The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society
E m p o w e r m e n t O f F i s h e r m e n H o u s e h o l d S a p t a g o n
A c c e s s i b i l i t i e s T o S o l v e T h e i r P o v e r t y
Sahri Muhammad, Irfan Islamy, and Eko Ganis Sukoharsono
Fishery Faculty Brawijaya University, Malang
Administrative Science Faculty Brawijaya University, Malang
Economics Faculty Brawijaya University, Malang
A b s t r a c t
A c c e p t e d o n A u g u s t , 1 5 2 0 0 7 , A p p r o v e d o n J a n u a r y , 1 0 2 0 0 8
T h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e s t u d y a r e : ( 1 ) t o a n a l y z e f i s h e r m a n h o u s e h o l d
r e s p o n s e s t h r o u g h t h e e m p o w e r m e n t o f s a p t a g o n a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s , ( 2 ) t o
c h o o s e a p o l i c y t h a t c a n b e u s e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f p o o r
f i s h e r m e n h o u s e h o l d a n d t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y f i s h e r y
r e s o u r c e s . T h e r e s e a r c h u s e s a s u r v e y m e t h o d a n d P R A ( P o v e r t y R a p i d
A p p r a i s a l ) , p r i m a r y d a t a a r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m f i s h e r m e n h o u s e h o l d
r e s p o n d e n t s u s i n g P a r t i c i p a t o r y P o v e r t y A s s e s s m e n t ( P P A ) a n d
S u s t a i n a b l e L i v e l i h o o d A p p r o a c h ( S L A ) . Q u a n t i t a t i v e a n d q u a l i t a t i v e
d a t a a r e a n a l y z e d u s i n g d e s c r i p t i v e a n d i n f e r e n t i a l s t a t i s t i c s . T h e r e s u l t s
o f t h e r e s e a r c h s h o w : ( 1 ) t h e c o n d i t i o n o f f i s h e r m e n h u m a n r e s o u r c e s
q u a l i t y a r e ( a ) o r d e r l y , t h e h i g h e s t r a n k i s t h e q u a l i t y o f M a s t e r (Juragan)
h u m a n r e s o u r c e s , t h e n T r a d e r s (Pedagang) a n d t h e l o w e s t r a n k i s t h e
m e m b e r o f s h i p c r e w s (
ABK
), ( b ) t h e s k i l l a n d o c c u p a t i o n o f t h e f i s h e r m e n ’ s w i v e s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r t h a t a f f e c t t o t h e i n c r e a s i n gi n c o m e o f t h e p o o r f i s h e r m e n h o u s e h o l d , ( c ) t h e q u a l i t y o f h u m a n
r e s o u r c e s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f a l l a s p e c t s i n f i s h e r m e n
h o u s e h o l d s a p t a g o n a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r p r o s p e r i t y . ( 2 ) T h e
s t r e n g t h e n i n g s a p t a g o n a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s ’ p o l i c i e s a r e : ( a ) b e i n f l u e n t i a l |
t o w a r d s t h e r e p a i r o f i n c o m e a n d p r o s p e r i t y o f f i s h e r m e n h o u s e h o l d , ( b )
b e i m p l e m e n t e d t h r o u g h t r a i n i n g f o r t h e s h i p c r e w s o f f i s h e r m e n
h o u s e h o l d a b o u t : ( i ) v o c a t i o n a l s k i l l o n s h i p e n g i n e e r i n g f o r f i s h e r m e n ,
( i i ) t h e a l t e r n a t i v e l i v e l i h o o d f o r f i s h e r m e n ’ s w i v e s , ( i i i ) s u p p o r t i n g o f
p a r t i c i p a t o r y b u d g e t i n g w i t h i n t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f P E M D A ’ s
b u d g e t i n g . ( 3 ) T h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g s a p t a g o n a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s ’ p o l i c i e s a r e
c o n d u c t e d b y w a y o f : ( a ) S o c i a l a c c e s s i b i l i t y t h r o u g h r e i n f o r c i n g o f
M u t u a l B u s s i n e s s C o m m u n i t y , ( b ) h u m a n r e s o u r c e s a c c e s s i b i l i t y t h r o u g h
i n - l a n d v o c a t i o n a l s k i l l f o r t h e h o u s e w i v e s i n t h e a c t i v i t y o f l a n d
a l t e r n a t i v e l i v e l i h o o d , ( c ) t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l f r i e n d l y t e c h n o l o g y
a c c e s s i b i l i t y t h r o u g h r e i n f o r c i n g o f f i s h e r m e n ’ s v o c a t i o n a l s k i l l f o r
f i s h i n g a c t i v i t y , ( d ) f i n a n c i a l a c c e s s i b i l i t y l o c a l l y t h r o u g h r e i n f o r c i n g t h e
f i n a n c e i n s t i t u t i o n o f c o a s t a l a r e a s o c i e t y , ( e ) n a t u r e r e s o u r c e s
a c c e s s i b i l i t y t h r o u g h l i c e n s i n g a f f i r m a t i o n a n d c o o p e r a t i o n i n
m a n a g e m e n t o f f i s h e r y r e s o u r c e s , ( f ) m a r k e t i n g a c c e s s i b i l i t y t h r o u g h
r e i n f o r c i n g o f M u t u a l B u s i n e s s C o m m u n i t y ( K U B ) w i t h i n p a r t n e r s h i p
Vol. 18, No. 1 August 2010
b u s i n e s s f o r a f f i r m a t i o n o f l o c a l e c o n o m y , a n d ( g ) p o l i t i c a l a c c e s s i b i l i t y
t h r o u g h r e i n f o r c i n g p a r t i c i p a t o r y b u d g e t i n g s k i l l w h i c h i s i n t e r c o n n e c t e d
i n i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t t h r o u g h
r e g i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t (PEMDA) b u d g e t i n g .
K e y w o r d s : sa p ta g o n a c cessib ilities, fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld
em p o w e rm e n t, p o v erty .
I n t r o d u c t i o n
A c c o rd in g to M u h a m m a d et.a l (2 0 0 6 ) a p p ro a c h o f co astal a re a ’s d e v e lo p m e n t to re d u c e th e p o v e rty is h e ld th ro u g h : (1). Im p ro v in g th e q u ality o f fish e rm e n h u m a n re so u rc es, u p g rad in g th e tec h n o lo g y in th e u sag e o f fish reso u rc es an d q u a lity o f h au l w ith th e su p p o rt o f tra in in g an d a ssista n c e for h e lp in g th e a lte rn a tiv e o f n o n -se a activ ity liv e lih o o d b y e m p o w e rm e n t o f sa p ta g o n a c c e ssib ilitie s. (2) Im p ro v e m e n t o f e m p o w e rm e n t a ccessib ilities, p a rtic ip a tio n , su p e rv isio n an d in stitu tio n al a sse rtin g c o m p re h e n siv e ly an d local c h a ra c te ristic are im p lem e n te d in stre n g th e n in g th e a c c e ssib ilitie s o f budget, h u m an re so u rc e s, an d m ark etin g .
T h e c a p a c ity im p ro v em en t o f h u m an reso u rc es w ith in p o v e rty citizen re q u ire s th e p ro g re ss o f fo u r facts social- e c o n o m ic a c ce ssib ilitie s, th o se are: (1). N a tu ra l re so u rc e s, (2). E n v iro n m e n ta l frien d ly te c h n o lo g y , (3). M a rk e t, and (4). F u n d in g so u rc e s (S u m o d in in g ra t, 1998). F u rth e rm o re , th e im p ro v e m e n t in th re e o th ers a c c e ssib ilitie s are n e e d ed also, th o se are: (1 ) m u tu a l b u sin ess c o m m u n ity , (2 ) c o m m u n ic a tio n , in fo rm atio n , an d e d u c atio n , an d (3) b u d g etin g o f c o a sta l a re a so c ie ty d e v e lo p m en t (M u h am m ad , et al, 2 0 0 6 ). T h ereb y , e m p o w e rm e n t o f fish e rm e n in so lv in g th e p o v e rty n e e d s se v en a c c e ssib ilitie s im p ro v e m e n t (sa p ta g o n a c c e ssib ilitie s) are sh o w n at p ictu re 1 in ap p e n d ix . T he e m p o w e rm e n t m o d el o f sep tag o n ac ce ssib ilitie s is th e im p lem e n ta tio n o f p e n ta g o n a s s e t’s m o d el (life asset) o f fish erm en h o u se h o ld th a t is sh o w n in p ic tu re 1. T h u s, th e stu d y o f p o v erty rec o v e ry h a s m u lti- d im e n sio n a l an d m u lti ran k c o m p re h e n siv e ly c h a ra c te ristic (M u k h e rje e , H a rd jo n o an d C arriere, W orld B an k , 2 0 0 2 ).
A s fo r th e p ro b le m s in th is rese a rc h are: (a) h o w do th e resp o n d a n d im p a c t o f a c c e ssib ilitie s im p ro v e m e n t and p a rtic ip a tio n o f
fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld th ro u g h e m p o w e rm en t o f sa p ta g o n
a c c e ssib ilitie s to w a rd fish erm en h o u s e h o ld ’s in co m e a n d e c o n o m ic p o v e rty , (b ) w h a t k in d s o f p o licies th a t can b e c h o sen b y the g o v e rn m e n t to be u sed in th e effo rt o f stre n g th e n in g fish e rm e n a c c e ssib ility to so lv e th e ir poverty.
B a se d o n th e o b je c t an d th e p ro b lem s o f th e rese a rc h , th ere fo re , the p u rp o se s th a t w a n t to b e a c co m p lish e d in th e stu d y o f e m p o w e rm e n t p o o r
fish e rm e n are: (1) to an aly ze fish erm an h o u se h o ld resp o n se s in the
Vol. 18, No. 1 August 2010
© Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
The International Journal o f Accounting and Business Society
3e m p o w e rm en t o f sa p ta g o n a ccessib ilities fo r o v e rc o m in g th e ir p o v e rty , (2) to an a ly z e th e p o lic ie s o p tio n o f in stitu tio n al rein fo rc e o f sa p ta g o n a c ce ssib ilitie s an d e m p o w e rm e n t im p lem e n ta tio n for h u m an reso u rc es q u a lity an d fish erm en h o u se h o ld p ro s p e rity ’s im p ro v em en t.
R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s
Conceptual Frame
(k eran g k a k o n sep tu al). M u b y arto , et.al. (1 9 8 4 ) said th at h u m an cen tral d e v e lo p m en t (h u m an cen tered d e v e lo p m en t) is: “ a firm and su sta in ab le p ro g re ss in life c o n d itio n co n tain s fac to r o f in d ep e n d e n c e, p ro sp e rity , safety , and au to n o m y fo r th e w h o le so c ie ty ” . T h e se fac to rs o f life c o v e r th e co m p o n e n ts: (1) p h y sical life q u ality , (2) liv elih o o d , (3 ) fre e d o m to ch o o se, (4) in d ep e n d e n c y and, (5) social politic.B y . th e p re se n c e o f v arieties h u m an co m p o n e n ts life, h e n c e h u m an d e v e lo p m en t n o t o n ly c o n c ern s w ith one certain fa c to r b u t also rep re se n ts th e e ffect o f o p e ra tin g all facto rs sim ultanly. H u m an p o sitio n in p e o p le cen te re d ch art is p rese n ted in p ic tu re 1.
N atio n al D ev e lo p m e n t
V i l l a g e D e v e l o p m e n t
O th e r
F a c to r D e v e l o p m e n t
E x tern al F u n ctio n
V i l l a g e D e v e l o p m e n t
G o v ern m en t
P ictu re 1. H u m a n p o sitio n in v illag e d e v e lo p m en t c h a rt (M u b y a rto , S utrisno, an d D o v e, 1984)
In stitu tio n h o ld s an im p o rtan t ro le in e m p o w e rm e n t o f p o o r so ciety . T h e in stitu tio n c o n sists o f v a rio u s fo rm al an d in fo rm al rela tio n sh ip s w h ic h can im p ro v e so cial p ro d u ctiv ity . T he form o f its o rg an izatio n sim p ly d iv id e d into tw o g ro u p s, th o se are: (a) g o v e rn m e n t in stitu tio n and (b) so ciety in stitu tio n . T he ty p es o f in stitu tio n s are p rese n ted on tab le 1.
T a b le 1. T y p e s o f in stitu tio n in so ciety (N a ra y a n e t al., 2 0 0 0 )
G o v e rn m e n t In stitu tio n S o ciety In stitu tio n
M acro: M acro: :
C e n tra l G o v e rn m e n t S ocial m ass o rg an iz atio n
R eg io n R e lig io n / E th n ic A sso c ia tio n
Ju risd ic tio n B u sin e ss A sso c ia tio n
M icro: M icro:
L o c a l/ v illag e g o v e rn m e n t C o m m u n ity b ased o rg an iz atio n
L o c a l p o lic e m e n N e ig h b o rh o o d , R T /R W
H e a lth h o u se F a m ilia rity n e tw o rk in g
F ie ld c o u n se lo r T ra d itio n a l L ead er, lo cal so cial m ass
o rg an izatio n , h o lly p laces
S o c iety in stitu tio n is an in stitu tio n th a t d o es n o t a ffiliate w ith the g o v e rn m e n t. It m o v e s in th e a rea b etw een h o u se h o ld and g o v e rn m e n t. In h u m an c e n te re d d e v e lo p m e n t ap p ro a c h uses a b asic o f p o o r s o c ie ty ’s p o in t o f view . T h e re la tio n sh ip o f in stitu tio n an d h o u seh o ld a c cess to w a rd th e o p p o rtu n ity a b o v e is p re se n te d in p ictu re 2.
P ic tu re 2. In stitu tio n a l an d a c ce ssib ility to w a rd th e o p p o rtu n ity (N a ra y a n , et al., 2 0 0 0 , p . 12)
---
+
= o n e w ay relatio n sh ip<4--- ► = tw o w a y s relatio n sh ip
... ^ = w e a k rela tio n sh ip
R e se a rc h are a s are: (1) n o rth p a rt o f E ast Jav a, in W eru village, L a m o n g a n c o v e rs N u s a n ta ra territo ry w a te r and o p en a re a b o rd erin g w ith Jav a O c e a n b e tw e e n T u b a n - n o rth o f S u m en ep reg en cy , (2) p a rt o f M a d u ra Strait in
L e k o k v illag e c o v e rs clo se area
1
th e strait from so u th S u m en ep , P a su ru a n andS itu b o n d o , (3 ) M u n c ar, B ali S trait, in d u strial fish ery area, an d (4 ) S o u th p a rt o f
Vol. 18, No. 1 August 2010
© Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society
5E a st Ja v a in P rig i v illag e, T re n g g ale k co v ers P acitan R e g e n c y u n til so u th B an y u w an g i, c o v e rs O c e a n fish e ry area, Z E E .
Analysis data.
T h e k in d s o f assets id en tificatio n , a c ce ssib ility , and incom e ran k o f fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld refer to W o rld B a n k ’s o p in io n (M u k h e rje e , et a l.,2 0 0 2 ) as sh o w n in a p p e n d ix 1, p ictu re 1.1(1 ) T he k in d s o f assets (in p u t) (a) h u m an capital: sk ill, sc ie n c e, and c a p a b ility in d o in g th e v ariety o f w o rk s, (b ) p h y sic a l cap ital: in clu d es tra n sp o rta tio n in fra stru ctu re , w a te r su p p ly , e n erg y a n d e q u ip m e n t p ro d u ctio n , (c) so cial capital: co v ers so cial reso u rc es fo r th e ex am p le, so cial n e tw o rk in g , th e role o f w ife and c h ild ren , p o sitio n a m o n g th e m em b e rs o f th e gro u p , in stitu tio n al co m m u n ity , su p p o rtin g o f local w isd o m p rac tic e ; (d ) fin an cial capital: in clu d es a c ce ssib le o f fu n d in g reso u rc es; an d (e) n a tu ra l reso u rces capital: th e fish e ry re so u rc e s and co a sta l a re a ’s reserv e. (2) T he resu lt (in co m e). T h e stre n g th e n in g o f sa p ta g o n a c ce ssib ilitie s co o p erate w ith p e n ta g o n assets in th e fo rm of: (a) in co m e risin g ; (b ) p ro sp e rity increase; (c) su sce p tib ility an d p o v e rty red u c tio n ; a n d (d) co n tin u ity in th e u sag e o f local fish e ry re so u rc es. (3) Id e n tific a tio n o f m in o r fish erm en accessib ility . T h e in flu e n tia l facto rs o f th e fis h e rm e n ’s p o v e rty is d iffe re d to in p u t an d o u tp u t facto rs. T h e sch em e o f c o rre la tio n b etw een in p u t an d o u tp u t facto rs ca n b e seen in p ic tu re 3
P ic tu re 3. In p u t- o u tp u t facto rs th at rem ain th e m an n e r o f m in o r fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld
In p u t- o u tp u t fac to rs p rese n ted in p ictu re 3, can be sim p lify d iv id e d into th re e g ro u p s, th o se are: (a) in tern al facto rs, (b ) e x tern al facto rs, and (c) e n tre p re n e u ria l skill. E sp e c ia lly fo r e n trep ren eu rial skill is m ea su red from the b a s is o f fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld attitu d e in: (1) in d ep en d en cy , (2 ) in n o v atio n , (3) ris k in tak e, (4 ) ta k in g th e in itiativ e, an d (5) c o m p e tin g a c tiv e ly in ta k in g the m a rk e t/ tra d e rs ’ a d v an tag e. V a ria b le o f th e re se a rc h is m ea su red b y using q u a n tita tiv e a n d q u a lita tiv e ap p ro ach es. T h e p attern o f c a u se an d effect re la tio n sh ip th a t w ill b e e x a m in ed is show n in p ictu re 4. P rim a ry an d seco n d ary d a ta a re a n a ly z e d d escrip tiv ely .
P ic tu re 4. T h e p a tte rn o f e n v iro n m en tal c h a n g in g ’s c au se an d e ffe c t relatio n to w a rd s m in o r fish e rm e n h o u seh o ld .
F i n d i n g A n d D i s c u s s i o n
Human Development Index.
H u m an d e v e lo p m en t in d e x (IP M ) is used to m ea su re p e rfo rm a n c e o f h u m an d e v e lo p m en t in a c e rta in area, such as c o u n try o r p ro v in c e . IP M is c o m p o site in d ex co u n te d fro m th e av e ra g e of: (1) life p ro sp e c ts in d ic a to r, (2 ) e d u c atio n in d ic a to r (n o t illiterate an d th e a v erag e o f s tu d y ’s p e rio d ) an d , (3) w o rth y life stan d ard in d icato r. A s fo r IP M ’s c o m p o n e n ts are: (1) h e a lth m ea su red by liv in g p ro sp e c t rate, (2) k n o w led g e m e a su re d b y n o n -illite ra c y rate an d g rad u a tio n av erag e, (3) sta n d a rd o f w o rth y life m e a su re d b y rea l c o n su m p tio n s av erage.B a se d o n th e c o u n tin g resu lt, in d icato rs o f h u m an d e v e lo p m e n ts are: the c o m p o n e n ts o f h e a lth , e d u c atio n and in co m e d eriv ed fro m life p ro sp e c t index (IH H ), e d u c a tio n in d ex (IP ) an d p arity p u rch a se p o w e r in d ex (IP D B ). IP M ’s sc o re o f fish e rm e n in P e sisir W eru v illag e, P aciran su b d istric t, L am o n g an re g io n , th e h ig h e s t ra n k is th e ship o w n er 50. 00 n e x t is tra d e r 44. 12 an d the lo w e st is fish e rm e n w o rk e r 37.35. B ased on th e v alu e o f e d u c atio n index, health in d ex , p a rity p u rc h a s e p o w e r index, an d h u m an d e v e lo p m en t in d ex , h en ce can b e in fe rre d as th e fo llo w in g : 1). th e a v erag e o f h ealth rate in d ic a te d th a t the
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K U B ’s s tre n g th e n in g can be u sed as b u sin ess in stitu tio n to p ro d u ce incom e so u rc e re in fo rc e m e n t fro m sea activ ity w h ic h is th e fish e rm e n h o u s e h o ld ’s m ain in co m e.
T h e n e x t in d ic a to r rep resen ts th e fish erm en a c c e s s ib ility ’s fo rm e r is m a rk e t a c ce ss (K P E L ) w ith th e score 0.593. It su g g ests th a t m ark e tin g is the in flu e n tial p a rt o f a b u sin e ss to stren g th en th e fish erm en h o u s e h o ld ’s incom e so u rce.
M o s h e r (1 9 7 3 ) sa id th at to in creasin g the farm in g p ro d u ctiv ity and fa rm e r a c c e ssib ility , w h e n fa rm e r’s b u sin ess p ro g re sses m ore and m ore, th e re fo re it is m o re d e p e n d e n t to the o u tsid e so u rces. E sp e c ia lly fish trad e th at is ro tte n easily , m a rk e t n e e d s can n o t be sep arated from fish e rm e n b e c au se a m a jo r p a rt o f fish p ro d u ctio n is sold in th e m ark et and ju s t a little one co n su m ed by th e fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld o r fish farm er.
T h e o th e r in d ic a to r w h ic h in clu d es as a c c e s s ib ility ’s fo rm e r is financial a c ce ss o f c o a sta l so c ie ty (L K M P ) w h ich has a lo w er sco re th a t is 0.5 2 3 . P S B K (re so u rc e m a n a g e m e n t b a sed o n c o m m u n ity ) h as 0. 322 in score, then a c c e ssib ility fo rm e r in d ic a to r K IE (co m m u n ic a tio n , in fo rm atio n , a n d ed u catio n ) h a s sc o re 0 .2 0 3 ; K K P P K is fish erm en access to p o litic s an d im p lem e n ta tio n o f p o lic y w h ic h h a s 0.159. T h e in d ic a to r w ith th e lo w est c o n trib u tio n is non g o v e rn m e n ta l o rg an iz atio n . It is an in stitu tio n to access p h y sic a l th in g s th at su p p o rt fis h e rm e n a ctiv ities, th e sco re is 0. 137.
The Empowerment o f Saptagon Accessibility’s Policy.
D e v elo p in g a c c e ssib ility fo r fish e rm e n is n o t easy. It relates to th eirs co m p lex ch a ra c te ristic s. A c c o rd in g to K u sn ad i (2 0 0 6 ) th e p ro b le m s o f rein fo rc e m e n t a c c e ssib ility in c o a sta l so ciety cover: (1) lim its o f fish e rm e n h u m an reso u rce, (2 ) th e lim ita tio n o f c a p ital b u sin ess a b ility and fish c a tc h in g tec h n o lo g y , (3 ) the c o o p e ra tio n b e tw e e n m a ste r (ju rag an ) a n d fish erm en w o rk e r in fish catch in g o rg a n iz a tio n c o n sid e re d to give d isa d v a n tag e s to fish e rm e n w o rk e r, (4) the d iffic u ltie s in d o in g b u sin e ss fish c a tc h in g d iv ersifica tio n , (5) h ig h a d d ic tio n in se a-a c tiv ity , (6 ) e x tra v a g a n t life style, n o t future oriented.T h e a n a ly sis resu lt o f th e c o rre la tio n o f p en ta g o n a sse t an d saptagon a c c e ssib ilitie s is th e stre n g th e n in g strateg y an d e m p o w e rm e n t o f so ciety in c o a sta l- a re a to o v e rc o m e th e p o v erty n e e d s im p ro v e m e n t in a c ce ss a p p ro ach es, th o se are: 1). so c ia l a c ce ss d ire c te d to stren g th en m ark e t an d c a p ital accesses, 2). In fo rm a tio n a n d e d u c atio n a ccesses in stru cted to su p p o rt th e q u ality o f h u m an re so u rc e s, fish e ry reso u rces m an a g e m e n ts b ased c o m m u n ity , region g o v e rn m e n t (P E M D A ) b u d g e tin g d e v e lo p m en t program , an d a c cess to physical in fra stru ctu re .
S tru c tu ra l p ro b le m faced by th e fish erm en is ad d ed w ith cultural p ro b le m as u n p ro d u c tiv e a n d in effic ie n c y o f lifestyle. P e o p le cen te re d app ro ach is m e a n t to re d u c e th e v a rio u s o f stru ctu ral w e a k n e ss as w e ll as c u ltu ral one c o n sid e rin g th a t p e o p le c e n te re d ap p ro a c h has m an y a d v a n ta g e s p rese n ted in ta b le 3.
. Vol. 18, No. 1 August 2010
The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society
11p ro ce ss an d in th e c o u rt as a w itn ess, rep o rter, or sp e cia list w itn ess, in ac co rd a n ce w ith th e rule o f law (sectio n 2).
T h e in v o lv e m e n t o f a gro u p o f fish erm en society in th e p ro ce ss o f a rra n g e m e n t a n d a sce rta in m e n t o f b u d g etin g cru c ially e n c o u ra g e a lso the c re a tio n o f tra n sp a re n t, dem o cratic, an d p a rticip ativ e b u d g e tin g system . P a rtic ip a to ry B u d g e tin g (P B ) P ro g ram is d ire c te d to rem ed y b u d g e tin g p ro g ra m reg io n al g o v e rn m e n t. In th e east ja v a , e sp ecially in rese a rc h a re a o f T re n g g ale k
reg en cy , p e rfo rm a n c e o f p articip ativ e b u d g e tin g is sh o w n in
Musrenbang
foru m .
T he p a rtic ip a n ts o f PB P ro g ram an d g o v e rn m e n t h av e to c o o p e ra te to sp read o u t cre a tiv e so lu tio n o f in creasin g th e n u m b er o f reso u rc es th a t p ro p erly c an be g ained and m an ag ed . T h e p ractice o f M u sre n b a n g (as m an ife sta tio n o f P B ’s p rin c ip al) is h eld in five rou n d s. E ach o f ro u n d s sh o w s h ie ra rc h y lev el o f its o rg a n iz e r area. A s w h o le, M u sre n b a n g ’s p ractice co n sists o f fiv e ro u n d s.
In th e P B ’s p erfo rm a n c e th ere are som e o f p arts w h ic h in v o lv e d
in ten sely , th ese are: local g o v ern m en t, citizen s, v o lu n ta ry a sso c ia tio n , n o n
g o v e rn m e n ta l o rg an iz atio n (L S M ), fish erm en c o m m u n ity a n d b u sin e ss
co m m u n ity . F ro m th e re su lt o f the research in th e p ro b le m o f im p lem e n ta tio n fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld a c cess to w a rd s b u d g etin g p ro g ra m still h a s b a rriers, as follow : (a) fis h e rm e n ’s k n o w le d g e level is low , (b) fis h e rm e n ’s tim e a v a ilab ility due to th e ir tim e is sp en t to w o rk in th e sea , (c) fish e rm e n d o n o t u se P B ’s c h an ce o p tim ally to in crease th e d e v e lo p m en t o f castal a re a so ciety .
B y th e b a rriers o f fish e rm e n ’s in v o lv em en t in th e im p lem e n ta tio n o f p a rticip a tiv e b u d g e tin g , th en fish erm en h o u se h o ld a ccess to P E M D A p o lic y is still low.
C o n c l u s i o n A n d S u g g e s t i o n
C O N C L U S I O N . F rom th e resu lt o f th e rese a rc h it ca n b e c o n c lu d e d as follow : 1) h u m an reso u rc e s q u ality o f fish e rm e n is still low, th e h ig h e s t ran k o f h u m an reso u rc es q u a lity is m aste r (ju rag an ), th en th e tra d e r, a n d th e lo w est is fish erm en w o rk e rs. T h e list o f th e ran k is b ased o n e d u c atio n , h e a lth , skill, incom e, an d th e fish e rm e n h o u se w iv e s’ o ccu p atio n . 2) T h e sk ill a n d o c c u p atio n o f h o u se w iv es is a d e c isiv e facto r to w a rd s th e in co m e level o f p o o r fish e rm e n h o u seh o ld . T h u s th e em p o w e rm en t o f fish erm en h o u s e h o ld p ro sp e rity im p ro v e m e n t is d o n e th ro u g h h o u se w ife ’s e n d e av o rin g w ith th e in cre a sin g o f n on- sea skill. 30 th e relatio n s o f fish erm en p en ta g o n a sse ts a n d sa p ta g o n a c ce ssib ilitie s are: m o d al h u m an reso u rces h av e a relatio n w ith all in d icato rs
fo rm ed by sa p ta g o n acce ssib ilitie s. It m ean s sa p ta g o n a c c e s s ib ilitie s ’
stre n g th e n in g d e p e n d s on h u m an reso u rces q u ality o f fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld . F ish erm en sa p ta g o n a c ce ssib ilitie s affects in rein fo rc in g o f p e n ta g o n a sse ts o f fish e rm e n h o u se h o ld , w h ic h later in flu en ces in stre n g th e n in g o f fish erm en p ro sp erity . S a p tag o n a c c e ssib ilitie s give in flu en tial ran k in g fro m th e to p o f th e list to th e b o tto m o rd erly are: social access K U B (0 .6 8 3 ), K P E L (0 .5 9 3 ), L K M P
Vol. 18, No. 1 August 2010
© Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
(0 .5 2 3 ), P S B K (0 .3 2 2 ), K IE (0. 2 0 3 ), K K P P K (0 .1 5 9 ), an d L S M (0 .1 3 7 ). 4 ) in th e e ffo rt o f p o v e rty so lv in g , h en ce th e stre n g th e n in g e m p o w e rm e n t o f A B K (sh ip crew ) is fo c u se d o n e n d e av o rin g o f e n v iro n m en ta lly frie n d ly tec h n o lo g y ac ce ss v ia le a rn in g o f sh ip p in g en g in e e rin g w ith th e b a sis o f sea v o catio n al skill. 5) Im p ro v e m e n t o f p o litic a l a ccess/ p o licy is fo cu sed o n stre n g th e n in g the im p le m e n ta tio n o f c o a sta l s o c ie ty ’s in v o lv em en t in p a rtic ip a to ry b u d g e tin g o f reg io n a l g o v e rn m e n t (P E M D A ) pro g ram .
S U G G E S T I O N . 1) T h e p o licy o f e m p o w e rm en t o f m in o r fish erm en a c c e ssib ility in so lv in g th e p o v erty a n d in cre asin g th e p ro sp e rity th e first and m a in step is h u m a n reso u rc es q u ality im p ro v e m e n t by w a y o f skill tra in in g , e sp e c ia lly v o c a tio n a l skill an d rein fo rc e m e n t o f im p le m e n ta tio n P E M D A ’s p o lic y in p a rtic ip a to ry b u d g e tin g pro g ram . 2) th e n e x t rese a rc h , is su g g e ste d to be fo c u se d m o re o n c o m p ilin g o f tec h n ica l g u id an ce in th e stre n g th e n o f fish e rm e n h o u s e h o ld sap tag o n a c c e ssib ilitie s w h ic h ca n b e u sed b y the fish e rm e n / c o a sta l a re a so ciety , L S M , an d th e g o v e rn m e n t to im p lem e n t the sa p ta g o n a c c e s sib ilitie s stre n g th e n in g in th e field o p e ra tio n a lly . 3) th e strateg y
o f e m p o w e rm e n t o f so lv in g fish erm en p o v erty th ro u g h a c ce ssib ility
re in fo rc e m e n t a s a p a t o f p en ta g o n assets stren g th en in g , th o se are: a) hum an reso u rc e s a c c e s s ib ility is d irected to social a c cess s tre n g th e n (K U B ), m ark et a c ce ss (K P E L ), fin a n c ia l access (L K M P ). b) C o m m u n ic a tio n , in fo rm a tio n , and e d u c a tio n a c c e ssib ility (K IE ) is fo cu sed to su p p o rt a c cess in life sty le in creasin g , n a tu re re so u rc e s m a n a g e m e n t b a sed on co m m u n ity , p o litic p o licy m an a g e m e n t o f P E M D A a n d p h y sic a l in frastru ctu re in fish lan d in g cen tre.
K n o w l e d g m e n t
O u r g ra titu d e is ex p ressed to H ig h E d u c a tio n G e n e ral D irecto rate, D ire c to r o f re se a rc h a ssista n c e an d P u b lic S erv ice fo r th e s u p p o rt in th e form o f re se a rc h fu n d in g G ra n t o f th ird y e a r P o st-G ra d u a te P ro g ram . W e also ad d ress o u r g ra te fu ln e ss to 7 fish e ry u n d e rg ra d u a te stu d en ts, 5 p o s t g rad u a te and 3 d o c to ra l stu d e n ts P P S U B fo r th e p a rticip a n t, su p p o rt, a n d g rad u a te th ro u g h H IB A H P A S C A III re se a rc h p ro g ram . T h e g ratitu d e to all th e fish erm en , e sp e c ia lly th e H e a d o f
CoFish
P ro je c t, D e p a rtm en t o f F ish e rie s o f B an y u w an g i w h o are w illin g to b e a re sp o n d e n t an d are p ro v id in g in fo rm a tio n o f th eCoFish
a ssista n c e re s u lt in 2 0 0 0 - 2005 fo r th e sake o f th is re se a rc h . H o p e fu lly this re se a rc h can b e m u c h o f h elp to rich en th e in fo rm a tio n fo r th e p o lic y m ak e rs o f fish e rie s d e v e lo p m e n t, e sp ec ially in E a st J a v a p ro v in ce.Vol. 18, No. 1 August 2010
© Centre fo r Indonesian Accounting and Management Research
B a n d u n g a n . E u ro p e an U n io n - C en tral R e se a rc h In stitu te fo r F ish eries (C R IF I) - F re n c h S cien tific R e se a rc h In stitu te fo r D ev e lo p m e n t th ro u g h C o o p e ra tio n (O R S T O M ), Jak arta.
M u h a m m a d , S ah ri. 2 0 0 2 . E k o n o m i R u m a h ta n g g a N e la y a n d an P e m an fa ata n
S u m b e rd a y a P e rik a n a n Jaw a T im u r: S u atu A n a lisis Sim ulasi
K e b ija k a n . P ro g ra m P asc asa rja n a , IP B , B o g o r (D e sertasi).
M u k h e rje e, N ila n ja n a , Jo an H ard jo n o and E liz a b e th C arriere. 20 0 2 . P eople, P o v e rty a n d L iv e lih o o d s. L in k fo r S u stain ab le P o v e rty R e d u c tio n in In d o n e sia . T h e W o rd B a n k and D e p a rtm en t fo r In tern atio n al D e v e lo p m e n t (D F ID ), U K .
N a ra y a n , D e e p a , a t al. 200 0 . V o ic e s o f T h e P oor. C an a n y o n e H e a r U s?. O xford U n iv e rs ity P re ss F o r W o rd B ank, W ash in g to n .
S ingh, I., L. S q u ire an d J. Strauss. 1986. A g ricu ltu ra l H o u se h o ld M odels: E x te n sio n s, A p llic a tio n s an d P o licy . T h e Jo h n H o p k in s U n iv ersity P re ss, B a ltim o re .
S m ith, I. R . 1987. P e n in g k ata n P e n d a p a ta n P e rik a n a n p a d a S u m b e rd a y a y ang S u d a h L e b ih T an g k ap . (B a h a sa In d o n esia ) d alam M a ra h u d in dan S m ith (ed ito rs). E k o n o m i P erik an an . Y a y a sa n O b o r-G ram e d ia , J a k arta.
S u m o d in in g rat, G u n aw an . 1998. M e m b a n g u n P e rek o n o m ian R ak y at. P u stak a P e la ja r-ID E A , Y o g y ak arta.
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P u s ta k a P e la ja r, Y o g y ak arta.
W a h y o n o , A ri, a t al. 200 1 . P em b erd a y aa n M a sy ra k a t N e la y a n .P e n e rb it M ed ia P re ss in d o K e rja sa m a d en g an Y ay asan A d ik a ry a - F o rd F o u n d atio n .
