Rabies
Rabies
virus
Shape: bullet
Shape: bullet
Genome: -ssRNA
Genome: -ssRNA
enveloped virus
enveloped virus
Structure of Rabies Virus
抵抗力不强，
抵抗力不强，
60
60
C 30min
C 30min
或
或
100
100
C
C
2min
2min
可灭活。可被强酸、强碱、乙醇、
可灭活。可被强酸、强碱、乙醇、
乙醚、肥皂水、去垢剂等灭活。
乙醚、肥皂水、去垢剂等灭活。
在脑组织中室温或
在脑组织中室温或
4
4
C
C
可持续
可持续
1
1
－
－
2
2
周。
周。
甘油中可保存数月。
Reservoir
Reservoir
Urban forms: Dogs and
Urban forms: Dogs and
cats
cats
Sylvatic forms: Bats,
Sylvatic forms: Bats,
foxes, raccoons
foxes, raccoons
莞熊
,
,
wolves, skunks
wolves, skunks
臭鼬
,
,
coyotes
Transmission
Transmission
By bite or scratch
By bite or scratch
Via saliva
Via saliva
BAT
Cat
Cat
fox
R
R
abies or hydrophobia
abies or hydrophobia
Fever
Fever
Dysphagia
Dysphagia
咽下困难
咽下困难
Altered mental
Altered mental
status
status
Excitement,
Excitement,
agitation
agitation
Paralysis
Paralysis
麻痹
麻痹
Hydrophobia
Hydrophobia
恐水恐水 Hypersalivation
Hypersalivation
多多涎
涎
Nausea, vomiting
Nausea, vomiting
恶心
恶心
;
;
作呕
作呕
Headache
Headache
Laboratory diagnosis
Laboratory diagnosis
Diseased dog: viral antigen and Negri body Diseased dog: viral antigen and Negri body
in brain tissue.
in brain tissue.
Prevention and
Prevention and
treatment
Prevention and
Prevention and
treatment
treatment
Bite Geographical area, type of animal, Bite Geographical area, type of animal,
severity and site of bite. severity and site of bite.
Animal
Animal
Live - observe in cage: Live - observe in cage:
If survives > 8 days, then NOT rabies.
If survives > 8 days, then NOT rabies.
Dead - brain
Dead - brain
- Negri bodies - Negri bodies
- IFA
- IFA
- virus isolation
Prevention and
Prevention and
treatment
treatment
Man
Man
Live - difficult diagnosis Live - difficult diagnosis
- clinical picture, skin biopsy, corneal - clinical picture, skin biopsy, corneal
impression (antibodies only appear impression (antibodies only appear
very late) very late)
Dead - brain sent to Onderstepoort Dead - brain sent to Onderstepoort
"Negri bodies" in cytoplasm of brain "Negri bodies" in cytoplasm of brain
cells; immunofluorescence virus cells; immunofluorescence virus
Human
Human
Biological properties
Biological properties
naked dsDNA naked dsDNA
virus with 9 ORF
virus with 9 ORF
belongs to belongs to
Papovaviridae
Papovaviridae
more than 60 more than 60
types
types
artificial artificial
cultivation
cultivation
un-successful.
Transmission
Transmission
contact infection
contact infection
sexual infection
sexual infection
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Host-specific
Host-specific
Disease
Disease
Cutaneous wartsCutaneous warts
Epidermodysplasia verruciformisEpidermodysplasia verruciformis Mucosal HPV infections Mucosal HPV infections
Cervical cancer and other cancers:Cervical cancer and other cancers: A significant proportion of cancers is A significant proportion of cancers is
associated with HPV infection: 11% of all
associated with HPV infection: 11% of all
cancers in women and 2% of all cancers in
cancers in women and 2% of all cancers in
men.
LIFE CYCLE OF HUMAN
LIFE CYCLE OF HUMAN
Laboratory diagnosis
Laboratory diagnosis
- Cytology- Cytology
- Histology
- Histology
- Colposcopy in the case of genital
- Colposcopy in the case of genital
HPV infections.
HPV infections.
- Electron microscopy.
- Electron microscopy.
- Immunocytochemistry can detect - Immunocytochemistry can detect
major capsid protein but are
major capsid protein but are
generally group specific not type
generally group specific not type
specific
specific
- DNA detection techniques. This is
- DNA detection techniques. This is
the only way to type HPVs.PCR
PARVOVIRUSES
PARVOVIRUSES
Human parvovirus B19
DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES
DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES
Are small, naked viruses with Are small, naked viruses with
icosahedral nucleocapsids. icosahedral nucleocapsids.
Contain single-stranded DNA Contain single-stranded DNA
and replicate in the nucleus. and replicate in the nucleus.
Include human parvovirus Include human parvovirus
(B19) and adenoassociated (B19) and adenoassociated
virus, a defective virus of the virus, a defective virus of the
dependovirus genus that dependovirus genus that
requires adenovirus to replicate. requires adenovirus to replicate.
Human pathogen, B19, has Human pathogen, B19, has
tropism for red blood cell tropism for red blood cell
Human diseases associated with B Human diseases associated with B19 19
parvovirus parvovirus
Syndrome
Syndrome Host or conditionHost or condition Clinical featuresClinical features Fifth diseases
Fifth diseases Children Children Adilts Adilts Cutaneous rash Cutaneous rash Arthralgia-arthrtis arthrtis Transient Transient aplastic crisis
aplastic crisis Underlying hemolysisUnderlying hemolysis Severe acute anemiaSevere acute anemia Pure red cell
Pure red cell aplasia
aplasia ImmunodeficienciesImmunodeficiencies Chronic anemiaChronic anemia Hydrops
Hydrops fetails
EPIDEMIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
These These organisms organisms are are widely widely distributed in nature.
distributed in nature.
Enters the body through: Enters the body through:
The respiratory tractThe respiratory tract
Blood transfusions Blood transfusions
DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
PARVOVIRUS B-19 SEROLOGY Serology Interpretation IgG-
IgM-No past infection
Patients susceptible to infection
IgG+
IgM-There has been a past infection
Patient probably immune IgG + or –
IgM
equivocal
Current or recent infection Patient should be retested in a few weeks
IgG+ IgM+
Ongoing or recent infection Fetus may be at risk if
patient pregnant IgG- (or
equivocal) IgM+
Current infection
Patient should be retested in a few weeks
Direct detection of the viral DNA may be Direct detection of the viral DNA may be
achieved by PCR
Prevention and Treatment
Prevention and Treatment
Immunological:
Immunological:
no vaccines are
no vaccines are
available
available
Treatment:
Treatment:
Commercial
Commercial
immunoglobulin preparations
immunoglobulin preparations
contain parvo B19 antibodies can
contain parvo B19 antibodies can
successfully eliminate the
successfully eliminate the
infection in immunocompromised
infection in immunocompromised
patients
