M01358

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover

Greetings and Thanks from the General Chair

Foreword from Head of Department of Electrical Engineering,

Foreword from Dean, Faculty of Engineering

Organizing Committee

Steering Committee

Technical Program Committee

Keynote Speaker

’s

Biography

Conference Program

Keynote’s Papers

Author Index

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

I-1

Multi-User MIMO Wireless System -From Theory to Chip Design

Prof. Hiroshi Ochi

1

I-2

Challenges and Opportunities in Designing Internet of Things

Prof. Dr. Trio Adiono

11

I-3

Role of Telecommunication Satellite in Indonesia

Adi Rahman Adiwoso

13

CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

CC1

Enhancement of DRAMs Performance using Resonant Tunneling Diode

Buffer

Ahmed LutfiElgreatly, Ahmed AhmedShaaban, El-Sayed M. El-Rabaie

14

CC2

Real-time SoC Architecture and Implementation of Variable Speech PDF

based Noise Cancellation System

Aditya Ferry Ardyanto, Idham Hafizh, Septian Gilang Permana Putra, Trio

Adiono

19

CC3

Application of Supervised Learning in Grain Dryer Technology

Recirculation Type Cooperated with Wireless Sensor Network

Sidiq Syamsul Hidayat, TotokPrasetyo, Amin Suharjono, Kurnianingsih,

Muhammad Anif

24

CC4

Design of Real-Time Gas Monitoring System Based-on Wireless Sensor

Networks for Merapi Volcano

B. Supriyo, S.S.Hidayat, A. Suharjono, M.Anif, Sorja Koesuma

28

CC5

ANFIS Application for Calculating Inverse Kinematics of Programmable

Universal Machine for Assembly (PUMA) Robot

Hugo Adeodatus Hendarto, Munadi, Joga Dharma Setiawan

33

CC6

MRC NN Controller for Arm Robot Manipulator

Hugo Adeodatus Hendarto, Munadi, Joga Dharma Setiawan

CC7

Development of Microcontroller-based Stereoscopic Camera Rig

Positioning System

Julian Ilham, Wan-Young Chung

44

CC8

Design of A Digital PI Controller for Room Temperature on Wireless

Sensor and Actuator Network (WSAN) System

Bambang Sugiarto, ElanDjaelani

50

CC9

Display and Interface of wireless EMG measurements

Kevin Eka Pramudita, F. Budi Setiawan, Siswanto

56

CC10

Accuracy Enhancement of Pickett Tunnelling Barrier Memristor Model

Ahmad A. Daoud, Ahmed A. Shaaban, Sherif M. Abuelenin

61

CC11

Data Fusion and Switching Function For UAV Quadrotor Navigation

System

Muhammad Faris, Adha Imam Cahyadi, Hanung Adi Nugroho

66

CC12

Data logger Management Software Design for Maintenance and Utility in

Remote

Devi Munandar, Djohar Syamsi

72

CC13

Investigation of Electrical Properties of NanofibrePolyaniline Synthesize

as Material for Sensor

Ngurah Ayu Ketut Umiati, Siti Nurrahmi, Kuwat Triyana, Kamsul Abraha

77

CC14

Reconfigurable Floating Point Adder

Vipin Gemini

81

CC15

HOVER POSITION CONTROL WITH FUZZY LOGIC

Nia Maharani Raharja ,Iswanto, Muhammad Faris, Adha Imam Cahyadi.

87

CC16

METHODOLOGY OF FUZZY LOGIC WITH MAMDANI FUZZI MODELS

APPLIED TO THE MICROCONTROLLER

Indra Sakti

91

CC17

Fall Detection System Using Accelerometer and Gyroscope Based on

Smartphone

Arkham Zahri Rakhman, Lukito Edi Nugroho, Widyawan, Kurnianingsih

97

CC18

Design and Implementation of Sensor Fusion for Inertia Measurement on

Flying Robot Case Study: Hexacopter

Huda Ubaya, Afdhal Akrom

103

CC19

Triple Band Bandpass Filter With Cascade Tri Section Stepped

Impedance Resonator

Gunawan Wibisono, Tierta Syafraditya

109

CC20

Temperature Response Analysis Based on Pulse Width Irradiation of

2.45 GHz Microwave Hyperthermia

Imam Santoso, Thomas Sri Widodo, Adhi Susanto, Maesadjie

Tjokronagoro

113

IMAGE PROCESSING AND MULTIMEDIA

IP1

Visual Object Tracking using Particle Clustering

Harindra Wisnu Pradhana

IP2

Selective Encryption of video MPEG use RSA Algorithm

Prati Hutari Gani, Maman Abdurohman

122

IP3

Analytical Hierarchy Process for Land Suitability Analysis

Rahmat Sholeh, Fahrul Agus, and Heliza Rahmania Hatta

127

IP4

Training Support for Pouring Task in Casting Process using Stereoscopic

Video See-through Display - Presentation of Molten Metal Flow

Simulation Based on Captured Task Motion

Kazuyo IWAMOTO, Hitoshi TOKUNAGA, Toshimitsu OKANE

131

IP5

Feature Extraction and Classification of Heart Sound based on

Autoregressive Power Spectral Density

Laurentius Kuncoro Probo Saputra, Hanung Adi Nugroho, Meirista

Wulandari

137

IP6

Smart-Meter based on current transient signal signature and constructive

backpropagation method

Mat Syai’in, M.F. Adiatmoko, Isa Rachman, L. Subiyanto, Koko Hutoro,

Ontoseno Penangsang, Adi Soeprijanto

142

IP7

AUTOMATIC DOORSTOP SAFETY SYSTEM BASED ON IMAGE

PROCESSING WITH WEBCAM AND SCANNER

Stanley Suryono Wibisono, Florentinus Budi Setiawan

148

IP8

Palmprint Identification for User Verification based on Line Detection and

Local Standard Deviation

Bagas Sakamulia Prakoso, Ivanna K. Timotius, Iwan Setyawan

153

IP9

Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) for Sequential Images

Coding

Muhamad Iradat Achmad, Hanung Adinugroho, Adhi Susanto

158

IP10

A Comparative Study on Signature Recognition

Ignatia Dhian Estu Karisma Ratri, Hanung Adi Nugroho, Teguh Bharata

Adji

165

IP11

Study of Environmental Condition Using Wavelet Decomposition Based

on Infrared Image

S. R. Sulistiyanti, M. Komarudin, L. Hakim, A. Yudamson

170

IP12

Very High Throughput WLAN System for Ultra HD 4K Video Streaming

Wahyul Amien Syafei, Masayuki Kurosaki, and Hiroshi Ochi

175

IP13

Iris Recognition Analysis Using Biorthogonal Wavelets Tranform for

Feature Extraction

R. Rizal Isnanto

181

INFORMATION AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES

ICT1

The Development of 3D Educational Game to Maximize Children’s

Memory

Dania Eridani, Paulus Insap Santosa

187

ICT2

The Influence of Knowledge Management to Succesful Collaborative

Design

Yani Rahmawati, Christiono Utomo

ICT3

Knowledge and Protocol on Collaborative Design Selection

Christiono Utomo, Yani Rahmawati

198

ICT4

Mobile-Based Learning Design with Android Development Tools

Oky Dwi Nurhayati, Kurniawan Teguh M

202

ICT5

A mobile diabetes educational system for Fasting Type 2 Diabetes in

Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Alotaibi

207

ICT6

Aggressive Web Application Honeypot for Exposing Attackerâ€ںs Identity

Supeno Djanali, FX Arunanto, Baskoro Adi Pratomo, Abdurrazak Baihaqi,

Hudan Studiawan, Ary Mazharuddin Shiddiqi

211

ICT7

Adjustment Levels for Intelligent Tutoring System using Modified Items

Response Theory

Ika Widiastuti, Nurul Zainal Fanani

216

ICT8

Smile Recognition System based on Lip Corners Identification

Eduard Royce, Iwan Setyawan, Ivanna K. Timotius

221

ICT9

An Integrated Framework for Measuring Information System Success

Considering the Impact of Culture in Indonesia

Siti Mardiana

225

ICT10

Pre-Processing Optimization on Sound Detector Application AudiTion

(Android Based Supporting Media for the Deaf)

Gian Gautama, Imanuel Widjaja, Michael Aditya Sutiono, Jovan Anggara,

Hugeng

232

ICT11

EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK RELIABILITY INDEX

USING LOOP RESTORATION SCHEME

Daniar Fahmi, Abdillah F. I., IGN Satriyadi Hernanda, Dimas Anton

Asfani

238

ICT12

Efficient Message Security Based Hyper Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem

(HECC) for Mobile Instant Messenger

Putra Wanda, Selo, Bimo Sunafri Hantono

244

ICT13

Application of Web-Based Information System in Production Process of

Batik Industry Design Division

Indah Soesanti

249

ICT14

Managing and Retrieval of Cultural Heritage Multimedia Collection Using

Ontology

Albaar Rubhasy, A.A.G. Yudhi Paramartha, Indra Budi, Zainal A.

Hasibuan

254

ICT15

Individual Decision Model for Urban Regional Land Planning

Agus Fahrul, Sumaryono, Subagyo Lambang, Ruchaemi Afif

259

ICT16

Enhancing Online Expert System Consultation Service with Short

Message Service Interface

Istiadi, Emma Budi Sulistiarini ,Guntur Dharma Putra

265

ICT17

Mobile Nutrition Recommendation System For 0-2 Year Infant

Ratih Nur Esti Anggraini, Siti Rochimah, Kessya Din Dalmi

ICT18

Comparison of Distance and Dissimilarity Measures for Clustering Data

with Mix Attribute Types

Hermawan Prasetyo, Ayu Purwarianti

275

ICT19

Determining E-commerce Adoption Level by SMEs in Indonesia Based

on Customer-Oriented Benefits

Evi Triandini, Daniel Siahaan, Arif Djunaidy

280

ICT20

Providing Information Sources Domain for Information Seeking Agent

From Organizing Knowledge

Istiadi, Lukito Edi Nugroho, Paulus Insap Santosa

285

ICT21

Decision Support System For Stock Trading Using Decision Tree

Technical Analysis Indicators and Its Sensitivity Profitability Analysis

F.X. Satriyo D. Nugroho, Teguh Bharata Adji, Silmi Fauziati

290

ICT22

Design Web Service Academic Information System Based Multiplatform

Meta Lara Pandini, Zainal Arifin and Dyna Marisa Khairina

296

ICT23

Effects of VANET's Attributes on Network Performance

Agung B. Prasetijo, Sami S. Alwakeel and Hesham A. Altwaijry

302

ICT24

Visualization of Condition Irrigation Building and Canal Using Web GIS

Application

Falahah, Defrin Karisia Ayuningtias

308

ICT25

Comparison of three back-propagation architectures for interactive

animal names utterance learning

Ajub Ajulian Zahra Macrina and Achmad Hidayatno

314

ICT26

WORK IN PROGRESS – OPEN EDUCATION METRIC (OEM) :

DEVELOPING WEB-BASED METRIC TO MEASURE OPEN

EDUCATION SERVICES QUALITY

Priyogi B., Nan Cenka B. A., Paramartha A.A.G.Y. &Rubhasy A.

318

POWER SYSTEMS

PS1

Design and Implementation of Solar Power as Battery Charger Using

Incremental Conductance Current Control Method based on

dsPIC30F4012

Ahmad Musa, Leonardus H. Pratomo, Felix Y. Setiono

323

PS2

An Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Fault Detection in

Transformers by Analyzing Dissolved Gases

Ms. Alamuru Vani, Dr. Pessapaty Sree Rama Chandra Murthy

327

PS3

Optimal Power Flow based upon Genetic Algorithm deploying Optimum

Mutation and Elitism

M. Usman Aslam, Muhammad Usman Cheema, Muhammad Samran,

Muhammad Bilal Cheema

333

PS4

Design Analysis and Optimization of Ground Grid Mesh of Extra High

Voltage Substation Using an Intelligent Software

M. Usman Aslam, Muhammad Usman Cheema, Muhammad Samran,

Muhammad Bilal Cheema

PS5

Design and Simulation of Neural Network Predictive Controller

Pitch-Angle Permanent Magnetic Synchrounous Generator Wind Turbine

Variable Pitch System

Suyanto, Soedibyo, Aji Akbar Firdaus

345

PS6

Inverse Clarke Transformation based Control Method of a Three-Phase

Inverter for PV-Grid Systems

Slamet Riyadi

350

PS7

Control of a Single Phase Boost Inverter with the Combination of

Proportional Integrator and Hysteresis Controller

Felix Yustian Setiono

355

PS8

A Simple Three-phase Three-wire Voltage Disturbance Compensator

Hanny H. Tumbelaka

360

PS9

Analysis of Protection Failure Effect and Relay Coordination on Reliability

Index

I.G.N Satriyadi Hernanda, Evril N. Kartinisari, Dimas Anton Asfani, Daniar

Fahmi

365

PS10

Extreme Learning Machine Approach to Estimate Hourly Solar Radiation

On Horizontal Surface (PV) in Surabaya –East Java

Imam Abadi, Adi

Soeprijanto, Ali Musyafa’

370

PS11

Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic

System using Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Maximum Power Point

Tracking Control for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System using Fuzzy

Sliding Mode Control

Antonius Rajagukguk, Mochamad Ashari, Dedet Candra Riawan

375

PS12

The Influence of Meteorological Parameters under Tropical Condition on

Electricity Demand Characteristic: Indonesia Case Study

Yusri Syam Akil, Syafaruddin, Tajuddin Waris, A. A. Halik Lateko

381

PS13

Optimal Distribution Network Reconfiguration with Penetration of

Distributed Energy Resources

Ramadoni Syahputra, Imam Robandi, Mochamad Ashari

386

PS14

Maximum Power Point Tracking Photovoltaic Using Root Finding

Modified Bisection Algorithm

Soedibyo, Ciptian Weried Priananda, Muhammad Agil Haikal

392

PS15

Design of LLC Resonant Converter for Street Lamp Based On

Photovoltaic Power Source

Idreis Abdualgader , Eflita Yohana, Mochammad Facta

398

PS16

Power Loss Reduction Strategy of Distribution Network with Distributed

Generator Integration

Soedibyo, Mochamad Ashari, Ramadoni Syahputra

402

PS17

Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge Chamber for Ozone Generation

Mochammad Facta, Hermawan, Karnoto,Zainal Salam, Zolkafle Buntat

407

PS18

Leakage Current Characteristics at Different Shed of Epoxy Resin

Insulator under Rain Contaminants

Abdul Syakur, Hermawan

PS19

Transformer monitoring using harmonic current based on wavelet

transformation and probabilistic neural network (PNN)

Imam Wahyudi F., Wisnu Kuntjoro Adi, Ardyono Priyadi, Margo

Pujiantara, Mauridhi Hery P

417

TELECOMUNICATIONS

TE1

Data Rate of Connections Versus Packet Delivery of Wireless Mesh

Network with Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol and Optimized Link State

Routing Protocol

Alexander William Setiawan Putra, Antonius Suhartomo

422

TE2

Empirical Studies of Wireless Sensor Network Energy Consumption for

Designing RF Energy Harvesting

Eva Yovita Dwi Utami, Deddy Susilo, Budihardja Murtianta

427

TE3

Modulation Performance in Wireless Avionics Intra Communications

(WAIC)

Muhammad Suryanegara, Naufan Raharya

432

TE4

Implementation and Performance Analysis of Alamouti Algorithm for

MIMO 2أ—2 Using Wireless Open-Access Research Platform (WARP)

Rizadi Sasmita Darwis, Suwadi, Wirawan, Endroyono, Titiek Suryani,

Prasetiyono Hari Mukti

436

TE5

Period Information Deviation on the Segmental Sinusoidal Model

Florentinus Budi Setiawan

441

TE6

A Compact Dual-band Antenna Design using Meander-line Slots for

WiMAX Application in Indonesia

Prasetiyono Hari Mukti, Eko Setijadi, Nancy Ardelina

445

TE7

Design and Analysis of Dualband J-

Pole Antenna with Variation in “T”

Shape for Transceiver Radio Communication at VHF and UHF Band

Yoga Krismawardana, Yuli Christyono, Munawar A. Riyadi

449

TE8

Low Cost Implementation for Synchronization in Distributed Multi

Antenna Using USRP/GNU-Radio

Savitri Galih, Marc Hoffmann, Thomas Kaiser

455

TE9

Development of the First Indonesian S-Band Radar

Andrian Andaya Lestari,Oktanto Dedi Winarko, Herlinda Serliningtyas,

Deni Yulian

459

Empirical Studies of Wireless Sensor Network

Energy Consumption for Designing RF Energy

Harvesting

Eva Yovita Dwi Utami, Deddy Susilo, Budihardja Murtianta

Department of Electronics Engineering Satya Wacana Christian University

Salatiga, Indonesia

Abstract—Ambient RF energy harvesting becomes one of the potential renewable energies for powering low power electronic devices such as autonomous sensors in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Comparing to other ambient energy sources, RF energy has the lowest density power, although it can be harvested all day and night. Our current research aims to build an RF energy harvesting system prototype using ultra low boost converter for powering wireless sensor network In this paper, our objectives were to report the result of our empirical studies focusing on capability of storage element, rectifier circuit performance and calculation of overall energy consumed by low power device both in active mode and sleep mode. The results show overall power consumption of the low power electronics device with all of its components in an active mode is 381.3 mW and overall required energy per node amount to 70.62 mJ. Supercapacitor energy which can be utilized is 4.5 Joule, ensuring adequatly energy supply to operate the WSN client module

Keywords—Wireless sensor network, energy consumption, energy harvesting

I. INTRODUCTION

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a set of sensor-transceiver devices which is wirelessly connected to host through a radio network. Each sensor-transceiver devices of the WSN is equipped with sensors, a wireless transceiver and a controller and act as a client. The sensor transceiver devices and the host (or server) of the WSN consume electrical power. One of the possible solution for this power consumption is by using batteries. However, it is also possible to harvest energy from optical, mechanical, thermal and radiofrequency (RF) energy and then converting them into electrical energy [1][2].

RF energy is available freely in space and principally abundant from the communication sources such as television, radio broadcast transmitter, cellular base station and Wi-Fi transceiver. Moreover, the ambient RF energy is typically available anytime. Nevertheless, RF energy is the most limited source in its incident power density. The power densities of different energy source are given as follows: RF (0.01 ~ 0.1 µW/cm2); Vibration (4 ~ 100 µW/cm2); Photovoltaic (10 µW/cm2 ~ 10mW/cm2); and Thermal (20 µW/cm2 ~ 10mW/cm2). Therefore, in general, RF harvesting circuits must be designed to be able to operate at the most optimal efficiencies [3].

Our current research aims to build an RF energy harvesting system prototype using ultra low boost converter for powering wireless sensor network. This system consists of WSN, energy storage and rectifier circuit. In this system, the energy consumption of the WSN need to be measured, the capacity of the storage element and the rectifier circuit performance need to be tested as well. In this paper, we present the empirical studies for testing the storage element and rectifier circuit performance and also measuring WSN client module energy consumption.

The remaining section is organized as follows. Section 2 describes our RF energy harvester proposed system and calculation of energy consumption for low power electronic devices. Testing procedures are given in Section 3. The results of the testing and measurements are shown in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.

II. SYSTEM OVERVIEW

A. RF Energy Harvester Proposed System

Block diagram of the energy harvesting system supplying energy to a WSN is shown in Fig. 1. This energy harvesting system consist of receiver, rectifier circuit and energy storage. The receiver obtain RF energy from the air through an antenna.

Fig. 1. RF Energy Harvester System Diagram

The rectifier circuits provide a DC output voltage at the ensuing load. The rectifier circuits might be a diode, a bridge of diodes (or diode-connected transistors), or a voltage rectifier multiplier [2]. A DC-to-DC boost converter is placed between rectifier and storage element to raise diode’s output voltage. 2014 1st International Conference on Information Technology, Computer and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE)

The energy storage of the energy harvester system is a supercapacitor. Supercapacitor, also called ultracapacitor or double-layer capacitor, is featured of activated carbon electrodes that have very large surface areas and might be separated by distances as short as in the molecular range. These characteristics enable higher capacities per unit area than that of regular capacitors. Supercapacitors offer lower internal impedance and longer lifetimes (in terms of the number of

charging/discharging cycles) [2].

The voltage regulator is used to stabilize the voltage and current and to match the power requirements of the load in order to avoid damage generated from the excess voltage (over voltage). By matching this power, the power transferred to the load will be more optimal [4] [5].

B. Low Voltage Rectifier using Schottky Diode

One of the crucial requirements for the energy harvesting circuit is to be able to operate with weak input RF power. The peak voltage of the ac signal obtained at the antenna is generally much smaller than the diode threshold [6]. HSMS-2850 Schottky diodes has been designed and optimized for small signal (Pin <-20 dBm) applications at frequencies below

1.5 GHz. It has forward voltage in the range of 150-250 mV. Therefore the diode can be used for RF energy harvesting circuit. The equivalent linear circuit model of HSMS-2850 is presented in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Equivalent Linear Circuit Model of HSMS-2850

In this figure, Rs denotes series resistance, which has value

of 25 Ω and Cj is junction capacitance of 0.18 pF. Rj is junction

resistance for diode’s varying bias input, which can be calculated in (1)

.

(1)

where Ib is externally applied bias current (A), Is is saturation

current, T is temperature (K) and n is ideality factor.

From SPICE parameter, it is known that Ib has value of 0.3

mA, Is value is 0.003mA, and n value is 1.06. Assuming T is

300 K, we can obtain Rj value. The value of Rj determines the

RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of the diode. As the input signal current increases, Rj value will decrease [7].

C. Boost Converter Circuit using LTC3108 Chip

LTC3108 is a highly integrated DC-to-DC converter for harvesting and managing energy from extremely low input voltage sources, such as thermoelectric generator and small solar cells. In this paper, we propose LTC3108 as a radio frequency energy harvester. Fig. 3 shows the LTC3108 module with a 1:100 step-up transformer.

Fig. 3. LTC3108 Module [8]

HSMS 2850 diode rectifies the radio wave signal from the antenna in order to obtain sufficiently high dc voltage. Then the constant dc voltage will be increased using a 1:100 step-up transformer, charge pump and internal rectifier of the LTC3108 chip. Transformer will enable the chip to harvest the RF energy of 20 mV minimum voltage. Pin function realization of our proposed LTC3108 refers to the datasheet [8]

D. Energy Consumption for Wireless Sensor Network

WSN consist of a sensor-transceiver device set or WSN client and a WSN host/server. The WSN client is build from various sensor, controller, and RF transceiver. In this paper, we used temperature sensor, microcontroller, and RF link transceiver.

The energy consumed by the microcontroller and RF transceiver is an important parameter that determines the minimum energy harvested from the energy harvester system. Therefore, a low power microcontroller chip (usually in the mW order) was usually used in the energy harvester system. The required energy, W (Joule), for a certain time, t, can be computed by summing the energy consumption of each device having supply voltage (V) and component current, Icomponent (A)

as shown in (2) [2][9]. The devices include RF transceiver, memory and sensors.

∑

=

=

component component

av

t

VI

t

P

W

₍₂₎

III. TESTING PROCEDURE

The testing procedure performed in this paper consists of the supercapacitor test (charging time and energy storage capacity) and the energy consumption test.

A. Supercapacitor Test

EC Tokin FYD 1Farad/5,5V Capacitor as shown in Fig. 4

is tested by calculating the amount of energy that the capacitor can store. The test is performed by measuring the time needed to fully charged the supercapacitor. This test will provide the specific energy of the supercapacitor and the time needed by the supercapacitor to be able to supply a constant voltage.

Fig. 4. Supercapacitor1 Farad/5,5V

The schematic of the circuit used measurement is shown in Fig. 5. This c GPS3030 power supply as a constant curre RMS Multimeter and a 1 Farad/ 5.5 V super resistance of the supercapacitor can be found voltage drop while the supercapacitor is connecting it to a load. We can then cal dissipation.

(a) (b)

Fig. 5. (a) 1 Farad supercapacitor Charging Time Test source, (b) 1 Farad supercapacitor Discharging Time T if SC fully charging, S2 close at t=30 minutes after SC will be closed instaneously and voltage drop be measure

The maximum energy stored in capacitor be calculated as follows

2 max 2 1 load CV W =

where C is the capacitance (farad) and Vload i

measured at the load (volt). But in reality on stored energy can be stored, because the dro time constant for the internal resistance r available. The actual energy stored in the su (joule), can be calculated as follows

(

2

)

min 2 max 2 1 V V C

W_eff = −

where Vmax and Vmin are the maximum and

drops at the load, respectively (in volts).

B. Testing of Energy Consumption

The block diagram of the WSN client an in Fig. 6. Function Generator generates a 100 sinusoidal signal in the range from 100 mV signal is fed into LTC3108 of the WSN client device consists of an ATMEGA8 microcontr an RF link transceiver module KYL1020U device consists of an ATMEGA8 microcontr an LM35 temperature sensor and RF link tra KYL1020U. Fig. 7(a) and 7(b) show the W and WSN client module, respectively.

V

A

+ Vs 5V + SC 1F

A

S1 + Vs 5V + S 1 in supercapacitor circuit consists of ent source, a True rcapacitor. Internal d by measuring the s discharging by lculate the power

t, with constant voltage Test. Note : S1 is open C fully charging, switch

ed.

r, Wmax (joule), can

(3) α + β = χ.

is the voltage drop nly a portion of the op voltage and the reduce the energy upercapacitor, Weff

(4)

minimum voltage

nd server is shown 0 kHz/1 MHz input Vpp to 1 Vpp. The t. The WSN server roller module with . The WSN client roller module with ansceiver modules WSN server module

Microcontro Module ATMEGA Power Supp 5VDC OLED Character 16x2 SERVER Microcontro Module ATMEGA Energy Harveste LTC3108 Amperemet Voltmeter Temperature sensor LM35

CLIENT

Function Gene

Fig. 6. Block diagram of the client-ser

(a)

(b)

Fig. 7. (a) WSN Server Module, (b) W

The energy consumption o the following procedure [10] measured both when the device In the active mode, measurem performed by sending 10 bits o 1 stop bit) that contains data sensor (at 9600 baud). The tr frequency of 1, 5 and 10 H measurement procedure is prese

V

RL 4k7 S2 SC 1F (1) (1) oller A8 RF link transceiver KYL1020U ply Antenna 5 VDC ol ler 8 RF link transceiver KYL1020U er using ter _Antenna 4,1 VDC erator rver WSN

WSN Client Module

of the device is measured using ]. The energy consumption is e is in an active and sleep mode. ment of energy consumption is

f data (8 data bits, 1 start bit and a from the LM35 temperature ransmission is repeated with a Hz. Schematic diagram of the

ented in Fig. 8.

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of the measurement procedure

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Table I shows the testing result of full wave rectifier system using HSMS-2850 diode. It can be shown that diode has forward voltage of 200 mV. By applying input signal of 1 Vpp into the diode, the output voltage of 300 mVp can be obtained.

TABLE I. TESTING RESULT OF FULL WAVE RECTIFIER USING HSMS-2850 DIODE

Input Amplitude Rectifier Output

100mVpp, 100kHz, sinusoidal 0

1Vpp, 100kHz, sinusoidal 300mVp, 200kHz 100mVpp, 1MHz, sinusoidal 0

1Vpp, 1MHz, sinusoidal 300mVp, 2MHz

Table II shows the results of power and energy consumption measurement of the WSN client.

TABLE II. MEASUREMENT RESULTS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF LOW POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES.

Active Components Measurement Power (mWatt) Energy (µJoule)

V (V) I (mA) t=1s

(10bit)--> t=1ms

baud rate= 9600 bps

S 4.1 0.056 229.6 229.6 0.2296 MCU (Idle) 4.1 5.7 23.4 23.4 0.0234 MCU

(Power Down) 4.1 2.66 10.9 10.9 0.0109 MCU (Power

Save) 4.1 2.66 10.9 10.9 0.0109 MCU

(Standby) 4.1 2.88 0.0118 11.8 0.0118 MCU (active –

no load) 4.1 9.86 0.040 40.4 0.0404 MCU (active –

1 load LED) 4.1 12.08 0.049 49.5 0.0495 S + ADC +

MCU 4.1 10.17 0.041 41.7 0.0417 S + ADC +

MCU + RF (sleep)

4.1 17.16 0.070 70.3 0.0703 S + ADC +

MCU + RF (active - transmit)

4.1 93 0.381 381.3 0.3813 Note : S = Temperature Sensor LM35, ADC = ADC 8 bit internal, MCU = ATMEGA8L Module, RF = KYL1020U RF link

Since the temperature sensor data consists of 10 bits and the data transmission rate is 9600 bits per second, each bit needs of 0.104 ms. Therefore, each temperature sensor data takes of 1.04 ms. Therefore, within 1 second of data transmission, the client is in active mode for 1.041 ms and is set to sleep mode for the remaining 998.95 ms.

The power consumption of the temperature sensor, internal ADC module, ATMEGA8 microcontroller module and RF Link (in sleep mode) is 70.3 mW (the RF Link module does not consume power in sleep mode). While the RF transceiver link power consumption in active mode is 311 mW. Therefore the overall power consumption of the WSN client with all of its components in active mode is 381.3 mW. The power consumption per second is illustrated in Fig. 9. Using (2) overall required energy per node in active mode amount to 70.62 mJ.

Fig. 9. Ilustration of device power consumption in 1 second

Supercapacitor charging time test has been carried out ten times for each initial current of 10.17 mA and 102 mA. The average charging time test results deviate 2.6% and 3.9% from theoretical value, respectively. The test also shows that measured drop voltage and discharging current value can ensure tens to hundreds miliamperes current supply, when the energy source decrease.

Using (3) and measuring loaded voltage when supercapacitor connected to a load, we obtain energy of 12.7 Joule. Nevertheless, the capacitor will never be fully discharged as the sensor node can only operate in the range from 4 to _{5 V. Therefore, using (4), supercapacitor energy}

which can be utilized is 4.5 Joule. This amount of energy can adequatly supply and operate the WSN client module.

V. CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have tested the rectifier circuit and storage element for RF energy harvesting. We also measure the energy consumption of low power electronic device (WSN client). Data of temperature sensor was sent once per second (each transmission takes 1.041 ms and the RF module is set to be in sleep mode in the remaining time of 998.95 ms). The overall power consumption of WSN client with all of its components in an active state is 381.3 mW. Minimum energy consumption of the WSN client is 70.62 mJ. Supercapacitor energy which can be utilized is 4.5 Joule, ensuring adequatly energy supply to operate the WSN client module.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors acknowledge the financial support from Satya Wacana Christian University. This work was funded by Research Grant Program of Satya Wacana Christian University.

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