Volume 10 Nomor 1, Maret 2014
VOL. 10 No. 1 Hal 1 - 105 Bandung, Maret 2014
CHINA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE: BETWEEN STATUS QUO AND REVISIONIST
Albert Triwibowo
PEMIKIR-PEMIKIR MARXIS DALAM HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL M. Syaprin Zahidi
A LONG ROAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIO-FUEL IN INDONESIA
Marendra Cahya Sadikin
INTENTIONS AND MOTIVE IN AUGUSTINE’S JUST WAR TEACHING Petrus Farneubun
MENUJU ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY 2015 DALAM KONDISI PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI YANG TIMPANG
Stanislaus Risadi Apresian
Volume 10 Nomor 1, Maret 2014
Volume 10 Nomor 1, Maret 2014
Halaman
Daftar Isi i
Albert Triwibowo 1 - 22 CHINA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE: BETWEEN
STATUS QUO AND REVISIONIST
M. Syaprin Zahidi 23 - 35 PEMIKIR-PEMIKIR MARXIS DALAM HUBUNGAN
INTERNASIONAL
Marendra Cahya Sadikin 37 - 61
A LONG ROAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT BIO-FUEL IN INDONESIA
Petrus Faneubun 63 - 79
INTENTIONS AND MOTIVE IN AUGUSTINE’S JUST WAR TEACHING
Stanislaus Risadi Apresian 81 - 105
FAKTOR INTERNAL DAN FAKTOR EKSTERNAL YANG
MEMPENGARUHI TERJADINYA DEMOKRATISASI DI MYANMAR
i
JURNAL ILMIAH
HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
DAFTAR ISI
Abstract: The paper is trying to look whether China is a status quo power or a revisionist power in the South China Sea dispute based on status quo indicator developed by Johnston and perspectives on conformity towards norms. Meanwhile, this paper argues that China is neither a status quo nor a revisionist in the South China Sea dispute to the extent of its compliance with the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties (DoC) in the South China Sea. Using status quo indicators developed by Johnston and also the perspectives on conformity and violation towards norm, it is found that China's position in the South China Sea is determined by its interests over the disputed area. A moral dilemma between expected behaviors in the South China Sea based on China's involvement in the DoC and China's other self interests. Moreover, China has been conducting activities which fall under both categories, both status quo and revisionist. China is lying in the middle between status quo and revisionist in the South China Sea dispute, between an obligatory action that is mandated by the DoC and the desire to act in order to pursue its self-interest such as its sovereignty claim, natural resources, and geostrategic position of the disputed territory. China's position in the South China Sea dispute as well as its moral dilemma in the end could be seen through its mixed and constrained actions indicated by an aggressive act and a justification related to the aggressive act.
Key words: China, South China Sea Dispute, Status Quo, Revisionist, Norm, DoC.
Abstrak: Makalah ini mencoba untuk melihat apakah Tiongkok merupakan kekuatan status quo atau kekuasaan revisionis dalam sengketa Laut Tiongkok Selatan berdasarkan teori transisi kekuasaan dan perspektif tentang kesesuaian terhadap norma-norma. Sementara itu, makalah ini melihat bahwa Tiongkok bukanlah status quo maupun revisionis di konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan, terkait dengan kepatuhan terhadap Deklarasi tentang Perilaku Para Pihak (DoC) di Laut Tiongkok Selatan.
Menggunakan indikator status quo yang dikembangkan oleh Johnston dan juga perspektif tentang kesesuaian dan pelanggaran terhadap norma, ditemukan bahwa posisi Tiongkok di Laut Tiongkok Selatan ditentukan oleh kepentingannya atas wilayah sengketa. Kepentingan ini, bagaimanapun, tampaknya bertentangan satu sama lain dan menciptakan dilema moral bagi Tiongkok. Sebuah dilema moral antara perilaku yang diharapkan di Laut Tiongkok Selatan berdasarkan keterlibatan Tiongkok dalam DoC dan kepentingan pribadi Tiongkok yang lainnya. Lebih lanjut, Tiongkok telah melakukan kegiatan yang termasuk dalam dua kategori, baik status quo dan revisionis. Tiongkok berada di tengah-tengah antara status quo dan revisionis dalam konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan, antara tindakan wajib yang diamanatkan oleh DoC dan keinginan untuk mengejar kepentingan pribadi, seperti klaim kedaulatan, sumber daya alam, dan posisi geostrategis wilayah yang disengketakan. Posisi Tiongkok dalam konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan serta dilema moral yang dihadapi Tiongkok pada akhirnya dapat dilihat melalui tindakan yang berbeda-beda namun terbatas yang ditunjukkan dengan tindakan agresif serta pembenaran terkait dengan tindakan agresif.
Kata kunci: Tiongkok, Konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan, Status Quo, Revisionis, Norma, DoC.
China in the South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo and Revisionist
Albert Triwibowo
Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan E-mail: albert.triwibowo@unpar.ac.id
See, Amitav Acharya, “Seeking Security In The Dragon's Shadow: China and Southeast Asia In The Emerging Asian Order,” Institute of Defence and
Strategic Studies Working Paper, No. 44 (March 2003): 4; International Crisis Group, “Stirring Up The South China Sea (I),” International Crisis Group Asia Report, No. 223 (23 April 2012): 1-
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistSee, Christopher Layne, “China's Challenge to US Hegemony,” Current History 107, No. 705 (January 2008): 13; “GDP growth in China 1952-2011,” China a b i l i t y , a c c e s s e d J a n u a r y 1 8 , 2 0 1 3 , http://www.chinability.com/GDP.htm.
See, “The Dragon's New Teeth,” The Economist, April 7th – 13th, 2012, 25-28.
Alastair Iain Johnston, “Is China a Status Quo Power?”, International Security 27, No. 4 (Spring 2003): 5-56.
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistSee, “The Power Transition,” A. F. K. Organski, accessed November 21, 2012, http://psclasses.
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Steve Chan, “Can't get no satisfaction? The recognition of revisionist states,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 4, No. 2 (August 2004):
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See, Johnston, “Is China a Status Quo Power?” 11.
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistJohn J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institution,” International Security 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994-1995): P.8.
See, Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony:
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Buszynski, “ASEAN, the Declaration on Conduct, and the South China Sea,” 344.
See, Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy.
Vaughn Shannon, “Norms are what states make of them: The political Psychology of Norm Violation,”
International Studies Quarterly 44, (2000): 295.
Ibid. 298-299.
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistSee, Su Hao, “China's Positions and Interests in the South China Sea: A Rational Choices in its Cooperative Policies,” Center For Strategic &
International Studies (September 12, 2011): P.6-7, a c c e s s e d A p r i l 1 9 , 2 0 1 3 , h t t p : / / c s i s . org/les/publication/110912_Hao_South_China_Se a.pdf. M. Taylor Fravel, “China's Strategy in the South China Sea,” Contemporary Southeast Asia 33, No. 3 (2011): P.296. Edward Wong, “China Hedges Over Whether South China Sea Is a 'Core Interest' Worth War,” The New York Times, March 30, 2011, a c c e s s e d 1 0 J u n e 2 0 1 3 h t t p : / / w w w . nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/asia/31beijing.html
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See, Hao, “China's Positions and Interests in the South China Sea: A Rational Choices in its Cooperative Policies,” P.8.
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And Revisionist“Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2011,” U.S. Department of Defense, 2011, 20, a c c e s s e d J u l y 1 , 2 0 1 3 , h t t p : / / w w w . defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/2011_CMPR_Final.pdf.
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Chinese policy makers themselves seem to realize t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f p e a c e f u l i n t e r n a t i o n a l environment for its development. The idea of “New Security Concept” in 1997 and “peaceful rise” are made in order to ensurethe world that China rises as a responsible power. See, Zheng Bijian, “China's
“peaceful rise” to Great Power status,” Foreign Affairs 84, No. 5, (September–October 2005):
18–24. Amitai Etzioni, “Is China a responsible stakeholder?,” International Affairs 87, No. 3 (2011): P.540-542. Jia and Rona Rui, “China's Strategic Interests in the South China Sea.”
Buszynski, “ASEAN, the Declaration on Conduct, and the South China Sea,” P.350.
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P.94-157. Ian Storey, “China's Bilateral and Multilateral Diplomacy in the South China Sea,” in Cooperation from Strength The United States, China and the South China Sea, edited by Patrick M. Cronin (January 2012): P.54-55. Teshu Singh, “South China Sea.Emerging Security Architecture,” IPCS Special Report 132 (August 2012), 5, accessed 10 June 2013, http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_le/issue/SR132-SEARP- Teshu.pdf.
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistSee, Leszek Buszynski and Iskandar Sazlan,
“Maritime Claims and Energy Cooperation in the South China Sea,” Contemporary Southeast Asia 29, No. 1 (April 2007): P.155.
Andrew J. Nathan and Andrew Scobell, “How China S e e s A m e r i c a , ” F o r e i g n A ff a i r s 1 9 , N o . 5 (September/October 2012): 32-47. See also, Allen S.
Whiting, “ASEAN Eyes China: The Security Dimension,” Asian Survey 37, No. 4 (April 1997):
P.299-322.
See, M. Taylor Fravel, “China's Behavior in its Territorial Disputes and Assertiveness in the South China Sea,” Center for Strategic and International Studies (October 2011), accessed January 30th, 2 0 1 3 , h t t p : / / c s i s . o rg / l e s / a t t a c h m e n t s / 111128_Fravel_China_Behavior_Territorial_Disput es.pdf.
See, Fravel, “China's Strategy in the South China Sea.”
Dean Cheng, “Sea Power and the Chinese State:
China's Maritime Ambitions,” Heritage Foundation,
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistSee, Fravel, “China's Strategy in the South China Sea,” P.308.
See, Carlyle Thayer, “Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea and Southeast Asian Response,”
Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 30, No. 2 (2011): P.84-87.
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See, Fravel, “China's Strategy in the South China Sea,” 300.
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistBuszynski and Iskandar Sazlan, “Maritime Claims and Energy Cooperation in the South China Sea,”
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P.156-165.
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistSee, “Philippines, China, Vietnam to conduct joint marine seismic research in South China Sea,”
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistCarlyle Thayer, “Recent Developments in the South China Sea” (paper presented to International Worship on 'The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development' co-organized by Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam and the Vietnam Lawyers' Association Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Vietnam November 26-28, 2009).
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And Revisionist“China denies 'invasion' of South China Sea,” ABS- CBN News, June 2, 2011, accessed July 1, 2013, h t t p : / / w w w . a b s - c b n n e w s . com/nation/06/02/11/china-denies-invasion-south- china-sea. Thayer, “Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea,” 78-79.
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communique
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistSonika Gupta, “Chinese Strategies for Resolution of the Taiwan and South China Sea Disputes,”
International Studies 42, No. 3 & 4 (2005): 257-262.
See, Shannon, “Norms are what states make of them:
The political Psychology of Norm Violation.”
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistFor a further discussion about China's strategy, see Fravel, “China's Strategy in the South China Sea.” M.
Taylor Fravel. “Maritime Security in the South China Seaand the Competition over Maritime Rights,” in Cooperation from Strength The United States, China and the South China Sea, edited by Patrick M. Cronin (January 2012).
“China reprimands Vietnam over offshore oil exploration,” Reuters, May 28, 2011, accessed July 2, 2013 http ://www. reuters. com/article/ 2011 /05/28/china-vietnam-idAFL3E7GS07E201 10528.
Thayer, “Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea and Southeast Asian Responses,” 86.
“Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Regular Press Conference on May 31, 2011,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
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“Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea,” 86.
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistRodel Rodis, “Scarborough will not be Mischief Reef redux,” Inquirer Global Nation, May 2nd, 2012, accessed June 19, 2013, http:// globalnation. inquirer.
net/35543/scarborough-will-not-be-mischief-reef- redux.”
See, Shannon, “Norms are what states make of them:
The political Psychology of Norm Violation,” 293- 316.
Glosny, “Heading toward a Win–Win Future? P.38.
We can look that the respect of territorial integrity and sovereignty appear in the Treaty of Amity (point a.) and Cooperation and in the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (rst principle).
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And Revisionist“Statement by Spokesperson Qin Gang of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China on the US State Department Issuing a So-called Press Statement On the South China Sea,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, August 4, 2012, a c c e s s e d J u n e 1 4 , 2 0 1 3 , h t t p : / / www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/2535/t958226.
shtml.
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67 “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Weimin's Regular Press Conference on July 13, 2012,”
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, July 14, 2012, accessed June 14, 2013, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t953026.
htm.
Sansha City
communique
communique,
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Albert Triwibowo, China In The South China Sea Dispute: Between Status Quo And RevisionistSee, Thuy, “Recent Developments in the South China Sea: Implications for Regional Security and Cooperation.” Ted Galen Carpenter , “China as a Prickly, But Pragmatic, Revisionist Power,” Cato Institute, January 17, 2013, accessed on 1 February 2013,http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/
china--prickly-pragmatic-revisionist-power
In the international system, Denny Roy stated that China belongs in the category of rising power with 'limited aims,' which is a combination of a status quo power and dissatised power. See, Denny Roy,
“China's Reaction to American Predominance,”
Survival 45, No. 3 (Autumn 2003): P.74. See also, Gupta, “Chinese Strategies for Resolution of the Taiwan and South China Sea Disputes,” P.257-258.
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