Person deixis used by 5 Seconds of Summer’s Michael Clifford and The Vamps’ Bradley Simpson on Twitter.

(1)

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities the State Islamic University of

Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Maidaturrohmaniah Reg. Number A03213032

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

ABSTRACT

Maidaturrohmaniah, 2017. Person Deixis Used by 5 Seconds of Summer’s Michael Clifford and The Vamps’ Bradley Simpson on Twitter. Thesis: English Letters Department, Art and Humanities Faculty, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M.Pd

Key words: deixis, person deixis, deictic expression and twitter.

This study is about person deixis used by 5 Seconds of Summer’s Michael Clifford and The Vamps’ Bradley Simpson on Twitter. The purposes of this study are to find out the most dominant type of person deixis, to describe the references of person deixis and to investigate the comparisons of person deixis in the data. Most of the researchers analyze deixis in novels, drama scripts, newspapers, magazines and many more. In this present study, the writer attempts to analyze person deixis in twitter accounts of Bradley Simpson from The Vamps and Michael Clifford from 5 Seconds of Summer. The writer chooses twitter because it has only 140 characters in each post and both Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford sometimes misuse person deixis in their tweets by shortening, omitting or changing the pronouns. The researcher focuses on person deixis based on Yule (1996) in order to get better understanding about the use of pronouns in the data.

The writer used descriptive method to describe and analyze person deixis in the tweets of Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson by using a theory from Yule (1996). He stated that person deixis is divided into three parts: first person deixis in singular pronouns (I, me, my, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us, our, ours, ourselves); second person deixis (you, your, yours, yourself) and third person deixis in singular pronouns (he, she, his, him, her, hers) and plural pronouns (they, their, theirs, them).

(7)

Clifford and The Vamps’ Bradley Simpson on Twitter. Thesis: English Letters Department, Art and Humanities Faculty, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M.Pd

Key words: deixis, person deixis, deictic expression and twitter.

Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang deiksis persona yang digunakan oleh Michael Clifford dari 5 Seconds of Summer dan Bradley Simpson dari The Vamps di Twitter. Tujuan diadakannya skripsi ini adalah untuk menemukan jenis deiksis persona yang paling mendominasi, rujukan deiksis person dan perbandingan pengunaan person deixis pada data. Sebagian besar peneliti menganalisis deixis pada novel, naskah drama, surat kabar, majalah dan sebagainya. Pada penelitian ini, penulis menganalisis deiksis persona pada akun twitter milik Bradley Simpson dari The Vamps dan Michael Clifford dari 5 Seconds of Summer. Penulis memilih twitter sebagai data karena twitter hanya memiliki 140 karakter pada setiap kirimannya dan Bradley Simpson serta Michael Clifford sering menyalahgunakan deiksis persona pada setiap kiriman mereka dengan menyingkat, membuang atau mengganti kata ganti. Penulis memfokuskan penelitian ini pada deiksis persona berdasarkan teori dari Yule (1996) agar dapat pemahaman lebih baik tentang penggunaan kata ganti pada data.

Penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis deiksis persona pada tweet dari Michael Clifford dan Bradley Simpson dengan menggunakan teori dari Yule (1996). Yule menjelaskan bahwa deiksis persona dibagi menjadi tiga bagian: deixis untuk orang pertama tunggal (I, me, my, myself, mine) dan untuk orang pertama jamak (we, us, our, ours, ourselves); person deixis untuk orang kedua (you, your, yours, yourself) dan person deixis untuk orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, his, him, her, hers) serta orang ketiga jamak (they, their, theirs, them).

(8)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 11

(9)

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 15

3.1 Research Design... 15

3.2 Data Collection ... 16

3.2.1 Data and Data Source ... 16

3.2.2 Research Instrument ... 16

3.2.3 Technique of Data Collection ... 16

3.3 Data Analysis ... 17

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION ... 19

4.1 Findings... 19

4.1.1 The Most Dominant Person Deixis ... 20

4.1.2 Person Deixis and Their Referents ... 21

4.1.3 The Comparisons of Person Deixis Usage by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford ... 42

4.2 Discussion ... 45

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 48

5.1 Conclusion ... 48

5.2 Suggestion ... 49

REFERENCES ... 51

(10)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background of study, research problems, research objectives, significance of the study and definition of key terms.

1.1Background of the Study

Deixis is a theory that has been used to analyze implicit meaning of pronouns in utterances. Commonly, researchers analyze deixis in some literary works such as novel, poetry, and movie script or articles in newspapers, magazine, and many more.

This study investigates person deixis which are used by 5 Seconds of Summer’s

Michael Clifford and The Vamps’ Bradley Simpson on their official twitter accounts. The writer focuses on three problems: person deixis which is mostly used in the data, the reference of the person deixis used, and the similarities and differences of person deixis used from both twitter accounts.

According to Meriam-Webster Dictionary, deixis is “the pointing or specifying function of some words (as definite articles and demonstrative pronouns)

whose denotation changes from one discourse to another”. (Retrieved from

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pragmatics?s=t).

In Cognitive Anthropology, Levinson (1995: 10) states “Deixis is an

important field studied in pragmatics, semantics and linguistics. Deixis refers to the

(11)

utterance requires contextual information. Words or phrases that require contextual

information to convey any meaning are deictic”; and furthermore “Deixis concerns

the ways in which languages encode…features of the context of utterance…and thus

also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterance/es depends on the

analysis of that context of utterance.” (Levinson: 1995).

A number of studies about deixis have been done by some researchers (see Kristanto, 2008; Samosir, 2012; Rosmawaty, 2013; Eragbe and Yakubu, 2015; Paknezhad and Nagizadeh, 2015). Kristanto (2008) analyzed kinds of deixis which

are used in Christian Bautista’s song lyrics. The song lyrics are The Way You Look at

Me, Color Everywhere, Away From You, I Don’t Wanna See You Cry Again, Hands

to Heaven and Miracle. The result of this study shows that the most dominant deixis

(12)

3

to have clear descriptions of the incidence of the insurgency reports. Paknezhad and Nagizadeh examined the use of deixis in English translation of Holy Quran in the first

two chapters (juz’, al-awal, al-sani, al-sales) translated by M.H. Shakir. This study shows that person deixis is mostly used in English translation of the Holy Quran. Most of those studies focus on investigating all kinds of deixis. It is so much different with this study because the writer focuses on investigating the use of person deixis only.

Other studies of deixis have been done by Afiyah (2014), Ekowati and Sofyan (2014), Sridana (2014), Tulah (2015), Auliyani (2015) and Rosyidah (2016). Afiyah (2014) explored the use of deixis in book one of novel A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway. The findings of this research is that person deixis is mostly used in the novel. Ekowati and Sofyan (2014) examined deixis in conversation texts in Pathway to English. Based on the analysis, the result showed that person deixis is the most

(13)

The researcher found that the most dominant deixis used on the account is place deixis which appeared 47 times. This present study has similarity in the type of source of data. Therefore, the writer continues this research with specific theory that is person deixis.

A study of contrastive analysis about the use of deixis has been done by Al-Saif (2008) and Al-Aubali (2015). Both researchers analyzed deixis in English and Arabic. This analysis shows that deixis in English and Arabic have similarities and differences such as the amount of second person deixis in English is only one and the amount of second person deixis in Arabic are five. This study analyzed deixis in English and Arabic as wide source of data. Thus, this present study aims at filling the gap by examining person deixis in twitter in which the writer only focuses on this kind of social media to analyze the data.

Furthermore, Ruhillah (2014) analyzed person deixis usage in Mirror Mirror movie. This study attempt to determine the kinds person deixis presented in Mirror Mirror movie and how the use of person deixis in the conversation in the data. Based

on the analysis, the researcher found that there are two kinds of person deixis applied in the data: deictic use (29 words) and non-deictic use (1 word). The deictic use consists of gestural usage (18 words) and symbol usage (11 words). Sari (2015)

investigated person deixis in SBY’s Speech at Harvard University. Based on this

(14)

5

the method. Based on the analysis, Fatkhunurohmah found person deixis which is mostly used in the manuscript is first person deixis. This present study has similarity in the type of deixis use. Therefore, this study continues the previous researches above with different source of data.

Christine (2015) has done a study of place deixis. Christine analyzed place deixis used by four characters in a movie entitled Her. This study adopted qualitative research because the data are in the form of words. The findings of this research is that there were 13 expressions of place deixis that occurred 37 times and those place deixis were used by the four characters in the movie.

Today, Twitter becomes a preferred social media for society because they can find what they need on it. Twitter has only 140 characters in which people cannot type the text any longer than 140 characters. Commonly, the user of Twitter, which is called Tweeps, are from teenagers. However, the users of Twitter are also mature people from different occupations such as businessman, doctor, government, et cetera. Celebrities take a part in using Twitter. Many celebrities such as Michael Clifford from 5 Seconds of Summer and Bradley Simpson from The Vamps use Twitter for their social media.

(15)

Michael’s followers on Twitter can know about the band upcoming events or his

daily activity.

Bradley Simpson is a lead-vocalist and guitarist from British Pop-Rock band, The Vamps. Bradley also uses twitter as his official account to inform his fans about

the band’s activity or his personal feelings about everything happened around him.

As of 2017, Bradley has already reached 1.6 million followers on twitter.

Unfortunately, both Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson sometimes misuse the linguistic form in their tweets. Simpson and Clifford never use proper structures when he tweets something on Twitter and it can make their followers confused about

what they are going to inform. Moreover, the followers of Clifford’s and Simpson’s

Twitter accounts are mostly from teenage girls around the world in which not all of them can understand the interpretation of language used by them. Thus, to analyze both twitter accounts, person deixis is chosen because it has important role to make clear what Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson want to imply on their tweets.

Based on the statements above, the writer is interested in analyzing person

deixis which is used in Michael Clifford’s and Bradley Simpson’s tweets based on

(16)

7

all tweets of Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson and they sometimes does not make clear his utterances on Twitter by omitting some kinds of person deixis. Last, this study is also unique because using tweets from twitter as the source of data can enable twitter users to understand the use of person deixis in many tweets on twitter account and also students who are majoring English Department to give more understandings about the use of person deixis.

1.2Statements of the Problem

This study is conducted to answer the problems formulated in the following questions:

1. What is the most dominant person deixis which is used in Michael Clifford’s and

Bradley Simpson’s tweets on Twitter?

2. What are the references of person deixis used in Michael Clifford’s and Bradley

Simpson’s tweets?

3. What are the similarities and differences of person deixis usage from both account?

1.3Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem of the study above, the objectives of this study are as follows:

1. To find out the most dominant person deixis which is used in Michael Clifford’s

(17)

2. To describe the references of person deixis used in Michael Clifford’s and

Bradley Simpson’s tweets.

3. To investigate the similarities and differences of person deixis usage from both accounts.

1.4Significance of the Research

Through this study, it is purposed to give both theoretical and practical contribution. Theoretically, the results of the study are expected to give contribution to develop the study and analysis on linguistic study related to an analysis of person

deixis in Michael Clifford’s and Bradley Simpson’s tweets on Twitter. The writer

expects that it will give new knowledge and understanding about kinds of deixis which are used in their tweets.

Practically, this study is expected to give valuable information to further researchers, students of State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya, especially English Department in Letters and Humanities faculty and readers. For further researchers, this study is expected to provide the base in analyzing the deixis more deeply. For the students, this study is expected to give useful science in understanding deixis theory. Therefore, this study is expected to give inspirations addition for the readers who are interested in this study and it will be the alternative reference for the readers who are interested in researching in this area.

(18)

9

a. Deixis

Deixis is ‘pointing’ via language to show a person, place or time. (Yule: 1996)

b.Person deixis

Person deixis explainsa basic three-part division, shown by the pronouns for first person (I, they, we), second person (you), and third person (he, she and it). (Yule: 1996)

c. Twitter

Twitter is one of social media that enables users to send and read

140-character message called ‘tweet’.

d.Michael Clifford

Michael Gordon Clifford is the lead-guitarist of an Australian Pop-Punk band 5 Seconds of Summer. Michael and his bandmates have already created many songs, sold in two albums and seven EP albums. To inform his fans about his activities with the bandmates, Michael uses twitter account as the media of his band information. He

(19)

e. Bradley Simpson

Bradley Will Simpson which is commonly called Brad is the lead-vocalist and rhythm guitarist of British Pop-Rock band The Vamps. Brad and his bandmates have been starting the band since mid-2012 and they have already released 2 studio albums, 3 video albums, 13 music videos, 3 EPs and 9 singles (Retrieved from http://www.thevamps.net/music/). Brad also uses twitter as his personal media to

(20)

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

To support the analysis, this chapter reviews on several theories related to this research. Those are definition of deixis, types of deixis which consist of five kinds, as follows: person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis.

2.1 Deixis

Deixis, according to Yule (1996) is a technical term from Greek which means

‘pointing’ via language.

In Cognitive Anthropology, Levinson (1995: 10) states ”Deixis is an important field studied in pragmatics, semantics and linguistics. Deixis refers to the

phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an

utterance requires contextual information. Words or phrases that require contextual

information to convey any meaning are deictic”; and furthermore “Deixis concerns the ways in which languages encode ... features of the context of utterance ... and thus

also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterance/es depends on the

analysis of that context of utterance.” (Levinson: 1995).

2.1.1 Person Deixis

(21)

a) First person (I). The first person deixis refers to the speaker or both speaker and referent group with the speaker which is used in singular pronouns (I, me, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us, ourselves, our, ours).

b)Second person (you). The second person deixis is a deictic expression that refers to a person or people known as addressee, such as you, yourself, yourselves, your, yours.

c) Third person (He, She). Third person deixis is a deictic expression which refers to an unidentified referent(s) as the speaker or addressee and usually imply to the gender that the utterance refers to, for example: he, she, and they, him, himself, her, herself.

Renkema (1993) states the addition that person deixis is related to personal pronouns. The speaker as the first person (I) directs the utterance to the listener as second person (You), and it can be concluded that they are talking about a third person (He, She).

2.1.2 Place Deixis

(22)

13

addressee) such as that and those. Each can be applied either as a pronoun or in a combination with noun.

2.1.3 Time Deixis

Time deixis can also be called temporal deixis. Renkema (1993) said that time deixis refers to time that relates to a temporal reference point and it is commonly the moment of utterance. These language resources are the adverb of time in the line (yesterday, now, tomorrow) and the verb tenses. The verb sometimes also has another function besides referring to a specific time.

2.1.4 Discourse Deixis

Discourse deixis focuses on the relation of the text passages to the current utterance either as a head of time or past, forthcoming or simultaneous. It symbolizes reference to portions of the extended discourse in which the utterance is located (Levinson, 1983). Discourse deixis is a deictic expression that refers to a portion of a discourse related to the speaker’s current location in the discourse, for example: above, below, last, previous, proceeding, next or following (usually used in texts) and this, that, there, next, last (usually used in spoken).

2.1.5 Social Deixis

(23)

situation that the utterance occurs. He also said that there are two basic kinds of social deixis information which seems to be symbolized in language around the world: Relational social deixis and Absolute social deixis. Relational social deixis is a deictic expression which refers to a social relationship between the speaker and addressee. In English, relational social deixis may be a lexical items (e.g. my husband, teacher, cousin, etc.) or pronouns (you, her). Absolute social deixis is a deictic reference which is usually used in certain forms of address and it will not include comparison of the position of the speaker and addressee, for examples: your highness, Mr. President, your majesty and many more.

2.2 Twitter

Twitter is an online social networking which is found by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone and Noah Glass in 2006. The registered users known as

(24)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This part discusses the methodology of the research. It consists of research design, the role of the researcher, research instrument, subject of the research, data and data source, data collection and data analysis.

1.1Research Design

This study adopted content analysis in which reading the tweets for a couple of times is needed to examine data from tweets of Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson on Twitter. The research used qualitative method. According to Creswell (2009: 4), “Qualitative research is a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The process of

research involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the

participant’s setting, data analysis inductively building from particulars to general

themes, and the research making interpretations of the meaning of the data” In

(25)

1.2Data Collection

1.2.1Data and Data Source

The data of this study were Michael Clifford’s and Bradley Simpson’s tweets

on Twitter from January 1 until June 30 2016 and the data source were taken from

Michael Clifford’s and Bradley Simpson’s official twitter accounts. The subject were

Michael Clifford from 5 Seconds of Summer and Bradley Simpson from The Vamps as the only persons who tweeted on their own official twitter account.

1.2.2Research Instrument

The main instrument of this research was human. In this research, the instrument was the researcher herself because she was the only instrument that collected and analyzed the data.

1.2.3Technique of Data Collection

(26)

17

1.3Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data first to classify the deictic expressions used by Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson on Twitter. Every word that indicates person deixis was analyzed. After that, the writer classified the use of person deixis into three groups: first person deixis, second person deixis and third person deixis. Below are some of person deixis found in the tweets of Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford:

 Back from holiday, missed you Jesse. Tour is soon im so flippin bloody excited YUH. https://www.instagram.com/p/BAYM50fEXDw/

Second person deixis: you (1) Singular first person deixis: I (1)

 So we did a cover of Kung Fu Fighting for the soundtrack of #kungfupanda who doesnt like… https://www.instagram.com/p/BAm7rCdEXAt/

Plural first person deixis: we (1)

(27)

Second person deixis: u (1); your (2) Plural third person deixis: they (2)

The writer then made a diagram to separate person deixis used in Michael Clifford’s

and Bradley Simpson’s tweets on twitter. This diagram is used to show the frequency

of each type of person deixis.

In this case, the writer counted the frequency of the types of person deixis by herself. This helped the writer to discover the most dominant person deixis. Then the writer found out the percentage of each total number of person deixis by applying a formula.

(28)

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents findings and discussion of the problems which are presented in chapter one. The explanation of person deixis used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford on twitter are delivered in three parts: the first one is the most dominant person deixis used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford, the second one is the references of person deixis used, and the last one is the comparison of person deixis applied in both twitter accounts. The classification was made in order to make this discussion more specific and systematic.

4.1 Findings

(29)

4.1.1 The most dominant person deixis

In this finding, the writer collected 70 tweets which contain person deixis used by Bradley Simpson and 120 tweets by Michael Clifford. Based on data analysis, the researcher found that singular first person deixis as the most dominant in

both Bradley Simpson’s and Michael Clifford’s tweets. Complete data are shown in the following table.

Diagram 4.1 Amount of Person Deixis Used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford on Twitter

The data prove that singular first person deixis is the most dominant kind of

deixis used in both Bradley Simpson’s and Michael Clifford’s tweets. Both accounts

always use this kind of deixis because those are their personal twitter accounts in which Simpson and Clifford tend to post their own life or activities rather than about

55.35% (88)

Diagram of Person Deixis Used by Bradley Simpson and

Michael Clifford on Twitter

Bradley Simpson

(30)

21

the life of someone else. Second person deixis placed the second position because Simpson and Clifford always include this kind of person deixis for interaction purpose with their followers or people who mention their accounts. Third person deixis placed the last position because both Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson rarely talk about someone else on twitter.

4.1.2 Person Deixis and Their Referents

Below are kinds of person deixis applied by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford on twitter with the references.

4.1.2.1 Singular First Person Deixis

There are 88 singular first person deixis (I, me, my) in Bradley Simpson’s tweets and there are 151 singular first person deixis (I, my, me) in Michael Clifford’s tweets. The data below exemplify the use of singular first person deixis by Simpson and Clifford.

The following examples are taken from Bradley Simpson:

Example 1

(31)

(Retrieved from https://twitter.com/TheVampsBrad/status/688220727409917952 on March 7, 2017)

In this tweet, Bradley Simpson omitted the use person deixis which might

state “(We) shot a new music video today, ooooh im excited for you to see it”. It

probably shows the use of plural first person deixis because Bradley Simpson was not the only person who did the video shooting in that time but the rest of the bandmates

also did so. This tweet tells about The Vamps’ activity that is shooting a new music

video. The Vamps is planning on releasing a new single and as a part of the promotion they did a music video shooting which later would be posted on The

Vamps’ official YouTube channel. The word I represents Bradley Simpson as the

person who “spoke” about The Vamps’ music video and excitement for the followers

to see it. This word is classified as first person singular which refers to Simpson.

Example 2

This tweet is about Ariana Grande’s song called ‘Focus on Me’. This song

(32)

23

keep an eye for her only. Thus, Bradley Simpson said that Ariana could just focus on him. The word I and me are classified as the first person singular that represent Simpson.

Example 3

This tweet talks about Bradley Simpson’s experience of having tour in Australia and Asia along with The Vamps. He felt glad to have tour there and thanked the fans that came to watch their performance. The word my used in the tweet is classified as singular first person deixis and it represents Bradley Simpson as the

person who owns “the favourite leg of tour” mentioned above.

(33)

(Retrieved from https://twitter.com/Michael5SOS/status/688892757939601410 on March 9, 2017)

Omitting the use of person deixis I occurred in this tweet which probably state

“(I am) reading back at that tweet and realising that I am completely out of things to

talk about when I'm talking about a sore tooth”. It might show the use of the singular first person deixis I because Michael Clifford told the followers about his spam tweets. This tweet shows about Michael Clifford previous tweets which tells about getting toothache several days before. Then Clifford did spam some tweets to tell his followers that he was getting a toothache and how it really bothered him. A few days later, Clifford realized that he was running out of things when talking about his toothache. The word I is classified as singular first person deixis and it refers to Michael Clifford.

Example 2

(34)

25

possessive form of singular first person deixis represents Michael Clifford as the one who shows ownership in that tweet.

Example 3

This is a tweet that states about polls. Previously, twitter has some new features with some purposes which includes poll. This kind of feature is actually not a new thing for twitter users. Nevertheless, Michael Clifford had just found this feature and he felt amazed with it until he spammed some unimportant polls for his followers. The word me as the objective of singular person deixis refers to Michael Clifford.

(35)

This is a tweet from Michael Clifford that wished a happy birthday to Calum

Hood, a bassist of 5 Seconds of Summer and also Clifford’s best friend. Calum Hood

was born on January 25, 1996. Michael Clifford expressed his love for Hood and their closeness through this birthday wish. This tweet contains the word my as the possessive form of first person deixis and it refers to Michael Clifford as the only person who shows ownership in this tweet.

4.1.2.2 Plural First Person Deixis

In the findings, there are 13 plural first person deixis (we, us) found in

Bradley Simpson’s tweets and there are 21 plural first person deixis (our, we, us) found in Michael Clifford’s tweets. The data below exemplify the use of plural first person deixis by Simpson and Clifford.

(36)

27

Omitting the use of person deixis also happened in this tweet which actually

might state “Aus, beautiful place, lovely people, always a pleasure. (we are) Looking

forward to tonight”. It could show the use of we because the situation in this tweet happened when The Vamps was having some concerts in Australia. This tweet briefly tells about Australia which was described by Bradley Simpson as a beautiful place

with gorgeous society. The Vamps was having a headlining tour called “Wake Up”

and Australia was one of tour leg that they visited. The word we is classified as first person plural which refers to The Vamps.

Example 2

This tweet shows us about the Vamps recent event. On June 2016, Capital FM

London held an annual festival which was called “Capital FM Summertime Ball”.

(37)

Simpson tweeted and mentioned Capital FM official twitter account to thank them for inviting his band perform at the festival and he also said that he enjoyed performing their music for the audience. The word us is classified as plural first person deixis which refers to The Vamps.

The next are examples from Michael Clifford: Example 1

(38)

29

Example 2

This tweet is a lyric quoted by Michael Clifford from an American rock band

Bad Suns’ song Cardiac Arrest. This lyric tells about a man who love his woman so

much that this feeling probably could bring painful sensation in his chest especially when both the man and the woman kiss. The word we is classified as plural first

person deixis which refers to “the man” and “the woman” in the song.

Example 3

(39)

This sentence briefly shows us Michael Clifford’s response about Deadpool. Deapool is a comic-based movie by Marvel Inc. which was premiered on February 2016. Before it started playing at all cinemas around the world, Marvel released a trailer of this movie on YouTube. Clifford felt distracted with the trailer because it contained spoilers of the movie and it just made him impatiently wait for the premiere. Thus, he said in this tweet to the crew of Deadpool to stop giving more spoilers. The word us is classified as the objective form of plural first person deixis which refers Michael Clifford and all people around the world who would go to cinema to watch Deadpool.

4.1.2.3 Second Person Deixis

In this part, the writer found 47 second person deixis (you, your) in Bradley

Simpson’s tweets and 58 second person deixis (you, your) in Michael Clifford’s tweets. Below are the examples of the use of second person deixis by Simpson and Clifford.

The following examples are taken from Bradley Simpson:

(40)

31

(Retrieved from https://twitter.com/TheVampsBrad/status/691214698579005440/photo/1 on March 8, 2017)

This is a tweet from Bradley Simpson on his twitter account that described about Singapore and the society that welcomed The Vamps at the airport. Singapore

is one of the countries which was visited by The Vamps for ‘Wake Up’ tour on

January 2016. The word you which is mentioned by Simpson is classified as second person deixis that probably refers to two points: the first one may refer to the

Singapore itself because Simpson describes about the beauty of Singapore and the second one may refer to the fans who welcomed The Vamps at the airport.

(41)

In this tweet, Bradley Simpson omitted the use person deixis which might say

“(WE) HAVENT DONE A COVER IN A WHILE SO WEVE DONE ONE FOR YOUR

FACE AND EYES AND EARS AND FEET #TheVampsNewCover ...” it could be the

use of we because The Vamps used to cover some hits singles before they released their own albums. This tweet is about song cover which belongs to The Vamps. Before they signed contract with Universal Music, The Vamps used to cover songs from many artists to promote their band. Now, The Vamps has already released two full albums and held many concerts all over the world so they have limited time to do

song cover again. Thus, Bradley Simpson tweeted about The Vamps’ new song cover

for their fans. The word your is classified as the possessive form of second person

deixis which refers Simpson’s followers.

Example 3

(Retrieved from https://twitter.com/TheVampsBrad/status/687703793148932096 March 7, 2017)

(42)

33

English and now it has been replaced by you. The word thou is classified as second

person plural which refers to Simpson’s followers.

The next are examples by Michael Clifford:

Example 1

This is a tweet from Michael Clifford which tells about his new haircut. Clifford is a man that likes to change his haircut or hair color more often than his bandmates from 5 Seconds of Summer. Commonly, Clifford takes a selfie after cutting off or dying his hair and he announced that on twitter that he would show his new haircut the next day. The word you is classified as second person deixis which

(43)

Example 2

This is a tweet from Michael Clifford that contains his complain about the battle of Pokemon Go to Pokemon official twitter account. Clifford complained that Pokemon Go did not have more battles for the Pokemons. This tweet contains the word your as the possessive form of second person deixis which refers to Pokemon Inc. as the only company who released Pokemon Go.

4.1.2.4 Singular Third Person Deixis.

In this finding, there are 5 singular third person deixis (he) in Bradley

Simpson’s tweets and 4 singular third person deixis (he, him, his) in Michael

(44)

35

The following example is taken from Bradley Simpson:

Example 1

In this tweet, Bradley Simpson also omitted the use of person deixis which

can state “(I) left my spotify logged in on @TheVampsTristan's phone, and got a

strong feeling he was listening to our album last night. He's a big fan.”. This tweet

can reveal the use of I because Bradley Simpson was talking about his own Spotify

account. These sentences tell about Tristan Evans, Bradley Simpson’s bandmate

whose phone was used by Simpson to log in to a music streaming application called Spotify. Then Simpson forgot to log out his account on Spotify and it left logged in

on Evans’ phone. Thus, Simpson assumed that Evans used Simpson’s Spotify

account to stream The Vamps’ album and since it was their own album Simpson

(45)

The next are examples by Michael Clifford: Example 1

thx @petewentz

This picture tweeted by Michael Clifford is about a chat of iMessage between him and his friend from Fall Out Boy, Pete Wentz. Wentz was asking Clifford about his middle name which initialized as G on Instagram. Then Wentz told Clifford about

his former gecko named Gordon and it has similarity with Clifford’s middle name.

The word he is classified as singular third person deixis which refers to Gordon, Pete

Wentz’s former gecko.

(46)

37

In this tweet, Michael Clifford eliminated the use of person deixis which

actually says “(I have) been looking for @Ashton5SOS for 15 minutes if anyone sees

him plz notify me”. This shows the word Ibecause it says “plz notify me” that refers

to Michael Clifford. This tweet contains Michael Clifford’s desperation in finding Ashton Irwin, the drummer of 5 Seconds of Summer. He was looking for Irwin for a couple of minutes in the venue of their concert Sounds Live Feels Live in Birmingham, the United Kingdom. Then Clifford asked his followers who probably saw Irwin to tell him where he was. The word him is classified as the objective of singular third person deixis which refers to Ashton Irwin as the one Michael was talking about.

(47)

Relieving the use of person deixis happened in this tweet which might say “(I

was) devastated to hear the news about Prince.. my dad used to play me his songs

when I was growing up and showed me how…”. It reveals the word I because Michael Clifford told his followers about how surprising the news for him. This tweet with a picture briefly tells about the death of Prince. Prince is an American singer who passed away on April 21, 2016. All Hollywood celebrities send their deep condolences to him include Michael Clifford. In this tweet he also said that he firstly

knew Prince because of his father who used to play Prince’s songs when Clifford was

a child. The word his is classified as the possessive form of singular third person deixis which refers to Prince to show ownership of his songs.

4.1.2.5 Plural Third Person Deixis

In this part, the writer found 6 plural third person deixis (them, their, they) by Bradley Simpson and 3 plural third person deixis (they) by Michael Clifford. Below are the examples of the use of plural third person deixis by Simpson and Clifford. The following examples are taken from Bradley Simpson:

(48)

39

In this tweet, Bradley Simpson relieved the use of person deixis which

actually states “(we are) About to play #TheVampsTruthOrDare send in your

challenges make em good cause im feeling cwazy.”. The word we might be the hidden pronoun because Bradley Simpson said his band were going to play a game. This tweet tells about game played by The Vamps ‘The Vamps Truth or Dare’ in which

this game usually makes the players to choose between ‘truth’, tell other players

about something they never know or ‘dare’ and do everything requested by other

players. In this case, Bradley Simpson asked his followers to send in their challenges that later would be done by The Vamps. The word em (or them) refers to the

challenges that would be sent by Simpson’s followers.

(49)

This is a tweet from Bradley Simpson that tells about his excitement though panda. He said that when he watched some videos of pandas he thought they were cool animals. Thus, Simpson wanted to adopt one of them. The word they is classified as plural third person deixis which represents the pandas.

Example 3

In this tweet, Bradley Simpson deprived the use of person deixis which

actually expresses “(I am) watching professional bowling and I'm pretty confident if

we formed a vamps team, we could give them a run for their money.”. It reveals the

word Ibecause it can be seen in the next sentence “I’m pretty confident” that refers to

(50)

41

playing bowling. He was very confident if he could form that team and make the team win. The word their is classified as the possessive form of plural third person deixis which refers to the team that Simpson and his friends would form.

The next is an example by Michael Clifford: Example 1

(51)

4.1.3 The Comparisons of Person Deixis Usage by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford

This part presents the comparison of person deixis used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford on twitter. Below are the similarities and differences found in the tweets of Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford.

1. Similarities of Person Deixis usage between Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford:

 Some person deixis are absent from both Bradley Simpson’s and Michael

Clifford’s tweets: mine, hers, theirs, and ours.

 Both Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford have same highest frequency of person deixis usage. The highest frequency of person deixis used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford on twitter is singular first person deixis. They tend to use this kind of deixis because both Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson apply it on their personal twitter account in which they mostly run their accounts by themselves. Thus, the use of singular first person deixis is

really necessary for them to ‘point’ themselves.

(52)

43

 Based on the analysis, second person deixis placed the second position after singular first person deixis for both Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford and they use it mostly to point at their followers or people who mention their account for interaction purpose.

 Both Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford use singular third person deixis to point third person in their tweets or interactions in which it usually refers to their friends, colleagues, or some people that are still in their inner circle.  This kind of person deixis placed the lowest position for the most dominant

person deixis used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford because both of them rarely talked about other people or things in their tweets.

2. Differences of Person Deixis Usage between Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford:

 The total number of person deixis used by Bradley Simpson on twitter is 159, while person deixis used by Michael Cilfford is 237. Michael Clifford has higher amount of person deixis because he tends to tweet more often than Bradley Simpson.

 Bradley Simpson often misuses singular first person deixis in some of his tweets by changing subject I to me which is exemplified in the following example.

(53)

From this tweet, it can be seen that Bradley Simpson used the word me as the subject instead of I. Meanwhile, Michael Clifford tend to omit some words that indicate singular first person deixis in some of his tweets.

just wanna be touring again already grrrrrrr

(https://twitter.com/Michael5SOS/status/688384204548247552)

 In the use of second person deixis, Bradley Simpson commonly uses ya as second person deixis in some of his tweets. He also tends to use words you or

ya as the possessive form of second person deixis instead of your. On the other hand, Michael Clifford often simplifies the word you to be u and your to be ur.  The frequency of singular third person deixis used by Bradley Simpson on

twitter is higher than Michael Clifford. In Bradley Simpson’s tweets, it

appeared 5 times whereas in Michael Clifford’s tweets it only appeared 4 times.

 Based on the collected data, plural third person deixis which is used by Bradley Simpson are they, their and em (or them). Meanwhile, plural third person deixis which is used by Michael Clifford is only they.

(54)

45

From the explanation above, it is very clear that both Michael Clifford and Bradley Simpson apply person deixis in different ways. This might happen because of the circumstance that evoke them to use, change, or omit person deixis in their tweets. Nevertheless the similarities of person deixis usage still can be found in their accounts which probably occurs because Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford run their account personally.

4.2 Discussion

This section discusses the finding of data analysis. The writer found that there

are five types of person deixis used in Bradley Simpson’s and Michael Clifford’s tweets: singular first person deixis, plural first person deixis, second person deixis, singular third person deixis and plural third person deixis. Based on the findings, singular first person deixis is often used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford on Twitter. They tend to apply this kind of deixis because it represents them as the only person who runs their twitter account.

Some studies have similar result with this present study. The researcher found the similarity study about person deixis from the research of Putri and Kurniawan (2015) and Rahayu (2015). Those previous studies have similar result that is first person deixis that often occurred in the data.

(55)

previous study. The result of the first study is first person deixis as the most dominant type of person deixis while the second one is kinship lexeme.

Based on the first finding by Putri and Kurniawan (2015), singular first person deixis is mostly used in USA Presidential Campaign speeches. This kind of deixis often appears in the speech because both Barrack Obama and Mitt Romney as the candidate of USA presidents tend to use it to point themselves in which they tried to

promote themselves in the campaign to get US society’s attention.

Furthermore, Rahayu (2015) examined the use of person deixis in Mata Najwa Talk Show. This study proves that kinship lexeme has the highest amount of

person deixis usage than others. Since it is a TV program watched by many people in Indonesia, the host and guest of Mata Najwa have to use kinship lexeme to show politeness among the host, guests and audience. In this research, the writer also analyzed the factors of using kinship lexeme in the data.

In the tweets of Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford, singular first person deixis often appeared to show their followers about their activities or opinion about some issues. This recent study is similar to the previous research by Putri and Kurniawan that is singular first person deixis as the kind of deixis that mostly occurred in USA Presidential Campaign speeches.

(56)

47

singular third person deixis. The result of this previous study is different from this present study. This difference occurs because in the previous study, the researcher analyzed the use of person deixis in newspaper in which it contains some people being talked in the articles and it uses singular third person deixis to point people included. Meanwhile, this present study reveals that singular first person is the kind of deixis mostly used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford on Twitter. This deixis often appeared in the data because all the tweets are posted by them as the only person that use the account.

From the analysis above, the writer concludes that person deixis often appears on twitter especially twitter accounts by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford. Both Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford post about their daily life or band activities on twitter. In this study, the writer took the data which commonly explain about Bradley

Simpson’s and Michael Clifford’s bands album promotion or tours in many countries

(57)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents the conclusion of the research and suggestion as the last chapter. The conclusion is based on the analysis in the previous chapter to answer the statement of problem in this research, while the suggestion is to give information to the next researcher who is interested in doing research about deixis.

5.1 Conclusion

After discussing the findings, the writer would like to give the conclusion about Person Deixis Used by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford on Twitter. The result of this research is to answer the problem formulated by the researcher.

(58)

49

From the previous chapters, the writer found five types of person deixis used

by The Vamps’ Bradley Simpson and 5 Seconds of Summer’s Michael Clifford:

singular first person deixis (88 items from Bradley Simpson and 151 items from Michael Clifford); plural first person deixis (13 items from Bradley Simpson and 21 items from Michael Clifford); second person deixis (47 items from Bradley Simpson and 58 items from Michael Clifford); singular third person deixis (5 items from Bradley Simpson and 4 items from Michael Clifford); and plural third person deixis (6 items from Bradley Simpson and 3 items from Mchael Clifford). The writer stated that singular first person deixis is the most dominant type of person deixis applied in both accounts. In the last of the research, the writer also investigated the similarities and differences of person deixis usage by Bradley Simpson and Michael Clifford such as having same highest frequency of person deixis usage and applying the use of second person deixis in their own way.

5.2 Suggestion

(59)

(60)

REFERENCES

Afiyah, Z. 2014. An Analysis of Deixis in Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Surabaya: UIN Sunan Ampel.

Al-Aubali, F. A. 2015. Deixis in Arabic and English: A Contrastive Approach. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature (IJALEL), 4 (4): 118-124.

Al-Saif, F. H. A. 2008. Deixis in English and Arabic: A Semantic-Pragmatic Study and Its Pedagogical Implications. Unpublished Thesis. Pune: University of Pune.

Asher, R. E. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. New York: Pergamons.

Auliyani, R. 2015. Translation of Deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader Novel. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.

Christine, V. 2015. Place Deixis Used by Four Characters in the Movie Entitled ”Her”. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.

Creswell, J. W. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approach. California: Sage Publications.

Ekowati, A. and Sofwan, A. 2014. The Use of Pragmatic Deixis in

Conversation Text in ”Pathway to English”. Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, FBS, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia, 43 (2): 71-77. Eragbe, C. and Yakubu, S. 2015. The Use of Deixis and Deictic Expressions

in Boko Haram Insurgency Reports: A Study of Selected Boko Haram Insurgency Report by Media. Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL), 3 (3): 94-101.

Fatkhunurohmah, N. I. 2013. A Pragmatic Analysis of Personal Deixis in Iron Lady Movie Manuscript. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

(61)

http://famousbirthday.com/people/bradley-simpson.html

Kristanto, D. A. 2008. Analysis of Deixis in Christian Bautista’s Song Lyrics. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Semarang: Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata.

Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levinson, S. C. 1995. Cognitive Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Nurhasanah. 2016 The Person and Place Deixis Analysis in Political News Articles of the Jakarta Post. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.

Paknezhad, M. and Nagizadeh, M. 2015. The Use of Deixis in English Translation of Holy Quran in the First Two Chapters, (Juz’, Al-Awal, Al-Sani, Al-Sales). Internation Journal of Current Research, 7 (8): 19804-19807.

Putri, N. A. and Kurniawan, E. 2015. Person Deixis in USA Presidential Campaign Speeches. English Review: Journal of English Education of Universitas Kuningan, 3 (2): 191-201.

Rahayu, Kartini. 2015. The Use of Person Deixis in Mata Najwa Talk Show. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.

(62)

53

Rosmawaty. 2013. Analysis the Use of the Kind of Deixis on ‘Ayat-Ayat Cinta’ Novel by Habiburrahman El-Shirazy. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3 (17): 57-66.

Rosyidah, I. N. 2016. Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-tweets on Twitter. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Surabaya: UIN Sunan Ampel. Ruhillah, I. 2014. The Person Deixis Analysis of Mirror Mirror Movie.

Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Samosir, N. B. 2012. An Analysis of Deixis in the Article of The Jakarta

Post. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Medan: Universitas Negeri Medan.

Sari, J. 2015. Person Deixis in SBY’s Speech at Harvard University. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.

Sridana, M. D. P. 2014. An Analysis Kinds of Deixis and Their References in the Novel Eat, Pray, Love. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana.

Tulah, F. D. R. 2015. An Analysis of Deixis Found in Spongebob Movie Script. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Tulungagung: Institut Agama Islam Negeri Tulungagung.