T :i: j:.. ii:=. i'"vii n:..::: ii-vii ii n.n r"j !i.A,n 'v
3.1. P K N G E R T I A N R U N W A Y
R u n w a y a d a l a h b a g ian dari b a n d a r u d a r a y a n g d i g u n a - kan u n t u k t i n g g a l - l a n d a s ( takeoff) dan p e n d a r a t a n ( l a n d ing) bagi p e s a w a t terbang.
3.2. P K R H I T U N G A N J U M L A H G E R A K A N P E S A W A T T E R B A N G P E R JAM
Dari a n a l i s i s d a t a p a d a L a m p i r a n IV T a b e l 4.1, 4.2. 4.3 dan 4.4, telah d i d a p a t k a n p r e d i k s i j u m l a h t ahu n a n (annual ), p r o s e n t a s e p e a k m o n t h per annual, p r o s e n t a s e p e a k d a y per p e a k m o n t h dan p r o s e n t a s e pea k hour per p e a k day, u n t u k p e s a w a t terbang, penuiiipang, bagasi, c argo dan p o s / p a k e t , p a d a ta hun 2 0 0 0.
D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n d a t a t e r s e b u t di atas, d a p a t l a h d i p e r o l e h b e s a r n y a p e a k hour u n t u k p e s a w a t terbang, p e nu m- p a n g dan m u a t a n b a r a n g y a n g m e l a l u i B a n d a r U d a r a I n t e r n a - s i o n a l Juan da, p a d a ta hun 2000.
U n t u k m e n e n t u k a n k o n f i g u r a s i dan P H O C A P ( P r a c t i c a l H o u r l y C a p a c i t y ) runway, p e r l u d i k e t a h u i lebih da hulu j u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g per jam b e r d a s a r k a n peak
ho ur p e s a w a t terbang, p e n u m p a n g dan m u a t a n barang. T a b e l 3.1. P e r h i t u n g a n P e a k Hour P a d a T a h u n 2000. i 1 ! ( 2 ! ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 i ( 6 i ftnnual Tahun 2000 Peak Month/ Annual ( •/. ) Peak Day/ Peak Month ( 7. 1 ' Peak Hour/ Peak Day ( I. i Peak Hour/ Annual (2jx(3):<4) Peak Hour Tahun 2000 (1):^!5! Pesawat Terbang 66.033 (gerakan) 11,368 4,660 13,740 0,000728 ■ 49 (gerakan) Penurapanq 2.27A.709 (orang) 11.646 4,804 23,631 0,001322 3.008 (orang) Baoa,5i U . 570.024 (i;g! 13,948 6,297 18,649 0,001638 23.865 (kg) Cargo 20.399,226 (kg! 16,396 7,864 10,667 0,002407 49,09? (kg) PQS/Paket 1.B72.427 (kg! 12,683 6,176 19,968 0,001564 2.929 (kg! 3.2.1. J u n l a h G e r a k a n P e s a w a t T e r b a n g Per J a m B e r d a s a r k a n P e a k H o u r P e s a w a t T e r b a n g
Dari T a b e l 3.1. t elah d i d a p a t k a n p e a k hour p e s a w a t t e r b a n g s e b a n y a k 49 ge rakan. B a n d a r U d a r a I n t e r n a s i o n a l J u a n d a d i r a n c a n g u n t u k k o m p o s i s i p e s a w a t t e r b a n g m i x 3, di mana kelas A = 20 %, B = 40 %, C = 20 % dan D+E = 20 %. M a k a d i d a p a t k a n j u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g kelas : A = 2 0 / 1 0 0 X 49 g e r a k a n / j a m = 10 g e r a k a n / j a m . B = 4 0 / 1 0 0 X 49 g e r a k a n / j a m = 20 g e r a k a n / j a m C = 2 0 / 1 0 0 X 49 g e r a k a n / j a m = 10 g e r a k a n / j a m D + E = 2 0 / 1 0 0 X 49 g e r a k a n / j a m = 10 g e r a k a n / j a m J u m l a h t ot al g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g b e r d a s a r k a n
p e a k hour p e s a w a t t e r b a n g = 10 + 20 + 10 + 10 50 gera - kan/j a m .
3.2.2. J u m l a h G e r a k a n P e s a w a t T e r b a n g P e r J a m B e r d a - s a r k a n P e a k H o u r P e n u m p a n g
Dari T a b e l 3.1. d i d a p a t k a n peak hour p e n u m p a n g s e b a n y a k 3 .008 orang.
D e n g a n k o m p o s i s i p e s a w a t t e r b a n g mix 3 dan k a p a s i t a s p e n u m p a n g u n t u k p e s a w a t t e r b a n g kelas A = 375 orang, B = 110 orang, C = 50 o r a n g dan D + E = 10 orang, maka d i d a p a t k a n j u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g yang d i p e r l u k a n 3008 20/1 0 0 X 375 + 4 0 / 1 0 0 x 110 + 2 0 / 1 0 0 x 50 + 2 0 / 1 0 0 x 10 = 23 g e r a k a n / j a m J u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g kelas : A - 2 0 / 1 0 0 x 23 g e r a k a n / j a m = 5 g e r a k a n / j a m B = 4 0 / 1 0 0 x 23 g e r a k a n / j a m = 10 g e r a k a n / j a m C = 2 0 / 1 0 0 x 23 g e r a k a n / j a m = 5 g e r a k a n / j a m D + E = 2 0 / 1 0 0 X 23 g e r a k a n / j a m = 5 g e r a k a n / j a m J u m l a h total g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g b e r d a s a r k a n p e a k hour p e n u m p a n g = 5 + 10 + 5 + 5 = 25 g e r a k a n / j a m . 3.2.3. J u n l a h G e r a k a n P e s a w a t T e r b a n g Per J a m B e r d a s a r k a n P e a k H o u r M u a t a n B a r a n g ( B a g a s i + C a r g o + P o s / P a k e t ) Dari T abel 3.1. d i d a p a t k a n p e a k hour m u atan b a r a n g = 2 3 . 8 8 5 + 4 9 . 0 9 9 + 2929 = 7 5 . 8 9 3 kg.
D e n g a n k o m p o s i s i p e s a w a t t e r b a n g m i x 3 dan kapa s i t a s m u atan b a r a n g u n t u k p e s a w a t kela s A = 3 0 .000 kg, B = 7000 kg, C = 1200 kg dan D + E - 400 kg, maka d i d a p a t k a n
j u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t ter ban g yang d i p e r l u k a n = 7 5 . 8 9 3 2 0 / 1 0 0 X 3 0 . 0 0 0 + 4 0 / 1 0 0 x 7 0 0 0 + 2 0 / 1 0 0 x l 2 0 0 + 2 0 / 1 0 0 x40 0 = 9 g e r a k a n /jam. J u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t terbang kelas : A = 2 0 / 1 0 0 X 9 g e r a k a n / j a m = 2 g e r a k a n / j a m B = 4 0 / 1 0 0 X 9 g e r a k a n / j a m = 4 g e r a k a n / j a m C = 2 0 /100 X 9 g e r a k a n / j a m = 2 g e r a k a n / j a m D + E = 2 0 / 1 0 0 X 9 g e r a k a n / j a m = 2 g e r a k a n / j a m J u m l a h total gera k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g b e r d a s a r k a n p e a k hour m u a t a n b a r a n g = 2 + 4 + 2 + 2 = 1 0 g e r a kan/jam.
3.3. KAPASITAS, KONFIGURASI DAN ARAH RUNWAY
Dari p e r h i t u n g a n j u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g b e r d a s a r k a n p e a k hour p e s a w a t terbang, p e numpang, dan m u a t a n ba rang, terl i h a t b a h w a hasil p e r h i t u n g a n b e r d a s a r kan p e a k hour p e s awat t e r bang = 49 g e r a k a n / j a m , yang t e r b e s a r .
P e a k hour = 49 g e r a k a n / j a m ini, d i d a p a t d a r i hasil a n a l i s i s d a t a u n t u k p e n e r b a n g a n d o m e s t i k saja, s e d a n g k a n B a n d a r U d a r a J u a n d a pada tahun 2000 sud ah d i r e n c a n a k a n m e n j a d i b a n d a r u d a r a i n t e r n a s i o n a l . U ntuk m e m p e r h i t u n g k a n f a k t o r t a m b a h a n d e ngan a d anya p e n e r b a n g a n in terna sional, d i a s u m s i k a n b a h w a peak hour B a n d a r U d a r a I n t e r n a s i o n a l J u a n d a p a d a tahu n 2000 tid ak akan m e l e b i h i p e a k hour B a n d a r U d a r a I n t e r n a s i o n a l S o e k a r n o - H a t t a di Jakarta. M a k a se bagai b a t a s atas d i a m b i l p e a k hour B a n d a r U dara
I n t e r n a s i o n a l S o e k a r n o - Hatta, y aitu 67 g e r a k a n / j a m , dan p e a k hour B a n d a r U d a r a J u a n d a s e b a g a i b a t a s bawah, yaitu 49 g e r a k a n / j a m . B e r d a s a r k a n b a t a s atas dan b atas b awah ini, p e a k hour u n t u k p e r a n c a n g a n B a n d a r U d a r a Inte r n a - s i o n a l J u a n d a d i a m b i l r a t a - r a t a n y a = 49 + 67 --- - 5g g e r a k a n / j a m . 2 M a k a j u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g kel as ; 20 A = --- X 58 g e r a k a n / j a m = 12 g e r a k a n / j a m 100 40 B = --- X 58 g e r a k a n / j a m = 24 g e r a k a n / j a m 100 20 C = --- X 58 g e r a k a n / j a m = 12 g e r a k a n / j a m 100 20 D + E - --- X 58 g e r a k a n / j a m = 12 g e r a k a n / j a m 100 J a d i j u m l a h g e r a k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g per ja m di B a n d a r U d a r a I n t e r n a s i o n a l J u a n d a p a d a ta hun 2000 = 1 2 + 24 + 12 + 12 = 60 g e r a k a n / j a m . Dar i T abel 3.2, t e r l i h a t b a h w a d e n g a n k o n f i g u r a s i i n d e p e n d e n t p a r a l l e l runway, d e n g a n j a r a k a n t a r a kedu a su mbu r u n w a y 3500 - 4 9 9 9 ft, d i d a p a t P H O C A P (Pra c t i c a l H o u r l y C a p a c i t y ) u n t u k IFR ( I n s t r u m e n t F l i g h t Rule) = 79 g e r a k a n / j a m dan u n t u k V F R (Visu al F l i g h t Rule) = 108 g e r a k a n / j a m , s u d a h lebih b esar d a r i p a d a j u m l a h g e r a k a n p a d a jam s i b u k = 60 g e r a k a n / j a m . T e t a p i kare na term ina l d i r a n c a n g t e r l e t a k di t e n g a h - t e n g a h a n t a r a ked ua runway, dan u n t u k k e m u n g k i n a n p e r l u a s a n terminal, maka j a r a k
T abe l 3.2. K o n f i g u r a s i dan K a p a s i t a s Runway. Runw ay configuration P H O C A P L ayout D escription M ix PA N C A P IF R V F R Single runw ay 1 , 21S,000 53 . 99 (arrivals »= departures) 2 195,000 52 76 3 180,000 44 54 4 170,000 42 45 " Close parallels 1 385,000 64 198 . j - - . ' . ^ . _ j t (IF R dependent) 2 330,000 63 152 Less Ihon 3,500 H 3 295,000 55 108 4 280,000 54 90 ♦ Independent IF R 1 425,000 79 198 —t — I ----approach/departure 2 390,000 79 152 3,500 lo 4,999 ft parallels 3 355,000 79 108 - t ;---- 4 330,000 74 90 5 ,0 0 0 f I or m ort 3 — f -E Independent IF R arrivals and departures
430,000 106 198 390,000 104 152 360,000 88 108 340,000 84 90 -c -c 5 ,0 0 0 ft or mor# Independent parallels 770,000 128 396
plus two close parallels 660,000 126 304
590,000 110 216 560,000 108 180 W idely spaced 425,000 79 198 open V w ith 340,000 79 136 independent operations 310,000 76 94 310,000 74 84 ^ O pen V, dependent. 420.000 71 198
^ operations away from 335,000 70 136
— *■ intersection 300,000 63 94
295,000 60 84
O pen V, dependent. 235,000 57 108
operations tow ard 220,000 56 86
— intersection 215,000 50 66 200,000 50 53 D i r e c t i o n o f o p s T w o intersecting at 1 375,000 71 175 near threshold 2 310,000 70 125 3 275,000 63 83 4 253,000 60 69 T w o intersecting in 1 220,000 61 99 middle 2 195,000 60 76 3 195,000 53 58 4 190,000 47 52 D ire ction o f ops T w o intersecting at 1 220,000 55 99 far threshold 2 195,000 54 76 3 180.000 46 54 4 175,000 42 57
a n t a r a k e dua sum bu r u n w a y d i p e r b e s a r m e n j a d i > 5000 ft, s e h i n g g a P H O C A P u n t u k IFR = 8 8 g e r a k a n / j a m dan VFR =
108 g e r a k a n / j a m .
P e m i l i h a n i n d e p e n d e n t p a r a l l e l r u n w a y ini d i d a s a r k a n p a d a a r a h angi n y a n g dominan, d a l a m hal ini yang b e r t i u p d a r i w a k t u ke wakt u hany a dari satu arah, y ait u dari arah b a r a t atau timur. S e d a n g k a n r u n w a y y a n g s e k a r a n g terd a p a t di B a n d a r U d a r a J u a n d a a d a l a h s i n g l e r u n w a y yan g t e r l e t a k p a d a ara h b a r a t - t i m u r . Maka u n t u k m e n j a d i p a r a l l e l runway, d i t a m b a h satu r u n w a y di s e b e l a h utara, s e j ajar d e n g a n
r u n w a y y a n g lama. U / \ R u n w a y baru ID C-CD \ R u n w a y lama G a m b a r 3.1. R e n c a n a P e n g e m b a n g a n M e n j a d i P a r a l l e l Runway, 3.4. P E R H I T U H G A N P A N J A N G R U N W A Y Ada ti ga m e t o d e y a n g m e n j a d i d a s a r p e r h i t u n g a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y : 1. P e r s y a r a t a n p r e s t a s i ( p e r f o r m a n c e ) y a n g d i t e t a p k a n oleh - p e m e r i n t a h t e r h a d a p p e m b u a t dan o p e r a t o r p e s a w a t
t e r b a n g .
2. H a l - h a l y a n g m e n e n t u k a n b o b o t oper a s i ko tor lepas landa s dan p e n d a r a t a n u n t u k s e t i a p tipe p e s a w a t t e r b a n g ,
3. L i n g k u n g a n di b a n d a r udara.
3.4.1. P e r s y a r a t a n - p e r s y a r a t a n P r e s t a s i ( p e r f o r m a n c e ) y an g D i t e n t u k a n o l e h P e m e r i n t a h
A d a tiga kead a a n u m u m y a n g harus d i p e r t i m b a n g k a n d a l a m m e n e t a p k a n p a n j a n g r u nway u n t u k p e n g o p e r a s i a n yang a m a n , y a i t u : 1. P e n d a r a t a n R u n w a y c u k u p u n t u k m e l a k u k a n p e n d a r a t a n yang m e l e b i h i j a r a k y a n g d i t e n t u k a n ( o versh oots), p e n d e k a t a n ku rang s e m p u r n a (poor a p p r o a c h e s ) dll., s e h i n g g a m e m u n g k i n k a n vari a s i norm a l dari t e k n i k p e n d a r a t a n ( land i n g t e c h n i q u e s ) .
2. L e p a s l a n d a s d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n m e s i n
R u n w a y c u k u p u n t u k m e m u n g k i n k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g lepas landas, w a l a u p u n k e h i l a n g a n d a y a d o r o n g atau b a h k a n d i r e m u n t u k ber hent i.
3.' L e p a s l a n d a s n o r m a l
S e l u r u h m e s i n d a p a t b e r f u n g s i dan r u n w a y cukup u n t u k m e n a m p u n g v a r i a s i d a l a m t e k n i k p e n g a n g k a t a n ( l i f t o f f t e c h n i q u e s ) dan k a r a k t e r i s t i k khusus d a r i p e s a w a t terbang.
Pada G a m b a r 3 . 2 . (a), m e m p e r 1 iha tkan keadaan p e n d a r a - t a n . J a r a k p e n d a r a t a n ( l a n d i n g d i s t a n c e = LD) yang d ibu- tuhkan s e t i a p p e s a w a t t e r b a n g m e r u p a k a n p e r k e r a s a n p enuh (ful 1 - s t r e n g t h p a v e m e n t FS) ya ng harus cuk up u n t u k meinungk inkan p e s a w a t terb a n g b e r h e n t i p a d a j a r a k p e m ber- h e n t i a n (stop d i s t a n c e = SD), yait u 60 p e r s e n dar i j a r a k p e n d a r a t a n .
Pada G a m b a r 3 . 2 . (b), m e n g g a m b a r k a n ke adaan lepas land a s d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n mesin. J i k a p e s a w a t t e r b a n g pada saat m e n g a l a m i k e g a g a l a n mesin, b e l u m m e n c a p a i kece p a t a n k r itis u n t u k d a p a t lepas landas ( c r i t i c a l e n g i n e - f a i l u r e spee d = d e c i s i o n speed = ^i)> m a k a k e c e p a t a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g h ar us d i k u r a n g i dan b e r h e n t i pada d a e r a h henti (s t o p w a y = S W ) . T e t a p i j i k a p e s a w a t t e r b a n g p a d a saat
Landing east t e ]
Engini h H u rt cate l b )
Stopmy - least os widt as
nnwoy: Uusi Support oirphnt without damage in aborted tote-off.
Cleorwof- Uinimum 500 ft wide: No higher than end of runway, cieor of fised obstacles, and under airpcrt control.
G a m b a r 3.2. R i n g k a s a n P e r a t u r a n P r e s t a s i ( p e r f o r m a n c e )
P e s a w a t T e r b a n g B e r m e s i n T u r b i n t e r h a d a p K e b u t u h a n P a n j a n g Runway.
m e n g a l a m i k e g a g a l a n mesin, sud ah m e n c a p a i V^, m a k a p e s a w a t t e r b a n g itu ha rus lepas landas. J a r a k u n t u k m e n g h e n t i k a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g itu d i s e b u t j a r a k p e r c e p a t a n b e r h e n t i ( a c c e l e r a t e - s t o p d i s t a n c e = DAS).
P a d a G a m b a r 3 . 2 . ( c ), m e m p e r l i h a t k a n k e a daan lepas landas normal. J a r a k lepas landas (take off d i s t a n c e = TOD) y a n g d i b u t u h k a n pes a w a t terbang, harus 115 p e r s e n dari j a r a k y a n g d i t e m p u h p e s a w a t te rb a n g u n t u k m e n c a p a i keting- gian 35 kaki (Dg^). D a e r a h j a r a k lepas landas ini, y a n g m e n c a k u p d a e r a h b ebas ( clearway = CL), harus b e b a s dari s e g a l a rin ta ng an, u n t u k m e n j a g a k e m u n g k i n a n t e r j a d i n y a ov ers hoots. C l e a r w a y t e r l e t a k s e s u d a h u j u n g r u n w a y d e n g a n p a n j a n g m a k s i m u m s e p a r u h dari s e l i s i h take o f f d i s t a n c e dan 115 p e r s e n dari j a r a k u n t u k m e n c a p a i titi k p e n g a n g k a t a n (lif t o f f d i s t a n c e = LOD). K e c u a l i cle arway, ta k eoff d i s t a n c e h arus b e r u p a f u l l - s t r e n g t h p a v e m e n t y a n g d i n y a t a - kan s e b a g a i t a k e o f f run (TOR).
P a n j a n g lapa ngan (field length = FL) p a d a u m u m n y a terd i r i d a r i tiga bagian, y aitu f u l l - s t r e n g t h pave men t, s t o p w a y da n clearway. U n t u k m e n g h i t u n g p a n j a n g runway, d a p a t d i g u n a k a n p e r u m u s a n s e b a g a i beri k u t : 1. K e a d a a n p e n d a r a t a n FL = FS = LD LD = SD / 0,60
2a. K e a d a a n lepas landas d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n mesin yang d i t u n d a / d i b a t a l k a n .
FL = FS + SW FL = DAS
2b. K e a d a a n lepas land as d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n mesi n FL = FS + CL
CL = 0 . 5 0 (TOD - LCD) TOD = D3 5
FS = TOR T O R = TOD - CL
3. K e a d a a n lepas landas n o rmal FL = FS + CL CL = 0,50 [ TOD - 1,15 (LOD)] TOD = 1,15 (D3 5 ) FS = T O R T O R = T O D - CL U n t u k m e n e n t u k a n p a n j a n g lap an ga n y a n g d i b u t u h k a n y a n g t e r d i r i dari full s t r e n g t h pa vem ent, s t o p w a y dan c l e a r w a y , harus d i r a n o a n g u n t u k p e s a w a t t e r b a n g k r i t i s di b a n d a r udara, y a it u : FL = (LD, DAS, TOD) m a k s i m u m FS = (LD, TOR) m a k s i m u m SW = DAS - (LD, TOR) m a k s i m u m CL = [(FL - DAS), CL] m i n i m u m S e b a g a i c o n t o h p e n g g u n a a n , d a p a t d i l i h a t di b a w a h ini. K a r a k t e r i s t i k p r e s t a s i ( p e r f o r m a n c e ) u n t u k sebu a h p e s a w a t t e r b a n g d i k e t a h u i s b b . :
1. K e a d a a n lepas landas n o r m a l LOD = 7 .000 ft
D3 5 = 8 . 0 0 0 ft
2. K e a d a a n lepas landa s d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n m e sin LOD = 8 .20 0 ft D3 5 = 9 . 1 0 0 ft 3. K e a d a a n lepas landa s d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n m e s i n y a n g d i t u n d a / d i b a t a l k a n DAS = 9 . 5 0 0 ft 4. K e a d a a n p e n d a r a t a n SD = 5 . 0 0 0 ft P e n y e l e s a i a n :
K e a d a a n lepas lan das nor ma l, TOD = 1,15 (D35) = 9 . 200 ft, CL = 0,50 [TOD - 1,15 (LOD)] ' = 575 ft, T O R = T O D - CL = 8 . 625 ft.
K e a d a a n lepas lan das d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n mesin, TO D = D35 = 9 . 1 0 0 ft, CL = 0,50 (TOD - LOD) = 450 ft, T O R = T O D - CL = 8 . 8 5 0 ft.
K e a d a a n lepas lan das d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n m e s i n y a n g d i t u n d a / d i b a t a l k a n , DAS = 9 . 5 0 0 ft.
K e a d a a n p e n d a r a t a n , LD = S D / 0 , 6 0 = 8.333 ft.
K e b u t u h a n k o m p o n e n runway, d i d a p a t d e n g a n c a r a ; FL = (LD, DAS, TOD) m a k s . = 9 .500 ft.
SW = DAS - (LD, TOR) m a k s . = 9.500 - 8.6 50 = 850 ft. CL = [(FL - DAS), CL] = 9 .500 - 9 .5 00 ::: 0 FS = 8.650 ft ^SW = 850 ft ---- ,( 10.350 ft G a m b a r 3.3. I l u s t r a s i P a n j a n g K o m p o n e n Runway. S e l a i n p e r h i t u n g a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y d e n g a n cara an ali- tis s e p e r t i y a n g t e l a h d i u r a i k a n di atas, t e r d a p a t j u g a c a r a l a i n n y a yaitu cara grafis. G r a f i k ini d i d a p a t k a n dari p a b r i k p e m b u a t p e s a w a t terbang nya . Jadi tiap tipe p e s a w a t
t e r b a n g m e m p u n y a i g r a f i k n y a m a s i n g - m a s i n g .
S e b a g a i c o n t o h peng g u n a a n , d a p a t d i l i h a t di b a w a h ini. D i k e t a h u i k a r a k t e r i s t i k p e s a w a t t e r b a n g dan ko ndis i l i n g k u n g a n band a r u d a r a s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
1. T e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a b u l a n a n dar i har ian m a k s i m u m p a d a b ulan t e r p a n a s d a l a m tahun itu = 29 °C. 2. E l e v a s i b a n d a r u d a r a d a r i m u k a air laut =
4 . 5 0 0 ft.
3. M a x i m u m t a k e o f f w e i g h t = 144. 000 lbs. 4. M a x i m u m l a n d i n g w e i g h t = ,104.000 lbs. ^5. K e c e p a t a n a ngi n ha luan = 12 knots.
Gafibar 3.4. P e r b a n d m g a n Ke ce pa t an
0 P 2a 30 AO
TEIIPER ATU R UDARA X
ISO 125 130 UO
BERATP1.CC0 l b s)
150 30 20 10 0 10 20 2 1 0 1 2 '
BURlTAf^ HALUAN TURUM N AIK
KMOTS G a ib a r 3 . 5 . Takeoff R u n t t
a
TEMPERATUBi UDARA t 0 E R A T ( 1.000 LpS) v \ k n o t sGaibar
Z. b,
A c c e l e r a t e - S t o p D i s t a n c e T E M P E R A T U R U D A R A t B E R A T ( I.OOd LfeS) B U R IT A N H A L U A N T U R U N N A IK k n o t s •/o Gambar 3.7. T a k e o f f D i s t a n c e ( n o r m a l ) X -30 0 10 20 30 40 T E M P E R A T U R U D A R A *C >•7.000 ^ Of ^— I---1 ---120 125 130 135 140 life BEF^AT ( 1.000 LBS) 150 30 20 10 0 1 0 2 0 2 i 0 1. 2 BURITAN H A L U A N T U R U N N A IK KN O T S VoGanbar 3. B. Takeofi D i s t a n c e ( g a g a l ) d o Gainbar 3. 7. Landi ng D i s t a n c e 0 10 20 30 T E M P E R A T U R U D A R A 100 lOS B E R A T (1.000 L B S ) 120 30 20 10 e 10 20 2 1 0 1 2
B U R ]ta n HALUAN TURUN NAlK
C a t a t a n : Vp a d a l a h k e c e p a t a n rota si ( r o t a t i o n speed), y ait u k e c e p a t a n p a d a saat p ilot m e n a r i k handel
ke b e l a k a n g u n t u k m e n g a n g k a t h i d u n g p e s awat terbang, agar d a p a t m u l a i lepas landas.
P e n y e l e s a i a n :
D e n g a n d a t a t s b . di atas, p a d a G a m b a r 3.4, d i d a p a t k a n b e s a r n y a V ^ / V p = 0,962, lalu p a d a G a m b a r 3.5. d i d a p a t k a s n b e s a r n y a T O R = 6 , 2 5 0 ft, s e l a n j u t n y a p a d a G a m b a r 3.6. d i d a p a t k a n .. b e s a r n y a DAS = 7 . 7 0 0 ft, k e m u d i a n p a d a G a m b a r 3.7. d i d a p a t k a n b e s a r n y a TOD u n t u k kead a a n lepas landas n o r m a l = 7 . 5 5 0 ft, dan p a d a G a m b a r 3.8. d i d a p a t k a n b e s a r n y a T OD u n t u k lepas landas d e n g a n k e g a g a l a n m e sin (satu m e s i n m a t i ) = 7 . 5 0 0 ft, s e r t a p a d a G a m b a r 3.9. d i d a p a t k a n b e s a r n y a LD = 4 . 8 5 0 ft.
FL = (LD, DAS, TOD) m a k s . 7 .700 ft. FS = (LD, T O R ) maks. = 6 . 2 5 0 ft.
SW = DAS - (LD, TOR) maks. = 7.700 - 6 . 2 5 0 - 1.450 ft. CL = [(FL - DAS), CL] min. = 7 .700 - 7 . 7 0 0 = 0. SM - 1 , 4 » ft FS = 6.250 ft . SW - 1,450 ft , U--- 9,150 ft K... . .... >i ---J G a m b a r 3.10. I l u s t r a s i P a n j a n g K o m p o n e n Runway.
3.4.2. H a l - h a l y a n g M e n e n t u k a n B o b o t O p e r a s i K o t o r L e p a s L a n d a s d a n P e n d a r a t a n
D a l a m m e n e n t u k a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y u n t u k p e r a n c a n g a n b a n d a r udara, p e n g a r u h p a n j a n g p e r j a l a n a n t e r h a d a p p a n j a n g ru nway, s a n g a t besar. D e n g a n b e r t a m b a h n y a p a n j a n g p e r j a l a nan, k e b u t u h a n akan b a h a n b a k a r bert a m b a h . Ini m e n g a k i b a t - kan b e r a t p e s a w a t t e r b a n g p a d a saat lepas lan das ( s t r u c tural t a k e o f f w e i g h t ) j u g a b e r t a m b a h , dan j u g a b e r a r t i k e b u t u h a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y p a d a saat lepas lan das akan b e r t a m b a h , s e p e r t i t e r l i h a t p a d a G a m b a r 3.11. U n t u k itu, F A A t e lah m e n g e l u a r k a n p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n dan p r o s e d u r - p r o s e d u r d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n k e b u t u h a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n k u r v a - k u r v a p r e s t a s i ( g r a f i k ) at au d e n g a n t a b e l - t a b e l pres t a s i , s e p e r t i ya ng t e r m u a t di d a l a m A d v i s o r y C i r c u l a r AC 150 /53 25- 4.
Trip length, nautical miles
Gbr 3 t l l . T r i p length versus runw ay lengtli. I'ull space payluacl; 747 — !iS,275 lb; D C -10 = 65,680 lb ; 727-200 = 33,680 lb; 7 3 7 = 22,775 lb. O pcraiing weight em pty: 7 4 7 = 367,000 lb ; D C -10 = 238,000 lb; 727-200 = 99,500 lb ; 737 = 62,200 lb.
K o n d i s i y a n g d i p a k a i s e b a g a i d a s a r peinbuatan k u r v a - k u r v a p r e s t a s i (graf ik) a d a l a h k o n d i s i a e r o p l a n e r e f e r - e n o e - f i e l d l e ngth (ARFL) dan b e r d a s a r k a n p a d a p e r m u k a a n r u n w a y y a n g kering. K o n d i s i A R F L a d a l a h s b b . : 1. P a n j a n g r u n w a y y a n g d i d a p a t dari g r a f i k a d a l a h b e r e l e v a s i d a r i m u k a laut. 2. T e m p e r a t u r y a n g d i p a k a i a d a l a h t e m p e r a t u r st an- dar, y a i t u t e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a b u l a n a n da ri h a rian m a k s i m u m p a d a b u l a n y a n g t e r p a n a s dalain tahu n itu di s e k i t a r lokas i b a n d a r udara.
3. T a k e o f f w e i g h t y a n g d i g u n a k a n , d i a m b i l d a r i h arga y a n g t e r k e o i l d a r i d u a p e r h i t u n g a n a n t a r a :
a. zero fuel w e i g h t d i t a m b a h p a y l o a d dan BBM y a n g d i b u t u h k a n u n t u k m e n o a p a i t u j u a n s e r t a 4 BBM c a d a n g a n u n t u k t e r b a n g s e l a m a 1,5 jam, dan b. m a x i m u m l a n d i n g w e i g h t d i t a m b a h p a y l o a d dan BBM y a n g d i b u t u h k a n u n t u k m e n o a p a i tujuan. 4. J a r a k y a n g d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a g r a f i k ini a d a l a h j a r a k y a n g d a p a t d i c a p a i p e s a w a t t e r b a n g dar i sat u b a n d a r u d a r a ke b a n d a r u d a r a lain, d e n g a n m a x i m u m p a y l o a d da n b e r a t BBM m i n i m u m y a n g d i b u tuhk a n u n t u k itu. S e b a g a i o o n t o h p e n g g u n a a n , d a p a t d i l i h a t di b a w a h ini. D i k e t a h u i d a t a p e s a w a t t e r b a n g dan l i n g k u n g a n b a n d a r u d a r a sbb. : 1. J a r a k p e n e r b a n g a n n o n - s t o p t e r j a u h = 1.400 miles.
2. E l e v a s i b a n d a r u d a r a d a r i m u k a laut = 1.800 ft. 3. T e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a b u l a n a n d a r i h a ri an maksiraum p a d a b u l a n t e r p a n a s d a l a m tahun itu = 85 °F. 4. M a x i m u m l a n d i n g w e i g h t = 1 7 5 .000 lbs. 5. K e m i r i n g a n e f e k t i f r u n w a y = 0,5 %. P e n y e l e s a i a n : Dari G a m b a r 3.12., d e n g a n m a x i m u m l a n d i n g w e i g h t (berat p e n d a r a t a n ) = 175. 0 0 0 lbs. dan e l e v a s i b a n d a r u d a r a = 1.800 ft, d i d a p a t k a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y y a n g d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k m e n d a r a t = 6 . 7 0 0 ft. D a r i G a m b a r 3.13., d e n g a n t e m p e r a t u r = 85 °F, e l e v a s i b a n d a r u d a r a = 1.800 ft dan j a r a k p e n e r b a n g a n n o n - s t o p t e r j a u h = 1.400 miles, d i d a p a t k a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y y a n g d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k lepas landa s = 8 . 9 4 0 ft > 6 .700 ft. D e n g a n k e m i r i n g a n e f e k t i f r u n w a y = 0,5 %, k o r e k s i p a n j a n g r u n w a y = 20/1 x 0 , 5 / 1 0 0 x 8. 94 0 =894 ft u n t u k p e s a w a t t e r b a n g b e r m e s i n pisto n. P a n j a n g r u n w a y t otal = 8 . 9 4 0 ft + 894 ft = 9 .834 ft. C a t a t a n D a t a j a r a k p e n e r b a n g a n n o n - s t o p t e r j a u h d a p a t d i g a n t i k a n o l e h d a t a m a x i m u m t a k e o f f w e i g h t (bera t lepas landas) u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y d a r i G a m b a r 3.13.
K o n d i s i y a n g d i p a k a i u n t u k t a b e l - t a b e l p r e s t a s i a d a l a h p e r m u k a a n r u n w a y y a n g basah, r a n c a n g a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g kritis, j a r a k rute n o n - s t o p terjauh, m a x i m u m a l l o w a b l e l a n d i n g / t a k e o f f weight, t e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a
PESAWAT BERBADAN LEBAR (C O N TO H ) UJ UJ V) < o i< “5 z < CL ( I 0 0 0 ) L b » G a m b a r 3.12. P a n j a n g R u n w a y y a n g D i p e r l u k a n u n t u k M e n d a r a t . J M A K (S T A TU T E M UX)
KURVE KEMAMPUAN PESAWAT LEPAS LANDAS CONTOH UNTUK PESAWAT P IS TO N BERBApAN LEBAR
G a m b a r 3.13. P a n j a n g R u n w a y y a n g D i p e r l u k a n u n t u k L e p a s Landas.
b u l a n a n dari har ian m a k s i m u m p a d a bulan terp a n a s d alam tahun itu, k e m i r i n g a n efek t i f runway, dan p a n j a n g run way y a n g d i d a p a t k a n dari tabel a d a l a h p a n j a n g y a n g b e r e l e v a s i dari m u k a laut.
S e b agai c o n t o h p e n g gunaan, d apat d i l i h a t di b a w a h ini. D i k e t a h u i d a t a p e s a w a t t e r b a n g dan l ing k u n g a n b a n d a r u d a r a s b b . :
1. E l e v a s i b a n d a r u d a r a dari m u k a laut = 6.300 ft 2. T e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a b u l a n a n dari har ian m a k s i m u m
p a d a b u lan t e r p a n a s d a l a m tahun itu = 93,5 °F. 3. K e m i r i n g a n e f e k t i f r u n w a y = 0,75 %.
P e n y e l e s a i a n :
D a r i T a b e l 3.3., d e n g a n t e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a b u l a n a n d ari h a rian m a k s i m u m p a d a b u l a n terp a n a s d a l a m tahu n itu = 93.5 °F dan e l e v a s i b a n d a r u d a r a da ri m u k a laut = 6 . 3 0 0 ft, d i d a p a t k a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y = 7.501 ft.
D a r i T a b e l 3.4., d e n g a n t e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a b u l a n a n dari hari a n m a k s i m u m p a d a b u l a n terp a n a s d a l a m tahun itu = 9 3.5 °F dan e l e v a s i b a n d a r u d a r a d a r i m u k a laut .= 6 .30 0 ft, d i d a p a t k a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y = 8. 37 0 ft > 7 .501 ft.
D e n g a n k e m i r i n g a n e f e k t i f r u n w a y = 0,75 %, k o r e k s i p a n j a n g r u n w a y = 10/1 x 0 , 7 5 / 1 0 0 x 8.370 = 627 , 75 ft u n t u k p e s a w a t t e r b a n g b e r m e s i n turbin. P a n j a n g runw a y total = 8 .370 + 6 2 7 , 7 5 = 8 . 9 9 7 , 7 5 ft.
la b el 3.3 Prestasi Pendaratan untu k Pesaw at Terbang L ock h eed Tristar L l O l l —3 8 5 —1 dengan Mesin Rolls-^Royce R B .2 1 1 -2 2 B pada Pengaturan Sirip Sayap Pesaw at T erbang 42°
B o b o t Pendaratan Maksimum yan g Diizinkan, 1 0 0 0 pon
Tempera-tur, F
Ketinggian bandar udara, kaki
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 50 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 55 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 .0 6 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 65 3 5 8 . 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 70 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 7 5 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 7 , 4 SO 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 4 9 , 5 85 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 5 ,3 3 4 1 ,6 90 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 34 7 ,1 3 3 3 , 8 95 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 2 ,8 3 3 9 ,0 3 2 6 , 0 100 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 4 5 ,0 3 3 1 , 2 3 1 8 ,4 105 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 1 ,2 3 3 6 , 8 3 2 3 ,4 3 1 0 , 8 110 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 , 0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 8 ,0 3 5 5 ,6 3 4 1 ,8 3 2 8 ,7 3 1 5 ,9 3 0 3 ,4
Panjong Landasan Pacu, 1 0 0 0 kaki
Be rat. Ketinggian Bandar Udara , kaki
1 0 0 0 p o n 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 260 5 ,2 0 5,31 5,4 4 5,5 7 5 ,7 0 5,8 4 5,9 8 6 ,1 2 6 ,2 5 270 5,3 7 5 ,4 8 5 ,6 0 5,7 3 5,8 6 6 ,0 0 6 ,1 5 6 ,3 0 6 ,4 4 28 0 5,5 2 5,6 3 5,7 6 5,8 9 6 ,0 3 6 ,1 7 6 ,3 2 6,4 7 6 ,6 3 2 9 0 5,6 7 5 ,7 9 5,91 6 ,0 5 6 ,1 9 6 ,3 4 6 ,4 9 6 ,6 5 6,8 1 3 0 0 5 ,8 1 5 ,9 3 6 ,0 7 6,2 1 6 , 3 5 ■6,50 6 ,6 6 6 ,8 2 6 ,9 9 3 1 0 5,9 4 6 , 0 8 6 ,2 2 6 ,3 6 6 ,5 1 6 ,6 7 6 ,8 3 6 ,9 9 7 ,1 7 3 2 0 6 ,0 7 6 , 2 2 6,3 7 6 ,5 2 6 ,6 7 6 ,8 3 6 ,9 9 7 ,1 6 7 ,3 4 3 3 0 6 , 2 0 6 ,3 5 6 ,5 1 6 ,6 6 6 , 8 2 6 ,9 8 7,1 5 7 ,3 2 7 ,5 0 3 4 0 6 ,3 3 6 ,4 9 6 ,6 5 6,8 1 6,9 7 7 ,1 3 7 ,3 0 7 ,4 8 7,6 6 3 5 0 6 ,4 5 6 ,6 2 6 ,7 8 6 ,9 4 7 ,1 0 7,2 7 7,4 4 7 ,6 2 7 , 8 2 3 6 0 6 ,5 8 6 ,7 5 6 , 9 0 7,0 6 7,2 3 7 ,4 0 7,5 7 7,7 7 .7,97
Karakteristik Pesawat Terbang
Herat k o s o n g operasi tipikal djtambah bahan bakar cadangan: Pemakaian bahan bakar rata-rata
Beban penu m p an g m ak sim u m tipikal untu k 2 0 0 p o n /p e n u m p a n g Muatan struktur m a k s im u m
2 7 0 . 3 0 0 pon 34 p o n /m il 5 1 . 2 0 0 pon 8 6 . 1 8 3 pon SUMBER: Administrasi Penerbangan Federal.
Tfbel 3 , i Prestasi Lepas Landas untuk Pesaw at Terbang Jenis L ockheed Tristar L l O l l —3 8 5 —1 dengan Mesin R olls-R oyce R B .2 1 1 —22B pada Pengaturan Sirip Sayap Pesaw at Terbang 22°
B o b o t Lepas Landas Maksimum yan g Diizinkan, 1 0 0 0 pen
Tomnprn. Ketinggian Bandar Udara, kaki
tur, 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 .3000 fiOOO 7000 8000 50 4 3 0 ,0 4 2 8 ,0 4 1 8 ,0 40 7 ,9 3 9 7 ,8 38 7 ,7 3 7 7 ,7 3 6 7 ,9 3 5 8 ,3 55 4 3 0 ,0 4 2 8 ,0 4 1 8 ,0 4 0 7 ,9 3 9 7 ,8 3 8 7 ,7 37 7 ,7 3 6 7 ,9 3 5 8 ,3 60 4 3 0 ,0 4 2 8 ,0 4 1 8 ,0 40 7 ,9 3 9 7 ,8 38 7 ,7 37 7 ,7 3 6 6 ,7 3 5 3 , 0 65 4 3 0 ,0 4 2 8 ,0 4 1 8 ,0 4 0 7 ,9 3 9 7 ,8 3 8 7 ,7 3 7 4 ,6 3 6 0 ,5 3 4 6 , 8 70 4 3 0 ,0 4 2 8 ,0 4 1 8 ,0 4 0 7 ,9 43 7 ,4 38 2 ,5 3 6 8 ,0 3 5 3 ,9 3 4 0 , 3 lb 4 3 0 ,0 4 2 8 .0 4 1 8 ,0 4 0 5 ,2 3 8 9 ,9 3 7 5 ,2 3 6 0 ,9 3 4 7 ,0 3 3 3 ,6 SO 4 3 0 ,0 4 2 8 ,5 4 1 2 ,5 3 9 7 ,0 3 8 2 ,0 3 6 7 ,5 3 5 3 ,5 3 3 9 ,9 3 2 6 ,7 85 4 3 0 ,0 4 1 9 ,5 4 0 3 ,8 38 8 ,5 3 7 3 ,8 3 5 9 ,6 3 4 5 ,8 3 3 2 ,6 3 1 9 , 8 90 4 2 6 ,5 4 1 0 ,4 3 9 4 ,9 3 7 9 ,9 3 6 5 ,4 3 5 1 ,5 3 3 8 ,1 3 2 5 ,2 3 1 2 ,8 95 4 1 7 ,1 4 0 1 ,2 3 8 5 ,9 3 7 1 ,2 3 5 7 ,0 3 4 3 ,4 3 3 0 ,4 3 1 7 ,8 3 0 5 ,7 100 40 7 ,7 392,1 3 7 7 ,0 3 6 2 ,6 3 4 8 ,8 3 3 5 ,5 3 2 2 ,8 3 1 0 ,5 2 9 8 ,8 105 3 9 8 ,5 3 8 3 ,1 36 8 ,3 3 5 4 ,2 3 4 0 ,7 3 2 7 ,8 3 1 5 ,3 3 0 3 ,4 2 9 1 .8 110 38 9 ,6 37 4 ,4 3 6 0 ,0 3 4 6 ,2 333,1 3 2 0 ,4 3 0 8 ,3 2 9 6 ,5 28 5 ,1 Faktor Referensi R
Tempera* Ketinggian Bandar Udara, kaki
tur, ^F 0 1000 ■’000 :!000 -1000 5000 fiOOO 7000 SOOO
50 50,7 53,7 57,0 60,6 64,5 68,8 73,6 78,7 8 4 ,4 55 51,0 54,1 57,5 61,2 65,1 69.5 74.2 79,4 8 5 ,0 60 51,5 54,6 58,0 61,7 65,7 70,1 74,9 8 0 ,2 8 7 ,4 65 51,9 55,0 58,4 62,1 6 6 ,2 70,7 76,2 8 2 ,9 90,4 70 52,2 55,4 58,8 62,6 66,7 72,4 7 8,8 85,8 9 3 ,6 7 5 52,6 55,8 59,2 63,6 6 9 ,0 74,9 81,6 8 8 ,9 9 6 ,9 80 53,0 56,2 60,8 65,8 71,4 77.6 84,5 . 92,1 1 0 0 ,5 3 5 54,1 58,3 62,9 68,2 74,0 80,5 87,7 95,6 10 4 ,3 90 5 6 ,0 60,3 6 5 ,2 70,7 76,8 83,5 91,0 99,2 108,3 95 5 7 ,9 6 2 ,5 67,7 7 3 ,4 79,7 8 6 ,8 9 4,5 10 3 ,1 1 1 2 ,5 100 6 0 ,0 6 4 ,9 70,2 76,2 82,8 90,2 98,2 1 0 7 ,2 1 1 7 ,0 105 6 2 ,2 67,3 73,0 79,2 86,1 93,7 1 0 2 ,2 11 1 ,5 12 1 ,7 110 6 4 ,5 69,9 75,9 82,4 89,6 97,5 1 0 6 ,3 1 1 6 ,0 12 6 ,7
Panjang Landasan Pacu, 1 0 0 0 kaki Faktor Referensi R 1 0 0 0 p o n 50 60 70 SO 90 100 110 120 130 2 6 0 4 ,5 0 4 ,5 0 4,5 0 4,5 0 4,8 5 5,31 5,7 8 6,2 4 6,71 270 4 ,5 0 4 ,5 0 4,5 0 4,7 0 5,21 5,7 3 6,2 4 6 ,7 5 7 ,2 7 2 80 4 ,5 0 4,5 0 4 ,5 0 5,0 4 5,6 0 6,1 7 6,7 3 7 ,3 0 7,8 7 290 4,5 0 4,5 0 4,7 8 5,4 0 6,0 1 6,6 3 7,2 5 7,8 8 8 ,5 0 3 0 0 4 ,5 0 4,5 0 5,1 0 5,7 8 6,4 5 7,1 3 7,81 8 ,4 9 9 ,1 7 31 0 4 ,5 0 4,71 5,45 6,1 8 6 ,9 2 7,6 5 8,3 9 9,1 3 9 ,8 7 3 2 0 4 ,5 0 5,01 5,81 6,6 0 7 ,4 0 8 ,2 0 9 ,0 0 9,8 0 1 0 ,6 0 330 4 ,5 0 5,3 2 6,1 9 7,0 5 7,9 1 8,7 8 9,6 4 10,5 1 11 ,3 7 3 4 0 4 ,7 2 5,65 6 ,5 9 7,5 2 8 ,4 5 9 ,3 8 10,3 1 11 ,2 4 12,1 7 3 50 5 ,0 0 6 ,0 0 7 ,0 0 8,01 9,0 1 10,01 ■11,01 12,01 1 3 ,0 0 3 60 5,2 9 6,3 6 7,4 4 8,5 2 9,5 9 10,6 6 11,7 3 12 ,8 0 13 ,8 6 3 70 5 ,5 9 6,7 4 7,8 9 9,0 5 1 0 ,2 0 11,3 4 12 ,4 9 1 3 ,6 2 1 4 ,7 5 3 8 0 5 ,9 0 7,1 3 8,3 7 9,6 0 10 ,8 2 12,0 5 1 3 ,2 7 14 ,4 8 '390 6 ,2 3 7,5 5 8,3 6 10 ,1 7 11,4 8 12 ,7 8 14,0 7 4 0 0 6 ,5 7 7,97 9,37 1 0 ,7 6 12 ,15 13,5 3 1 4 ,9 0 41 0 6 ,9 3 8,41 9,8 9 11 ,3 7 12,84 14,31 4 20 7 ,3 0 8,87 10,44 12 ,0 0 13,5 6 4 3 0 7 ,6 8 9,3 4 11,0 0 12,6 6 14,3 0
E S c H T « (9 ^ ^ a E 1 3 ^ X. o l ' 5 b f £ ,E >. * 2 g - i. 41 C 6 f a . . . IQO C CO J3 E-rt s rt! CO OJ CL, •rH 4 J to • S-J a> 4 J -•i; (^ lO 0) X3 (0 ' H i .§1-3= 3 c w ^■ = ^ 1 2 ^ = ^ . . • M l i ^ 1 “ r S !i5 ^ S 1> 4, 3 S - i;^
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i " i r ' i o ^ 3 C ' i y 5 T j ‘ i - a o a > c o : : : t C w O O - ^ : : : c c > l O I O - c - f <£: C l tr^ fM — I I I f 1 1 , c'Mc c m u? 3C 30 cc c cl c c —« c l C l —-U - —-U - —-U - —-U - —-U .—-U - —-U - L u o c l ro r f •f -r Cl c* U U t J u U U U U U -C l -C l -C l ^ - f s? s 5 5 t g S S g R g S g S S 2 2 2 S 5 5 S 5 8 5 8 5 5 5 5 O C : C 3 3 C : ; ^ O O O O O O O C O O O O O O w O : > O C I C : x ' X XT o ' id oc to CO ^cT O lO 30 cd cT c ' oo' I- cT - t »o CC c 1C C l O CO < 0 0 0 O l O I - 0 5 0 0 'Cf C l —< C-l CO c c O ^ VO CO o — c l c l CO CO — —^ < C l I O T CO CO —' r i c l C l c l l o 0 0 I - ' ^ X ^ p ! ? ! 2 p o p w C l CO r r_ 8 2 8 8 ? ?
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l O t C I ' ' l 0 l 0 c 0 « c > » 0 ^ - ^ c i ' r f * C 0 I ' - u 3 S^ Cl r M _•_. —. —. —. —' C l r r C O I - C C C - ^ r f_ ^ •fS| s 25 ' ^ ^ j u i j o i o o o o o o o o o o o ^ 1 1 1 1 i 1 5 i s I § S' i ?■—" C l c l CO —. —< f^i i i § i s »' S ?^ ^ C l c l c l Cl , 88 s • o o S « CO CO8 ?
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S S o o o S S S c _ _ _ cc o o o^ o o^ o iq o o^ o c f o' o' lo“ O <D C£> CO*^ CO" 0> >o" Cl ^ Cl o r-' lo ;d C7> Cl Tf I - CO o CO c l CO I ' - CD ^ -t* — CO c*^ »o X o o o o o o — — 5 o ^■ O O O O O o CO io CO ■n* ^ C o < o o o i o » o i ' ' ^ ^ c i c i ^ o c c ^ ^ ^ i ' * b ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i o —« ^ —* c l C l CO CO ^ c l c l c l c l CO CO CO CO CO —* —' —• c l CO CO c l g i h g g g i g g k g g k g g s g s g g g g s g s ^ s CO b ^ i- I'' cj Cl ►w »— Ctr>O >/^ 1/^ i r \ r r \ frs q q (_q b cj b> b V ^ I" b ^ ^ V C^ ^ ^ ^ O cj ^ b o)(_q ^ 5 8 8 S o y ' o 8 o ? o 2 g g i s g g , g g g § b 3 S 0 5 c 4 l o I " c l — o CO o >o c l CO » o O) 1^ * r 30 — CO CO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o » o CO » o » o l o C l w t - Cl? o c l ^ I O CO c l ^ I - I - » o o^ -i ^ rl S S f e S S 3 3 l ^ ^ 2 | s o H f - o o c o i o ^ c o x b b c i O J O S O ' ^ ’^ l O i O O i O r O O r r 8 p p s 3 3 CDp b b o p V i o l O l O » o Cl X s b f-Cl » o 05 05 l O » o o> - r « tf e/1 a r o o Q Q V 4^ c c c c c o Q Q O (J _ 2 ^ 3 3 c c 9 9 ' v " 5 c c c c c o Q Q o o ^ : ?. - 2 ^ ^ ^ * o c 9 9 *i5 1 3 c c c c c o Q Q (J o J J ij ' - a - 2 i o a ii: J s c c c c c c c ^ ^ V J g J g « 5 C g ^ U c a a a a 5 f l Q c a c a c n c o _ J J i : i l E 1/1 -5-.5 c C c ■" 7 7 7 »o T f X X CO C l CO C l U. u. U- U- U- U- U-H H H H H [- H H H (-c l coC l - r C l C l C l - f CO X 5 X X X X X X 0 5 p w o X fTi O ^Ti o 05 1 -X S J 12c dVO CO X o^'o> aiCO C l c l C l <Ti c l C l i lO o T X 2 o X o?£s C l g oo^o
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o ^ o —‘ o x ' C l l o ' »o* o CO X X — C l — CO —'CO o -r o lO CO -r 1- X •r »o2 lO CO r f CO 0> l -0 o o O b Cl I- <v c l c l CO CO ^ ^ ^ b o o o o b b Cl b CO X CO I--CO I--CO Cl I--CO o o o o ^ h- I-— < I - l O 0 5 c l 0 5 c l o o o S o -zi V) (/> jS . . . . 3 3 i/i • r ' r - o JD - r • c ' c .1: . i : r CO CQ < < CQ S -3 cd a : cc Jj CO c/o c/^ < ^ o o «/1 CO Q D d D 9 s g o? 05 d> u u O Q Q Q ? 3 = ? - r 8 8 U U U U tT Q Q Q Q CO o o CQ S CO § 8 C l CO ^7c l o h -CJ c J O o lO t ^ l ^ I -CQ CO -CQ -CQ c c ' “UJO io t -^ rr rr— — > h o o - . ■ r T T T - r 2 2 2:2 ^ |o;^ CQCQCQCQCQCOJUU{-'CQto<< a; • E O V c o U <u 3 j = O ■/> 3 CO 00 " T i > C "I -s a 3 3 H =3.4.3. L i n g k u n g a n d i B a n d a r U d a r a
Dari b e r m a c a m - m a c a m tipe p e s a w a t y a n g d i l a y a n i oleh Ba nd a r U d a r a I n t e r n a s i o n a l J u a n d a p a d a tahun 2000, p e s a w a t B - 747 m e m e r l u k a n p a n j a n g d as ar r u n wa y t er be sa r (Tabel 3.5). M a k a s e b a g a i p a n j a n g d a s a r r u n w a y d i a m b i l = 11.000 ft = 3 3 5 2 , 8 0 m. Agar p a n j a n g r u n w a y d a p a t d i p a k a i d e n g a n a m a n , m a k a h arus ad a b e b e r a p a k or e k s i seb ag a i b e r i k u t : 1. K o r e k s i e l e va si K o e f i s i e n k o r e ks i - 1 % u n t u k tiap k e t i n g g i a n 300 m e te r d a r i p e r m u k a a n laut (p er s y a r a t a n m e n u r u t ICAO). - E l e v a s i B a n d a r U d a r a J u a n d a = + 1,37 m d ar i p e r m u k a a n laut. - K o r e k s i e l e v a s i = ( 1 , 3 7 / 3 0 0 x 7 X) x 3 3 5 2 , 8 0 m = 1,07 m. - P a n j a n g r un w a y m e n j a d i = 3 3 52 , 8 0 m + 1,07 m = 33 53 , 8 7 m. 2. K o r e k s i t e m p e r a t u r - K o e f i s i e n k o r e ks i = 1 % u n t u k tiap ke na ik an 1°C d ar i t e m p e r a t u r a t m o s f e r standar. - T e m p e r a t u r s ta n d a r p a d a p e r m u k a a n laut (± 0,00 m) = 15 °C. - T e m p e r a t u r a tm os f e r standar, di k et i n g g i a n + 1,37 m = 15 °C - (0,0065 °C x 1,37) = 14,99 °C.
Tm - Ta - T e m p e r a t u r p e n u n j u k l ap angan = Ta + --- , 3 di m a n a : Ta = t e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a bu la na n da ri t e m p e r a t u r harian r a t a - r a t a u n t u k b u l a n y a n g t e r p a n a s pada tahun itu. = 30,8 °C. T m = t e m p e r a t u r r a t a - r a t a b u l an an d ar i t e m p e r a t u r harian m a k s i m u m u n t u k b u l a n y a n g t e r p a n a s p a d a tahun itu. = 36 °C. 38 - 30,8 T e m p e r a t u r p e n u n j u k l ap a n g a n = 30,8 + ---3 = 33,2 °C. - K o r e k s i t e m p e r a t u r = (33,2 - 14,99) x 1% x 3 3 5 3 , 8 7 = 6 1 0 , 7 4 m. - P a n j a n g r u n w a y m e n j a d i = 3 3 5 3 , 6 7 + 6 1 0 , 7 4 = 3964,61m. Kontrol B e r d a s a r k a n p e r s y a r a t a n m e n u r u t ICAO, k o e f i s i e n ko re ks i m a k s i m u m a k i b a t e l e v a s i dan t e m p e r a t u r a d al ah 35 %. - K o e f i s i e n k or e k s i ak i b a t e l e v a s i dan t e m p e r a t u r 3 964,61 - 3 3 5 2 , 8 0 --- X 100 % = 18,25 % < 35 % (OK). 3 3 5 2, 8 0
3. Ko r e k s i g r a d i e n t
- K o e f i s i e n k o r e k s i = 10 % u n t u k tiap 1 % e f f e c t i v e gradie nt .
- E f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t a d a l a h s e l i s i h a n t a r a titik t er t i n g g i dan t i t i k t e r e n d a h p a d a g a r i s ten ga h dari runway, d i b a g l d e n g a n p a n j a n g total ru nw a y s e t e l a h d i k o r e k s i t e r h a d a p e l e v a s i dan t em p e r a - t u r . - Dari G a m b a r 3.17, t i t i k t e r t i n g g i = + 2,88 m dan t i t i k t e r e n d a h = + 1,86 m, m a k a e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t 2 , 8 8 - 1 , 8 8 = ---X 100 % = 0 ,0 26 % < 1 % (O.K.). 39 64 ,6 1 0 , 02 6 - K o r e k s i g r a d i e n t = --- x 10 % x 3 964,61 1 = 10,31 m. - P a n j a n g r u n w a y m e n j a d i = 3 9 6 4 , 6 1 + 10,31 = 3 9 7 4 , 9 2 = 3 97 5 n. 4. A n g in P e r m u k a a n A d a 2 m a c a m a ng in p e r m u k a a n y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i p e r h i t u n g a n p a n j a n g runway, y a it u :
- A ngin h al u a n (head wind), y a n g m e n y e b a b k a n ke- b u t u h a n akan r u n w a y u n t u k t in g g a l land as (take off) atau m e n d a r a t ( la nd in g) m e n j a d i lebih p e n d e k ( Ga m b a r 3.14).
k e b u t u h a n akan r u n w a y u n t u k take off atau l a n ding m e n j a d i lebi h p a n j a n g (G ambar 3.15).
> >
Garbar 3.14. Anqin Haluan. Gambar 3.15. Angin Buritan.
U n t u k m e m p e r h i t u n g k a n p e n g a r u h angin halu an dan b u r i t a n t e r h a d a p p a n j a n g runway, d i b e r i k a n f a ktor k o r e k s i s e p e r t i t a m p a k p a d a T abel 3.6. T a b e l 3.6. F a k t o r K o r e k s i T e r h a d a p K e c e p a t a n Ang in P e r m u k a a n . K e c e p a t a n A n g i n (K n o t ) P r o s e n t a s e P e n a m b a h a n / P e n g u r a n g a n Dari P a n j a n g R u n w a y T a n p a Angin + 5 - 3 + 1 0 - 5 - 5 + 7 C a t a t a n : + a n g i n halu an - a ngin b u r i t a n K a r e n a r u n w a y di B a n d a r U d a r a J u a n d a d a pat d i p e r g u n a k a n d a r i k edua arah (b a r a t - t i m u r ), dan a n g i n y a n g d o m i n a n b e r t i u p h a n y a d a r i arah b a r a t atau timur, m a k a take off atau l a n ding d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n a r a h y a n g b e r l a w a n a n d e n g a n arah angin y a n g b e r t i u p p a d a wakt u itu. D e n g a n deraikian a n g i n y a n g b e r t i u p m e r u p a k a n angi n ha luan (head wind), da n u n t u k keam ana n, fakt or koreksi
p e n g u r a n g a n p a n j a n g ru nw a y t idak di lakukan.
Dari k e t i g a m e t o d e ini, m e t o d e p e r t a m a dan ke dua lebih me ne n t u k a n , k a re na di s a m p i n g m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n f a k t o r - f a k t o r l i n g k u n g a n ba nd a r udara, j u g a m e m p e r t i m b a n g kan f ak t o r k e m a m p u a n p e s a w a t t e r b a n g dan j a r a k t e r b a n g t e r j a u h d ar i p e s a w a t t e r ba ng yang dilayani. S e d a n g k a n pada m e to de ke tiga, h a n y a m e m p e r h a t i k a n f a k t o r - f a k t o r l i n g k u n gan b a n d a r udara, tetapi kar en a k e k u r a n g a n d a t a m en g e n a i k e m a m p u a n p e s a w a t terbang, ma ka kami h anya d a p a t m e l a ku - kan p e r h i t u n g a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e ke tiga. B e r d a s a r k a n d ar i p e r h i t u n g a n m e t o d e ke t ig a d i p e r - o le h p a n j a n g r u n w a y B a n d a r U d a r a J u a n d a = 3975 m. S e d a n g kan p a n j a n g r u n w a y B a n d a r U d a r a J u a n d a = 3575 m s u da h c uk up u n t u k m e l a y a n i p e s a w a t B-747, m a k a u n t u k p e r h i t u n g a n s e l a n j u t n y a d i g u n a k a n p a n j a n g r u n w a y = 3575 m.
3.5. PERANCAHGAH GEOMETRIK RUNWAY
S i s t e m r u n w a y p a d a suatu b a n d a r u d a r a t e r d i r i d a ri s t r u c t u r a l p a v e m e n t ( pe r k e r a s a n s truktur), s h o u l d e r (bahu l an dasan pacu), b l a s t pad ( da e r a h hembusan), dan s a f e t y ar ea ( d a e r a h aman runway), se pe rt i t e r l i h a t p a d a G a m b a r 3.16.
8 0 0 —^ -200
Shoulder Blast pod
1 Pitnwoy safety ore o J l \ " t j i tended J
w : . Sfrucfurpt povemef)t _tlSjp runway•inffity ;i
• fc oreo '
Di sini p e r k e r a s a n s t r u k t u r n y a tida k di bahas, h a n y a l a h p e r a n c a n g a n shoulder, b la st pad, s a f e t y area, p r o f i l m e m a n j a n g dan p r o f i l inelintang yang dibaha s. U n t u k itu FAA t elah m e n e t a p k a n s y a r a t - s y a r a t yang harus d i p e n u h i u n t u k p e r a n c a n g a n geoinetrik r u n w a y CTabel 3.7.) d e n g a n k e l o m p o k r a n c a n g a n p e s a w a t sepert.i p a d a T a b e l 3.8.
P e r a n c a n g a n geoinetrik r u n w a y B a n d a r U d a r a I n t e r n a s i o n a l Ju anda, d x r a n c a n g u n t u k p e s a w a t ra nc a n g a n k e l o m p o k V dan m e n g i k u t i k e m i r i n g a n tanah dasar, y a n g
it
k e t i n g g i a n - k e t i n g g i a n p e r m u k a a n runwajuiya sepe r t i terlihat p a d a G a m b a r 3.17.
Tabel- 3.7. S t a n d a r U k u r a n Runway, ft.
Federal Aviation Administration .Approach categories A, B, utility Approach categories C, D, E, transport Visual and Nonprecision I U Precision I 11 I 11 lU IV V VI Width Paveiiifiit* 60 75 75 100 100 100 100' 150 150 200 Safety area” 120 150 300 300 500 500 500 500 500 500 Shoulder' 10 10 20 25 35 40 Gradient, % Pavement, lor\gitudinaI maxiinuTn 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1,5 1.5 1.5 1,5 maximum effective 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1,0 1.0 1.0 1,0 maximum chaiiRe 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1,5
transition uur\'e rate of
A lope change per 100 ft) 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 O.l 0.1 0.1 0.1 0,1 0,1
Pavement, tninsverse
maximum*' 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Safety area
maximum longitudinal 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1,5* 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
maximum tran.sverse 5.0 5.0 5,0 5.0 3.0 3,0 3.0 3.0 3,0 3.0
Sujiber ; - Airo^rt DiEjQ^ Stand3'-ds-T-?.ri50O'"t Airpo.'-ti, Federal Aviaticn Adisinistration, Hjshingtan.n.c.,
3' o ' t Advj-o.'} : i r c u ! a r .-C 1.2’'''3CC-12, At-gust 1982.
- Ai'-port?-Air Access to f.auonal IransD orta ti on, l^edera! Aviation Adainist'-ation, D.C.. Advisory C ir c u l a r AC 153/ 53S0-«B, January i^Bi, Draft Chanqe 6, iW i .
T a b e l 3.8. K l a s i f i k a s i P e s a w a t T e r b a n g U n t u k P e r a n c a n g a n G e o m e t r i k Runway. K e l o m p o k R a n c a n g a n B e n t a n g Sayap, kaki P e s a w a t P e s a w a t T e r b a n g T i p i k a l II III IV V VI < 49 49 teta p i < 79 79 t e t a p i < 118 118 t e t a p i < 171 171 t e t a p i < 197 197 t e t a p i < 262 L e a r j e t 24, R o c k w e l l Sab re 75 A G u l f s t r e a m II, R o c k w e l l S abre 80 B - 727, B- 737, BAG 1-11, B - 757, B- 767, C oncorde, L - 1011, DC -9 A - 300, A - 310, B - 707, DC - 8 B - 747 B e l u m ada 3.5.1. S t r u c t u r a l P a v e m e n t P a d a p r o f i l m e m a n j a n g , p e r a n c a n g a n g e o m e t r i k r u n w a y m e l i p u t i : - M a x i m u m L o n g i t u d i n a l S l o p e M a x i m u m l o n g i t u d i n a l slo pe adalah, k e m i r i n g a n m e m a n j a n g m a x i m u m d a r i runway. M e n u r u t FAA, m a x i m u m l o n g i t u d i n a l s l o p e = 1,5 Z. D a r i G a m b a r 3.17, l o n g i t u d i n a l slop e u n t u k r u n w a y p a d a j a r a k : 2,88 - 2,77 600 0 m s/d 600 m =
2,77 - 2,62 600 m s/d 1200 m = --- x 100 % = 0 , 0 2 5 % 600 2,62 - 2,40 1200 m s/d 1800 m = --- x 100 % = 0 , 0 3 7 X 600 2,40 - 2,00 1800 m s/d 2400 m = --- x 100 % = 0 , 0 6 7 % 600 2,00 - 1,87 2400 m s/d 3000 m = --- x 100 % = 0 , 0 2 2 % 600 1,87 - 1,86 3 00 0 m s/d 35 75 m = --- x 100 % = 0 , 0 0 2 % 600 J a d i l o n g i t u d i n a l slope r u n w a y < 1,5 %. M a x i m u m e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t M a x i m u m e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t a d a l a h p e r b e d a a n ting gi m a k s i m u m a n t a r a t itik t e r t i n g g i da n t i t i k t e r e n d a h d a r i p e n a m p a n g m e m a n j a n g r u n w a y d i b a g i d e n g a n p a n j a n g runway. M e n u r u t FAA, u n t u k b a n d a r u d a r a d e n g a n p e s a w a t r a n c a n g a n k e l o m p o k V d i s y a r a t k a n m a k s i m u m 1 %. 2 , 8 8 - 1 , 8 6 E f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t = --- x 100 X = 0 , 0 2 9 % 3975 < 1 %. M a x i m u m L o n g i t u d i n a l S l o p e C h a n g e M a x i m u m l o n g i tu di na l s lope c ha n g e a d a l a h p e r u b a h a n k e m i r i n g a n m e m a n j a n g m a k s i m u m da ri runway. M e n u r u t FAA, m a k s i m u m l o n g i t u d i n a l s lo pe c h a n g e = 1,5 %. L o n g i t u d i n a l slope ch an ge s u n t u k r u n w a y :
= 0 , 0 2 5 - 0 ,0 18 = 0,007 % E2 = 0 , 0 3 7 - 0 ,0 25 = 0,012 % a3 = 0, 06 7 - 0,037 = 0,030 % a4 = 0, 06 7 - 0 , 02 2 = 0,045 % ag = 0 , 0 2 2 - 0 , 00 2 = 0,020 X Jadi l o n g i t u d i n a l slope c ha n g e s ru nw a y < 1,5 %. S l o p e c h a n g e p e r 1 0 0 ft S lope c h a n g e per 100 ft a d a l a h .p e r u b a n g a n k e m i r i n g - an m a m a n j a n g r u n w a y per 100 ft.
M e n u r u t FAA, slope c h an ge per 100 ft d i s y a r a t k a n
0 , 1 %. - V e r tical c u r v e len g th V e r t i c a l c ur ve length a d a l a h p a n j a n g l en g k u n g vertik al , y a n g t er da pa t p a d a s e t i a p p e r u b a h a n ke mi ri ng an , d a n d i t e n t u k a n o l e h b e s a r n y a p e r u b a h a n k e m i r i n g a n m e m a n j a n g dan p e r u b a h a n k e m i r i n g a n tiap 100 ft d a r i runway. V e r t i c a l c u r v e l e ng t h d a p a t d i c a r i d a r i : p e r u b a h a n k e m i r i n g a n m e m a n j a n g --- X 100 ft p e r u b a h a n k e m i r i n g a n per 100 ft J i k a p e r u b a h a n k e miringan m e m a n j a n g r u n w a y lebih kecil d a r i 0,4 %, v e r t i c a l curves t i d a k d i p erlukan. K a r e n a p e r u b a h a n kemi r i n g a n m e m a n j a n g r u n w a y Bandar U d a r a J u a n d a < 0,4 %, maka v ertical c urves tidak d i p e r l u k a n .
- D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c h a n g e in g r a d e
D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n chan g e in g r a d e a d a l a h j a r a k a n t a r a t i t i k p o t o n g 2 l e n g k u n g y a n g b e r t u r u t a n .
M e n u r u t FAA, u n t u k b a n d a r u d a r a d e n g a n p e s a w a t r a n c a n g a n kelorapok V (air carrie r), j a r a k m i n i m u m a n t a r a t i t i k p o t o n g 2 l e n g k u n g y ang b e r u r u t a n = D - 300 (a,-, + di m a n a i aj-, dan a,-,+ ;j^ = p e r u b a h a n k e m i r i n g a n meraanjang p a d a ke d u a t i t i k itu. M a k a Dj^ _ 2 = 300 (0,00 7 + 0,0 12) = 5,7 m < 600 m D2 _ 3 = 300 (0,0 12 + 0, 03 0) = 12,6 m < 600 m D3 _ 4 = 300 (0,0 30 + 0,04 5) = 22 ,5 m < 600 m D4 _ 5 = 300 (0,0 45 + 0, 020) = 19,5 m < 600 lo J a d i d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c h a n g e in g r a d e d a r i r u n w a y m e m e n u h i p e r s y a r a t a n FAA. - J a r a k P a n d a n g a n U n t u k B a n d a r U d a r a Jua nda , j a r a k p a n d a n g a n d i r a n c a n g s e s u a i p e r a t u r a n F A A u n t u k b a n d a r u d a r a yang m e m i l i k i r u n w a y s e j a j a r d e n g a n taxiway, yaitu j a r a k p a n d a n g a n t idak b o l e h ada su atu r i n t a n g a n dari seti a p t i t i k y a n g t i n g g i n y a 5 ft di atas r u n w a y t e r h a d a p s e m u a t i t i k y a n g t i n g g i n y a 5 ft di atas runw a y d e n g a n j a r a k m i n i m u m 1 / 2 p a n j a n g runway. - M a x i m u m T r a n s v e r s e S l o p e M a x i m u m t r a n s v e r s e s lope adalali, k e m i r i n g a n m e l i n t a n g m a k s i m u m runway.
M e n u r u t FAA, m a x i m u m t r a n s v e r s e slope 1,5 %. Unt uk B a n d a r U d a r a Juanda, t r a n s v e r s e slope d i r e n c a n a k a n I X . - y i dt h o f S t r u c t u r a l P a v e m e n t W i d t h of s t r u c t u r a l p a v e m e n t a d alah lebar p e r k e r a s a n runway. M e n u r u t FAA, lebar p e r k e r a s a n r u w a y d i s y a r a t k a n s e b e s a r 150 ft (45,72 m). U n t u k B a n d a r U d a r a Juanda, lebar p e r k e r a s a n r unw a y = 46 m. 3.5.2. S h o u l d e r (Bahu L a n d a s a n ) S h o u l d e r t e r l e t a k b e r d e k a t a n d e n g a n p i n g g i r p e r k e rasan r u n w a y u n t u k men a h a n er osi h emb u s a n jet dan m e l e t a k - kan p e r a l a t a n u n t u k p e m e l i h a r a a n da n kead a a n darurat.
B e r d a s a r k a n p e r a t u r a n FAA, u n t u k B a n d a r U dara Ju anda, lebar shou l d e r d i r a n c a n g 35 ft d e n g a n t r a n s v e r s e s lope 2 %.
3.5.3. B l a s t Pad
B l a s t . pad a d alah su atu d a e r a h y a n g d i r a n c a n g u n t u k m e n c e g a h eros i p e r m u k a a n y a n g b e r d e k a t a n d e n g a n ujung- u j u n g r u n w a y y a n g terus m e n e r u s m e n e r i m a h e m b u s a n jet.
B e r d a s a r k a n p e r a t u r a n FAA, u n t u k B a n d a r U d a r a J u a n d a d i r a n c a n g 400 ft, s e dang lebar b l a s t pad sama d e n g a n lebar r u n w a y d i t a m b a h lebar shoulder.
3.5.4. S a f e t y A r e a
S a f e t y area adal a h d a e r a h yang b e bas dari sega la rin tang an, b e r g u n a u ntuk m e n d u k u n g p e s a w a t ya ng karena
s e s uatu hal kelu ar dari p e r k e r a s a n r u nway dan u n tu k m e l e t a k k a n p e r a l a t a n p e m e l i h a r a a n .
U n t u k B a n d a r U d a r a Juanda, lebar s a f e t y area d i r a n c a n g 500 ft, deng a n lon g i t u d i n a l slope 1,5 % dan t r a n s v e r s e slope 2 %, sesua i p e r a t u r a n FAA.
L J
