Chapter 1 Preface
According to the laws of National Education System Number 20 Tahun 2003 at Chapter 1, Article 1 has been explained that education is interpreted as conscious effort and organized to realize atmosphere learn and study process [so that/ to be] educative participant actively develop it's self potency to have the power of religious spiritual, self control, personality, intelligence, noble behaviour , and also skill that needed by it'self, society, state and nation.
This article also explain about the meaning of formal education, that is an education path that had been structured and gradual, consist of basic education, middle education, high education and collage education.
In order to evaluate the student in formal education, especially at the basic, middle and higher education, the government had set a national examination called Ujian Akhir Sekolah Berstandar Nasional (UASBN). According to minister of education’s regulation number 77, 78 and 82 Tahun 2008, the purpose of UASBN are :
a. To valuated the achievement of national competencies graduation on Bahasa Indonesia, Mathematics and lesson that related to Science and technology.
b. To encouraged the achievement of wajib belajar pendidikan dasar.
The UASBN result will be used as a consideration to : a. Mapping the quality of education
d. As a base to manage the school to raise the quality of education
Chapter II Case
On the implementation of Ujian Nasional (UN), thera are so many fraud that occurred. Here some quotes from the newspaper that write lot of case about fraudulence on UN that exist for the past four years :
1. Kepolisian Resor Ngawi, Jawa Timur, menggagalkan upaya kepala sekolah sekaligus pengajar di salah satu SMK swasta di Kabupaten Ngawi dalam melakukan pencurian satu bendel soal mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia dalam ujian nasional. (www.kompas.com)
3. Kepala Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Garut, telah memberi instruksi untuk menyukseskan UN dengan cara-cara curang. Imam Taufik, guru SMAN 2 Garut mengungkapkan bahwa kecurangan telah terjadi sejak pelaksanaan UAN dua tahun lalu. Ia bahkan sempat diminta untuk ikut membetulkan jawaban yang diberikan siswa. Tahun ini, tutur Imam, kepala sekolah dikumpulkan di Pendopo Kabupaten setempat untuk --istilah mereka: "menyukseskan UN tanpa ekses". Menurut Imam, siswa SLTA di Garut hanya bertindak sebagai juru tulis dalam menjawab soal-soal UN karena yang sebenarnya mengerjakan soal UN adalah tiga pejabat di Garut. Hasilnya tingkat kelulusan UN di Garut tertinggi di Jawa Barat. Di tingkat SMP maupun SMA tingkat kelulusannya sampai 99 persen. Asep, guru SMK Negeri I di Garut, yang pernah mengawasi di beberapa sekolah mengatakan bahwa modus kecurangan itu terjadi di SMP maupun SLTA di Garut. Guru diberi nomor siswa yang ikut ujian, jawaban diberikan melalui sms, dan disebarkan pada semua siswa. Selain itu jawaban dibawa ke ruangan dan ada tim sukses yang membetulkan jawaban siswa atau menghapus jawaban yang sudah betul agar tidak betul seratus persen. "Tahun ini kejadiannya juga seperti itu," tutur Asep. (www.kompas.com) 4. Pengakuan tentang kecurangan dalam pelaksanaan UN juga
datang dari Medan, Cilegon, dan Jakarta. Werdianti, guru SMP Negeri 271 Jakarta Barat, mengungkapkan ia mendapati bocoran jawaban dari seorang siswa di sebuah sekolah yang ia awasi. . Kemudian dirinya mengambil lembar jawaban itu dan mencocokkan dengan soal. "Ternyata jawabannya benar.” Ketika ia melaporkan temuan itu justru diminta sekolah bersangkutan
untuk tidak memperpanjang masalah.
(www.tempointeraktif.com)
pengawas pada saat ujian," kata pengacara penggugat, Gatot. (www.tempointeraktif.com)
6. Kebocoran soal Ujian Nasional justru terjadi di SMAN 2 Tarogong, Garut. Guru dan kepala sekolah disekolah tersebut terbukti
memberikan jawaban soal ujian
bahasa Inggris dan Matematika yang dilakukan 10 menit menjelang akhir waktu ujian. "Mereka diberikan sanksi hukuman disiplin sesuai Peraturan Pemerintah No.30 Tahun 1980. Tahun depan, SMAN 2 Tarogong juga tidak lagi dijadikan Sub Rayon pada Ujian Nasional berikutnya," katanya. Selain itu, kebocoran juga terjadi di SMA PGRI 4 Ngawi, Jawa Timur. Modusnya, Kepala Sekolah SMA PGRI 4 mencuri naskah ujian nasional. Saat ini, menurutnya, departemen pendidikan nasional telah merekomendasikan agar kepala sekolah tersebut diusut oleh polisi. "Karena sudah tindak pidana," katanya (www.tempointeraktif.com)
7. Di Bengkulu, sebanyak 16 kepala sekolah, 9 guru fisika, dan satu orang pejabat dinas pendidikan setempat tertangkap basah sedang mengerjakan soal ujian Fisika Ahad lalu. Kunci jawaban belum sempat dibocorkan. (www.tempointeraktif.com)
8. Tim pemantau Federasi Guru Independen Indonesia Jawa Barat membuktikan kecurangan Ujian Nasional SMP di Kota Bandung. Puluhan siswa kedapatan menyalin jawaban ujian di sebuah warung. “Bukti foto dan video hari ini kami serahkan ke Polwiltabes Bandung,” kata Ketua FGII Jabar Ahmad Taufan, Rabu (29/4). (www.tempointeraktif.com)
dan keterlibatan pihak sekolah untuk membocorkan jawaban soal. "Di salah satu SMP swasta, kepala sekolah memberikan instruksi kepada guru," ungkap Denni. Keterangan dari siswa juga mengungkap adanya bisnis terselubung dalam pembocoran kunci jawaban. "Harga untuk jawaban empat mata pelajaran dijual berkisar Rp 4 juta hingga Rp 5 juta," aku Denni. Ke 16 rekaman bentuk kecurangan dan kertas kopekan yang ditemukan dalam kelas ujian, akan diserahkan kepada Gubernur Sumatera Utara Syamsul Arifin. "Bukti-bukti ini akan kita serahkan kepada Gubernur," ucap Denni. Menurutnya, kecurangan terjadi sebab tingkat kelulusan hasil try out baik SMP dan SMA hanya 40 persen. (www.tempointeraktif.com)
10. Berdasarkan laporan evaluasi sementara itu disebutkan, keterangan Polres dan barang bukti menyebutkan bahwa Kepala SMAN I Bengkulu Selatan telah mencuri sampul soal cadangan dan menyimpannya dalam kardus khusus. Setelah dilakukan cross check oleh Polres Bengkulu Selatan, ternyata rombongan oknum kepala sekolah sedang melakukan pembahasan jawaban soal-soal UN di Masjid SMAN I Bengkulu Selatan.Akibat kejadian itu, sebanyak 25 orang sudah diamankan di Mapolres Bengkulu Selatan berikut barang bukti berupa soal UN. Rombongan pembocor soal tersebut terdiri dari 10 Kepala Sekolah SMA Negeri, 4 Kepala SMA Swasta, 1 Kepala Sekolah Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN), seorang pejabat eselon III Dinas Pendidikan Pemudan dan Olahraga (Disdikpora), serta 9 orang guru. (www.kompas.com)
11.Kunci Jawaban Ujian di Jambi Diperjual-belikan (17 April 2007) Modusnya, pihak sekolah mencari beberapa orang murid, agar secara bersama-sama menyediakan uang dengan total kurang lebih Rp 5 juta. Sebagai imbalan, mereka dijanjikan akan diberi fotokopi kunci jawaban ujian. (www.tempointeraktif.com)
Diungkapkan pula modus operandi kecurangan yang beraneka ragam seperti; secara bersama-sama melakukan kecurangan dengan cara membantu memberikan jawaban soal UN kepada siswa (10 menit menjelang ujian berakhir), beredarnya kunci jawaban palsu, pengawasan ujian yang masih melibatkan guru mata pelajaran yang di-UN-kan, kelalaian pengawas yang tidak melarang peserta membawa dan menggunakan HP di ruang ujian, mengambil soal cadangan kemudian membagikan jawaban pada siswa, terjadi pencurian naskah UN seperti yang dilakukan oleh kepala SMA PGRI 4 Ngawi, dan masih banyak lagi modus yang tujuannya melepaskan anak dari “jerat” ketidaklulusan. (www.kompas.com)
Chapter III Literature Review
A. Business Ethics
Ethics is the discipline that examines one’s moral standards or the moral standards of a society.
Business Ethics is a specialized study of moral right and wrong. It concentrates on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organization, and behavior.
B. Moral Standards
Moral standards are the norms about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right and wrong as well as the values placed on the kinds of objects believed to be morally good and morally bad.
There are two prinsip of moral standards: 1. Consequentialist Principle:
Ethics konsep that focused on the consequences of making decision. Decision are ethics or not ethics are based on the consequences or the impact of that decision.
2. Nonconsequentialist Principle:
Consist of series of rules that used as guidance to make decision ethically and based on the reason not the consequences.
C. Ethical Theories
Ethical Theories searches for principles and guidance to make moral decisions in a variety of situation.
1. Hobbes‘s Self Interest
It serve the individual’s best interest if they behave at the best interest of other people
2. Mill’s Utilitarianism;
The act to deliver the greatest good for the greatest number of person.
Focus on individual rights and duties. Right or wrong of an action is based on the consequencess of that action.
4. Aristotle’s virtue ethics.
Incorporating the Mill’s and The Kant’s theory. developing individual rights along with the benefits of greatest number of people.
D. Five Types of Ethical Issues i. Bribery
Has been defined as “the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of something of value for the purpose of influencing the action of an official in the discharge of his or her public or legal duties. The item of value may be direct payment of money or property.
ii. Coercion
Coercion controls people by force or threat. It is defined as “compulsion; constraint; compelling by force or arms or threat … it may be actual, direct, or positive, as where physical force is used to compel action against one’s will,or implied,legal or constructive, as where one party is constrained by subjugation to another to do what his free will would refuse.
iii.Deception
Deception is “the act of deceiving; intentional misleading by falsehood spoken or acted… Knowingly and willingly making a false statement or representation, expressed or implied,pertaining to a present or past existing past.”
iv.Theft
Theft is the taking of something that does not belong to you. v. Unfair Discrimination
equally when no reasonable distinction can be found between those favored and those not favored.
E. Classification of ethics
1. Descriptive Ethics : object can be judge by attitude and behavior to chase the purpose of live based on heritage of culture on certain community.
2. Normative Ethics : the reference are on the ideal norm and morality that had been demanded by the community / majority (democratic)
3. Deontologi Ethics : the urge of obligation and necessity to do things right (drive,positive desire)
4. Teologi Ethics : a bad or good behavior are looked by the objective and the result had been caused.
5. Relativism Ethics : ethic that measured by the goodness of locality not global.
F. Legal Norm
Chapter IV Case Analysis
Fraudulance on Ujian Nasional (UN) which made by school authority are unethical. Because that behavior are against moral standard, that is honesty and against the law ( minister of education’s regulation number 77,78 and 82 Tahun 2008)
Why do the school authority do unethical behavior?
1. They thought that education discrepancy had force them to do this fraudulence. Government had raised the standard grade of graduation on UN without looked the real capability of all student in Indonesia. The teacher had been forced to produced smart student, meanwhile the facility on education are not sufficient.Even the school facility between city and village are not same, but they faced on the same standard grade. The different quality of education in Indonesia had been measured by the same instrument, that is UN. For the example, lot of school facility on the village in Indonesia, like school building are not proper, many of school building are collapse or like a shack/ bunkhouse, their condition are very poor. Many student had to study at frontyard of the school. Many of school don’t have enough teachers to teach the student. They lack of the teacher. Are the student that had been study on these kind of school must been measured/test with the same instrument with other student on the big city,like Jakarta, where their school had fully equipped with all the facility?
on UN are more high than before. For the example,last year a student from SMK 1, Waingapu, Sumba Timur,NTT, commit suicide, because for the 2nd time she don’t pass UN.
3. Each school are competing,they have ambition to reach the highest score on UN. They afraid, if many of their student don’t pass UN, the quality of their school are assume drop, and it will make they run out of new student, if this happen, the school can’t have enough money to run their school.
4. There are some forced from the local government (pemkot/pemkab), i.e. Kepala Dinas Pendidikan, because the number of nonpassed student will effected to the local government reputation (pemkot/pemkab).This condition cause any report about fraudulance on UN will be not responds from the local government. On the contrary if there anyone who dare to report about the fraudulence, he or she will become a victim, they will not be promoted, will be transfer to other section/region or even will be fired
5. School authority feels that all other school do the same fraudulence on UN like they do. So they feel that they not alone.
But from the Non Consequentialist Principle; what they do is not ethic, because what they do is against the rules. i.e. minister of education’s regulation number 77,78 and 82 Tahun 2008.
Maybe from the ethical theories, what they do are ethical if we use Kant’s ethic of duty theories. Because their act will be right based on the consequences of that action. On the short run their act will bring goodness for everyone, like the Consequentialist principle.
But if we used Mill’s Utilitarianism theories, what the school authority are not ethical, because what they do are not deliver the greatest good for the greatest number of person, because, what they do are not fair to other school that don’t do fraudulence on UN, and for the longrun, what they do to student will make the student in the real life think that cheating are right because their teacher had teached it to them. If this happen, it will not bring greatest good for the community in the future. The classification of ethics bring us to Teologi Ethics and Normative Ethics. From Teologi Ethic’s point of view, what the school authority do are right because the objective of their act are to help the student to pass UN, even the way is wrong (with fraudulence), but they think that they must do this because the government are not fair to give them ;the poor school; the same instrument/test with other student on the big city,like Jakarta, where their school had fully equipped with all the facility.
On the contrary, based on Normative ethics, what the school authority do are not right, because even the objective is to bring goodness for the student in the short run, but fraudulence on UN still against ideal norm and morality that had been demanded by the majority (democratic) especially to the law.
What kind of ethical issues that they do?
There are some forced from the local government (pemkot/pemkab), i.e. Kepala Dinas Pendidikan, to the school authority, to do fraudulence on UN, because the number of nonpassed student will effected to the local government reputation (pemkot/pemkab).
2. Deception
The school authority has delude, mislead and lied to government and to all Indonesian People about their student’s real capability on UN.
3. Theft
The school authority had steal some UN problem sheet to know the problem first,and then they find the right answer and give it the answer to the student. So the student can write the right answer on the day of UN had been held.
4. Bribery
The student had to pay to the school authority if they want the answer key of UN. This case happen in 2007 on Jambi.
SWOT Analysis Strength :
- The number of student that pass UN are very high
- On the contrary the number of stressful student because they didn’t pass UN are very low
Weakness :
- The students will depend on the cheating sheet that their teacher give to them, this will cause they will not study for UN, because they have know that their teacher will help them with the right answer in the cheating sheet.
fraudulence, so the student will think that fraudulence is a good and usual think to do in life.
- Because of the school authority often helped their students for cheating, so the teacher will loose his/her competency to teach, because they know that even they don’t teaching well, the student will pass UN.
Oportunity :
- If the amount of student that pass UN are high, many new student will come to study at this school. Because they think this school is good.
- The teacher will have an income from their cheeting sheet, if they sold it to the students.
Threat:
- If their act detected to the authority, like police officer, they will get the punishment, the form of punishment could be skorsing, fired or even go to jail.
Chapter V Summary
Education is a media of glorification to human being through increase the intelligence. Because of that we must keep the purity of education. We can’t do some filthiness, like cheating on an exam, especially if the teacher itself that do that kind of filthiness.
Pass on Ujian Nasional (UN) must been some proud for all the people; the student, teacher and the parents. But permitted bad ways will not give a bless to the people who do that.
UN are still important as a tool to measure the improvement of education in Indonesia, but may be we must considered not to use UN as requirement to go to the next higher grade, except if the government have made all the facility and resources on education is equal in every school in Indonesia.
Because of that we need business ethics on every organization including in school, there are seven reason,why we need business ethics in school :
1. The school that violate the ethics will lost students and other stakeholders,because bad image will quickly spread on the community. i.e: ethics violation will be blow up in media, Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat, etc.
2. The school authority will be sue to something that make adverse consequences to the community, because the school authority had take the advantage from the community.
3. The school need community support, so it need to fulfill ethics standard.
5. Business ethics will protect the school from the employee and competitor that have diverge behavior.
6. Business ethics will bring nice feeling on the teacher, the employee, the parents and the student, because they feel that they are had been protected from manajemen behavior that will harm them. Employee activity will be smooth so the productivity will increase.
