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Cerita asal-usul merupakan cerita tentang asal atas ceita asal-usul dunia binatang, cerita asal-usul dunia tumbuhan, dan cerita asal-usul terjadinya
BAHASA INGGRIS
BAB 1
TENSES
Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja (verb) karena perubahan waktu dan sifat kejadian tertentu pada suatu konteks kalimat.
A. PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V1 / Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/ Adverb (A)
(─) S + don’t/doesn’t + V1 + C/O/A (? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + C (─) S + be (is, am, are) + not + C (? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C? Keterangan:
• Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja.
• Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata kerja.
• Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they.
• Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it.
• Am dipakai untuk subjek: I
• Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it
• Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I go to school everyday.
(─) I don’t go to school everyday. (? ) Do you go to school everyday? Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is hungry. (─) She is not hungry. (? ) Is she hungry?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan (ditandai dengan
keterangan frekuensi: everyday, usually, every, always, never, once, twice, dll). Contoh: They visit me everyday. b. Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum.
Contoh: The world is round.
c. Untuk menunjukkan keadaan pada waktu sekarang (factual state). Contoh: I want a glass of cofee.
2. Present Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing + C/O/A (─) S + be (is, am, are) + not V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + being + C (─) S + be (is, am, are) + not being + C (? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + being + C? Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is being very sad right now. (─) She is not being very sad right now. (? ) Is she being very sad right now?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/perisiwa yang sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan).
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this moment, look!, right now, at present, listen!
Contoh: He is reading an English text now.
b. Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh:
The populaion of the world is rising very fast.
3. Present Perfect Tense Kalimat Verbal:
berhubungan dengan sekarang. Keterangan waktu: already, just, yet, since, for, lately, these weeks/month, so far, ill now, recently. Contoh: They have been here since 2 o’clock.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: lampau dan masih dikerjakan sampai saat ini.
- Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: for, all this morning, since, the whole day.
Contoh: He hasbeen wriing a leter for 1 hour.
B. FUTURE TENSES
1. Simple Future Tense Kalimat Verbal:
b. Untuk menunjukkan perisiwa yang akan terjadi apabila syarat perisiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will ind many foreign tourists when you come to Bali.
Contoh:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow
at ... o ‘clock, this ime tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be
visiing my girlfriendtomorrow at 3 o’clock.
3. Future Perfect Tense Kalimat Verbal:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan telah diselesaikan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: by the ime,
by the end of, in 3 weeks/ years/ months for, ater/ before +
S + V1ater/ before + S +V1.
Contoh: will have been visited my girlfriendby this ime next week.
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: masih akan berlanjut pada saat perisiwa lain terjadi di waktu
mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the ime, by the end
of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before
she arrives.
C. PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past Tense Kalimat Verbal:
Untuk menyatakan perisiwa yang terjadi pada waktu
lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday, in 1973, the day before yesterday.
2. Past Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + V-ing + C/O/A (─) S + be (was, were) not + V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Be (was,were) + S + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + being + C (─) S + be (was, were) not + being + C (? ) Be (was,were) + S + being + C?
Contoh: Kalimat verbal:
(+) I was sleeping when she arrived. (─) I was not sleeping when she arrived.
(? ) Were you sleeping when she came yesterday? Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was being at home when her father died. (─) She was not being at home when her father died. (? ) Were you being at home when your father died?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan kegiatan atau perisiwa yang sedang
berlangsung pada masa lampau.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: when, as, while.
Contoh:
- John was reading a book when I came.
- John was being at home while I was reading. 3. Past Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + V3 + C/O/A (─) S + had not + V3 + C/O/A (? ) Had + S + V3 + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal : (+) S + had + been + C (─) S + had not + been + C (? ) Had + S + been + C? Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her. (─) I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her. (? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her? Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news. (─) He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news. (? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan
pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh perisiwa lain
yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu: for ... ,
when/ater/before + S + V2 , ater/before + S + V2
Contoh: Johny had studied English for 2 hoursbefore I came.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing + C/O/A (─) S + had not + been + V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Had + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + had + been + being + C (─) S + had not + been + being + C (? ) Had + S + been + being + C? Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to
Italy.
(─) I had not been living in London for 2 years before I
moved to Italy.
(? ) Had you been living in London for 2 years before you moved to Italy?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been being famous before he won the singing compeiion.
(─) He had not been being famous before he won the singing compeiion.
(? ) Had he been being famous before he won the singing compeiion?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih dikerjakan pada saat kejadian lain terjadi di waktu lampau.Tenses ini juga
ditandai oleh perisiwa lain yang terjadi pada masa lampau.
Adverb pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan bentuk Present Perfect Tense.
Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/ater/before + S + V2 , ater/
before + S + V2 Contoh:
- Johny had been studying English for 2 hours before I
came.
BAB 2
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Condiional sentence (kalimat bersyarat) adalah kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung syarat. Alat yang digunakan sebagai syarat melipui: if (jika), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condiion that (dengan syarat), dan susunan inversi.
A. STRUKTUR KALIMAT BERSYARAT
Condiional terdiri dari dua klausa: if clause (anak kalimat)dan main clause (induk kalimat).
TIPE TENSE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE FAKTA
1 PRESENT If + S + V
I S + will + VI FUTURE
2 PAST If + S + V2 S + would + VI PRESENT
3 PAST PERFECT If + S + had + V3 S + would have + V3 PAST Keterangan:
1. Tipe 1 merupakan pengandaian yang kemungkinan akan
terjadi. Tipe 2 dan 3 merupakan pengandaian yang idak mungkin terjadi. Fakta untuk ipe 2 adalah present (idak
terjadi di waktu sekarang) dan untuk ipe 3 adalah past
(idak terjadi di waktu lampau).
2. To be yang digunakan untuk semua subyek dengan Past Tense adalah ‘were’.
3. Letak If Clause idak selalu di depan Main Clause. Salah satu dari klausa tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan. Apabila anak kalimat berada di depan induk kalimat, dalam tata tulis menggunakan koma setelah anak kalimat
(If Clause).
Contoh:
1. If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (It is possible that he will pass the exam)
2. If he studied hard, he would pass the exam. (He doesn’t study, so he doesn’t pass the exam)
3. If he had studied, he would have passed the exam. (He didn’t study, so he didn’t pass the exam)
Untuk mencari fakta no. 2 dan 3, kita bisa memakai RUMUS PRAKTIS berikut. Perhaikan!
PENGANDAIAN FAKTA
V1 Possibility (will + V1)
V2/were V
1/is, am, are
Had V3 V2/was, were
Kalimat Negaif (-) Kalimat Posiif (+) Kalimat Posiif (+) Kalimat Negaif(-) Contoh:
PENGANDAIAN
If he studied he would pass the exam. (V2 (+)) If he had studied he would have passed the exam.
(Had V(+))
FAKTA
He doesn’t study so he doesn’t pass the exam. (VI (-)) He didn’t study so he didn’t pass the exam. (V2 (-))
Keterangan:
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 2 dalam bentuk posiif V2
(studied), maka fakta harus bentuk negaif VI (doesn’t study).
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 3 dalam bentuk posiif had V3
(had studied), maka fakta harus negaif V2 (didn’t study).
B. BENTUK INVERSI/SUSUN BALIK
Tipe 1 diawali dengan should, ipe 2 diawali dengan were, dan ipe 3 diawali dengan had.
Contoh:
Tipe Noninversi
1
2
3
If you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her house.
If the weather were ine now, we would go swimming.
If he had ridden his bike fast, he would not
have been late to school.
Tipe Inversi
1
2
3
Should you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her house.
Were the weather ine now, we would go swimming.
Had he ridden his bike fast, he would not
BAB 3
SUBJUNCTIVE AND CAUSATIVE
A. SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjuncive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemu-kakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi.Kalimat subjuncive menggunakan penanda pengandaian, yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka).
1. Present Subjunctive
a. Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 + Past (V2/were)
b. If only + Subject + Past (V2/were)
c. Subject 1 + Present (V1) + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Past (V2/were)
Contoh:
I wish I were a doctor.
(Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya saya bukan seorang dokter/I am not a doctor)). 2. Past Subjunctive
a. Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfect
b. If only + Subject + Past Perfect
c. Subject1 + Past (V2) + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Past Perfect
Contoh:
I wish I had typed a leter.
(Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengeik sebuah surat (Kenyataannya saya idak mengeik sebuah surat (lampau)/I didn’t type a leter).
Keterangan:
Untuk to be Past Subjuncive harus selalu ‘were’ apapun subjeknya, idak boleh ‘was’
RUMUS PRAKTIS
PENGANDAIAN FAKTA
Would/could V1 Possibility (will + V1)
V2/were V
1/is/am/are
Had V3 V2
Kalimat Negaif(-) Kalimat Posiif (+) Kalimat Posiif (+) Kalimat Negaif(-) Keterangan:
Perubahan fakta ke pengandaian sama persis dengan rumus condiional.
Contoh: I wish she had come. Means: She didn’t come.
B. CAUSATIVE
Causaive adalah penggunaan kata kerja-kata kerja tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris yang bermakna menyuruh orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu, entah karena subyek merasa idak sanggup mengerjakan sendiri atau ingin agar orang lain mengerjakannya. Causaive yang umum dikenal adalah have dan get.
1. Untuk Obyek Aktif (Manusia) a. Rumus:
S + has/have/had + obyek akif (manusia) + V1 Berari:S + ask/asked + obyek akif (orang) + to + V1 Contoh:
I have John wash my car.
Berari: I ask John to wash my car.
b. Rumus
S + get/got/goten + obyek akif (manusia) + to + V1 Berari: S + ask/asked + obyek akif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:
I get John to wash my car. Berari: I ask John to wash my car. 2. Untuk Obyek Pasif (Benda)
Rumus:
S + has/have/had /get/got/goten + O pasif (benda) + V3
Berari:S + ask/asked + someone/somebody + to + V1 + O
Contoh:
I have/get my car washed (by John).
Berari: I ask some one/some body (John)to wash my car.
Keterangan:
- Bila have diikui obyek akif (orang), verb yang mengikui adalah V1 .
- Bila get diikui obyek akif (orang), verb yang mengikui adalah toV1 .
Subjuncive merupakan suatu kalimat yang
mengemu-subjuncive
(berharap), (seandainya saja), (seolah-olah), (lebih suka).
a. Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 + Past (V2/were)
b. If only + Subject + Past (V2/were)
c. Subject 1 + Present (V ) + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Past (V2/were)
(Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya )).
a. Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfect
b. If only + Subject + Past Perfect
c. Subject1 + Past (V2) + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Past Perfect
I wish I had typed a leter
(Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengeik sebuah surat (Kenyataannya saya idak mengeik sebuah surat (lampau)/I didn’t type a leter).
Past Subjuncive ’ apapun subjeknya, idak boleh ‘
Would/could V Possibility (will + V )
2
2
Kalimat Negaif(-) Kalimat Posiif (+) Kalimat Posiif (+) Kalimat Negaif(-)
condiional.
She didn’t come.
BAB 4
TO INFINITIVE AND GERUND
A. TO INFINITIVE
Bentuk kata kerja simple (V1) dengan awalan to.
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No Penggunaan Contoh
1 Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk menyatakan keharusan.
The students are to do the school assignment.
2 Sebagai subject. To study hard makes us clever.
3 Menerangkan tujuan.
Rumus: alasan + to ininiive (tujuan)
He comes here to meet me alasan tujuan 4 Sebagai verb setelah obyek pelaku. Doni asked me to go with him. 5 Menerangkan noun/kata benda.
Rumus: (kalimat) + N + to ininiive
I need a glass of milk to drink.
6 Menerangkan adjecive/kata sifat.
Rumus: (kalimat) + Adj + to ininiive
English is easy to learn.
7 Setelah Adjecive/kata sifat. Dedi is too young to run the business. 8 Mengikui verb tertentu, berfungsi sebagai obyek
kata kerja atau komplemen obyek.
Rumus: S + V tertentu + (O) + to ininiive
Verb tertentu yang diikui to ininiive:
Ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope, intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need, propose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like, tell, teach, urge, dll.
I want to go. I want you to go. She expects me to study.
B. GERUND
Ving yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No Penggunaan Contoh
1 Sebagai subyek (S (gerund)+ V + O). Swimming is my hobby. 2 Sebagai obyek (S + V + O (gerund)). I like swimming.
3 Sebagai pelengkap (complement). His job is working on the ield. 4 Mengikui preposisi / kata depan.
Preposisi: in, on, at, of, for, from, by, with, without, ater, before
He is good at speaking English.
5 Possessive pronoun + gerund.
Keterangan: Possessive Pronoun (kata gani kepunyaan): my, his, her, their, your, our, John ‘s.
6 Mengikui preposiional object Preposisi to berikut ini diikui gerund: - to be used to: terbiasa
- to be accustomed to: terbiasa - object to: keberatan
- look forward to: menani/ ingin sekali - to take to: senang
- confess to: mengakui
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Catatan khusus:
Apa bedanya used to dan to be used to?
Jawabannya adalah:
1. used to + V1: kebiasaan lampau.
2. to be used to + gerund: kebiasaan hingga sekarang.
Contoh:
I used to play soccer. (sekarang sudah idak lagi)
I am used to playing soccer. (sampai sekarang
masih dilakukan)
7 Membentuk noun phrase (frase kata benda): Ving + Noun swimming pool (kolam untuk berenang), walking sick (tongkat untuk berjalan)
(bedakan dengan frase kata benda acive pariciple)
8 Mengikui verb (kata kerja) tertentu: (V tertentu + gerund)
Keterangan: verb tertentu yang diikui gerund: avoid, admit, appreciate, anicipate, coninue, consider, deny, detest, delay, enjoy,escape, excuse, inish, forgive, fancy, imagine, keep, mind, postpone,pracice, prevent, quit, risk, resist, suggest.
He enjoys smoking.
I avoid answering my quesion.
9 Digunakan setelah frase berikut: Can’t help/stand (idak tahan), no use (idak ada gunanya)
It is no use waiing for her. 10 Sebagai obyek kata kerja: need/want/require (perlu) dan
kata sifat worth (layak) dengan makna pasif.
I have seen the ilm. I think it is worth seeing.
11 Kata kerja yang bisa diikui Ving atau to V1
a. Tidak ada perbedaan makna: advise, begin, coninue, dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start.
b. Ada perbedaan makna:
S + forget/remember/stop/regret + Ving: pekerjaannya sudah dilakukan
S + forget/remember/stop/regret + to V1: pekerjaannya belum dilakukan
- I forget giving her a leter. (lupa telah memberi) I forget to give her a leter. (lupa belum memberi) - I stop smoking .
(berheni dari kebiasaan merokok) I stop to smoke.
(berheni dari melakukan suatu pekerjaan untuk merokok)
C. PERBEDAAN ‘GERUND’ DAN ‘ACTIVE PARTICIPLE’ 1. Modiiers of Noun
- a swimming pool (Gerund/Kolam untuk berenang) a swimming child (Pariciple/Anak yang sedang berenang) - a walking sick (Gerund/Tongkat untuk berjalan)
a walking girl (Pariciple/Gadis yang sedang berjalan) Keterangan :
2. Sentence Pattern
- Walking in the jungle makes the young man happy. (Gerund) Walking in the jungle, the young man felt happy. (Pariciple) - Studying with teachers can solve the problem. (Gerund)
Studying with teachers, she can solve the problem. (pariciple) Keterangan:
Kalau setelah bentuk ‘ing’, idak ada ‘koma’, berari kalimat tersebut belum mempunyai ‘Subject’, sehingga bentuk ‘ing’ tersebut berfungsi sebagai ‘subject’ dan berbentuk Gerund, kalau ada ‘koma’, berari kalimat tersebut sudah mempunyai ‘Subject’ dan berbentuk ‘Pariciple’.
BAB 5
ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
Kata kerja (verb) dapat memiliki bentuk yang bermacam-macam, yaitu: Ininiive (V1), To ininiive (To V1), Past (V2), Past Pariciple (V3),dan Present Pariciple (V-ing). Present pariciple (V-ing) menunjuk kegiatan akif sedangkan Past Pariciple (V3 ) menunjuk kegiatan pasif. A. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat V-ing S + P ...
Having + V3 Keterangan:
V
-ing dan Having V3yang diletakkan di awal kalimat
mengandung iga makna: a. kejadian sebab-akibat b. kejadian berurutan c. kejadian bersamaan Contoh:
- Sebab-akibat: Studying, he passed the test (He passed the test because/as/for, since he studied)
- Berurutan: Having opened the drawer, I take the gun (Ater I have opened the drawer, I take the gun)
- Bersamaan: Studying, he watches the TV (While he is studying he watches the TV) 2. Apabila Subyek Melakukan Dua Pekerjaan pada
Saat yang Sama S + V + V-ing + Object
Contoh: He runs kicking the ball
3. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja
S + Verb panca indera + orang + V-ing
Keterangan:
- V-ingmengikui Verb panca indera seperi: see, noice, observe, watch ,ind, smell, listen, hear, feel. Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the boy trying to get on the roof.
- Jika diikui V1, perisiwanya lengkap dari awal hingga akhir. Jika diikui V-ing, perisiwanya tak lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan.
4. Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sambung dalam Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative Pronoun
(kalimat) + N + V-ing
Contoh:
Kalimat 1: I meet the girl Kalimat 2: She smiles Gabungan kalimatnya:
1. I meet the girl who smiles. (relaive pronoun) 2. I meet the girl smiling. (acive pariciple) 5. Membentuk Noun Phrase (Frase Kata Benda)
Noun Phrase : V-ing + N
Contoh: I meet the smiling girl (noun phrase) B. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas. 1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat
V3 + S + P ... Having + been + V3
V3 dan Having been V3yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung iga makna:
a. kejadian sebab-akibat b. kejadian berurutan c. kejadian bersamaan Contoh:
• Sebab-akibat: Surrounded by mountain, the city has a cool climate.
(Because/as/since the city is surrounded by mountain, the city has a cool climate). • Berurutan: Having been beaten by Joko, Joni
became a polite man.
(Ater Joni had been beaten by Joko, he became a polite man.)
• Bersamaan: Studied, he watched the movie (While he is studying he watches the movie) 2. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi
S + V panca indera + benda + being V3
Keterangan:
V3 mengikui verb panca indera jika obyeknya adalah obyek pasif (benda).
Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the roof being tried to get on.
3. Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan Menggunakan Relative Pronoun
(kalimat) + N + V3
Keterangan: Dalam kalimat V
3 berfungsi menerangkan Noun
(kata benda) mengacu ari yang di-. Contoh:
The book is good
The book is writen by Mr. Covey Gabungan kalimatnya:
1. The book which is writen by Mr. Covey is good
2. The book writen by Mr. Covey is good (passive pariciple)
4. Membentuk Frase KB (Kata Benda) V3 + N = yang di / ter
Contoh:
- The ired boy (anak lelaki yang lelah)
- Hidden treasure (harta karun yang terpendam) - Writen story (cerita yang tertulis)
BAB 6
DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
A. DIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kuipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kuip dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital.
B. INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech adalah kalimat idak langsung/ bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/ pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modiikasi tertentu. Terdapat iga jenis Indirect Speech:
1. Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/ statement)
a. Direct : He says: ‘I go to school everyday.’ Indirect : He says that he goes to school
everyday.
b. Direct : Doni said: ‘I am doing my job here now.’
Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job there then.
Doni said that he was doing his job there then told
Catatan:
- Kedua bentuk mempunyai ari yang sama. - Kalau induk kalimatnya present, anak
kalimat-nya idak ada perubahan tenses, yang ber-ubah hanya kata gani (pronoun) dan kata keterangan (adverbial).(Lihat contoh a) - Kalau induk kalimatnya past, anak kalimatnya
ada perubahan tenses, pronoun, dan adverbial. (Lihat contoh b)
2. Kalimat Perintah (imperative/command/request) a. Posiive Imperaive
Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kuipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. selalu diapit oleh tanda kuip
Indirect speech adalah kalimat idak langsung/ bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/ pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modiikasi tertentu. Terdapat iga jenis Indirect Speech:
a. Direct : He says: ‘ school everyday.’
3. Kalimat Tanya (interogative/question) a. Tanpa kata tanya
Direct : Doni asked: ‘Do you know Stephen Covey?’
Kalimat tanya tanpa kata dapat dijawab: ‘Yes, I do’ atau ‘No, I don’t’.
b. Dengan kata tanya
Direct : Doni asked: Who is Stephen Covey?’ Indirect : Doni asked who Stephen Covey is.
Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense
Present Coninuous Tense Past Coninuous Tense Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense Present Perfect
Coninuous Tense
Past Perfect Coninuous
Tense
Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense
Past Coninuous Tense Past Perfect Coninuous
Tense
Simple Future Tense Past Future Tense
Future Coninuous Tense Past Future Coninuous
Tense
Future Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Coninuous
Tense Past Future Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense Past Perfect Future Tense
Past Future Coninuous
Tomorrow The next dayThe day ater
The following day
BAB 7
DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
Dependent-independent clause adalah kalimat majemuk yang terdiri dari induk kalimat sebagai independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri).
POLA KALIMAT
Independent Clause +
Quesion word/that/if/whether + S + V/auxiliary Dependent clause
Keterangan:
- Quesion word/kata tanya: what, when, whom, which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb. - That
- If atau whether (Yes/No Quesion)
Contoh-contoh verb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai
verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan
Dependent-independent Clause:
be afraid expect explain
hope to be learn
agree teach be worried
sorry believe tell
ask decide hope
feel learn think
promise say see
show suppose understand
guess hear imagine
know remember wonder
Contoh:
1. Diawali kata tanya
I don’t know where he comes from.
- I don’t know = induk kalimat/main clause/ independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) - where he comes from = anak kalimat/
dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri) 2. Diawali ‘that’
You hope that Joni will come with me tonight. - You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) - that Joni will come with me tonight = anak
kalimat/dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri)
3. Diawali ‘if/whether’
I don’t know if/whether she can come on ime. - I don’t know = induk kalimat/Main clause/
Independent Clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) - if/ whether she can come on ime = anak
kalimat/Dependent Clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri)
Aturan-aturan Bentuk Kalimat Dependent-independent Clause
1. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat dalam bentuk Present Tense atau Future Tense maka tense untuk anak kalimat bisa dalam bentuk tense apa pun. Contoh: You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
2. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat Past Tense maka tense untuk anak kalimat juga harus dalam bentuk Past Tense. Contoh: You hoped that Joni would come with me tonight. 3. Susunan anak kalimat/dependent clause harus
selalu dalam bentuk airmaive/pernyataan. 4. Untuk bentuk negaif dan interrogaif, yang
berubah hanya induk kalimatnya saja. Contoh:
- Kalimat posiif: You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
- Kalimat negaif: You do not hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
(dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai (idak dapat berdiri sendiri).
- Quesion word/kata tanya:
- If atau whether (Yes/No Quesion)
Contoh-contoh
be afraid expect explain
agree teach be worried
ask decide hope
I don’t know he comes from.
kalimat/main clause/ independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri) You hope Joni will come with me tonight.
kalimat/main clause/ independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) kalimat/dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri)
BAB 8
PASSIVE VOICE
A. POLA KALIMAT PASIF Pola Dasar: S + to be + V3
Pola Coninuous: S + to be + being + V3
Pola Perfect: S + have/has/had + been + V3
Pola Future: S + will/shall/would/should + be + V3
B. POLA PERUBAHAN KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI KALIMAT PASIF
1. Pola Dasar
S + V + O
S + to be V3 + by ____
Akif
Pasif
Contoh:
Akif: John bites Mary. Pasif: Mary is biten by John.
2. Pola Continuous
Pasif
Akif S + to be Ving + O
S + to be being V3 + by ___ Contoh:
Akif: John is biing Mary.
Pasif: Mary is being biten by John. 3. Pola Perfect
Akif
Pasif
S + to be (has/hav/had) V3 + O
S + to be (has/hav/had) been V3 + by ___ Contoh:
Akif: John has biten Mary.
Pasif: Mary has been biten by John.
4. Pola Future
Pasif
Akif
S + modal (will,shall,dll) V + OS + modal (will/shall,dll) be V3 + by ___ Contoh:
Akif: John will bite Mary. Pasif: Mary will be biten by John.
Keterangan:
Untuk mengubah kalimat akif menjadi kalimat pasif adalah sebagai berikut.
a. Tense kalimat pasif sama dengan tense kalimat akif.
b. Subjek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari objek kalimat akif.
c. Objek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari subjek kalimat akif.
d. Verb/kata kerja dalam kalimat akif berubah menjadi to be + V3atau to be + being + V3.
C. PASIF UNIK need
S + want + Ving require
need
S + want + tobe V3 require
atau
Contoh:
BAB 9
CONJUNCTION
Conjuncion adalah kata sambung/penghubung atau kelompok kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua kata, frase, atau kalimat. Dalam penggunaannya diperlukan pemahaman konteks kalimat dan ari dari conjuncion-nya. Macam-macam kata hubung ada dua, yaitu coordinaive conjuncion dan subordinaive conjuncion.
A. Coordinative Conjunction
Konjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara.
1. Correlative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan dengan konjungsi lain.
a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... . Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in London now.
b. Either... or... = baik... atau... .
Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus or by motorcycle.
c. Neither... nor... = idak... maupun... . Contoh: He has neither food nor water. d. Not only... but also... = idak hanya... tetapi
juga... .
Contoh: She has not only a big house but also a wide garden.
2. Conjunctive Adverb
Conjuncive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat. a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun
Contoh: She doesn’t earn much; however, he can send his children to college.
b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result = oleh karena itu
Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she is promoted to a manager of the company. c. Thus = dengan demikian
Contoh: The girl is very beauiful; thus, she is liked by the boys.
d. Besides, in addiion = di samping itu
Contoh: She is clever; in addiion, she is rich. e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula
Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he was very polite.
B. Subordinative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang menghubungkan klausa yang idak setara.
1. Keterangan Sebab
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: as, since, because, because of, due to, on account of the fact that, owing to the fact that... = karena.
Contoh:
a. She is absent because/as/for/since he is sick. kalimat b. She is sick due to/because of the cold weather.
noun
2. Keterangan Pertentangan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of = meskipun/ walaupun.
Contoh: He is happy although he has no money at all.
3. Keterangan Syarat
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: if (jika, seandainya), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condiion that (dengan syarat), as long as (selama), otherwise (jika idak).
Contoh: I will give the money if you work for me.
4. Keterangan Waktu
Menggunakan konjungsi: when/as/while (keika), since (sejak), ater (setelah), before (sebelum), as soon as (segera setelah), in the mean ime (sementara itu), ill/unil (sampai).
Contoh: She has been living here since 1980.
5. Keterangan Akibat dan Tujuan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: so that (sehingga), so...that (sangat... sehingga), such... that (sangat... sehingga), in order that (agar, supaya).
Contoh: They studied hard in order that they passed the exam.
6. Keterangan Perbandingan dan Cara
Menggunakan konjungsi: as if, as though (seolah-olah), as (sebagaimana), as...as (se.../ sama...), than (daripada).
Conjuncion
kalimat dan ari dari conjuncion-nya. Macam-macam coordinaive conjuncion dan subordinaive conjuncion.
London now.
Contoh: You can go to the market by motorcycle.
c. Neither... nor... = idak... maupun... .
d. Not only... but also... = idak hanya... tetapi
Conjuncive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang
Contoh: She doesn’t earn much; can send his children to college.
b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result = Contoh: She always works hard;
is promoted to a manager of the company. c. Thus = dengan demikian
Contoh: The girl is very beauiful; d. Besides, in addiion = di samping itu
Contoh: She is clever; in addiion, she is rich. Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he
BAB 10
MODALS
Modal sering disebut juga sebagai auxiliary karena fungsinya dalam kalimat adalah sebagai kata kerja bantu. A. MODAL PRESENT
Rumus: S + MODAL (will, shall, must, may, ought to, can) + V1
Modal Fungsi Contoh
Will (to be going to)
= akan
menyatakan perisiwa yang akan datang He will arrive tomorrow
menyatakan permintaan sopan Will you open the door, please?
Shall = akan
menyatakan perisiwa yang akan datang We shall leave here next month.
menyatakan persetujuan Shall I open the door?
menyatakan keputusan yang harus
dilaksanakan You shall open the door now!
Must (has/have to) = harus, pasi
keharusan (idak boleh idak dikerjakan) You must study hard.
kesimpulan sekarang (present) He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must
speak English well. May
= mungkin, boleh
kemungkinan sekarang (present) He is absent. He maybe sick.
ijin MayI go now?
Ought to
= seharusnya menyatakan keharusan
You ought to pracice a lot before the compeiion.
Can
= dapat, mampu
kemampuan I cansing.
menyatakan kebolehan/ijin CanI borrow your car?
B. MODAL PAST
Rumus: S + MODAL PAST (would, should, must/had to, might, could) + V1
Modal past Keterangan Fungsi Contoh
Would = akan
bentuk past
dari will menyatakan permintaan sopan
Would you like to open the door,
please?
Should = akan
bentuk past dari will
menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya
dikerjakan/idak dikerjakan
The man should not swim in that
dangerous beach.
keharusan (idak boleh idak dikerjakan) You class yesterdaymust/had to study in biology
.
kesimpulan sekarang (present) He has been living in USA for 10
years. He must speak English well. Might
= mungkin, boleh
bentuk past dari may
menyatakan ungkapan yang lebih sopan Joni might do the exam well.
menyatakan kemungkinan besar Ariel was absent yesterday. He might be sick.
Could
= dapat, mampu
bentuk past
dari can
menyatakan permintaan yang lebih sopan Could you open the door please?
C. MODAL PERFECT
Rumus: S + MODAL (must, might, should, could) + have + V3
Modal past Fungsi Contoh
Must have + V3 kesimpulan lampau Anto passed the exam. He must have studied.
Might have + V3 kemungkinan lampau Anto was absent. He might have been sick.
Should have + V3
keharusan yang tak dikerjakan pada waktu lampau
Contoh: Anto didn’t pass. He should have studied.
Fakta berlawanan ari: He didn’t study.
kesimpulan sekarang (present) He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak
English well.
Could have + V3 kemampuan yang tak digunakan di
waktu lampau
Anto could have done the homework himself.
Fakta berlawanan ari: He didn’t do the homework
himself.
BAB 11
CONCORD AND AGREEMENT
Concord merupakan pola persesuaian (agreement) antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga persesuaian antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya (word agreement).
- Apabila subyek singular (tunggal), maka verb/ auxiliary tunggal.
- Apabila subyek plural (jamak), maka verb/auxiliary jamak.
Contoh:
He comes there; T T
Theycomethere. J J
ATURAN-ATURAN DALAM CONCORD
1. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung-kan preposisi/kata depan of, in, on, at, maka verb yang mengikui bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal bergantung noun di depan preposisi.
Contoh:
- Diferent interpretaions on the same event by various newspapers make readers confused and angry.
- A period of eight hours is not enough to inish this assignment.
2. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung-kan oleh together with, accompanied by, dan as well as, a long with bisa diikui verb jamak maupun tunggal, tergantung noun depan.
Contoh:
- The minister together with the wives and children atends the meeing.
- The ministers together with the wives and children atend the meeing.
3. Bila subyek: the number of + verb tunggal. Contoh: The number of students does the exam.
4. Bila subyek: a number of + verb jamak. Contoh: A number of students do the exam.
5. Bila subyek: everyone, everybody, somebody, someone, something, no one/none, nothing, no body, anyone, anybody, anything + verb tunggal maka kata gani jamak.
Keterangan: kata-kata di atas diikui oleh verb tunggal tetapi kata ganinya jamak.
Contoh:
- Everyone likes her. They are happy. - Nobody knowstheir faults.
6. Bila subyek: each of, each, every, neither/neither of, one of, either/either of + verb tunggal.
Contoh: Each of students studies hard.
7. Bila subyek menyatakan jumlah jarak, waktu, uang, berat, volume + verb tunggal
Contoh:
- One hundred dollars is expensivefor this hat. - Twohours is not enough to do the test. 8. Bila subyek: benda-benda sepasang seperi shoes,
merupakan pola persesuaian ( ) antara subyek ( ) dengan kata kerja ( ) atau kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga
( ).
(tunggal), maka auxiliary
(jamak), maka verb/auxiliary
yang mengikui bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal
- Diferent interpretaions
readers confused not enough to inish 2. Bila subyek mempunyai dua
bisa diikui
9. Bila subyek: gerund dan kata benda yang dianggap abstrak + verb tunggal. Contoh: Swimming is her hobby.
10. Bila subyek: judul buku, cerita, ilm + verb tunggal. Contoh: Romeo and Juliet is a good story.
11. Bila subyek: benda-benda berbentuk jamak berikut ini diikui verb tunggal: billiards, dominos, cards + verb tunggal. Contoh: Billiards is an interesing game.
12. Kata benda kolekif berikut bisa diikui verb tunggal maupun jamak: team, staf, family, jury, village. Dianggap tunggal bila dilihat kesatuannya. Dianggap jamak bila diiikberatkan pada anggota-anggotanya.
Contoh:
- The staf is slim. It is composed of ive members. (mengacu pada kesatuannya) - The staf are strong. They are always ready
to join the compeiion. (mengacu pada anggota-anggotanya/bermakna orang) 13. Kesesuaian antara pronoun (kata gani) dengan
antecedent (kata atau bagian kalimat yang mendahului kata gani).
Contoh:
- John loves his daughter very much. (his: John) - Stephen and Sandra love their children. (their:
Stephen and Sandra).
14. Bila kata ‘either’ diikui oleh ‘or’ dan ‘neither’ diikui oleh ‘nor’, maka kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya mungkin tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ tunggal atau jamak. Kalaupun kata ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ berdiri sendiri verb/ auxiliary-nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah ‘or’ atau’nor’.
Contoh:
- Neither Novi nor Vivi is going to class today. - Either Novi or Wiwit is going to the beach
today.
- Neither Novi nor her friends are going to class today.
- Either Novi or his classmates are going to the beach today.
15. Kata hubung ‘and’ menghubungkan pemakaian jenis dan bentuk kata yang setara, misalnya gerund dengan gerund, klausa dengan klausa, noun dengan noun, adjecive dengan adjecive, frase dengan frase, dst.
Contoh:
- Debby enjoys playing on the beach and swimming in the ocean.
- I know Dean as a loyal employee and a hard worker.
16. Subyek yang terbentuk dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung (uncountablenoun) harus dianggap singular.
Contoh:
- The meat has a lot of fat.
- The news of Sapi’s marriage is surprising many boys.
17. Nama-nama cabang ilmu berikut ini harus dianggap singular: mathemaics, physics, mechanics, staisics, poliics, economics, opics, phoneics + verb tunggal
Contoh:
- Economics is a social science.
- Poliics has become a favourite subject. 18. Untuk kata-kata all, no, half sangat mengacu
kepada kata yang ditekankan. Contoh:
BAB 12
WORDS ORDER
Words order adalah urutan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris.
Noun phrase (kelompok kata benda) Disusun dengan urutan: D O E C H
Contoh: The three beauiful American women
D O E C H Keterangan:
- D = Determiner Contoh:
a. Aricles a, an, the
b. Possessive my, your, our, her, his, its c. Demonstraive this, that, these, those d. Quanitaives some, many, a lot of,
much, litle, any, few,
- O = Ordinaive
Contoh:one, two, three, second, irst, dsb. Kata sifat yang diberi awalan more, most dan akhiran -er, -est
- E = Epithet/Adjecive = kata sifat
Contoh: nice, fantasic, strong, beauiful, small - C = Classifying = kata benda yang berfungsi
sebagai kata sifat Contoh: American man
C
- H = Head = kata benda utama
Pada kata: The three beauiful American women, head-nyaadalah women.
Kadang epithet/adjecive pada noun phrase lebih dari satu. Maka rumusnya menjadi:
Epithet
Di Si A T Sha C M PA
Keterangan:
- Di = descripive enumerator : beauiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesing,etc. - Si = size = ukuran : big, small, thick, short, etc.
- A = age = umur : young, old, new, etc. - T = temperature = suhu : cold, cool, warm, hot, etc. - Sha = shape = bentuk : square, round, triangle, etc. - C = colour = warna : red, black, white, etc.
- M = Material = bahan : plasic, metal, leather, diamond, etc.
- PA = V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjecive: bored, well-trained, handmade, etc.
Rumus Lengkap:
D O Epithet C H
Di Si A T Sha C M PA
Contoh:
1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor.
D O Epithet C H
Di Si A T Sha C M PA
The most intelligent handsome tall young - - black -
well-trained French Actor 2. The two clever fat old white bored English teachers.
D O Epithet C H
Di Si A T Sha C M PA
- Di = descripive enumerator : beauiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesing,etc. yang berfungsi sebagai adjecive: bored, well-trained, handmade, etc.
O
1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor. O
black French Actor
2. The two clever fat old white bored English teachers. O
clever teachers
BAB 13
DERIVATION
1. Susunan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris menurut fungsinya, yakni subyek, predikat, obyek, dan keterangan.
2. Juga merupakan pola pembentukan kata turunan yang berasal dari kata dasar dengan memberikan penam-bahan imbuhan (awalan dan akhiran), baik kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat maupun kata keterangan.
A. KATA BENDA (NOUN/N)
1. Fungsi Kata Benda
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai subyek dan juga obyek.
a. Letak Sebelum Verb Contoh:
- John is a patriot.
- Educaion is very important for the future. b. Letak Setelah Verb
Contoh:
- We need Educaion. - We love John.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Benda
a. Setelah determiners: a, the, my, our, his, your, this, that, those, some, many, each, few, one, two, dsb.
Contoh:
- Their English is sill bad.
- We must carry out our development. b. Pola pembentukan kata benda (noun) yang
berasal dari kata kerja (verb), menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran Contoh
–ion, -ion collecion, correcion, confusio
-ment agreement, appointment
-ance, -ence atendance, diference
-ness carelessness, clearness, dsb. -er, -or, -ist, -ent actor, typist, applicant, dsb. -t complaint, joint, git, dsb
-ure, -ture, -ature failure, furniture, mixture, dsb.
Akhiran Contoh
-al arrival, approval, proposal, dsb. -age carriage, package, marriage, dsb. -ity creaivity, ability, dsb.
-y, -ery, -ary delivery, discovery, boundary, dsb. -hood brotherhood, childhood, dsb. -ship leadership, relaionship, dsb.
B. KATA KERJA (VERB/V)
1. Fungsi Kata Kerja
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. a. Letak setelah subyek. Rumus: S + verb
Contoh: He studied.
b. Letak setelah kata Don’t, Let’s, dan Please pada kalimat perintah. Rumus: Don’t, Let’s, Please + Verb
Contoh: Don’t go!, Let’s go!, Please help me! c. Letak setelah auxiliaries (is, am, are, was,
were, can, may, must, has, have). Rumus:
Auxiliaries + Verb
Contoh: I am swimming.
They have writen a novel. 2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Kerja
a. Menggunakan awalan: en-
Contoh: enlarge, encourage, enrich, dst. b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran Contoh
-ze, -ize apologize, standardize, dst. -en lengthen frighten hasten
threaten, dst.
-d succeed, ofend, applaud, dst.
-fy, -ify classify, solidity, beauify, dst.
-ve prove, believe, relieve, dst. -s yang dibaca /z/
(dari noun yang berakhiran desis s)
use /z/, excuse /z/, advice /z/, dst.
C. KATA SIFAT (ADJECTIVE/ADJ)
1. Fungsi Kata Sifat
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. a. Letak setelah to be. Rumus: S + to be (is, am,
are, was, were) + adjecive
Contoh: She is beauiful; They are happy b. Letak setelah linking verb. Rumus: S + linking
verb + adjecive
Macam-macam linking verb: - seem, appear, look (nampak) - get, become, turn (berubah jadi ... ) - sound (terdengar)
- stay, remain, keep (tetap) - feel (terasa)
Contoh: He looks calm adj
c. Letak sebelum kata benda/ menerangkan kata benda. Rumus: Adjecive + noun Contoh: Beauiful girl.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Sifat
a. Setelah kata: very, so, quite, too, more, most. Contoh:
- He is very handsome. - The ball is so expensive. b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran Contoh
- ive imaginaive, creaive, acive.
-ous dangerous, suspicious.
-ful beauiful, powerful.
-less jobless, homeless, powerless.
-y wealthy, hairy, sadly.
-ly monthly, friendly, daily.
Akhiran Contoh
-able reasonable, adaptable, quesionable.
-ing saisfying, interesing, disappoining.
-ish Reddish, childish.
-al astronomical, economical, accidental.
-ic basic, sympatheic.
-ed bored, saisied.
D. KATA KETERANGAN (ADVERB/ADV)
Fungsi Kata Keterangan
Dalam kalimat berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja. a. Letak sesudah verb/predikat. Rumus: S + V + Adv
Contoh: He walks carefully.
b. Letak sebelum verb/predikat yang diterangkan. Rumus: S + Adv + V
Contoh: He carefully ran away.
c. Letak di awal kalimat. Rumus: Adv + S + V Contoh: Everyday, I wake up early.
d. Letak sesudah obyek. Rumus: S + V + O + Adv
Contoh: He studies Mathemaics carefully.
Catatan:
BAB 14
ELLIPTIC SENTENCES
Penggabungan dua kalimat dengan penghilangan bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu kalimat.
A. GABUNGAN SETARA
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung ‘and’. Gabungan setara dibagi dua, yaitu posiif dan negaif. 1. Positif
Untuk kalimat posiif digunakan kata hubung ‘so’ dan ‘too’.
Polanya:
a. Menggunakan auxiliary.
S1 + auxiliary + (V) – and – S2 + auxiliary + too S1 + auxiliary + (V) – and – so + auxiliary + S2
Contoh:
- Anton is handsome and Joko is too. - Anton is handsome and so is Joko.
b. Tidak menggunakan auxiliary: S1 + V1 – and – S2 + do/does + too S1 + V1 – and – so + did + S2 Contoh:
- I like Madonna. He likes Madonna. I like Madonna and he does too. I like Madonna and so does he. - He came there. She came there.
He came there and she did too. He came there and so did she. Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) dibagi dua, yaitu: 1. auxiliary - Past did, was, were
2. auxiliary - Present is, am, are, do, does 2. Negatif
Untuk kalimat negaif digunakan kata hubung ‘either’ dan ‘neither’.
Polanya:
S1 + auxiliary not (V) – and – S 2 + auxiliary not + either
S1 + auxiliary not (V) – and – neither + auxiliary + S2
Contoh:
- He is not studying. She is not studying. He is not studying and she is not either. He is not studying and neither is she.
B. GABUNGAN SETARA BERLAWANAN
Untuk kondisi berlawanan digunakan kata hubung ‘but/while’.
Polanya:
S1 + auxiliary (V) – but/while – S2 + auxiliary not S1 + auxiliary not (V) – but/while – S2 + auxiliary
Contoh:
My sister will be interested in reading this book while my son won’t.
S1 + V1 – but/while – S2 + do/does not S1 + V2 – but/while – S2 + did not
Contoh:
- I like ice cream but he doesn’t. - He doesn’t like ice cream but I do. C. GABUNGAN/KATA SAMBUNG BERPASANGAN
1. Untuk kalimat positif dan negatif Polanya:
Either ____ or .. (baik: .. , maupun ... )
Contoh:
The boy goes to the party. We go to the party. Either the boy or we go to the party.
2. Untuk kalimat negatif Polanya:
Neither ____ nor ____ (baik ... maupun ... idak ... )
Contoh:
- He is not a teacher. She is not a teacher. Neither he nor she is a teacher.
BAB 15
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Adjecive clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda sebelumnya/ orang atau benda.
A. UNTUK ORANG
1. Pengganti Subyek
Polanya: Orang + ____ who/that ____ + P
Contoh: The boy is kind. He visits her house.
Gabungan: The boy who visits her house is kind. 2. Pengganti Obyek
Polanya:Orang + ____ whom/that ____ + S + P
Contoh: The girl is cute. He loves her indeed.
Gabungan: The girl whom he loves indeed is cute. 3. Pengganti Kepunyaan
Polanya:Orang + ____ whose ____ + Noun
Contoh:
The man is charming. His hair is white.
Gabungan: The man whose hair is white is charming.
B. UNTUK BENDA/BINATANG
1. Untuk Pengganti Subyek
Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + P
Contoh:
The book is good.
The book is writen by Covey.
Gabungan: The book which is writen by Covey is good.
2. Untuk Pengganti Obyek
Polanya:Benda + ____ which/that ____ + S + P
Contoh:
The book is good. We bought it yesterday.
Gabungan: The book which/that we bought yesterdayis good.
3. Untuk Pengganti Kepunyaan
Polanya: Benda + ___ whose/of which ___ +
Noun (kepunyaan)
Contoh:
The bicycle is cheap. Its colour is red.
Gabungan: The bicycle whose/of which colour is red is cheap.
C. UNTUK KETERANGAN TEMPAT Polanya:
Ket. Tempat + ____ where/in which ____ + S + P
Contoh:
The houseis haunted. We lived therelast year.
Gabungan: The house where/in which we lived last year is haunted.
D. UNTUK KETERANGAN WAKTU Polanya:
Ket. Waktu + ____ when/on which ____ + S + P
Contoh:
The month was April.
The APEC conference was held on April.
