i
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
BAYU DEWA MURTI
Student Number : 054214016
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
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IF YOU WANT SOMETHING THAT MAKES
YOU INTERESTED, JUST MOVE STRAIGHT
FORWARD AND DON’T LOOK BACK
DO WHATEVER IT TAKES, TILL YOU GET
WHAT YOU WANT
SEE THE PAST FOR A HISTORY
SEE THE PRESENT FOR A RESULT
SEE THE FUTURE FOR A PLAN
v
DEDICATED TO
MY BELOVED PARENTS AND MY LITTLE
BROTHER
FOR THE ENDLESS LOVE THEY HAVE
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So many people have been involved by giving their advice, guidance, information,
help and support. In this acknowledgment page I would like to say my thanks to all of
those who have given me help and support. The first thing is I would like to give my
highest gratitude to my Lord, Allah SWT for granting my prayer.
I also want to give my special thank to my advisor Dra. B. Ria Lestari M.S.
for having provided time for me within her busy schedule to give advice, information,
help, guidance, encouragement, spirit, and help to me finish this thesis. I’m also
grateful to my co-advisor Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. who has spent her/his
time for reading and giving his/her idea to this thesis.
My deep gratitude is dedicated to my father, Riyadi Santosa, for giving me a
lot of advices, and to my mother, Yulida Viviana, for her praying that lead me to
finish this thesis, for their endless love, their care, their patient, their understanding,
their financial support, their sacrifices that they have given to me. I also thank my
little brother, Krisna Wisnu Murti, to whom this thesis is dedicated.
I would also like to thank my girlfriend, Elshinta Dwi Kurniati, who also
supports me with her love.
I would like to give my higest appreciation to my closest friends Jhony
Frederikus Sikant Layang and Aloysius Prianto Raharjo for their kindness and
craziness which even myself could not imagine that. I also thank my other friends,
Agathon Hutama, Doni Agung Setiawan, Johanes Trihartanto, Mbak Yuli (2004), and
for all 2005 pals. I would also like to thank my boarding house friends, O’os, Iwan,
Mas Yono, Bendhot, Singgih, Mario, who always make me feel comfortable in my
room. I’m also grateful to my neighbor friends, Ari, Ponco, Catur, Michael for their
support.
Other numerous people have given valuable contributions directly and
indirectly to me so that finally I can finish this thesis. Without them, I would not be
able to complete the duty. I would give my gratitude to those people whose names I
cannot mention one by one.
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APPROVAL PAGE ………... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……….……… iii
MOTTO PAGE ……….………. iv
DEDICATION PAGE ………..………. v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ……… vi
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ………. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………..………... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ………..………... ix
ABSTRACT ………...………. x
ABSTRAK ………... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……….. 1
A.
Background of the Study ……….... 1
B.
Problem Formulation ……….. 3
C.
Objectives of the Study ………...……… 3
D.
Definition of Terms ………..……….. 3
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………. 7
A.
Review of Related Studies ……….. 7
B.
Review of Related Theories ……… 12
C.
Theoretical Framework ………..………… 17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……….. 19
A.
Object of the Study ………. 19
B.
Data Collection ………... 20
C.
Data Analysis ………..……… 21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……….………….. 22
A.
The idioms that are found in the play with its meanings and forms …. 24
B.
The effects of idioms ……….………. 52
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……….……… 68
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….……….. 70
APPENDICES ………. 72
Appendix 1 ………... 72
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Idiom is a fixed phrase which maybe ungrammatical and illogical, whose
meaning that sometimes cannot be inferred from the meaning of the individual words.
Idiom itself has a lot of forms or patterns in use. Idiom is also a kind of expression
which is used in daily language and then it is involved in literary work so idioms give
effect to the language of literary work itself. The literary work that the writer
analyzed is James M. Barrie’s drama entitled The Twelve-Pound Look. This study is
chosen because of two reasons; first, the writer wants to analyze the idiomatic
expression which Barrie used in his play. The second the writer also wants to know
whether the idiomatic expressions which Barrie used are simpler than the idiomatic
expression that are used by Shakespeare in his era. Besides, it is known for his great
work entitled Peter Pan, Barrie is also known with the usage of simple expressions
which are understandable.
The problems that are examined in this thesis can be formulated as follow: (1)
What English idioms that are found in the play The Twelve-Pound Look and what are
the meanings of those idioms and (2) what are the forms and the effects of those
idioms to the play.
In this thesis, the method that the writer used is a library research which is
done by searching and collecting data of idioms in the drama text, and then looking
for the meanings, then the writer wants to see how the idioms will be if they are seen
denotatively and connotatively. The next step is trying to identify the forms or
patterns of those idioms, afterward at the final step are trying to find the effects of
those idioms to the play.
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Idiom adalah sebuah satu satuan frase yang terkadang berstuktur tak sesuai
dengan tata bahasa dan tak logis, tetapi mempunyai satu kesatuan makna yang tidak
bisa kita lihat dari makna masing-masing kata dari satuan frase tersebut. Idiom itu
sendiri memiliki berbagai macam bentuk atau pola dalam penggunaannya. Idiom juga
merupakan sebuah ungkapan yang digunakan dalam bahasa sehari-hari dan kemudian
dituangkan di dalam sebuah karya sastra sehingga idiom mempunyai kontribusi
tersendiri dalam mempengaruhi gaya bahasa karya sastra itu sendiri. Karya sastra
yang diteliti oleh sang penulis ialah drama karya James M. Barrie yang berjudul The
Twelve-Pound Look. Penelitian ini dipilih karena dua hal; pertama, sang penulis ingin
menganalisa idiom-idiom yang digunakan oleh Barrie dalam dramanya. Kedua, sang
penulisjuga ingin mengetahui apakah idiom-idiom yang Barrie gunakan lebih
sederhana daripada idiom-idiom yang digunakan ole Shakespeare dalam masanya.
Selain dikenal dengan karyanya yang hebat yaitu Peter Pan, Barrie juga dikenal
dengan penggunaan ekspresi yang sederhana sehingga lebih mudah untuk dipahami.
Permasalahan yang diteliti dalam penilitian ini adalah: (1) Idiom-idiom
berbahasa inggris yang seperti apa yang ditemukan dalam drama The Twelve-Pound
Look, dan (2) bentuk dan efek dari idiom-idiom tersebut terhadap drama itu sendiri.
Didalam penilitian ini, metode yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah penelitian
pustaka yang metodenya dilakukan dengan pencarian dan pengumpulan data idiom
dalam naskah drama tersebut dan kemudian mencari maknanya, dan sang penulis
ingin mengetahui bagaimana jadinya jika idiom-idiom tersebut dilihat secara denotasi
dan konotasi . Langkah berikutnya yaitu mengidentifikasi bentuk atau pola dari
idiom-idiom tersebut dan kemudian pada tahap akhirnya yaitu meneliti kontribusi dari
idiom-idiom tersebut terhadap drama itu sendiri.
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1
A. Background of the Study
People usually give or express their feelings through the works of literature. Some people express them through poems, while others want to give their ideas or messages through play, short stories, novel, etc. In expressing their ideas, most of the authors used a lot of expression in order to make the text more alive and not become flat; in this case it means idioms. The applying a lot of idioms in the literary text indicate that the authors of literary works want to make such impressions to the text, and also make it more pleasant to be read. There are a lot of kinds of literary works, such as poem, poetry, drama, novels, etc. that can be used to be the object of this study, and then the writer chose a drama entitled The Twelve-Pound Look by James M. Barrie to be the object of this study.
The Twelve Pound Look give significant effects to the play. Therefore, the writer prefers to analyze the idiom due to the uniqueness of its characteristics. In this study, the writer uses a play The Twelve Pound Look by James M. Barrie to analyze the idioms, and see the changing of the idioms itself if the writer tries to apply the denotation and connotation to the meanings of the group of words. Thirdly, the writer found a lot of idioms appearances in the play, so that is why the writer chose this play.
In this study, the writer made an exception about the idioms that are to be analyzed. In this case, the exception occurs only for the idioms with phrasal verb combination. This decision is taken because the writer has seen much this kind of idioms in the play, so the writer decided to exclude it from this analysis, and tries to find other idioms with different combination to be analyzed.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation on previous page, a number of problems are formulized as follows:
1. What English idioms are found in the play The Twelve-Pound Look, what are the meanings and the forms of those idioms?
2. What are the effects of the idioms to the play?
C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective of this study was to find English idioms in The Twelve-Pound look, and then the writer tried to apply the denotation and connotation toward those idioms that Barrie used in the play. Afterward, the writer also stated the form of idioms. Then, the second objective was to figure out the effects of idioms. However, before the writer analyzed the idioms the writer had to know what the meaning of denotation and connotation are. Therefore, the writer could compare the meaning of the idioms and how James M. Barrie used the idioms in his work of literature.
D. Definition of Terms
The following explanations might help readers to get into the discussions.
The first thing that the writer has to do is finding the definition of semantic, because it covers the entire topic like idiom, denotation and connotation. According to Roman Jakobson, semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences (Jakobson, in Ria’s book of Semantics, 2009:173). Although there are many other study of linguistics such as syntax, morphology, phonology, pragmatics, semiotics etc. the writer applies the semantic theory because idiom, denotation and connotation are concluded in semantics.
Thirdly, it is just additional information and also to keep the writer stay in the line of this thesis that the writer give a brief explanation about metaphor and simile in order to distinct between idioms from them. The writer has to do this because idiom, metaphor and simile are figurative language. It is a language that is used to represent something to something else. According to Halliday, if something is said to be metaphorical, it must be metaphorical by reference to something else (Halliday, 1994:342). It can be said that metaphor is kind a form of expression that describe somebody or something resemble as another object which has similar qualities. For example, ‘A flood of protests came to the House of Representatives last Tuesday’, flood here is not moving water but it is a large number of people that came to perform protests. Then, ‘The Government still hopes to stem the tide of inflation’, the stem here is not kind of flower stem or part of plant, but it means resist the force of the tide of inflation. Then, simile is a comparison of one thing with another (Hornby, 1995:1102). For example, ‘He can run so fast like a flash of thunder’, it means his speed of run is extremely fast that anybody else cannot chase him. Metaphor, simile and idiom have the same idea that they represent something or somebody to something else. Otherwise, the difference between them is that metaphor doesn’t use ‘like or not’ but simile uses that word, then idiom represents something in another way. That is why the writer put also about metaphor and simile in this thesis just to make it clear that metaphor in simile will not be covered in this thesis.
or associated idea (Webster, 1986:392). The connotation is the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes (Webster, 1968:311).
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This second chapter consists of three discussions. First, it contains the review of related studies. Second, it contains the review of related theories. Third, contains the theoretical framework.
Review of related studies contains the review on what others have done especially those connected with semantic devices. Review of related theories contains some theories that are taken from some sources which will be useful to answer the problems, while the theoretical framework contains the role of the review of related studies and review of related theories that can solve the problems.
A. Review of Related Studies.
included in the review of related studies. The writer has found a few related studies.
Before the writer starts to find the related studies of idioms, denotation and connotation, the study which covers those three studies have to be found first and that is the semantic study. The writer found the related study of semantic in student of Computer Science Department in University of Bristol, Christopher Graham Seaton’s study entitled A Programming Language Where the Syntax and Semantics Are Mutable at Runtime. In his study, semantic is described as follows:
The semantics of programming languages are rarely defined formally. Where the syntax is defined using formal grammars, at best the semantics are described in a carefully written English document, and at worst defined only by a reference implementation, where the semantics are defined as the behavior of one implementation of the language, bugs (an unexpected defect, fault, flaw, or imperfection in software program) and all. However, it is possible to improve on traditional language development, where the semantics are implemented throughout the source code of the implementation in the form of routines that walk syntax trees (Seaton, 2007:13).
similar to the writer study on semantic, but they have a difference in the field of study. Seaton’s study analyzes semantic in a programming language, otherwise in this study the writer analyzes semantic in play text, especially the idioms analysis in denotation and connotation.
The second related study that is found by the writer is Sujatmiko’s study entitled The Study of English Idioms in University Textbook. In his study, idiom is described as follows:
Idioms have a lot of types, there are idioms with adjectives and noun, idioms, with preposition and adverbs, idioms with adjectives and preposition, idioms with verbs, preposition and adverbial particle, idioms with common verbs, idioms with less common verbs, and idioms with the verb to be. Idioms with verbs preposition and adverbial particle is the most frequent type used in the University textbook (Sujatmiko, 1996:75).
Sujatmiko’s thesis is about the kind of idioms that take many different forms or structure. In other words, idioms have many composition or combination of part of speech within. The example of idioms which is analyzed by Sujatmiko in his study will be described as follows:
1. Idioms with pair of nouns in combination. Example: for love or money = for anything 2. Idioms with compound adjectives in combination.
Example: a hit-and-run driver = a driver who drives away after causing an accident in which there was material damage or wounded person
3. Idioms with adjectives + noun phrase in combination.
Example: a blind alley = a narrow street closed at one end or a job without prospects
4. Idioms with noun phrases in combination. Example: a bag of bones = a very thin person 5. Idioms with preposition + nouns or noun phrases.
6. Idioms with adverbial phrases. Example: far and near = everywhere
7. Idioms with verb intransitive + particle + preposition. Example: come up with something = to produce 8. Idioms with verb intransitive + particle.
Example: pack in something = to abandon 9. Idioms with verb intransitive + preposition.
Example: get someone through something = to help to contact 10.Idioms with the verb To Be + prepositional phrases.
Example: to be at someone’s back and call = to be continually at his disposal to carry out his wishes (Sujatmiko, 1996:19).
The description above explains many kind of idiom with its combination which is taken from Sujatmiko’s study. According to his study the combination of idiom can be attached by part of speech as in his explanation above. Sujatmiko and the writer have similar thesis that is analyzing idioms. In his thesis he analyzes the combination or composition part of speech which exist in idiom, otherwise the writer concerns or focuses on the meaning of idioms and see the changing of meanings if the idioms are seen denotatively and connotatively, then also focuses on the effects of idioms. In this chapter, the writer also provides the related studies of connotation and denotation of words. The connotation and denotation of words which are used as idioms become the main attention of the writer, because they help the writer to distinguish whether the words are idioms or not.
in University of Toronto, Graeme Hirst’s study entitled Building and Using a Lexical Knowledge Base of Near-Synonym Differences.
The meaning of each word arises out of a context-dependent combination of a context independent denotation and a set of explicit differences from its synonyms, much as in dictionaries of near-synonyms (Hirst, 2004:227).
According to Hirst in his study, he explained that denotative meaning has an explicit meaning which means clearly stated, fully revealed or expressed without vagueness. Through his explanation the writer follows the related study. The following topic is related study of connotation. The writer found it from the student of Zaragoza University, Ricardo Mairal Uson’s study entitled The Semantic Field of Light and Darkness in Paradise Lost.
Connotation is closely linked to the creative role of the language. It is limited and based on the vague extension and comprehension of a concept. Connotative meaning conforms much a broader field than denotative meaning (Uson, 2005:194).
According to Ricardo Mairal Uson in his thesis, he stated that connotative meaning based on vague comprehension because the meaning itself is not clearly stated. It takes several different points of view to get the meaning. That is why he also mentioned it is closely linked to the creative role of language and conformed much broader field than denotative meaning. Because connotative meaning can be defined become much meanings, depends on the interpretation of human itself. So, it is not surprising that connotation has more meanings than denotation.
the connotation of words or connotative meaning, because connotative meaning is quite different from denotative meaning which is explicit, fully revealed, and clearly stated. To have a good reference of those three terms; idiom, denotation and connotation, the writer also has to concern to the related theories of them. In other hand, those all related studies are quite different with this study, the first thing, Seaton analyzed the semantic on programming language in his study, but in this study the writer analyzed the semantic on text. The second thing, Sujatmiko analyzed the idioms occurrences in textbook, but the writer analyzed idioms in literary works.
B. Review of Related Theories.
In searching data for review of related theories, the writer has found a lot of related theories about semantic, idioms, denotation and connotation. Here the writer wants to mention the review of related theories. Firstly, the writer wants to show the review related theories of semantics.
Semantics is a technical terms used to refer to the study of meaning (Palmer, 1976:1)
The theory of semantics above explained that what semantics discussed in linguistic term is always related with the meaning of words. To have a good comparison, the writer also provides other theory of semantics:
Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences (Jacobson, in Ria’s book of Semantics, 2009:173)
The aim for listing those theories of semantics above because semantics covers the terms that the writer wants to analyze, they are idioms, connotation and denotation. So the writer decided to follow those theories to be the manual of this study. Then, the writer wants to discuss the review of related theories about idioms.
An idiom is meant a sequence of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the words themselves (Palmer, 1976:41).
According to Palmer, idiom is like a group of words or phrase that cannot be understood by the combination of the word themselves, it must be seen the whole words. For the comparison, the writer also found another theory of idiom in a book entitled An Introduction to Language by Fromkin:
Knowing a language obviously means knowing the morphemes, simple words, compound words, and their meanings. But in addition, there are fixed phrases, consisting of more than one word, which have meaning which cannot be inferred by knowing the meanings of the individual words. Such phrases are called idioms. (Fromkin, 1974:121).
According to Fromkin, idioms must be entered into one component of words as a single item. Compared to Palmer’s definition of idiom, they cannot be seen by any single word. So it is almost similar that how people to understand about idioms. Still, the writer has to find other theories or definitions of idiom again to understand what idiom is like.
According to Cruse, the meaning of idioms can be understood although it is quite different from what the word that it has in idioms itself. There are so many different sources of idioms. The most important thing about idiom is its meaning and this is why a native speaker does not pay attention to its correctness or incorrectness. Many idioms come from every-day life, from home life such as to be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth (to be born in a comfortable life), from food and cooking such as out of the frying pan into the fire (from a bad situation into a worse one), from nautical and military life such as to be in the same boat as someone (to be in the same position), to cross swords with someone (to disagree and agree). In the attempt to present a more united but simpler definition, the following one is suggested: an idiom is a fixed phrase which may be ungrammatical and illogical, with meaning that sometimes cannot be inferred from the meaning of the individual words. In this case, the writer follows the Cruse’s theory of idiom. There are almost 10 types or forms of idioms that the writer found in English Idioms book by Jennifer Seidl and W. Mcmordie:
1. Idioms with adjectives and nouns in combination A. Pairs of adjectives
B. Pairs of nouns
C. Collective noun phrases D. Compound adjectives E. Adjectives + noun phrases F. Noun phrases
G. Proper names
2. Idioms with verbs and nouns that are used together. A. Verb + noun collocations
B. Noun + verb collocations C. Animals’ cries
3. Idioms with prepositions and adverbs. 4. Adjectives with preposition.
6. Idioms with the verb to be. A. To be + noun/adjective phrase B. To be + prepositional phrase 7. Idioms with common verbs. 8. Idioms with less common verbs.
9. Idioms from special situation and categories. 10. Idioms of comparison.
A. Comparison with adjectives B. Comparison with verbs
C. Miscellaneous comparisons (Seidl & Mcmordie, 1980:3)
Those are the ten types or forms of idioms can be used for identifying the form of the idioms which are found by the writer in the play later in analysis chapter. Those all are review of related theories in idiom. Now the writer wants to explain the review of related theories in denotation.
Denotation is the direct meaning, straight, and real meaning, and based on bare pointing to something outside of language which also based on certain convention (Kridalaksana, 1977:208).
The definition of denotation according to Kridalaksana is a direct meaning and straight meaning. This is almost similar with the related theories from Panofsky that denotation must be literal, obvious and commonsense. To have a good comparison of conclusion, the writer has to compare with another theories or definitions.
Denotation is the relation between language expressions and things or events in the world – not just the world we live in, but any world and time that may be spoken of (Allan, 2001:46).
understanding it, the writer provides examples: the word “chair”. The word “chair” has a denotation that it is a moveable seat with a back and sometimes with arms, for one person to sit on. That is the real meaning, straight meaning and direct meaning. Now we will continue with the review of related theories of connotation.
Connotation of a language expression is semantic effect that arises from encyclopedic knowledge about its denotation and also from experiences, beliefs, and prejudices about the contexts in which the expression is typically used (Allan, 2001:91).
According to Keith Allan, it is a kind of interpretation of the reader to the text, but in outer scope. Other theories of connotation below have mentioned the same meaning that connotation relates to the implication, another meaning that is not mentioned clearly.
Connotation appears as the effect of assumption of our feeling toward the words that we spoke or we heard. (Zgusta, 1971:38)
Connotation is an idea suggested or implied by a word in addition to its main meaning. (Hornby, 1995:243)
word about “chair”. For the word “government chair” it has denotation and connotation. The denotation is chair that belongs to government. The connotation is the position in the government. The writer intentionally includes the denotation and connotation because those two terms will be used to be applied toward the idioms in order to discover the changing of the meanings. For example, although they explained to her over and over again, she was still completely at sea. The idiomatic expression of “at sea” here if the writer sees it denotatively, the meaning is pointing kind of place that is a sea. It is totally irrelevant with the context, but if the writer sees it connotatively, the meaning is confused. That connotative meaning is quite relevant with the context. So, the sentence will be; although they explained to her over and over again, she was still completely confused.
C. Theoretical Framework
This section, theoretical framework, explains about how far the theories use to analyze the object of the study. This part also explains about the reason why the writer put the theories mentioned above. The theories about idiom, denotation and connotation may give a big contribution to solve the problem. Those theories will make it easier to understand and to clarify the meaning and the form of idioms. Afterward, the writer will find out the effects of idioms.
problem, the writer should understand what idiom is. Through the theory of idiom, the writer is able to understand what actually idiom is, and then can differentiate which one is included as idiom and not in the play. So the writer is able to answer the first problem which is to find the idioms, including with its meaning and its form in the play The Twelve Pound Look.
The next step is applying the denotative and connotative meaning toward the idioms, the writer should comprehend what denotative and connotative meaning are. Therefore, the theories about denotation and connotation are needed to solve the first problem. Those theories help the writer to analyze whether the idioms are suitable for denotative or connotative meaning. Then the final step of first problem is clarifying the form of idioms themselves.
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This chapter consists of three subtitles including object of study, data collection, and data analysis. The object of study discusses the object which is being analyzed, that is the play The Twelve-Pound Look by James Barrie. Method of the study discusses how the researcher analyzed the data. It also discusses about the steps how the researcher obtains the data.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is a play entitled The Twelve-Pound Look. This play was published by Hodder and Stoughton publisher in 1921 in London and was written by Sir James Matthew Barrie, more commonly known as J. M. Barrie. He is a Scottish playwright, was born in the Scottish village of Kirriemuir, Forfarshire city. He was born on May 9, 1860 then he died of pneumonia on June 19, 1937 and was buried at Kirriemuir next to his parents and two of his siblings.
eve of his knighthood, the two repeatedly practiced five motions that will define the worthy moment of when Harry will become Sir Harry.
Their charade is interrupted when a hired typist arrives to reply to Harry's congratulatory letters. Lady Sims is the first to meet Kate and she is astonished by the typist's ability and the contented look in her eye. Then Harry meets Kate, his ex-wife as it turns out, who left him years ago for a mystery man. Her arrival spoilt his day, as he says, but the conversation they have will surely upset him more in the longer run. Harry uses the opportunity to find out who the mysterious man was. It would be an exaggeration to say that Harry comes to a moment of self-realization, more so, it is thrown upon him and spelt out to him by the now assertive Kate.
Kate informs Harry of how he knows the cost of everything, but the worth of nothing. Harry is worth half a million pounds, to himself, but to Kate he is worth twelve pounds - the amount she spent on a typewriter. The ensuing 'Twelve Pound look' in her eyes gave her the confidence to believe she could now be anything.
B. Data Collection
involve interview, find some authentic data such as images or pictures, sounds, or another real proofs.
There are many sources that will be applied to support the analysis. However, the writer has to determine which one is chosen to be the primary source. So, the writer here focuses on something which the writer wants to analyze, that is the play script of The Twelve-Pound Look. Beside the main source, there are some sources which are considered as primary sources. The writer will use three kinds of dictionaries; they are Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Dictionary. The other sources which are considered as secondary source are idioms books. And the writer will use from internet sources if it is needed.
C. Data Analysis
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This chapter contains the analysis about idioms that are found in the play The Twelve Pound Look. It consists of two discussions which are related with two problems formulation. The first discussion deals with the first problem formulation. The writer has to find all idioms that are found in the play, and then the writer applies a technique of gathering data. The writer also gives the supporting sentences which consist of idioms, and then the writer tries to apply the denotative and connotative meanings towards idioms that are found in the play and then the writer tries to clarify the form of idioms. Afterward, the last discussion deals with the second problem formulation that the writer explains the effects of idioms in the play.
In order to understand trouble in differentiating whether the group of words is an idiom or just a phrase, the writer provides the definition of phrase as well. According to Webster, a phrase is a word or group of words forming a syntactic constituent with a single grammatical function, for example noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase. Webster’s definition of phrase is different with Azar’s definition of phrase that it is a group of related words which does not contain a subject and a verb. For example, ‘the nine-tailed fox’ which means a fox that has nine tails, ‘at the top of mountain’ which means explain the place where it is the higher place of the mountain, etc. Although Azar’s definition about phrase is quite different with Webster’s, the writer can include Azar’s definition to be reference to assist the writer to distinguish whether the group of words functions as a phrase or an idiom.
Based on the explanation above about the difference between an idiom and a phrase, the writer can easily differentiate whether the groups of words are idiom or phrase. Although some idioms also appear without a subject and verb, the writer can also differentiate idiom from phrase by applying the denotative and connotative meaning. For example, ‘crocodile tears’ which in connotation means to pretend but in denotation it means the tears of crocodile or the crocodile is crying, ‘better half’ which in connotation means wife or husband, but in denotation it means it is better to have a half of something.
the writer finds the idioms and the meanings and then tries to apply denotation and connotation toward the idioms to see the changing and differentiate them with phrases, then clarify the form, and the last the writer also wants to prove whether idioms always related to figurative meaning.
A. The idioms that are found in the play with the denotative and connotative meaning.
1. ‘great hour’
The words ‘great hour’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is a kind of huge/big of watch/clock.
The words ‘great hour’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: wonderful situation, wonderful condition, or wonderful time.
The form of words: Adjective + Noun
2. ‘spoilt the morning’
The words ‘spoilt the morning’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: to ruin the morning day.
The words ‘spoilt the morning’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: displease.
The form of words: Verb + Noun
the words ‘great hour’ and ‘spoilt the morning’ have another meaning and they can be seen connotatively, not denotatively. They can be seen from the text.
In Harry’s case it was a woman who did the mischief. She came to him in his great hour and told him she did not admire him. Of course he turned out her of the house and was soon himself again, but it spoilt the morning for him.”(Barrie, 1921:418)
Seeing through the context in the story, there was a woman who came to Harry, it was when Harry felt that the day was very good for him, but suddenly the woman told him that she did not admire him. So, what the woman said displeased him and ruined the day that he felt good. The story told the situation that it was a day when everything was right, went wrong for him.
3. ‘jeweled shoulders’
The words ‘jeweled shoulders’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: there is jewel on someone’s shoulders.
The words ‘jeweled shoulders’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: position or rank.
The form of words: Verb + Noun (past participle)
4. ‘drawn face and shrinking ways’
The words ‘drawn face and shrinking ways’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: fear or nervous.
The form of words: Verb + Noun (past participle) and Verb + Noun (present participle)
The words ‘jeweled shoulders’ and ‘a drawn face and shrinking ways’ that are found in fourth paragraph on page 418 are idiomatic expression also. They can be said as idiom because ‘jeweled shoulders’ and ‘drawn face and shrinking ways’ have another meaning, in other words they only can be seen connotatively, not denotatively. It can be said that those words can be seen denotatively but the meanings will be unreliable and irrelevant to the context of the story. They also are not phrases. To become clearer, the text is described as follows:
“drawn face and shrinking ways” can be meant nervous, it is said that because the writer sees the word afraid as the key. If the idiom is seen connotatively it becomes more relevant with the context and it is not a phrase. “She must be an extraordinarily proud and happy woman, yet she would be nervous as if there were some one near her of whom she is afraid”.
5. ‘lend an air’
The words ‘lend an air’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: lend the air to do something that are related to air.
The words ‘lend an air’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: move freely or go perfectly.
The form of the words: Verb + Noun phrase
The words ‘lend it an air’ are an idiomatic expression that is found in Sir Harry’s conversation on page 419. It is not a phrase because it has a different meaning. It can be seen as follows:
Sir Harry: The sword will lend it an air. There are really the five moments, suiting the action to the word –the glide—the dip—the kiss—the tap—and you back out a knight. It is short, but it is a very beautiful ceremony. Kindly. Anything you can suggest? (Barrie, 1921:419)
on Harry’s shoulders and the ceremony go perfectly and no one can interfere, like a knight received his honor from the king.
6. ‘a stickler for etiquette’
The words ‘a stickler for etiquette’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: a person who dedicates his/her life for the etiquette.
The words ‘a stickler for etiquette’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: calm or quiet.
The form of the words: Noun phrase
The words ‘a stickler for etiquette’ are an idiomatic expression that is found in Sir Harry’s conversation on page 419. It is not a phrase because it has different meaning which is more reliable to the context, and the relevance meaning can be seen connotatively. It can be seen as follows.
He (Sir Harry) has been in a blissful temper, but such niggling criticism would try any man.
Sir Harry, “I do not. Don’t talk nonsense. Wait until your opinion is asked for.”
Lady Sims, abashed, “I’m sorry, Harry. A perfect butler appears and presents a card. The Flora Type-Writing Agency.”
Sir Harry, “Ah yes. I telephoned them to send someone. A woman, I suppose, Tombes?”
Tombes, “Yes, Sir Harry.”
‘stickler for etiquette’ means calm, in the text above Harry was cheerfully (blissful temper) because he will be dubbed the honor of knighthood, then he asked Tombes to bring a woman from The Flora Type-Writing Agency so he would act calm or cool to face her. He kept his manner as an aspirant of knight.
7. ‘carry off light-heartedly’
The words ‘carry off light-heartedly’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: to win or to get with light feeling.
The words ‘carry off light-heartedly’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: happy.
The form of the words: Transitive Verb + Preposition phrase
8. ‘uncommonly good taste’
The words ‘uncommonly good taste’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: a good taste of something which is uncommon.
The words ‘uncommonly good taste’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: excessive.
The form of the words: Adjectives + Noun
9. ‘a badge of slavery’
The words ‘a badge of slavery’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: an emblem that is gotten from the slavery matter.
The form of the words: Noun phrase
The words ‘carry off light-heartedly’, ‘uncommonly good taste’, and ‘a badge of slavery’ are idiomatic expressions that are found on page 419. They are not a phrase because they have different meaning. The three words are said as idiomatic expression because the writer thinks that the reliable meaning of those three words are seen as connotative meaning. They can be seen as follows:
These sentiments carry him off light-heartedly, and presently the disturbing element is shown in. she is a mere typist, dressed in uncommonly good taste, but at contemptibly small expense, and she is carrying her typewriter in a friendly way rather than as a badge of slavery, as of course it is. Her eye is clear and in odd contrast to Lady Sims, she is self-reliant and serene (Barrie, 1921:419)
10. ‘a little too ready with tongue’
The words ‘a little too ready with her tongue’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is like the situation that someone is little bit ready with her/his tongue to be done something such as it will be clipped or it will be sliced.
The words ‘a little too ready with her tongue’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: expert talker or able to talk politely.
The form of the words: Noun phrase
11. ‘button and unbutton’
The words ‘button and unbutton’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is an action to button and unbutton of snaps.
The words ‘button and unbutton’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: to serve.
The form of the words: Pairs of verb
12. ‘cling to the glory of gown’
The words ‘cling to the glory of gown’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is kind of sentiment that sticking rigidly to the glory of gown.
The words ‘cling to the glory of gown’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: arrogant.
The words ‘a little too ready with tongue ’, ‘button and unbutton and ‘cling to the glory of gown’ are idiomatic expressions that are found in page 419. They are shown in Lady Sims conversation:
Lady Sims: in her nervous way, and scarcely noticing that the typist is a little too ready with her tongue “Good morning.” As a first impression she rather likes the woman, and the woman, though it is scarcely worth mentioning, rather likes her. Lady Sims has a maid for buttoning and unbuttoning her, and probably another for waiting on the maid, and she gazes with a little envy perhaps at a woman who does things for herself. “Is that the type-writing machine?”
Kate: who is getting it ready for use “Yes”. Not ‘Yes Madam’, as it ought to be. “I suppose if I am to work here I may take this off. I get on better without it.” She is referring to her hat.
Lady Sims: “Certainly.” But the hat is already off. “I ought to be apologize for my own gown. I am to be presented this week, and I was trying it on.” Her tone is not really apologetic. She is rather clinging to the glory of her gown, wistfully, as if not absolutely certain, you know, that it is a glory (Barrie, 1921:419)
already off”. Based on the conversation between Lady Sims and Kate above about the hat, the writer assumes that Kate also has no good manner in attitude. The proofs that are found by the writer above will be the reason to conclude that ‘a little too ready with tongue’ means expert talker or talk politely and also good manner. Now about the idiom ‘button and unbutton’, the writer come to the conclusion that it means to serve. From the text above, a word “maid” is mentioned above so it relates to someone who is serving for someone else. That’s why the writer concludes ‘button and unbutton’ means to serve. The next idiomatic expression is ‘cling to the glory of gown’ that is found in Lady Sims’ conversation. The writer observes the text that Lady Sims said “I ought to be apologise for my gown” then there is a sentence said that (Her tone is not really apologetic), it is obvious that Lady Sims was not regretful of what she have said to Kate. Her purpose said apologise to her gown just to show Kate about her status social that proclaims she is higher than Kate, to make sure Kate to give some more respect to her. Then it is also clearly stated in the text, (She is rather clinging to the glory of her gown, wistfully, as if not absolutely certain, you know, that it is a glory.) that makes the writer come to the conclusion the idiomatic expression of cling to the glory of her gown means arrogant.
13. ‘fall to the floor’
The words ‘fall to the floor’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: sad or disappointed.
The form of the words: Intransitive Verb + Preposition
14. ‘business-like way’
The words ‘business-like way’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: a way that people used for business, such as bargaining, purchasing, and selling.
The words ‘business-like way’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: serious way.
The form of words: Adjective + Noun
By seeing in the context of the story, obviously, ‘fall to the floor’ and ‘business-like way’ are idiomatic expressions that are found on page 420, because they have another meaning which may more suitable from the context itself. Those two words are more reliable if they are seen connotatively. They can be seen as follows:
Lady Sims: remembering that Harry expects every wife to do her duty. “My husband is a remarkable man. He is about to be knighted.” Pause, but Kate does not fall to the floor. “He is to be knighted for his services to—on reflection—for his services.” She is conscious that she is not doing Harry justice. “He can explain it so much better than I can.”
Kate: in her business-like way, “And I am to answer the congratulation?” (Barrie, 1921:420)
jealous by telling her about Harry ceremony, but Kate did not feel sad because she knew exactly that she was not doing Harry justice that is to be a good wife. Afterward, the idiomatic expression of ‘business-like way’ means in serious way. Kate is in her serious way just to pretend that she didn’t want to show her feeling to Lady Sims since she is Harry’s wife. That’s why the writer can conclude that ‘fall to the floor’ means sad or disappointed, and then ‘business-like way’ means serious.
15. ‘meet a dead wall’
The words ‘meet a dead wall’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is kind of action which meets a wall that has already broken or a wall that symbolizes of death.
The words ‘meet a dead wall’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: vanish.
The form of words: Verb + Noun
16. ‘ten shillings the hundred’
The words ‘ten shillings the hundred’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: amount of coins up to ten shillings (British coins) to a hundred coins.
The words ‘ten shillings the hundred’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: worthy, most valuable, or important.
The words of ‘meet dead wall’ and ‘ten shillings the hundred’ by relating them to the context of the story are obviously idiomatic expressions, and they are not phrases since they have different meaning which relates to the context in the story. They can be seen on page 420 as follows:
Lady Sims: “How quickly you do it. It must be delightful to be able to do something, and to do it well.”
Kate: thankfully, ”yes, it is delightful.”
Lady Sims: again remembering the source of all her greatness, “But, excuse me, I don’t think that will be any use. My husband wants me to explain to you that he is in an exceptional case. He did not try to get this honor in any way. It was a complete surprise to him—“
Kate: who is a practical Kate and no dealer in sarcasm, “That is what I’ve written.”
Lady Sims: in whom sarcasm would meet dead wall, “But how could you now?”
Kate: “I only guessed.”
Lady Sims: “Is that the usual thing?” Kate: “Oh yes.”
Lady Sims: “They don’t try to get it?”
Kate: “I don’t know. That is what we are told to say in the letters.” To her at present the only important thing about the letters is that they are ten shillings the hundred (Barrie, 1921:420)
already usual for herself with what she has written. That’s why idiomatic expression of ‘meet a dead wall’ means disappear based on the context. Afterward, the writer goes to idiomatic expression of ‘ten shillings the hundred’ which also has another meaning than it looks. Based on the context of the story above, ‘ten shilling the hundred’ means worthy or important. The writer convinces because at the beginning of story told that Harry wants someone to do something with the letters, so Tombes sent Kate from the agency to do the letters things. So it seemed that the letters are quite important and perhaps worthy to Harry, or perhaps they are the most valuable things for him.
17. ‘second thought’
The words ‘second thought’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is kind of first thought, second thought, third thought, and so on.
The words ‘second thought’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: think something again and again.
The form of words: Adjective + Noun
18. ‘a salt justice’
The words ‘a salt justice’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is a justice for salt.
The form of words: Noun phrase
19. ‘a new light’
The words ‘a new light’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: there is a kind of light that come to replace previous light.
The words ‘a new light’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: a new hope.
The form of words: Noun phrase
The words ‘second thought’, ‘a salt justice’ and ‘a new light’ that are found on page 421 are idiomatic expression. Those three words have another meaning based on the context of the story; in other word the writer relates them with the context of the story so their meaning cannot be seen denotatively, but it should be connotatively. They can be seen as follows:
Sir Harry: gloating, “I was furious to find you here, but on second thought it pleases me.” From the depths of his moral nature. “There is a salt justice in this.”
Kate: sympathetically, “Tell me?”
Sir Harry: “Do you know what you were brought here to do?”
Kate: “I have just been learning. You have been made a knight, and I was summoned to answer the messages of congratulation.”
Sir Harry: “That’s it, that’s it. You come on this day as my servant!” Kate: “I who might have been Lady Sims.”
Sir Harry: “And you are her typist instead. And she has four men-servants. Oh, I am glad you saw her in her presentation gown.” Kate: “I wonder if she would let me do her washing, Sir Harry?”
Sir Harry: with dignity, “You can go. The mere thought that only a few flights of stairs separates such as you from my innocent children—“
He will never know why a new light has come into her face. Kate: slowly, “You have children?”
Sir Harry: inflated, “Two” (Barrie, 1921:421)
she has something that makes her strong enough to face Sir Harry although he always talked rudely.
20. ‘hat and cloak’
The words ‘hat and cloak’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: somebody who is wearing a hat and a cloak.
The words ‘hat and cloak’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: from head to toe or entire body.
The form of words: Pairs of Noun
21. ‘study face’
The words ‘study face’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is kind of action doing something or examining to somebody face.
The words ‘study face’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: curious.
The form of words: Verb + Noun
The words ‘in hat and cloak’ and ‘study face’ that are found on page 422 are absolutely idiomatic expression. Those words have another meaning based on the context of the story. They can be seen as follows:
Sir Harry: “Whom?”
Kate: “Him. Hours pass, no sound in the room but the tick-tack of the clock, and then about midnight you return alone. You take—“
Sir Harry: gruffly, “I wasn’t alone.”
Kate: the picture spoilt, “No? oh.” Plaintively. “Here have I all these years been conceiving it wrongly.” She studies his face. “I believe something interesting happened?” (Barrie, 1921:422)
The meaning of idiomatic expression of ‘hat and cloak’ above is the entire body or from head to toe. Actually, it is closely like an expression of surprise that Sir Harry did not see her, even from the smallest part of her body. Afterward, the idiomatic expression of ‘study face’ means curious. According to the context of the story above, that Kate seemed curious about something interesting that may happened with Harry. It is not like Kate who is doing something to Harry face, but it is actually kind of feeling curious. It is said so because the writer finds another meaning by considering to the context of the story.
22. ‘on the fire-seat’
The words ‘on the fire-seat’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: there is a place on the seat with fire or a seat that is burn.
The words ‘on the fire-seat’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: in risk situation.
The form of words: Prepositional + Noun phrase
23. ‘a manful shrinking’
The words ‘a manful shrinking’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: anxiety or feel anxious.
The form of words: Noun phrase
The writer believes that those two words are idiomatic expression, not phrases. Their connotative meanings are almost different from the denotative meanings. If they are related to the context of the story, the most relevance is the connotative meaning. Those idiomatic expressions are found on page 422. They can be seen as follows:
Kate: who is detestably ready with her tongue, “Surely the wife has a right to know how he took it.” The woman’s love of bargaining comes to her aid. “A fair exchange. You tell me what happened, and I tell you who he was.”
Sir Harry: “You will? Very well.” It is the first point on which they have agreed, and, forgetting himself, he takes a place beside her on the fire-seat. He is thinking only of what he is to tell her, but she, woman-like, is conscious of their proximity.
Kate: tastelessly, “Quite like old times.” He moves away from her indignantly. “Go on, Harry.”
Sir Harry: who has a manful shrinking from saying anything that is to his disadvantage, “Well, as you know, I was dining at the club that night.” (Barrie, 1921:422)
or risk. Then, the next idiomatic expression is ‘a manful shrinking’ which has meaning of afraid. In the text above, it is told that Sir Harry who has a manful shrinking from saying anything that is to his disadvantage which means Sir Harry was anxious to tell something that can put him in trouble because he had to tell what happened with him to Kate. He didn’t want Kate judged him negatively.
24. ‘high and low’
The words ‘high and low’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is kind of measurement or level of high and low.
The words ‘high and low’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: everywhere.
The form of words: Pairs of Adjectives
25. ‘the pick of the basket’
The words ‘the pick of the basket’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is like a screen above the basket in basketball.
The words ‘the pick of the basket’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: chance.
The form of words: Noun phrase
26. ‘bring to earth’
The words ‘bring to earth’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: to make aware or back to the business.
The form of words: Transitive Verb + Preposition
The three words ‘high and low’, ‘the pick of basket ‘, and ‘bring to earth’ are included as idiomatic expression. They are found on page 423. Those three idiomatic expressions can be seen as follows:
Sir Harry: “A penniless person’s daughter.” Kate: “That is all I was.”
Sir Harry: “We searched for the two of you high and low.” Kate: “Private detectives?”
Sir Harry: “They couldn’t get on the track of you.” Kate: smiling, “No?”
Sir Harry: “But at last the courts let me serve the papers by advertisement on a man unknown, and I got my freedom.”
Kate: “So I saw. It was the last I heard of you.”
Sir Harry: each word a blow for her, “And I married again just as soon as ever I could.”
Kate: “They say that is always a compliment to the first wife.” Sir Harry: violently, “I showed them.”
Kate: “You soon let them see that if one woman was a fool, you still had the pick of the basket to choose from.”
Sir Harry: “By James, I did.”
Kate: bringing him to earth again, “but still, you wondered who he was.”(Barrie, 1921:423).
information he got about Kate and the man who named Jack Lamb. Sir Harry wonder about Kate after he left her then he also wanted to know about the man that got in his house a few days ago. That’s why the idiomatic expression of ‘high and low’ means every single detail. Then the writer goes to the next idiomatic expression of ‘the pick of the basket’ which means a chance. In context of the story above, Kate talked to Sir Harry why didn’t he choose another girl while he still had a chance. It seemed that Kate regret by what Sir Harry chose the girl. Afterward, the idiomatic expression of ‘bring to earth’ means to make aware or asked the person go back to the business before. Kate tried to ask again about the man whom Sir Harry wanted to know.
27. ‘give word’
The words ‘give word’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is kind of an action that someone giving a speech or something important saying.
The words ‘give word’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: to promise.
The form of words: Verb + Noun
The words ‘give word’ absolutely are an idiomatic expression that is found on page 423. The writer believes that the word has different meaning from it looks like. Based on the context, that words can be seen connotatively. It can be seen as follows:
Sir Harry: “So who was he? Out with it.” Kate: “You are determine to know?”
Sir Harry: “Your promise. You gave your word.” (Barrie, 1921:423) From the context of the story above, the writer clearly sees that Kate have promised to Sir Harry that she would tell about the man whom Sir Harry curious about. So it is not giving kind of speech but it is giving promise to someone.
28. ‘poor soul’
The words ‘poor soul’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is kind of soul from the poor people or not rich people.
The words ‘poor soul’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: poor men or poor people.
The form of words: Adjective + Noun
29. ‘a perfect picture of the grand success’
The words ‘a perfect picture of the grand success’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is like a perfect picture, or in other word like picture of a painting or photograph, that shows luxurious and glamorous things.
The words ‘a perfect picture of the grand success’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: a good example of person for other people to follow him/her success.
30. ‘hold a candle’
The words ‘hold a candle’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is an action of holding a candle.
The words ‘hold a candle’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: confidence
The form of words: Verb + Noun
The words ‘poor soul’, ‘a perfect picture of the grand success’ and ‘hold a candle’ obviously are idiomatic expressions. They have other meanings that are more suitable with the context of the story, that is connotative meaning. Those three idiomatic expressions are found on page 424 and can be seen as follows:
Sir Harry: who was a horror of sacrilege, “The battered crew you live among now—what are they but folk who have tried to succeed and failed?”
Kate: “That’s it; they try, but they fail.” Sir Harry: “And always fail.”
Kate: “Always. Poor souls—I say of them. Poor soul—they say of me. It keeps us human. That is why I never tire of them.”
Sir Harry: comprehensively, “Bah! Kate, I tell you I’ll be worth half a million yet.”
Kate: “I’m sure you will. You’re getting stout, Harry. Sir Harry: “No, I’m not.”
Kate: “What was the name of that fat old fellow who used to fall asleep at our dinner-parties?”
Sir Harry: “If you mean Sir William Crackley—“
working for, Harry. You will have that and the half million about the same time.”
Sir Harry: who has surely been very patient, “Will you please to leave my house.”
Kate: putting on her gloves, soiled things, “But don’t let us part in anger. How do you think I am looking, Harry, compared to the dull, inert thing that used to roll round in your padded carriages?”
Sir Harry: in masterly fashion, “I forgot what you were like. I’m very sure you never could have held a candle to the present Lady Sims.” (Barrie, 1921:424).
meaning then it looks like. It is not an action of holding a candle, but it is about confidence. The writer thinks that Sir Harry seemed to know well that Kate is not confidence enough when she face to face with Lady Sims, because there is a status gap between them.
31. ’the twelve-pound look’
The words ’the twelve-pound look’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is something or someone that has twelve pound of price.
The words ’the twelve-pound look’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: worthless sight.
The form of words: Noun phrase
32. ‘a pin prick’
The words ‘a pin prick’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: it is a prick of pin
The words ‘a pin prick’ if it is seen connotatively it becomes: not a big deal.
The form of words: Noun phrase
33. ‘a little jarring in the moment of triumph’
The words ‘a little jarring in the moment of triumph’ if it is seen denotatively it becomes: a little vibration when somebody received the trophy of triumph.
The form of words: Noun phrase
Those three words definitely are idiomatic expressions, they are not phrases because they have other meanings. The writer analyzes those three idioms that their meanings are not so simple to be interpreted, because their actual meanings are implied. So, they cannot be translated directly. Those three idioms are found on page 425. Further explanation will be described as follows:
Kate: slowly, “If I was a husband—it is my advice to all of them—I would often watch my wife quietly to see whether the twelve-pound look was not coming into her eyes. Two boys, did you say, and both like you?”
Sir Harry: “What is that to you?”
Kate: with glistening eyes, “I was only thinking that somewhere there are two little girls who, when they grow up—the dear, pretty girls who are all meant for the men that don’t get on! Well, good-bye, Sir Harry.”
Sir Harry: showing a little human weakness, it is to be feared, “Say first that you’re sorry.”
Kate: “For what?
Sir Harry: “That you left me. Say you regret it bitterly. You know you do.” She smiles and shakes her head. He is pettish. He makes a terrible announcement. “You have spoilt the day for me.”
Kate: to hearten him, “I am sorry for that; but it is only a pin-prick, Harry. I suppose it is a little jarring in the moment of your triumph to find that there is—one old friend—who does not think you a success; but you will soon forget it. Who cares what a typist thinks?” (Barrie, 1921:425).
monetary unit of the United Kingdom (which commonly called as pound sterling). It is clearly stated on page 424, when Sir harry said, “I am worth a quarter of a million.” Then, Kate responded, “That is what you are worth to yourself. I’ll tell you what you are worth to me: exactly twelve pounds.” So it is clearly that how Kate and Sir Harry judging to each other, not talking about weight. Afterward, the idiom ‘a pin-prick’ does not mean a prick or puncture of a pin, but it means not a big deal, or in other word not a big problem. The writer concludes that meaning by seeing through the context. It has similar case with idiom ‘a little jarring in the moment of your triumph’. The meaning of ‘a little jarring in the moment of your triumph’ is not kind of somebody’s action to bother someone else for enjoying his/her triumph, but the actual meaning is ‘easy’. So, if they are applied to the text it will be:
Kate: to hearten him, “I am sorry for that; but it is not a big deal, Harry. I suppose it is easy to find that there is—one old friend—who does not think you a success; but you will soon forget it. Who cares what a typist thinks?” (Barrie, 1921:425)
wonder why the idioms always contain connotative meanings, why not denotative meaning. After the writer compared between denotative and connotative meaning and related them to the context of the story, the writer finally revealed that idiomatic expressions always related to figurative meaning, or closely it always contain connotative meaning because the meaning cannot be seen literally. Having revealed that all the idioms contain connotative meaning, the writer continues with the next analysis that is to figure out the effects of idioms toward the play.
The form finding of idioms itself is done and the writer will categorize all the idioms based on the form. There are 1 idiom in pairs of adjectives combination, 1 idiom in pairs of nouns combination, 1 idiom with pairs of verb combination, 1 idiom with preposition + noun phrase combination, 5 idioms in adjective + noun combination, 12 idioms in noun phrases combination, 8 idioms in verb + noun combination, 2 idioms in intransitive verb + preposition combination, and the last 2 idioms in transitive verb + preposition combination.
B. The effects of idioms that are found in the play.
1. The first group is the idiom with pairs of adjectives combination.
The idiomatic expression of ‘high and low’ according to the context of the play means everywhere. So, if the idiomatic expression is replaced with its meaning it would be “We searched for the two of you everywhere.” and then compare it with the original form in the play “We searched for the two of you high and low.” The effect of that expression becomes different. The writer sees that when the author only uses ‘everywhere’, that sentence will become unattractive.
2. The second group is the idioms with pairs of nouns.
3. The third group is the idiom with pairs of adjective.
The idiomatic expression of ‘button and unbutton’ according to the context of the play means to serve. So, if the idiomatic expression is replaced with its meaning it would be “Lady Sims has a maid to serve her…”, and then compare it with the original form in the play “Lady Sims has a maid for buttoning and unbuttoning her…”. The effect of that expression becomes different. The idiomatic expression ‘button and unbutton’ is intentionally used by the author than its meaning ‘to serve’ in order to make the expression to be more attractive.
4. The fourth group is the idiom with preposition + Noun phrase.
The idiomatic expression of ‘on the fire-seat’ according to the context of the play means risk. So, if the idiomatic expression is replaced with its meaning it would be “It is the first point on which they have agreed, and, forgetting himself, he takes a place beside her in risk situation.” and then compare it with the original form in the play “It is the first point on which they have agreed, and, forgetting himself, he takes a place beside her on the fire-seat.” The effect of that expression becomes different. The idiomat
