalensi preposisi ini ketika mereka diterjemahkan kembali ke Bahasa Inggris. Penulis berharap studi ini dapat menambah pengetahuan dan pemahaman para pembaca maupun mahasiswa mengenai preposisi above, beyond, dan over, baik di Bahasa Indonesia maupun Bahasa Inggris, sehingga nantinya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mereka dalam menerjemah.
Terdapat dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana pemetaan preposisi above, beyond, dan over yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui terjemahan dan arti dari preposisi tersebut dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Masalah kedua yaitu seberapa ekuivalen terjemahan dari preposisi ini ketika mereka diterjemahkan kembali ke Bahasa Inggris. Dalam studi ini, penulis memfokuskan ekuivalensi pada arti yang dibawa oleh preposisi tersebut, baik di Bahasa Indonesia maupun di Bahasa Inggris.
Studi ini terfokus pada pemetaan terjemahan preposisi above, beyond, dan
over dan ekuivalensinya dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan juga sebaliknya berdasarkan beberapa teori yang ada mengenai preposisi dan ilmu terjemahan. Data dibagi menjadi dua kategori, data dalam Bahasa Inggris sebagai teks sumber dan data dalam Bahasa Indonesia sebagai teks target. Metode yang digunakan adalah perpaduan studi pustaka dan riset lapangan. Riset lapangan dilakukan dengan cara melakukan survey terhadap beberapa responden untuk menerjemahkan menggunakan metode back translation. Penulis juga melakukan studi pustaka untuk mendapatkan informasi selengkap-lengkapnya yang dibutuhkan dalam studi ini.
Berdasarkan hasil analisis studi ini, berikut adalah jawaban untuk tiap permasalahan yang dibahas. Pertama, pemetaan preposisi above, beyond, dan over
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
English prepositions such as at, of, after, up, beyond, over, in, from, by, behind, above, to, for, during, about, and on are function words that might not have any obvious meaning associated when they stand alone, but in fact, they still
have their own dictionary meanings. According to Frank (1972: 171) in Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide, the preposition has the function of connecting a noun or pronoun to another word, usually a noun, verb, or adjective.
They function not only as connectors but also have a general grammatical
function to indicate certain relationships between words or phrases in sentences
such as temporal, tandem, backdrop, scalar, logical, quantity, and spatial
relationships. Basically, the meaning of prepositions always shows spatial relation
(cf. Brugman and Lakoff 1988, Cienki 1989, Herskovits 1982, 1986; Janda 1985;
Vandeloise 1994). In English, each relationship might have several expressions or
meanings. The spatial relationship, for example, includes the expressions of
dimension or shape, distance, movement or direction, location, and position.
In Bahasa Indonesia, from the definition in Sarikata Bahasa Indonesia Lengkap (2009), preposition or kata depan means a word that connects a noun with other words. According to Alwi et al. (1998: 288), Indonesian prepositions
back constituent. This shows that prepositions are quite important for indicating
the relationships between elements they connect and the expressions or semantic
meanings of phrases or sentences even though their existence is often less
noticeable than other word categories. In the British National Corpus list of the 30
most commonly used words in English, 8 are prepositions (Leech, Rayson, &
Wilson, 2001: 120). Since they have various expressions, however, a common
problem, in this case for Indonesian students, lies in determining the correct
meanings, the proper usages, and the translation of these English prepositions. An
English preposition can often be translated into several different Indonesian
prepositions.
Translation is one way for people to know the others’ ideas or meanings
from different countries in the world by changing the “foreign” language into the
“native” language. There are some rules and strategies in translating so that the
meanings and messages will be transferred properly. One way to assess whether a
translation is good or not is by judging its equivalence, where the meaning carried
in the Source Language (SL) should remain the same or similar after it is
translated into Target Language (TL). An equivalent effect is defined as a similar
effect on the Target Text (TT) receivers as the Source Text (ST) is considered to
have on Source Text receivers (Newmark, 1988: 48). One common obstacle in the
process of learning foreign languages, including translating, is derived from the
differences between both languages. People often apply their mother tongue
systems into the foreign languages systems they learn. They also unconsciously
(1987: 153-154) states that the principal barrier in second language acquisition is
the interference of the first language system on the second language system. Other
than their highly idiomatic nature and polysemy, translating prepositions into the
second or foreign language is often considered a difficult task for students. This is
due to the different ways that the two languages treat prepositions. Gethin and
Gunnemark (1996: 18) note in their book, The Art and Science of Learning Languages, "Prepositions are famous for being used in their own special and 'different' way in each language, and cause great difficulties to students all over
the world."
Following are some cases with the preposition over taken from Jeanne
DuPrau’s fictional book, City of Ember, and the Indonesian edition.
1. ST: She passed a line of customers waiting to get into the vegetable market, their shopping bags draped over their arms. (DuPrau, 2003: 18)
TT: Dia melewati antrean pelanggan yang ingin masuk ke toko sayuran, dengan keranjang belanja menggantung di lengan mereka. (DuPrau, 2009: 21) 2. ST: “I can leapfrog overthe trash can!” (DuPrau, 2003: 19)
TT: “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewatitempat sampah!” (DuPrau, 2009: 21)
3. ST: Lina lived in Quillium Square, over the yarn shop run by her grandmother. (DuPrau, 2003: 21)
TT: Lina tinggal di Alun-Alun Quillium, di atas toko benang yang dikelola oleh neneknya. (DuPrau, 2009: 24)
Indonesian verb melewati, and the last over is translated into the complex Indonesian preposition di atas.
Due to the writer’s curiosity, this study is conducted to classify the
translations of prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian based on the existing theories about both English and Indonesian prepositions. Since prepositions are used in all kinds of texts, the work
City of Ember was selected as the source of the data in part due to its vivid and clear, precise composition in English. The book is targeted mainly at children and
teenagers, so the complexity of writing (the reading level) is lower than in adult
fiction, which should simplify comparison of SL with TL and assessment of the
TL.
The mapping process in this study is limited to the scope of semantic
category, meaning it uses only those prepositions’ lexical or dictionary meanings
and focuses on finding their meanings when they are in the form of prepositional
phrase only. Further, this study will also look at how English native speakers who
are foreign learners of Indonesian back-translate those Indonesian prepositions as
a result of mapping into their own language and will also evaluate whether their
translations are equivalent to the original source text. In conceptualizing their
equivalence, the writer refers to the existing theories about English prepositions.
The theoretical benefits of this study are that it provides the meanings’
classification of prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. By knowing the problems and finding solutions, it will also develop the field of translation
knowledge and understanding of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, both in English and Indonesian, which might further strengthen their translation skills.
The writer also expects that the results of this study can be useful for other
researchers to make further analysis dealing with fields of translation from other
points of view.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the above background, the problems of this study are
formulated as follows:
1. How are the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember mapped in Indonesian translation?
2. How is the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in
Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember seen using the back translation method?
C. Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problems formulated above, this study has the
following objectives. The first objective is to see how the English prepositions
above, beyond, and over are translated into Indonesian and how their meanings are classified based on existing theories about prepositions. The second objective
of this study is to review the equivalence of the Indonesian translations seen using
D. Definition of Terms
There are some terms that the writer wants to define in order to avoid
misinterpretation and misunderstanding or differences in understanding certain
terms in this study.
Translation Mapping. Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan, in The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic, stated that the conceptual mappings in the translation of English prepositions into Arabic fall
into three categories that allow the identification of the semantic mapping of the
English preposition in and its correspondence Arabic prepositions that later can be invoked to characterize the meaning of the English preposition in. (2009: 604-605)
Derived from the definition above, the term translation mapping in this
study refers to the classification of the translations of prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian and their relationships as well as the meanings they express in certain contexts that are analyzed based on certain existing theories
about both Indonesian and English prepositions.
Prepositional Phrase. Mark Lester in Grammar in the Classroom stated thatPrepositional Phrase is a group of related words beginning with a preposition
and ending with a noun, noun phrase or pronounthat functions as the object of the
preposition. It usually functions as an adjective, if it modifies a noun, or an adverb
Translation. According to Eugene Nida and Charles Taber in their book
The Theory and Practice of Translation, “translation consists of reproducing in
the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the language message, first
in the terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”
Equivalence. From the definition of translation above, “the term equivalence is clearly the main point. In other words, the main problem of
translation is to find target language equivalent. Thus equivalence is variously
regarded as a necessary condition for translation”. (Baker, 1992: 5-6).
Equivalent effect is defined as similar effect on the Target Text receivers
as the Source Text is considered to have on Source Text receivers (Newmark,
1988: 48).
Back Translation. According to Harkness and Glusberg, in their study of Questionnaires in Translation, back translation is considered a translation assessment tool/procedure instead of a translation method. It involves the
translation of a text, which itself is a translation, back into the original/source
language and it is most commonly used and recommended as a way to assess
translation work (Werner and Campbell, 1970). They also suggest back translation
can be used for translator assessment.
According to Mildred L. Larson in Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, back translation is a way to check translation quality by having someone else who is truly bilingual in the source and target
languages to take the translation and to write out the meaning he/she gets from it
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is a review of
related studies previously by other writers. It explains the topic of the studies and
which parts are relevant or even different to the topic of this study. The second
part is a review of related theories that are relevant to the present study. It consists
of the theories used in analyzing the matters discussed and how they suit this
study. The last part is the theoretical framework. It deals with the contribution of
the theories in solving the problems of the study.
A.Review of Related Studies
1. Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: The Case of over by Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2001)
Figure 1. Semantic Network of Preposition over (Tyler and Evans, 2001: 746)
Based on the diagrams of the prototypes of the preposition over
illustrated in figure 1 above, the spatial relationship is established by at least
entities, one is the center of attention and likely to be movable, and the other is the
background and referenced to the first. Langacker (1987) stated that these two
entities are the object that is located, termed the trajector (TR), and the object that
serves as a reference point, the landmark (LM). The expressions these two entities
carry including covering, examining, repetition, trajectory, on-the other-side of,
completion, and over and above
Essentially, this paper provides several criteria for ordering and ranking
conclusions. To the extent practical, the present study will attempt to integrate
some of the findings and methodology exhibited in this paper, particularly
including a mix of different formats which aid both in performing analysis and
presenting the results intelligibly to readers. It is also relevant to the present study
in the way it expands the information about the prepositions over and provides the map of the meanings that preposition has. In this study, however, the object is
only English preposition over, while the objects of the current study are English prepositions above, beyond, and over. If Tyler and Evans focus on the polysemy networks of preposition over, the present study discusses and analyzes further how the prepositions above, beyond, and over are translated and mapped into Indonesian.
2. The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic by Imran Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan (2009)
The research discusses the translation classification of the English
preposition in in Arabic. The writer classifies it into three semantic mapping categories based on the four domains or relationships it has (spatial, temporal,
area, and state). The writer follows certain theories in mapping the four domains
of the source language and then finds the usage of them in the target language.
The three semantic mapping categories are Same Domain Mapping (SDM), Zero
Domain Mapping (ZDM), and Different Domain Mapping (DDM). The data the
writer uses are derived from 75 Iraqi students aged 15-17 years old who are
In the conclusion, the writer points out that cross-linguistically,
prepositions are a part of English and Arabic language constituents that exert
influence on both languages. Therefore, using translation as a method might draw
attention to the manipulation of language and to the fact that translation to Arabic
may be mapped differently.
In this research, the method of the study the writer used is similar to the
current study. It also has relevancy in the context of translating foreign
prepositions into native prepositions and in the way it involves some respondents
as one part of the methods the writer uses in conducting the study. While the
object of this research is the preposition in and the research mentions that the differences in both languages that sometimes lead to errors in translation, the
writer of the current study will only translate the English prepositions above, beyond, and over, map, and analyze them based on certain theories. The final mapping result of this study is also different from the current study. This study
maps the translation of the preposition in based on the relationships it has, while the present study maps the translation of the prepositions above, beyond, and over
based on their meanings in certain contexts.
3.Back Translation as Means of Giving Translators a Voice by Uldis Ozolins (2009)
This study presents an overview of various aspects and challenges faced in back translation (“blind” translation of the target language text back into the
source language to compare the target translation‟s fidelity with the original
source), both from a theoretical perspective and based on a specific medical
surveys. The author presents common objections to the common methodology and
practice of back translation and attempts to demonstrate positive aspects that had
not been addressed in previous studies.
Aside from issues specific to the medical field, the author lists several
aspects that are simultaneously benefits and complications of back translation,
namely inevitable shifts in meaning due to differing grammatical and conceptual
frameworks in different languages. Specifically mentioned are differences related to tense, number, gender, “scales of intensity” (differing gradations with regard to
severity, probability, etc.), fundamental differences in phrasing (e.g., placement of
noun modifiers), and cases where idiomatic usage in either language requires the
addition or omission of words absent in the other (e.g., some languages lack an equivalent to English “some”).
This study is about Back Translation, which is also part of the present
study. It is relevant to the current study primarily because it provides examples of
issues that must be considered when performing and assessing back translations
and judging equivalence between source and target texts. However, the object of
both studies is quite different. The object in this study is related to medical field,
while the current study has the objects from linguistic field, the English
B.Review of Related Theories
1. Prototype Theory – a theory on spatial relationship of preposition
Geeraerts (1989 and 1990) stated that prototypical categories in general
cannot be defined by means of a single set of criteria and sufficient attributes.
Based on this theory, words, in this case preposition as one type of function
words; do not have any obvious meaning when they stand alone, even though they
have their dictionary meanings. The meaning of prepositions only can be seen
after they appear with other words in certain contexts. In line with Geeraets,
Taylor stated that senses of the prepositions of English cannot be captured in one
or more core definitions consisting of a set of necessary and sufficient attributes
(cf. Taylor 1988: 300-301) as they are prototypically structured polysemous
lexical categories. Taylor mentioned that prepositions cannot be described by their
polysemous senses and meanings alone because those might be different in
different contexts.
Further, Geeraerts (2007: 168) points out the four hypotheses which
concern prototype:
• Physiological, the sense is about something that is physically experienced.
• Referential, deals with the attributes or senses shared by the elements (words)
that precede or follow the preposition.
• Statistical, related to the frequency of preposition‟s senses and also requires our
ability to categorize. For example, despite the great exposure of a temporal sense
caused by high frequency, we still perceive spatial relationship as the prototype of
• Psychological (mental representation).
In analyzing the meanings of preposition above, beyond, and over,
prototype theory allows a flexible category by ruling out the classic approach
which supports necessary and sufficient conditions. The category of prepositions
may be fuzzily organized by human perceptions about the locative sense, which is
prototypical (physical), and the metaphorical (psychological) senses. The writer
will classify the meanings and senses of prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian based on from their meanings when they are formed with other words
that in certain contexts possible to be different. This writer will also consider the other words‟ meanings that structure in the contexts.
2. Prepositional Meanings
Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik
in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language mention the references of the prepositions above, beyond, and over (1985: 666) and determine their meanings seen from the relation of the semantic categories to their usual syntactic
functions (1985: 673).
In the case of preposition above, its reference is relative position (vertical position). It also can be an intensifying preposition with the meaning „more than.‟
References for the preposition beyond are orientation (on the far side of) and exception (except (for)), while the preposition over has various references and senses such as relative position (vertical position), relative destination, passage
(with verbs of motion, it expresses movement towards and then away from a
destination), static pervasive, motion pervasive, accompanying circumstances, „more than,‟ duration, and subject matter (on the object of).
Similar to the first theory by Geeraerts, the present study also uses this
theory to determine the meanings of the prepositions above, beyond, and over
carry in all data by looking at the words structured them.
3. Types of Prepositions in Bahasa Indonesia
a. According to Alwi, et.al (1998: 288), in Indonesian there are two main types of
preposition, Simple Preposition (Kata Depan Sejati) and Complex Preposition (Kata Depan Majemuk). Indonesian prepositions are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the back constituent.
i. Simple prepositions
They are di, ke, and dari. These three simple prepositions are used to relate words and show the relationships between words they connect.
Semantically, prepositions in Indonesian have some common meanings, they are:
1. Place: di, ke, dari, sampai, antara
2. Allocation: bagi, untuk, buat, guna
3. Cause: karena, sebab, lantaran
4. Participation or manner: dengan, sambil, beserta, bersama
5. Participant: oleh
6. Time: pada, hingga, sampai, sejak
7. Situation: tentang, mengenai
8. Possession: dari
(Alwi, dkk, 1998: 295)
ii. Complex Prepositions
b. According to Ramlan (1987: 63-71), the preposition ke is used to indicate the direction or movement to a targeted location while the preposition di shows a stative location. According to Muslich (2010), the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located, the preposition
ke shows the spatial relationship of direction into a location or position, and the preposition dari also has a spatial relationship that shows the source direction or location and sometimes possession.
Based on these types and classification of Indonesian prepositions, the
back translation of English prepositions above, beyond, and over in City of Ember
can be determined by the meanings or senses they have which are structured from
other words they connect.
4. Theories of Equivalence
According to Nida and Taber, there are two types of equivalence, namely
formal and dynamic equivalent - they attempt to produce on their readers an effect
as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. (cf. Nida's
dynamic eq.).
Formal equivalence – “a TL item which represents the closest equivalent
of a SL word or phrase. It focuses attention on the message itself, in both form
and content.” It focuses on the message in the TL that has a similar structure
(word level) to its ST, which contributes a strong influence in determining its
accuracy. In Koller's framework of equivalence, formal equivalence is described
in the situation when SL and TL words have similar orthographic or phonological
Dynamic equivalence – “a translation principle according to which a
translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL
wording will trigger the same impact on the TL audience as the original wording
did upon the ST audience.” If formal equivalence focuses on the structure in order
to seek the closest message or translation of a text, dynamic equivalence focuses
on finding the TT message and effect on the TT readers as similar as in the ST. It
is not only about the accuracy of conveying the ST message but also the
naturalness of the TT.
To assess the back translation equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, Nida's and Taber‟s formal equivalence is more suitable since it sees the accuracy of a translation from the structure of the TT that should be as
close as possible to the ST.
5. Theories of Back Translation
In a study of Questionnaires in Translation by Janet A. Harkness and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg (1998), they point out that back translation is considered
a translation assessment tool/procedure instead of a translation method. It involves
the translation of a text, which itself is a translation, back into the original/source
language and it is most commonly used and recommended as a way to assess
translation work (Werner and Campbell (1970).
According to Harkness and Glusberg, back translation functions as a way
to compare/contrast and assess the back translation with the source text so that the
quality of a translation can be revealed. They provide the steps or methods of back
a. A source text in one language (Source Language Text One, SLT1) is translated
into another language (Target Language Text, TLT).
b. The TLT is translated back into the language of SLT1 by a second translator,
unfamiliar with the SLT1 and uninformed that there is an SLT1. This second
translation, the back translation, is SLT2.
c. SLT1 is compared to SLT2.
d. On the basis of differences or similarities between SLT1 and SLT2,
conclusions are drawn about the equivalence of TLT to SLT1.
The more identical SLT1 and SLT2 are, the greater the equivalence
between the TLT and the SLT1 is considered to be. It implies that the quality of
the translation is good. In the case of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, to assess whether their back translations are equivalent or not, it is necessary to look
at their meanings or messages they carry both in the original source texts and their
back translations.
C.Theoretical Framework
This study aims at answering the problems that have been stated
previously. In this part, the application of the theories on the study will be
explained. Theories on spatial relationships, the meanings of preposition, and
theories on types of Indonesian preposition are applicable to answer the first
problem question. There are four theories of preposition applied in this study.
Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik, and theories on Type of Indonesian
Preposition by Alwi, and Ramlan. Prototype Theory and Prepositional Meanings
in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language are applied to determine the meanings and expressions the prepositions above, beyond, and over carry, while theories on Type of Indonesian Preposition by Alwi, and Ramlan are bases
for the writer to compare the meanings of the prepositions above, beyond, and
over after they are translated into Indonesian.
The second question deals with the effects of the translation equivalence
of English prepositions above, beyond, and over which have been translated into Indonesian back to the original language. The Theory of Equivalence by Nida and
Taber (1992) and Theory of Back Translation by Janet A. Harkness and Alicia
Schoua-Glusberg (1998) are applicable to assess the back translations'
equivalence since the definition of equivalence and back translation are required
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A.Areas of Research
In the field of translation studies, the current study applies the research
area of text analysis and translation which focuses on classifying and analyzing
the prepositions above, beyond, and over in the City of Ember as the source text and their translations in Indonesian. These Indonesian translations will later be
translated back into English by some chosen respondents to find out whether or
not they exhibit good equivalence with their original texts.
B.Object of the Study
The objects analyzed in this study are the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in the Kindle (E-book) version of Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember which was published in 2003 by Random House Children’s Books and
their Indonesian version which was translated by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien
Chaerani and published by Mizan Fantasi in 2009.
Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember is a work of science fiction that is very
powerful because it taps into one of humans’ biggest fears, darkness. It is written
in 18 chapters and it was first published in 2003. The writer of the book portrays a
dying and isolated city surrounded by darkness. The two young characters, Lina
Mayfleet and Doon Harrow, are trying to save their lives and the people of Ember
C.Method of the Study
The methods used in this study were both field and library research.
Library research was required to get all information through books and websites
about the focus of the study, including the theories relevant to the study. As part
of the library research, the writer read not only both the English and Indonesian
versions of City of Ember, but also a number of related studies and theories. The knowledge gained from this process provided a strong foundation to construct the
survey to support the results of the study.
The field research was employed in the form of a survey using the back
translation method to determine the equivalence of the English prepositions
above, beyond, and over, which were translated into Indonesian, with their original texts. The respondents of this study were foreign students from speaking
English countries (specifically USA, Australia, and England), who have good
comprehension of Indonesian.
The data in this study were primary data, meaning no data were taken
from other studies. The writer collected the data consisting of the English
prepositions above, beyond, and over and their translations only from the work of
City of Ember written by Jeanne DuPrau and its Indonesian version.
D.Research Procedure 1. Types of Data
a. Objective Data
The objective data were taken from Kindle (E-book) version of Jeanne
DuPrau’s City of Ember and its Indonesian translation. The original work was
published in 2003 by Random House Children’s Books. The work of fiction is
270 pages long. The Indonesian version of City of Ember was translated by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani and published by Mizan Fantasi in 2009 and is
312 pages long.
The data consisted of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in the form of prepositional phrases found in City of Ember. The total number of the data points from this work was 108, which were divided into 13 data points with
the preposition above, 14 data points with the preposition beyond, and 81 data points with the preposition over. All of these data points are in the form of prepositional phrases only.
b. Affective Data
The affective data were the information gained from the respondents
through a questionnaire (Sutopo, 2002: 20). They were collected to determine the
equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over with their original texts. In order to get the affective data, the writer conducted a survey with five
respondents. The purpose of the survey was to collect the back translation data.
The respondents were five native English speakers who learn and comprehend
both English and Indonesian so that the back translations they performed were
considered qualified. They came from different backgrounds, ages, and
also a teacher from the USA; R2 was a student from the USA; R3 was a British
student; R4 was an Australian student; and R5 was a student from the USA. They
were asked to translate 20 data points chosen from Indonesian back into English.
2. Data Collection
In the study, data were collected in two methods; document analysis and
field survey via questionnaire. a. Document Analysis
In collecting data for this study, the writer started with reading activity.
The materials in this reading process were the E-book version of Jeanne DuPrau’s
fiction, City of Ember, and the Indonesian translation of City of Ember. First, all data containing prepositions above, beyond, and over in the source text were highlighted. The writer searched for their Indonesian translations and highlighted
them as well.
The writer then identified the highlighted data that were related to the
topic in the study (prepositions that form prepositional phrase only) and classified
them into three different groups of prepositions. Next, the writer typed all data and
gave a number to each data point.
For example, the data from the group with preposition above would be presented like in the table below.
Number of Data Source Text Number of Data Target Text
1/ST/Abv/1/12 At least then she could have stayed above ground, with space and people around her.
In the numbering assigned to datum 1/ST/Abv/1/12, ‘1’ means the first
data of all, ‘ST’ means it was data from the Source Text, ‘Abv’ referred to above, meaning it was data with the preposition above, and the other ‘1’ there means the first data from the group with the preposition above, while ‘12’ is the page where the data was taken from. The numbering for datum 1/TT/Abv/1/14 has the same
explanation, except for the ‘TT’ there, which means Target Text.
b. Survey
The following method in collecting the data was field survey. After all
data both in English and Indonesian were collected and mapped, the writer
conducted a survey with some English native speakers as the respondents and
asked them to translate the 20 selected Indonesian data points back into English.
The results of the survey, based on the theory applied, were used to look at the
equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over to their originals through the reverse translation method.
3. Population and Sample
The populations of this study were the prepositions above, beyond, and
over at the prepositional phrase level found in the Indonesian translation of City of Ember by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani. The total population size is 108 data points. Next, 20 samples were purposively selected from the population for
analysis. They were chosen not based on the amount of data but to represent each
form of those English prepositions’ translations. This sample selection is called
internal sampling (Sutopo, 2002: 55) because qualitative research is concerned
4. Data Validity
In order to guarantee the data validity, especially in the second problem,
triangulation techniques were done in this study. According to Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Dasar Teori dan Terapannya dalam Penelitian proposed by Sutopo (2002: 78), the triangulation techniques applied in this study were source
triangulation and methodological triangulation.
Source triangulation is a technique having or involving more than one
respondent to analyze, assess, or collect the same qualitative data. This was done
by presenting samples of the data chosen in a survey form and distributing them to
five respondents. They were asked to translate the data into Indonesian. The
survey involved participants from different backgrounds, though they all are
native speakers of English who have studied Indonesian. The fact that data
translated by different respondents produced different results led the writer to
attempt to find out the reasons for the differences. The following diagram
describes the application of source triangulation.
Sources
Figure 2. The Diagram of Source Triangulation
R1, United States, Student, Teacher
R2, United States, Student
R3, Britain, Student
R4, Australia, Student
Methodological triangulation is a technique in qualitative research that
uses more than one method in collecting, assessing, or analyzing the same data.
The two methods applied in this study were survey and content analysis. In the
first method, the writer conducted a survey done by five respondents to find out
the equivalence of Indonesian prepositions in English. In the second method, the
writer compared and analyzed the results of the survey using some existing
theories about English prepositions. The following diagram explains the
application of methodological triangulation in this study.
Methods
Figure 3. The Diagram of Methodological Triangulation
5. Data Analysis
The data analysis was conducted on both the English and Indonesian
versions of Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember. To answer the first problem, the writer read the English version of the work and identified all the prepositional
phrases with the prepositions above, beyond, and over found in the E-book. Similar steps were also done for the target text ofCity of Ember. The writer read the book and mapped all the translations of the English data with the prepositions
above, beyond, and over from the source text. This process of mapping required some additional activities such as dividing the data into three groups – groups of
Document Analysis
relationships and expressions each preposition carries in each data point. In
identifying the meanings of the preposition, it required looking at two other
elements following and preceding it. They are presented in the form of tables. The
writer then identified what categories determine the translations or why they are
translated such a way based on the existing theories on Indonesian prepositions,
before they are mapped and put into the table of translation mapping.
Number of Data Source Text Number of Data Target Text 1/ST/Abv/1/12 At least then she
could have stayed above ground, with space and people around her.
1/TT/Abv/1/14 Setidaknya dia dapat
tinggal di atas tanah, dengan ruang yang luas dan orang-orang di sekelilingnya.
2/ST/Abv/2/17 On the street level were shops; above the shops were the apartments where people lived.
2/TT/Abv/2/19 Di pinggir jalan
terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal.
Table 2. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above
Before going to the final mapping, the writer analyzed the meaning each
preposition carries. It is analyzed based on the other elements or words that structure
the sentence or phrase and also based on some existing theories on preposition.
Below is the example of the table of the meanings of preposition above.
Number of Data Object precede the preposition
Preposition Object follow the preposition
Meaning
1/ST/Abv/1/12 Stayed above Ground On top of
2/ST/Abv/2/17 The
apartments
above The shops On top of
The example of final mapping table of prepositions above, in Indonesian is presented in the form of the following table.
English Preposition
Indonesian Translation
Number of Data Indonesian Word Class
Above Di atas 1/TT/Abv/1/14 Preposition
Table 4. The Example of the Translation Mapping of Preposition above
In order to answer the second problem, the writer conducted a survey by
giving a form containing 20 selected Indonesian data points to five native English
respondents and asked them to translate the data back into English. The writer
then collected the survey forms, put them in the table, examined the results, and
discussed whether the equivalence is the same or different based on the theories
used.
As the writer mentioned above, before analyzing the equivalence of back
translations that have been collected, the writer first put them in the form of table
as follows.
Number of Data
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Above Beyond Over
36/TT/Ovr/9/38 Over Over Over Over Over - - 5
32/TT/Ovr/5/21 Over Over Over Over Beyond - 1 4
5/TT/Abv/5/51 Above Above Above Above Above 5 - -
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The analysis in this study is divided into two main sections. Some tables
preceded by their explanation are required in the first section and one single table
that is directly followed by the discussion is required in the second section.
The first section is mapping of the translation of English data contain
prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. It is divided into three sub sections or groups, translation mapping of preposition above, preposition beyond, and preposition over. Each sub section contains three tables preceded by the description or explanation of what each table is about. The data are specified only
in the form of prepositional phrases which are taken from Jeanne DuPrau‘s
fictional work City of Ember. The total populations of the data are 108, including 13 data points with the preposition above, 14 with the preposition beyond, and 81 data points with the preposition over.
The second section, as the writer mentioned above in one way of
collecting the data, is conducting a survey completed by some English native
speakers who have studied Indonesian. They are asked to translate 20 selected
Indonesian data points back into English. From the results of the survey, the
writer focuses on analyzing prepositions they choose and the meanings and
translated data from respondents, puts them into a table, and examines their
equivalence to their original source texts.
A.Translation Mapping of Prepositions above, beyond and over in Indonesian
Based on the data collection of the study the writer mentioned
previously, in the mapping process, the writer divides all the populations of data
found into three groups – data containing the preposition above, beyond, and over
from the source text and their Indonesian translations. The writer then identifies
the relationships and expressions those prepositions carry in each data point, both
in source and target text. The identification of their relationships and expressions
is based on two existing theories on prepositions, a prototype theory from
Geeraerts and a theory of prepositional meanings by Quirk et al. The specific
translation of the prepositions is what the writer calls mapping, which are also
presented in the form of tables.
1. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition above
There are 13 data points with the preposition above found in the fictional work City of Ember and all of them are translated into the same word in Indonesian, di atas. In the table below, the writer puts one example of datum with preposition above both in ST and TT.
Preposition Number of Data
Source Text Number of Data
Target Text
Above 1/ST/Abv/1 /12
At least then she could have stayed
above ground, with space and people around her.
1/TT/Abv/1 /14
The meaning of prepositions in English cannot be captured in one or
more core definitions consisting of a set of necessary and sufficient attributes (cf.
Taylor 1988: 300-301), as they are prototypically structured polysemous lexical
categories. Based on Geeraerts‘ prototype theory (2007: 168), there are four
hypotheses which concern prototype, one of them being referential. It deals with
the attributes or senses shared by the elements (words) that precede or follow the
preposition. The reference for preposition above according to Quirk et al. (1985: 666) is relative position. In those 13 data points, the preposition above expresses the relative position vertically (vertical position) of two objects, one being that
represented by its complement. Combining both theories, the meanings of these
13 data points with the preposition above are presented in the table below.
Number of Data Object precede the preposition
Preposition Object follow the preposition
Meaning
1/ST/Abv/1/12 Stayed above Ground On top of
(vertical position) 2/ST/Abv/2/17 The apartments above The shops On top of
(vertical position) 3/ST/Abv/3/26 Shelves above The refrigerator On top of
(vertical position)
4/ST/Abv/4/44 Storerooms above That On top of
(vertical position) 5/ST/Abv/5/45 tons of earth and
rock and buildings
above Him On top of
(vertical position) 6/ST/Abv/6/90 The shelf above The coatrack On top of
(vertical position) 7/ST/Abv/7/115 a foot above his upstretched
hand
Number of Data Object precede the preposition
Preposition Object follow the preposition
Meaning
8/ST/Abv/8/136 The space above The buildings On top of (vertical position) 9/ST/Abv/9/167 Shelves full of
bottles of seeds
above The table On top of (vertical position)
10/ST/Abv/10/239 Space above Her On top of
(vertical position)
11/ST/Abv/11/240 Appeared above It On top of
(vertical position) 12/ST/Abv/12/242 Ten feet above Their heads On top of
(vertical position) 13/ST/Abv/13/255 the silver circle above the highest
branch of the tall plant.
On top of (vertical position) Table 7. The Meanings of Preposition above
In Indonesian, According to Alwi, et.al (1998: 288), Prepositions are
divided into two main types, Simple Preposition (Kata Depan Sejati) and Complex Preposition (Kata Depan Majemuk). They are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the back constituent. Di- is a simple preposition that indicates place, while di atas is a complex preposition that is formed of a simple preposition and an adverb of place. According to Ramlan
(1987: 63-71), the preposition di shows a stative location, while according to Muslich (2010), the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located.
Based on the theories of preposition from both sides, English and
relationships and meanings. They both express spatial relationships and indicate a
place, vertical position, and location.
From 13 data points with the preposition above found in the fictional work City of Ember, all of them are translated into the same word in Indonesian,
di atas. Since all of the data are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, in the translation mapping of preposition above below, the writer just present one of them.
English Preposition
Indonesian Translation
Number of Data Indonesian Word Class Above Di atas 1/TT/Abv/1/14 Preposition
Table 8. The Translation Mapping of Preposition above
2. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition beyond
Data with preposition beyond found in the work City of Ember are 14. They are translated into several different words in Indonesian. In the table of the
group of data with preposition beyond below, the writer only presents some of them that represent each case of the translation.
Preposition Number of Data
Source Text Number of Data
Preposition Number of Data
Source Text Number of Data yang dikunyah tak dapat
Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. Table 9. The Group of Data with Preposition beyond
To find out the meaning and relationship the preposition beyond carries in those 14 data points, it is necessary to see other words that structure them.
Quirk et al. mention the references of the preposition beyond (1985: 666) and determine its meanings seen from the relation of the semantic categories to their
