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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONFLICTS

TOWARDS HOLLY KENNEDY’S MATURITY

IN CECELIA AHERN’S

P.S I LOVE YOU

FLORENTINA YULIANA RAFLES Student number : 074214056

ENGLISH LETTERS PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONFLICTS

TOWARDS HOLLY KENNEDY’S MATURITY

IN CECELIA AHERN’S

P.S I LOVE YOU

FLORENTINA YULIANA RAFLES Student number : 074214056

ENGLISH LETTERS PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONFLICTS TOWARDS HOLLY KENNEDY’S MATURITY

IN CECELIA AHERN’S P.S I LOVE YOU

By

FLORENTINA YULIANA RAFLES Student Number : 074214056

Approved by

Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. June 10, 2011 Advisor

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONFLICTS TOWARDS HOLLY KENNEDY’S MATURITY

IN CECELIA AHERN’S P.S I LOVE YOU

By

FLORENTINA YULIANA RAFLES Student Number : 074214056

 

Defended before the Board of Examiners on June 26, 2011

and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS Name

Chairman : Dr., Fr. Borgias Alip, M.pd., M.A. Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. Member 1. : Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.ed. Member 2. : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. Member : Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum.

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : FLORENTINA YULIANA RAFLES Nomor Mahasiswa : 074214056

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya saya yang berjudul:

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONFLICTS TOWARDS HOLLY KENNEDY”S MATURITY IN CECELIA AHERN’S P.S I LOVE YOU

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya ataupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogayakarta

Pada tanggal ……..2011 Yang menyatakan

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My first gratitude goes to God for blessing me in my whole life and guiding me to write and to complete my undergraduate thesis.

I would like to express my best gratitude to my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. I thank him for providing the time to guide me and to share his knowledge with me. I also thank him for his patience during the process of writing this undergraduate thesis.

I would also like to express my gratitude to Mr. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, SS, M.Hum for giving me such helpful advices and suggestions in writing this undergraduate thesis.

My best gratitude goes to my beloved parents. I thank them for giving me supports, love and places to be who I am. My special gratitude goes to my two beloved sisters for the love, happiness, sadness, and anger we have shared together. I love you all.

My special thanks go to the “tengikers”, Maria, Mustika, Karina, Tata, Cicil, and Grace. I thank them for being supportive friends for these 4 years. I will always love you girls. I also thank my friend Andre Perdana who always supports me in distance, and spends his time to help me find sources to my undergraduate thesis.

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B. The Conflicts Experienced by Holly Kennedy………....…25

C. The Contributions of Conflicts toward Holly Kennedy’s Maturity………...….…31

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION………...43

BIBLIOGRAPHY………...………..45

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ABSTRACT

FLORENTINA YULIANA RAFLES. The Contributions of Conflicts towards Holly Kennedy’s Maturity in Cecelia Ahern’s P.S I Love You. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

P.S I Love you is the first novel written by Cecelia Ahern. It was a best seller novel in its first publication. This novel is a story of a woman named Holly Kennedy who lost her husband because of brain tumor. Holly has to deal with a lot of conflicts in her life since her husband died. She feels frustrated at first but then she is able to learn from her conflicts and take them as the experiences in life. She can show the changes after she deals with her conflicts. She has new perception of life and proper ways in handling and maintaining some aspects of life such as love, emotion, and reality. She now sees love as something to share, uses her emotion as a positive energy and seek solution rather than blaming people to handle her emotion. She is now able to perceive reality wisely. It shows that she is able to reach the maturity.

The writer formulates three problem formulations in this research: (1) The characteristics of Holly Kennedy. (2) The conflicts experienced by Holly Kennedy. (3) The contributions of conflicts towards Holly Kennedy’s maturity. The writer uses the library research to conduct this study. The writer collets all the data from printed and on-line sources. Psychological approach is applied to analyze the novel. The writer applies theory of maturity in analyzing the maturity of the main character, Holly Kennedy.

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ABSTRAK

FLORENTINA YULIANA RAFLES. The Contributions of Conflicts towards Holly Kennedy’s Maturity in Cecelia Ahern’s P.S I Love You. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.

P.S I Love You adalah novel pertama karangan Cecelia Ahern. Novel ini merupakan novel yang sangat disukai sejak pertama kali diterbitkan. Novel ini bercerita tentang seorang wanita bernama Holly Kennedy yang kehilangan suaminya akibat tumor otak. Holly harus menghadapi banyak konflik di hidupnya sejak suaminya meninggal. Dia merasa frustasi pada awalnya, namun kemudian dia dapat mengambil pelajaran dari konflik-konflik itu dan menjadikan konflik-konflik itu sebagai pengalaman hidup. Dia dapat menunjukkan perubahan setelah dia berhasil mengatasi konflik-konflik tersebut. Dia punya pandangan baru tentang hidup dan berhasil mengatasi dan menjaga beberapa aspek dalam kehidupan seperti cinta, emosi, dan kenyataan. Dia kini melihat cinta sebagai sesuatu yang harus di bagi. Dia menggunakan emosinya sebagai energy yang positif dan mencari solusi untuk menyelesaikannya daripada mencari kambing hitam. Dia juga bisa menerima kenyataan hidupnya dengan lebih baik. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Holly berhasil mencapai kedewasaan.

Penulis memformulasikan tiga pokok permasalahan dalam studi ini; (1) Karakteristik-karakteristik yang dimiliki Holly Kennedy (2) Konflik-konflik yang dihadapi Holly Kennedy (3) Peranan konflik-konflik tersebut dalam kedewasaan Holly Kennedy. Penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka untuk menyusun studi ini. Penulis mengumpulkan data dari sumber media cetak dan media on-line. Pendekatan psikologi adalah pendekatan yang digunakan penulis dalam menyusun studi ini. Penulis juga mengaplikasikan teori tentang kedewasaan dalam menganalisis kedewasaan tokoh utama, yaitu Holly Kennedy.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

People in this world are born differently one from another. They have their own characteristic and personality. Certainly, there will exist a lot of conflicts among them. This of course could bring them to at least two possibilities. They will live in a miserable situation and be static persons or they will live in a better life and become better persons.

Most people may think when they have conflicts their life will be miserable. That kind of thought must be deleted from the mind. As it is known, people change and the changes can be better or worse. The changing itself is the result of the conflicts being faced. Some people may get depressed by the conflicts that they have. This research aims to reveal how conflicts may contribute in people’s life.

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The conflict is being chosen to observe the maturity because most people do not realize that conflicts in their lives can make them become mature. Their maturity is being tested and the writer wants to show that conflicts do not always have to be faced pathetically, but people have to face the conflicts as one way to the better life and character. When they are dealing with conflicts, they will experience something and they can take a lesson from this experience, for example a lesson to be more mature. In other words it can be said that people can learn to be mature by experiencing conflicts in their life.

In this research, the writer wants to show that conflicts really can influence people’s life in every kind of aspect. The maturity process is one of the aspects that will be analyzed further by the writer. That people’s maturity can be influenced by the conflicts. They can be more mature than before just by facing their conflicts. Sometimes, maturity is used to indicate people’s response to one circumstance or environment in appropriate manner. This research is very worth studying because it hopefully will make people realize that they should not be stressed by the conflicts they face. Besides they can have a good response towards a circumstance and environment in a good and proper manner, such as handling their emotion rather than blaming other people.

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very strong. The conflicts that the main character faces can reflect the conflicts that people usually face as well. The main character is depressed by her conflicts at first, but then the conflicts she faced make her becomes mature.

The writer finds it interesting to study this novel because the conflicts in this novel are very worth learning, for example the conflict that Holly faced is when she lost her husband because of brain tumor. She has to face the truth that she no longer lives with her husband. Holly Kennedy is an Irish woman who married to Gerry who later has a brain tumor. Her life with Gerry is not a perfect life of husband and wife. They don’t have any child and it often makes them feel bad, especially Holly. They often argue during their marriage. After Gerry died of tumor, Holly’s life becomes miserable and imperfect with no child and no husband. Gerry’s love to Holly was very strong. Gerry had written several letters before he died and later on he asked Holly’s mother to give them to her. By learning from her conflicts, and with some helps from the friends and family, Holly slowly becomes a different woman and a better woman. She grows up and becomes a mature woman.

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Such things, told in the story written by Cecelia Ahern are very worth reading and learning. It makes the writer interested in selecting this novel as the object for the research. It is quite suitable with the topic of the research because later on Holly will prove that by facing conflicts people are one step ahead to the maturity. This novel also makes people realize that to live this life without regretting every single thing that has happened is very important. People will learn to live a better life by facing and taking lessons from their conflicts as the experience in their life.

In this study, the writer will focus on the conflicts of the story, that people could become better persons by learning from the conflicts of their own as the experience in their life. The writer will look at the contribution of the conflicts in changing one’s characteristic.

B. Problem Formulations

Problem formulation is necessarily needed to analyze a work of literature. It contains questions that are related to the work of literature itself. Here are the problem formulations for this research.

1. What are the characteristics of Holly Kennedy?

2. What are the conflicts experienced by Holly Kennedy?

3. How do the conflicts contribute to Holly Kennedy’s maturity? C. Objectives of the Study

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main character. The second is to explore the conflicts that Holly Kennedy faced during her life in the story which then lead her to the new Holly Kennedy that is mature. The third objective is to observe how the conflicts that Holly Kennedy faced in her life contribute to her maturity.

D. Definition of Terms

The writer needs to define some terms in order to make a better understanding and not to confuse the reader.

Contribution

Referring to the Oxford Advanced Learner dictionary, contribution means an action or a service that helps to cause or increase something. (2005: 333)

Conflict

According to Perrine, conflict is a struggle within a person, or a struggle which involves a character and other things outside the character (1966: 54-59).

Maturity

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

In this part, the writer reviews some related studies that have been done by other researchers. This is important to see whether this research is a developing research, or a new one. In this part, the writer reviews the study done by Rudiyastuti in 2004 entitled The Influence of the Family and Environment toward Annemarie’s Maturity in Lois Lowry’s Number the Stars. Besides the study of Rudyastuti, the writer also reviews the previous study written by Bahdin in 2005 entitled The Contribution of Symbols to the Revelation of Griet’s Maturity in Chevalier’s Girl with a Pearl Earring. Both of them are the studies of the undergraduate thesis from the students of Sanata Dharma University.

Rudyastuti observes the character’s maturity through the influence of the family and environment in the story. In her study, Rudyastuti shows that someone’s maturity can be influenced by the existence of the family. The way the family treats a person will give impact to the development of that person, including the maturity. She also shows that someone’s maturity can be determined by the place where the person lives and grows up. The environment helps a person shapes maturity.

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The second influence comes from the environment, where the war takes place which is dangerous especially for the Jews (2004: 58).

Bahdin analyzes the maturity by looking at the contribution of the symbols within the story. One symbol can help to determine someone’s maturity. She analyses the story from the inside of the story itself, she does not see other element outside the story to analyze someone’s maturity in her study. Instead of using the psychological approach she used the formalistic approach point of view to analyze the character’s maturity.

In Griet’s process of life to be a mature woman, Chevalier uses many symbols to make it easier for the reader to understand her character development. The using of symbol is a revelation of her process to be a mature woman that helps the reader to interpret what exactly the kind of life that Griet experienced which is devided intoi two parts, the contribution of symbols as a reflection of Griet as a young woman and as a mature woman (2005: 58).

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Besides those two studies, the writer also reviews a study of P.S I Love You which was done by Donovan. She wrote an article entitled “Advice for A Young Widow”. She analyzes this book from the side of humor behind the grief and the sadness that faced by the main character caused by death of the husband. She focuses her study on the fact that being a widow is not always as miserable as it seems. “Ahern weaves just the right amount of humor into her tale of Holly's struggle with grief and its aftermath, resulting in a highly engaging addition” (Donovan, 2007).

While Donovan puts her attention on the humor side from the book, the writer tries to see and to observe the psychological side of the story. Meaning to say that the writer thinks this book consist of more message and value rather than humor.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Abrams, in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms defines what character is. He states :

Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue and what they do – the action (1993:24).

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that character involves emotional qualities, dialogue, acts etc. This is used by the author to establish and to make the readers understand the story.

An author has some ways to describe the character he wrote. It is called characterization. It is aimed to make the reader understand what kind of person the character is in the story. Murphy in his book, Understanding Unseen (1972: 161-173) gives some ways the author usually uses in describing the characters he wrote. They are:

• Personal description.

The author can show the readers the character he wrote by giving the readers personal description. The author will give us the details about the appearance of the character. The face, the skin, the way the character wearing clothes, all the details on the outlook. It will give the readers the picture of the characters in the story they read.

• Character as seen by another.

The author shows the character he wrote to the reader through the choice of words and or thought that said by another character in the story. One character can be interpreted as having certain characteristic by seeing another character’s thought and words.

• Speech.

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If the character in the story speaks slowly and politely, the readers can say that this character is a polite and nice person.

• Past life.

The readers will know what kind of person the character in the story they read by knowing character’s past life. The author can mention it in the conversation or in the narration. It will help the readers examine the character in the story they read better.

• Conversation of others.

The author can give the readers clues about what kind of person the character he wrote from the conversation had by other characters. The reader will get it easier through what other characters say about one character.

• Reactions.

The author can show the readers what kind of person the character he wrote by giving the readers the way the character react to the situation. It will make the readers understand more about the character in the story.

• Direct comment.

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• Thoughts.

The readers can get knowledge about the character by knowing what is in the character’s mind. The author will mention the thoughts of the character and it will help the reader to see and examine the character.

• Mannerism.

The author shows the readers about the character by telling the habits character has. The manner that the character has can also shows the readers about whet kind of person the character is.

2. Theory of Conflict

Since the object of the research is a literary work and the approach used is the psychological approach, the writer will explain the conflict seen from literary and psychological sides. In order to make it clear, the writer will explain it one by one.

From the psychological side, conflict is defined as an opposition between two things. The opposition appears from the differences of the two. Conflict exists at least in two characters with two different thoughts or arguments.

The term of conflict is the result of an opposition between at least two sides. Just it takes two to make an argument, it takes two opposing people or forces to produce conflict. Without this opposition there is no conflict and without a conflict there is no plot (Potter, 1967:25).

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of complicated situation in which she should choose the best alternative according to her consideration. It is usually called Internal Conflict (Perrine, 1966: 54). Conflicts may also happen between a person against someone or something outside. It is usually called External Conflict. External conflict is struggle which involves a character and other things outside the character herself. There are three kinds of external conflict. First is a struggle against nature, the second is a struggle against another person. The third is a struggle against society (Perrine, 1966: 59).

It can be seen that conflicts are important part in building the story. Without the conflicts a story can never be called a story. Because the story is conflict itself, without conflicts a story will never exist. Basically, conflicts do not only involve quarrel or fight but also involve a feeling of ideas or kind of desire.

Most of people tend to avoid conflicts. It happens because conflicts are discomfort feeling. But if people finally come to this, the reaction is the way to make it seems to fade. The way people react to the conflicts can also show their maturity. The way people control themselves to the situation of their life shows that they are mature or not.

Being non-reactive means ignoring our physical reaction until we have adequately assessed what is really going on around us. Even though our bodies are figuratively screaming at us to flee, freeze, or fight, with a commitment to non-reactivity we can evaluate and choose an appropriate response. As we learn this lesson, we move from lashing out or striking back, physically or verbally, to

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As the excerpt states, it is true that even psychically people want to run away from their discomforting feeling or situation, they have to have commitment in facing it wisely to be mature.

From the explanation mentioned previously, it can be seen the conflicts are basically struggles. Whether a struggle within a person or outside the person. It takes two opposing sides to create conflict. And to make a good story, conflicts are needed to be built. As it is mentioned, a person might have external conflicts or internal conflicts. Sometimes a person even might have external and internal conflicts all in one. And then it can be one way to be mature, because conflicts are important factors in shaping people to be mature.

3. Theory of Maturity

According to Dockery in his book Psychology, maturity refers to changes in behavior that are the result of the growth of the organism (1950:5109). In other words, maturity can be said as the changes within people as they grow. People can be categorized as mature when they fulfill their physical as well as psychological development. It means that they have to develop in appearance and also have to develop in behavior. Maturity does not depend on people’s age. Adults can not always be classified as mature persons when they only grow their physical development.

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the ability to give response in an appropriate way to the situation. It means that maturity concerns with the way people react to the situation or even their emotion.

Immature people have the different reactions from mature people’s reactions. They may have the same emotional feeling such us love, but they will not have the same respond to this. According to Martyn Carruthers (1966), immature people perhaps consider love as a need, but mature people maybe consider it as something to be shared. They also may have a different reaction in dealing with reality. Find people to be blame maybe the reaction of immature people when they are facing the reality, while mature people may find solutions and find the best solution to face the reality.

To make it more understandable, the writer provides the different reactions of immature and mature people dealing with their life as it told by Carruthers (1996).

Immature Mature

Reality Avoid and deny bills and

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C. Theoretical Framework

The significance of the theories used by the writer will be explained in this section. The writer used theory of character and characterization, theory of conflict, and theory of maturity in this study. Theory of character and characterization is used to analyze the characteristics of the main character before and after she deals with her conflicts. Theory of conflicts is used to observe what kind of conflict the main character faces and the contribution of the conflict itself. Theory of maturity is used to picture the psychological growth as well as the physical growth of the main character.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The work of literature used as the object of the research is P.S I Love You written by Cecelia Ahern. Cecelia Ahern was born on September 30, 1981 in Dublin, Ireland. At the age of 21 she wrote this novel P.S I Love You. It was her debut novel published in 2004. This novel is best seller in Ireland and in the U.K. That is why this work of literature is chosen as the object of the research by the writer. Besides, this work of literature is chosen because the conflicts in the story are very strong. The conflicts that the main character faces can reflect the conflicts that people usually face as well. That the main character is depressed by her conflicts at first, but then she realizes that the things make her become mature are the conflicts she has. Cecelia Ahern could live the main character she creates well.

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conflict in her life as a misery. With some helps from her friends and family, she manages to live her new life without Gerry and faces her life in a new way of thinking.

B. Approach of the Study

Psychology is the basic to understand the world in which everybody lives in. It will give more knowledge of the power that makes people act the way they do. Psychology studies human behavior. Everything people do has its own psychological significance (Wellington, 1940:3-4). It includes the way people respond to the environment, the capability to express emotion. Psychology helps to gain better understanding of human behavior and practical application to enrich the knowledge of life. It will cover everything people think, feel and do.

The writer uses the psychological approach to analyze this work of literature. The approach is used because the writer wants to analyze the psychological side of the main character. The maturity is the topic that will be discussed here. To explore the maturity the writer will observe the conflicts in the story and also the characteristic of the main character, which are the areas of psychological study. According to Rohrberger and Woods,

psychological approach is an approach to literature which involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent pattern, and which refers to a different body of knowledge, that is psychology. It is applied when the attention is focused on psychology is a study of man’s life together with his mind and behavior (1971:13-15).

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the writer. This research analyses the psychological side of the main character, Holly Kennedy together with her mind, behavior, and her surrounding.

It can be said that psychology is an appropriate approach to analyze someone’s mind and behavior. In literary side, it will help to understand the character’s mind, behavior, way of thinking and relation with and other people.

C. Method of the Study

The writer uses library research to analyze Cecelia Ahern’s P.S I Love You. It means that the writer studies documents related to the topic of this thesis. The writer uses P.S I Love You written by Cecelia Ahern as the primary source, and for the secondary sources the writer uses books on literature and psychology.

The first secondary source the writer uses is the book entitled Understanding Unseens, written by Murphy. This book is used to help the writer finds the characteristics of the main character, Holly Kennedy, by looking at the way the author describe the character or it often called characterization.

The next secondary source the writer uses is the book Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense written by Laurence Perrine. The writer uses this book because this book helps to analyze the conflict face by the main character.

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helpful for the writer because this book is a psychological book and the approach of this research is psychological approach. Other secondary sources can be seen in the bibliography.

To conduct this research, the writer followed some steps. Firstly the writer was reading the object of her analysis; P.S I Love You. This is aimed to make the writer understand the story. The second step was looking for some sources and references to help her conduct the research. After all the sources needed were gathered, the third step was to formulate the problems for her research. The fourth step was answering the problems based on the sources. The last step was drawing the conclusion.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A. Holly’s Characteristics

According to Abrams (1993:24), character is a person presented in the story that has moral, disposition, and emotional quality expressed in the dialogue and the action. This is supported by Murphy (1972: 161-173) who states that the character can be presented in the dialogue and the action. He states nine ways the character is presented in the story. The main character in the story is Holly Kennedy, a thirty year old woman who struggles to live her life after the death of her husband. It is not easy for her to live her life after the devastating moment, but she manages to take a lesson for the conflict she has and she grows up to be a mature woman. Here are her characteristics:

1. Irresponsible

After Gerry died, Holly has no intention in finding a job because she thinks she is unable to find one without Gerry beside her. She is just wondering around everyday. She keeps on thinking about Gerry while actually she should take care for herself and push herself to move on.

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The quotation is taken from her conversation with her mother. Holly is physically adult, she is thirty years old. The quotation shows that Holly Kennedy is not responsible. It shows that Holly Kennedy does not have any intention to get a job and to be responsible for her self. Holly has been unemployed for about three months since Gerry died. It should have been the time for her to move on and be responsible for her own life. She does not respond to her situation quickly and sensibly. That is way it can be said that Holly is irresponsible by letting herself down and jobless while actually she needed to find a job and take care of her own income. Irresponsible means she is not thinking enough about the effects of what she do (Hornby,2005: 823).

Holly’s irresponsibility is also shown in the way she treats herself and her house after her husband died. Holly no longer cares for her self and her life. It is shown when Sharon visits her one day and finds Holly in a very bad condition.

‘God, it’s so stuffy in here. When’s the last time you opened a window?’ Sharon marched around the house, opening windows and picking up empty cups and plates. She brought them into the kitchen where she placed them in the dishwasher and then proceeded to tidy up (Ahern, 2004:17).

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A shower. When was the last time she had even washed? Sharon was right, she must have looked disgusting, with her greasy hair, her dark roots and dirty robe (Ahern,2004: 17).

The quotation shows that Holly does not have any intention to get rid of her late husband, and she does not have any intention to live her life and make her self worth living.

2. Ignorant

Holly’s ignorance is shown in her relationship with her eldest brother. Ever since she was a child, she always thinks that Richard is a person who likes to isolate him self and being alone. Therefore Holly never has any attention to build any kind of thing that actually can make their relationship better. She just thinks instead of figures out what really happens with Richard.

He was out on his own in the family but Holly suspected he liked that feeling of being separated from those he couldn’t quiet understand (Ahern, 2004:46).

While Holly is busy with her hatred toward Richard, he tries to build a bond between him and her sister. When Holly has her 30th birthday, Richard comes to her house to give her a present, but holly still does not feel that Richard is trying to be a good brother for her, in her grief and her misery. It is proved in her conversation with her best friend Sharon.

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The quotation above shows clearly that Holly is being ignorant. Ignorant means lacking knowledge or information about something (Hornby, 2005: 772). She does not want to know or find out what is Richard’s intention in calling round her house to wish her happy birthday and even give her a present after all these years. Holly should have known better how to react in this kind of situation, but she has not.

3. Selfish

Holly’s selfishness is shown in her relationship with her best friend, Sharon. It is proved when Sharon is pregnant. She does not want to be with her because she feels that Sharon doesn’t understand her. Holly feels that as her best friend, Sharon seems don’t care for her. She becomes mad at Sharon and feels that Sharon is being happy in her miserable situation. It is shown in her conversation with John, Sharon’s husband. Sharon always there for Holly and never leave holly alone, not even in her grief of losing her husband.

‘Sharon knows you’re hurting and she understands, but you have to understand that this is a hugely important time in her life too and she needs her best friend

to help her through it. She needs your help just like you need hers’ (Ahern, 2004:335).

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B. The Conflicts Experienced by Holly Kennedy

According to Potter (1967: 25), conflict is an opposition between two sides. It takes two sides to make an argument and to produce a conflict. This conflict is seen from the psychological side. Since this research is conducted using the psychological approach, this theory of conflict is also needed.

1. Holly’s Conflict with Sharon

Holly and Sharon are best friends since they were kids. They are close to each other. They even got married in the same year. After Gerry passed away, Holly becomes such a selfish person. Their conflict begins when Holly knows that Sharon is pregnant. Holly is surprised by the fact that Sharon is happy with her pregnancy. Holly thinks that Sharon is enjoying happiness in her miserable situation. Holly thinks it is unfair for her because Sharon always says that she hates children, but now she will have one. On the other hand, holly is waiting for a baby for all her marriage life with Gerry, but she does not have one. It seems that Holly is jealous with Sharon who is going to have a baby.

She was being jealous, bitter and incredibly selfish, she knew that, but Holly needed to be selfish these days in order to survive….Sharon had always said she hated kids, Holly thought angrily (Ahern, 2004:307).

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‘I know you all know what I’ve been through, John- that’s blatantly obvious- but you all don’t seem to understand that I’m still going through it!’(Ahern,2004:333)

The quotation above is the conversation of Holly and John, Sharon’s husband. Holly indirectly says that he and Sharon must understand her in her situation right now, instead of being happy with the future baby. While, in fact John, who is in Sharon’s side, thinks that this is what so called life. He thinks that although he and Sharon are going to have a baby, they still feel losing Gerry.

‘Holly, that’s called living.’ John interrupted, looking up.’ You seem to have forgotten how to do that. And I’m not saying that I think it’s easy for you because I know myself that it’s not. I miss Gerry too…Just because I wasn’t married to him. It doesn’t mean that I don’t feel like you do. And just because he’s dead doesn’t mean I have to stop living too (Ahern; 2004: 334).

From the quotations it can be seen that there is a struggle of Holly against Sharon. Holly thinks that Sharon is happy in her miserable situation, while Sharon does not think that way.

2. Conflict between Holly’s Desire to keep Her Late Husband’s Stuff and Holly’s Commitment to Obey Her Late Husband’s Words

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tries to. She has to do it in fact because whether she likes it or not, it was Gerry’s order. She does not want to make him disappointed either, and the conflict appears here. She needs some times to decide what to do.

She would have jumped from an aeroplane for him, run a thousand miles, anything except empty out his wardrobes and rid her self of his presence in the house (Ahern, 2004:140).

The quotation above shows that Holly really tries to keep her dead husband’s presence remains alive in the house. It is a hard thing for Holly to do. On one hand, she does not want to do it but on the other hand, she has to do it.

3. Conflict between Holly’s Fear of Traumatic Experience and Holly’s Commitment to Obey Her Late Husband’s Words

Holly has a traumatic embarrassing experience on singing at the karaoke. It happened couple years ago. When Holly finished singing, she fell down the stage, her shirt went up and she broke her nose. It makes Holly avoid singing at the karaoke anymore. Her conflict comes when Gerry’s letter says that she has to face her fear of karaoke by joining the karaoke competition. Holly’s love to Gerry and her fear of karaoke clashed. She really does not want to sing at the karaoke.

‘You don’t need to bring it back up. It was the most embarrassing day of my life so just happen to remember it. That’s why I’m not doing it’ (Ahern, 2004: 81).

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find one. Gerry even had signed her in the competition in a club called Club Diva. Up to the day of the competition, Holly can not find the reason why she has to do this singing. She gets the third turn in the competition. When the second contestant begins to sing, she rushes to the toilet and hides there. She can not stand her fear and at the same time she knows she has to obey Gerry’s wish. She begins to cry and does not know what to do.

Sharon eye’s widened at the sight of her distraught friend, who looked like she had seen a ghost. Her eyes were red and puffy with black lines of mascara streaming down her face… (Ahern, 2004: 124).

It is a difficult time for Holly. She did a karaoke before, and the result was out of expectation. Now, she has to do it again, for Gerry. She feels so confused of what she is going to do to deal with it.

4. Conflict between Holly’s Struggle to Move On and Holly’s Fear of Being Seen in Public

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there. She does not want to go also because she does not want to be seen too happy or to be seen too sad concerning with the death of her husband.

Reasons not to go: she didn’t want to go at all; she would spend all night crying; she would be stuck at a table full of so-called friends who hadn’t talked to her since Gerry had died; she felt like a shit; she looked like a shit and Gerry wouldn’t be there (Ahern, 2004: 440).

Although she does not want to go, a part of her does want to go. She needs to go to move on. She could not avoid places she and Gerry used to go together. She thinks that she has to remember the love she and Gerry shared, not to be sad about it. And a part of her wants her to stop hiding and stop going down.

Reasons to go: She had an overwhelming that she needed to go and, most importantly, an over riding reason preventing her from backing out… (Ahern, 2004: 440).

The quotation above shows that Holly is having a conflict within herself for going or not going to the ball. She does not want to go, but part of her wants to go. The reasons for going and not going are both making sense for her.

5. Conflict between Holly’s Intention to Go to A Business Dinner with Daniel and Holly’s Fear of Being Unfaithful to Her Late Husband

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Daniel seems very busy and he asks Holly to meet her at dinner time. Holly says yes, and they will meet up after she finished working. But then she thinks and rethinks the idea of having dinner with Daniel. She suddenly does not want to go to meet Daniel, because she thinks it will seem that she is having a romantic dinner with him. It will look like she is cheating on Gerry. She looks for the reason to cancel the dinner.

She listened as a few of the others packed up their things, and pray Chris would dump another load of work on her desk just so she would have to stay late and cancel dinner with Daniel (Ahern, 2004: 369).

The quotation shows that Holly does not want to have dinner with Daniel because she feels it wrong. But she tries to convince her self that dinner with Daniel is not more than a business dinner. They will only talk about the party held by Daniel and Holly has to cover it for the magazine she works at.

She felt so guilty and ashamed for going out with him and tried to convince herself it was just a business dinner. In fact, the more she thought about it she realized that was exactly what it was (Ahern, 2004: 370).

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C. The Contribution of the Conflicts toward Holly Kennedy’s Maturity

As Holly experiences her conflicts, Holly begins to see her life in a different way. The conflict contributes so many things to her, especially to her maturity. As Martyn Carruthers (1996) says, people can be called as mature when they manage to change their reaction of some aspects of life in a more appropriate way. Holly gets some help from her dead husband, her friends and her family, but holly will not develop without her conflicts. These are the contribution of the conflicts toward her development:

1. Realizing Holly of the Meaning of Love

The Conflict between Holly’s desire to keep her late husband’s stuff and her commitment to obey her late husband’s words contributes to her sensitivity of perceiving love. As it is told, Holly’s husband, Gerry, has written several letters that she has to obey. One of the letters states that Holly should get rid of everything belongs to him. At first, Holly refuses to do it, but then finally does it. She does not want to lose her husband’s presence in the house by throwing all his stuff away. She thinks that this the only way she can feel him with her. It is because she used to see love as a need not as something to share. Therefore she feels that she can not live without him. She keeps thinking that she needs him to be with her so that she can live.

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heart. It makes Holly understand that this is one way to make her move on and continue her life with or without her husband. And by doing it, Holly realizes that she just does not need his presence. She knows that she can live her own life without Gerry, and yet still love him.

…she was a woman with a million happy memories, who knew what was it like to experience true love and who was ready to experience more life, more love and make some new memories (Ahern, 2004: 503).

The quotation above shows that Holly has changed in terms of interpreting love. She can think that way because she has finally appreciated love as something to share, not just a need. She begins to understand that although Gerry is physically gone, she can still feel his love for her. She still can love him and remember every little thing about him and their memories inside her heart.

2. Giving Holly A Better Way of Dealing with Her Emotion

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Sharon’s husband, John, Holly can find her way to deal with her conflict with Sharon and reach a good reaction to her situation.

This conflict contributes to Holly’s way of thinking in terms of how to handle her emotion. She realizes that although Sharon is her best friend, she has her own life with John. She understands that it does not mean that Sharon is being happy in her miserable condition. It is proved when she finally comes to see Sharon and apologize to her. “A familiar pang of jealousy hit Holly and she sat quietly while she let it pass and the excitement returned” (Ahern, 2004:338). It shows that Holly has changed. She now handles her emotion by looking solutions and uses her emotion as the energy source. From the quotation it can be seen that when Holly feels the jealousy, she tries to be relax and let it pass, so that she can handle it easier. As it is stated by Carruthers (1996) that mature people handle the emotions by seeking solution. That is what mature people do, and Holly manages to do it.

3. Allowing Holly to Have a Better Perception on Reality

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to stay alive. “At lunch time, Holly’s dad dropped her home and squeezed a cheque for five thousands euro into her hand” (Ahern, 2004:302).

Since she threw away Gerry’s belonging, she slowly manages to realize the fact that Gerry is gone. She knows that she should not be in a grief forever. It is shown in her conversation with one of her friends. Her friend does not want to mention the fact that Gerry is dead, but Holly says that it is fine to say that Gerry is no longer alive. She understands that this reality can not be changed. Gerry is dead, that is the truth. “it’s OK Helen, I’ve accepted that that’s what happened” (Ahern, 2004: 448).

The quotation shows that Holly now can analyze the problem of her own of losing Gerry, and she can deal with the situation properly. It shows that, according to Carruthers(1996), she had change from immature to mature because she is no longer seek people to blame and she does not avoids the relationship problem she had.

4. Making Holly Able to Balance the “Take and Give”

Holly’s conflict with Sharon also contributes to Holly in terms of taking and giving. Her conflict with Sharon appears because Holly does not balance the taking and the giving in her friendship with Sharon. Sharon always be there for Holly every time, she does not leave Holly alone, especially in her grief of losing her husband. She comes to Holly’s house and helps Holly clean up the house. She asks Holly and encourages her to move on. This shows that Holly is taking Sharon’s time and attention.

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She followed the humming noise she could hear to the kitchen where Sharon was scrubbing the hobs (Ahern, 2004: 18).

The quotation shows that Sharon gives a lot to Holly. But Holly does not seem to understand that she should not take anything from Sharon all the times. She should also give something to Sharon. This fact then becomes the conflict between her. When Holly knows that Sharon is pregnant, she feels angry with her.

She was being jealous, bitter and incredibly selfish, she knew that, but Holly needed to be selfish these days in order to survive….Sharon had always said she hated kids, Holly thought angrily (Ahern, 2004:307).

When Holly manages to deal with her conflict, with the help from John, Sharon’s husband, she is now willing to give not only take. She is able to balance it after she can find a way to deal with her conflict. She then feels excited about Sharon’s pregnancy. She feels like Sharon’s future baby is coming to fill the emptiness of losing her husband. She also feels excited and happy when Sharon asks her to be her future baby’s godmother.

time only three of them gathered to remember the one they had lost. With all their talk he came alive for them that night. And soon they would be four again, with the arrival of Sharon and John’s baby. (Ahern, 2004: 341)

‘well, John and I would love it if you would be our baby’s godmother.’..Holly gasped with shock for the second time that day tears filled her eyes (Ahern,2004:393).

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5. Giving Holly A Good Feedback

The fact that Holly is having difficulty in finding a job is helped by conflict between her desire to keep her late husband’s stuff and Holly’s commitment to obey her late husband’s words. Before her late husband asks her to do it, Holly is very miserable and jobless. She does not care for herself, her job, and her house. It proves that Holly does not have a sense of responsibility. She does not care because she does not have her husband with her anymore. She has no one to support her when she feels frustrated with her job. She thinks that nothing in this world is interesting without her husband, even a regular payment of a job to make her survive.

She had been forced to leave her job when the creep failed to understand that she needed tome off to be with her dying husband. Now she had to go looking for a new one. For a new job that was. But at the moment it seemed unimaginable to go to work in the morning (Ahern, 2004: 30).

Her conflict she deals with has a huge impact in his sense of responsibility. The throwing of her husband belonging realizes her that she needs to move on and live her own life.

‘Well, I wouldn’t normally say this on an answering machine but no doubt you’ll be delighted to know that I’ve decided to welcome you as a new member of the team…..’(Ahern, 2004: 347).

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that the world end. She realizes that she has to move on and start to live her life all over again.

6. Allowing Holly to Handle the Stress in A Proper Way

The conflict between her struggle to move on and her fear of being seen in public causes her in a dilemma. She feels pessimistic whether she can handle her feeling in the ball, the place that she and Gerry used to attend together. She tries not to go there because she tries to avoid the reality that Gerry is gone, and he can not be there with Holly. She does not want to go because she does not want to be seen in public having fun or having a pathetic moment in the ball. She even attacks Denise for being such unsupportive friend for forcing her to go to the ball. She says harshly to Denise that she just talks about her wedding plan all the times without thinking about Holly’s feeling of Gerry’s death.

The fact that all you talk about are your bloody wedding arrangements and how happy and excited you are and how you can’t wait to spend the rest of your life with Tom in wedded bliss. I case you hadn’t noticed, Denise, I didn’t get that chance because my husband died (Ahern, 2004: 430).

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She relaxed back in the chair and gazed out of the window in cold January day that caused the trees to dance wildly in the wind. She thought about what she

had learned, who she once was and who she had now become (Ahern, 2004: 503).

The quotation shows that Holly now can handle her stress in a better way. She handles it with relaxed and confident to shows her ability in succeed to face her conflict and makes her become a better woman.

The conflict between Holly’s fear of traumatic experience and her friends’ encouragement to make her brave also brings her to handle her stress appropriately. When she is hiding in the toilet at the competition while she should be singing on the stage shows that she is pessimistic. She thinks that she can never get through this. Her traumatic experience in singing at the karaoke makes her avoid the fact that her fear should be faced. But when she manages to deal with it, she feels relieve and relax. She knows that she can do it and that she is able to handle her stress.

Holly wondered what hers were as she sat back down. It must be a wonderful feeling to win something, to know that you have a gift (Ahern, 2004: 130).

Holly does not win the prize, but she realizes something. She realizes that she is able to deal with her stress and she knows that everything will be just fine if she relaxes in doing or facing something.

7. Giving Holly ability to maintain relationship

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to her. John says that she should not act this way to Sharon because Sharon is pregnant. He says that Sharon always there for Holly, and now Holly does not want to be there foe her. This irritates Holly and she burst into anger. She says to john that everything seems to be different. She refers to Sharon’s pregnancy. It makes difference for Holly. She cannot believe that everybody seems not to understand that she is still in grief.

‘Things used to be very different, John,’ Holly said angrily. Didn’t anybody understand what she was going through? Was she the only sane person in the whole world these days? (Ahern, 2004: 333)

The quotation shows that Holly is too sensitive of what John says to her. On the other hand, she does not think about the reason why john says those words to her. She does not think about Sharon’s feeling too. She just thinks of her self and her feeling.

This part actually has the similarity to the third part about take and give. The result of facing her conflicts is she can experience her true empathy and build a better relationship with Sharon and John. She even can feel as excited as Sharon feels for her pregnancy.

This time only three of them gathered to remember the one they had lost. With all their talk he came alive for them that night. And soon they would be four again, with the arrival of Sharon and John’s baby (Ahern, 2004: 341).

‘well, John and I would love it if you would be our baby’s godmother.’..Holly gasped with shock for the second time that day tears filled her eyes (Ahern,2004:393).

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feeling, not only her own feeling. She is able to show her true empathy towards others. She succeeds in build a good relationship in balance with others especially with her best friends.

As it is stated in the theory, maturity can be gained by making the conflict as a lesson and taking it as experiences in life. It will make people have a better way to deal with their situation. Holly has successfully making her conflicts as the experience in life, and she has changed from immature to mature woman. She now can have a better view of life and deal with some aspect in life properly. Her maturity also brings her to her new characteristics. Here are Holly’s characteristics after she manages to have a new perception of life:

1. Tolerant

The time Holly knows that his brother, Richard has the difficulty and some problem in his family, Holly realizes that Richard is actually as miserable as she is. Richard is getting divorce with his wife, and he also losing his job for the pas few months. Holly’s tolerance is shown in page 343 in the novel.

Or perhaps it was Holly who had changed, she had a higher tolerance for him now, and found it easier to ignore his annoying little comments, though there were many of them (Ahern, 2004: 343).

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2. Sensible

When Holly manages to look around her, she begins to slowly care and be wise about what happens around her. Her sensibility is shown when Holly and her family are gathering in her parents’ house.

Holly watched Richard, who sat at the end of the table eating quietly. Her heart leaped out to him. He didn’t deserve this, and either Jack was being more cruel than usual, or else this was the norm and Holly must have been a fool to have found it funny. ‘Oh, Jack’ Holly sighed, slicing into her chicken breast, ‘you really do need to grow up, you know’ (Ahern, 2004:360).

The quotation above shows that Holly becomes wiser in dealing with the situation she used to think that was funny. She and her brother, Jack always made fun of Richard when they were children. Holly thinks that this is not funny anymore to make fun of Richard like she used to think. She knows exactly what Richard has going though recently, and she wisely said to Jack that it is not funny to make fun of other people without knowing anything about him.

3. Caring

Holly has finally managed to erase all her selfishness and bitterness of her friends’ happiness. She starts to follow the progress of Sharon’s pregnancy. She even can not wait Sharon’s baby to be born. She becomes very excited of it as if it is her own pregnancy.

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Not only does she care for Sharon’s pregnancy, but she also cares for her jobless brother, Richard. After he can find a job for her own, she helps Richard to find one. She knows that her boss needs a leprechaun to work on his garden. Knowing that Richard has this kind of talent, she talks to her boss about someone who can do that for him. Then, finally Richard has a job as a leprechaun for Holly’s boss.

‘So that’s why my boss will be calling you. To ask you to work on his garden. I told him you’ll do it for five thousand, I hope that’s OK.’ She smiled as his jaw dropped (Ahern, 2004:385).

That quotation shows that Holly cares for people around her. Dealing with her own conflict, she finally manages to lose her selfishness and begins to be caring to people around her.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this chapter the writer presents the conclusion of the analysis. There are three problem formulations in this study. The first problem concerns with the characteristics of Holly Kennedy. The second one deals with the conflicts experienced by Holly Kennedy. The last problem connects to the conflicts that contribute to Holly Kennedy’s Maturity.

From the first part of analysis it can be concluded that Holly is an irresponsible, ignorant, and selfish woman. Her irresponsibility is shown in the way she treats herself and her house. She does not shower and clean the house. She also has no job and has no intention to have a regular income to live her life. Her selfishness is shown in the way she treats her best friend, Sharon. She does not want to talk to Sharon just because Sharon is pregnant. Her Ignorance is shown in her relationship with her brother, Richard. She does not want to bother herself asking Richard about how he feels and how is his life going on. She just care for herself.

The analysis of the second part shows that Holly Kennedy experiences some conflicts. Most of her conflicts are the conflicts within herself or external conflict. Her sadness, her fear, and her jealousy often end up with conflicts of her own life.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary terms: sixth edition. New York: 8 Harcourt Brace College.1993.

Ahern, Cecelia. P.S I Love You. London: Harper Collin Publisher. 2004.

Bahdin, Neny. “The Contribution of Symbols to the Revelation of Griet’s Maturity in Chevalier’s Girl with a Pearl Earring.”Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.2005.

Carruters, Martyn. “Are You Growing Up or Growing Old”. (http://systemiccoaching/maturity.htm, 11-04-10)

Donovan, Deborah. “ Advice for A Widow”. (http://bookpage.com/books-, 03-08-11) Dockery, Floyd C. Psychology. New York: Prentice Hall, 1950.

Hornby, A S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.

Lefrancois, Guy R. Psychological Theories and Human Learning. Monterey: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 1982.

Murphy, M.J. Understanding Unseens. London:George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1972 Noll,Douglas.“The Lessons of

Conflict”.(http://www.nollassociates.com/Peace53.html,03-08-11)

Perine, Laurence. Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanoich Inc. 1974.

Potter, James L. Element of Literature. New York: The Odyssey Inc. 1967

Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. Reading and writing about Literature. New York: Random House Inc. 1971.

Rudiyastuti, Christina. “The Influence of the Family and Environment toward Annemarie’s Maturity in Lois Lowry’s Number the Stars.” Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University. 2004.

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APPENDIX

Summary of Cecelia Ahern’s P.S I Love You

Holly Kennedy is an Irish woman whose husband, Gerry is passed away of brain answer. Holly is covered with grief of Gerry’s death, and thinks that she will survive without Gerry. Her life with Gerry is not a perfect life of husband and wife. They do not have any child and it often makes them feel bad, especially Holly. They often argue during their marriage. When Gerry is dead of tumor, Holly’s life becomes miserable and imperfect with no child and even no husband anymore. Gerry’s love to Holly is very strong. Gerry writes several letters before he died and later on he asks Holly’s mother to give them to her. During her miserable situation Holly has to face conflicts in her life. One of the conflicts she has is the conflict between her sadness of losing her husband and her jealousy of her best friend pregnancy. Holly has to deal with the fact that her best friend, Sharon is pregnant. It makes Holly and Sharon do not talk to each other for a while.

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panicky and tries to figure out a way to cancel it. Unfortunately she can not find one. She convinces her self that this is only a business dinner. She goes with Daniel that night. She knows that Daniel is just being nice to her and they are just friends. Thanks to Daniel that her assignment for X Magazine is done. Gerry’s last letter says that Holly should not be afraid of falling in love again. Holly knows it and she promises to Gerry that someday she will fall in love again.

Her devastating moments slowly disappear and she is now can accept the fact that Gerry is gone. She is a new Holly now. Holly that is mature, wise and brave. She finds out that Gerry wants her to be happy with or without him. He wants her to move one and live a fully happiness with her friends and family.

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