LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL DEVICES TO REVEAL THEME IN DEMI LOVATO’S SONGS.

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LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL DEVICES TO REVEAL THEME IN DEMI

LOVATO’S SONGS

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic University

Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Hidayatul Kholifah Reg. Number: A53211100

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

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ABSTRACT

Kholifah, H. (2015). Lexical and Grammatical Devices to Reveal Theme in Demi Lovato’s Songs. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

The Advisor : Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling

Key words : Semantics, lexeme, grammar, theme

This research deals with the analysis of lexical and grammatical devices to

reveal theme in Demi Lovato’s songs. This study constructed by some problems

whether categories of lexical and grammatical devices used to reveal theme of songs. This analysis focused on analyzing the theme and meaning of songs through its lexical and grammatical devices. Hopefully, this study will give advantages for students of English Department, especially to help them understand to form theme through lexical and grammatical devices in Demi

Lovato’s songs.

This analysis used descriptive method because it is to describe lexical and grammatical meaning of some lexemes and grammatical pattern. The data were taken from an album entitled DEMI 2013 includes fire starter, heart attack, made in the USA, neon lights, and shouldn’t come back. Those are the most hits song among 13 songs in album. The lexical devices found are categorized as noun, verb, adjective, preposition, conjunction, pronoun, idiom, adverb, modal verb, and determiner. While the grammatical devices found are categorized in the form of article a/an, possessive pronoun, suffix –es/-s, passive voice, objective pronoun, suffix –er, comparative –er, and gerund and some kind of tenses: the simple present tense, the present continuous tense, the present perfect tense, the present perfect continuous tense, the simple past tense, the past continuous tense, the past perfect tense, the simple futuretense and the future continuous tense.

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ABSTRAK

Kholifah, H. (2015). Lexical and Grammatical Devices to Reveal Theme in Demi Lovato’s Songs. Program Studi Saatra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Dosen Pembimbing : Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling

Kata kunci : Semantics, lexeme, grammar, theme

Penelitian ini berhubungan dengan analisa perangkat leksikal dan grammatikal untuk mengungkapkan sebuah tema yang tersembunyi dalam lagu-lagu Demi Lovato. Ada beberapa rumusan masalah yang mendasari penelitian ini, yaitu apakah perangkat-perangkat leksikal dan grammatikal yg digunakan untuk mengungkapkan tema dalam sebuah lagu. Fokus dari analisa ini tertuju pada analisa makna melalui perangkat-perangkat leksikal dan grammatikal serta analisa tema dari makna tersebut. Merupakan sebuah harapan besar apabila penelitian ini akan dapat bermanfaat untuk mahasiswa Program Studi Sastra Inggris, lebih tepatnya untuk membantu mereka memahami bagaimana cara menentukan tema melalui perangkat-perangkat leksikal dan grammatikal dalam lagu-lagu Demi Lovato.

Analisa dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif karena hal ini untuk mendeskripsikan makna leksikal dan makna grammatikal dari beberapa leksem dan pola grammar. Data yang diambil adalah fire starter, heart attack, made in the USA, neon lights, dan shouldn’t come back bersumber dari sebuah album yang berjudul DEMI 2013. Kelima lagu tersebut ialah lagu-lagu yang paling hits dari 13 lagu yang ada dalam album tersebut. Perangkat-perangkat leksikal yang ditemukan yaitu dalam bentuk kategori noun, verb, adjective, preposition, conjunction, pronoun, idiom, adverb, modal verb, and determiner. Sedangkan perangkat-perangkat grammatikal yang ditemukan adalah dalam bentuk article a/an, possessive pronoun, suffix –es/-s, passive voice, objective pronoun, suffix –er, comparative –er, and gerund dan beberapa macam tenses, yaitu: the simple present tense, the present continuous tense, the present perfect tense, the present perfect continuous tense, the simple past tense, the past continuous tense, the past perfect tense, the simple future tense dan the future continuous tense.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

English employs lexical and grammatical devices to express meanings. Without lexical and grammatical devices, the meaning which we have constructed may only literal and the exact meaning will not be conveyed. The meaning of a sentence depends on its lexemes and grammatical pattern. A lexeme is minimal unit that always has a referent, while grammatical pattern is a kind of pattern which constructed based on the rules of grammar. The example of the word “dog” can give illustration about lexical and grammatical meaning. The meaning of a lexeme “dog” is lexical, which refers to an animal with four legs. The word “dog”

is a lexeme and its meaning is lexical. But when it attached by grammatical affix – s like “dogs”, its meaning is grammatical, in which –s means plural (Kreidler, 1998 p. 50).

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This research focused on analyzing the dimension of meaning in lyric of selected songs. In this case, a word may has more than one meaning, not only literal but also based on its context and grammatical pattern, that is called by the dimension of meaning. The dimension of meaning is one of semantics topic which considering many kinds of meaning that a word had, supported by lexical and grammatical devices, in which English language employs them to express meaning.

The researcher takes some selected songs as object of this study which analyzes a theme through its lexical and grammatical devices. Lexical and grammatical devices are the suitable material to reveal the themes of songs. Lexical device is the term that some kinds of lexical relation such as antonym, synonymy, and hyponymy include in a word. A word may have those kinds of lexical relation, but without grammatical devices, the meaning may only literal. The meaning of the sentence derives from the meanings of its lexemes and from the grammatical meanings it contains. If all the lexical and grammatical meanings expressed in the sentences have known, then possibly the meaning of the sentence will be known too.

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cannot be found only by its lexical devices, but also using its grammatical devices. Song become most interesting among other literary work to discuss because most people know songs and like to sing. To reveal a theme through its lexical and grammatical devices may be a new way in analyzing a theme which defines as the controlling idea or the central insight.

This study chooses selected songs of Demi Lovato in her album “DEMI 2013” as object of this research. DEMI 2013 is the most hits album among her

other albums. To support the theme in writing song, sometime the song writers select words or combination of words structures, for example to express a dream, the writer used lexical items that collocate with the ideas of dream (Danielsen, 2014). Those lexical items indicates the action in the future because dream itself means something we expected to be in the future. The grammatical devices that use to show dream is the use of modal verb “will” that indicates possibility in

future. It is to examine whether collocation, lexical items, and grammatical construction are useful to express message or theme.

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middle of a Camp Rock Tour to get treatment for severe depression, bulimia, anorexia and cutting. Demi got out in January of 2011, while she was in treatment, she was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She had these problems since she was 11 years old. Overall her achievement still regarded as a bright one with her 22 years old considering in 2008, Lovato covered the Academy Award-nominated song, "That's How You Know"( Danielsen, 2014).

Therefore, the writer interested in finding out the grammatical and lexical devices, which can reveal the theme in songs, especially Demi Lovato’s which

talk about life and love dealing with happiness and pain.

1.2 Statements of the Problem

The main concern in this study is examining the theme of Demi Lovato’s

songs through lexical and grammatical devices. The research questions which are formulated in this study are:

1. What are lexical devices used to reveal the theme of songs?

2. What are grammatical devices used to reveal the theme of songs? 3. What are the themes of Demi Lovato’s songs?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Based on statements of the problems above, can be identified some objective of the study, those are:

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2. To find grammatical devices which reveal the themes of Demi Lovato’s songs

3. To find the meaning and themes of Demi Lovato’s songs

1.4 Significance of the Study

The researcher hopes that the research along with the findings, meaningfully contribute to Semantics, practically to increase the understanding of lexical and grammatical devices. While theoretically this research concerns in revealing a theme of song through its lexical and grammatical devices and the reader can catch the exact meaning, not only literal.

Besides, the researcher hopes this study can give some useful valuable contributions for researcher herself, readers, and students. For researcher this study adds scholars about revealing themes through lexical and grammatical devices.

For reader hopefully the result of this study can be used for an additional reference for those who are interested in studying language of songs in relation to the theme. While for students of English Department and others hopefully this study can be additional knowledge and also an interesting research to read in order to deepen their knowledge especially in interdisciplinary semantics.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

To avoid this study becomes broader this study limits the data which only Demi Lovato’s songs written in English. In other hand, the songs which are

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written by Demi Lovato in her album, DEMI 2013. Those are: Fire Starter, Heart Attack, Made in the USA, Neon Light, Shouldn’t Come Back.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

To make the reader understand the terms used in this study, the definitions of key terms are presented as follows:

Lexical Devices : Lexical device is minimal unit that can take part in referring which has a meaning without any additional grammatical pattern and also has lexical relation in its meaning such as antonym, synonymy, and hyponymy. Lexical devices consist of lexical items and lexical meanings. Lexical derived from the word lexeme and a suffix -ical, it means something that relates to lexeme. While Lexical Meaning deals with the meanings of vocabulary items (Fillmore, 2003 p. 2)

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sentences based on grammatical patterns. Every language has grammatical system and different languages have somewhat different grammatical systems (Kreidler, 1998 p. 50)

Theme : Theme is the central or dominating idea in literary works. It means that theme is guideline which is created by the author to make the subject necessarily and inevitably emerges from interplay of the various elements of his works. The theme is the part which serves as the point of departure of the messages which can be developed, the part in which the theme is developed is the remainder of the messages (Halliday, 1994 p. 134).

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE RIVIEW

To formulate the research problem, understanding the theories which are relevant to the research problems are needed. This chapter contains theoretical framework and previous research of this study. The theories of semantic, lexical and grammatical devices, characteristic of song, and theme are used to analyze the data and can be used as a foundation of theoretical framework.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

Linguistic ingredients consists of some interdisciplinary studies includes Semantics. Semantics deals with a question the study of how language organizes and express meaning. It is one of interdisciplinary study in linguistic area that deals with constructing meaning of sentence(s) (Kreidler, 1998 p. 3). In constructing a meaning, a word may has more than one meaning, not only literal but also based on its context and grammatical pattern, that is called by the dimension of meaning. The dimension of meaning is one of semantics topic which considers many kinds of meaning that a word had, supported by lexical and grammatical devices, in which English language employs them to express meaning.

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its constituent lexemes and from the grammatical meanings it contains. If all the lexical and grammatical meanings expressed in the sentences have known, then possibly the meaning of the sentence will be known too. Further, the themes of song can be identified easier.

Theme, as the controlling idea or the central insight, belongs to one of the most important elements in literary works. Other elements of literary works are: character, characterization, setting, plot (which includes introduction, complicating action, conflict, falling action, and resolution).

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2.1.1 Semantics

“Semantics is the technical term which refers to the study of meaning and since meaning is a part of language semantics is a part of linguistics, the scientific study of language” (Palmer, 1983 p. 1).

The theory used in this research deals with meaning. The researcher finds and analyzes the lexical items or vocabularies whose meanings are used to reveal theme. One of the basic units of semantics is the word and lexical items. Not all words have the same kind of meaning as others, some seen to have little or very different in meaning. Lexical semantics also known as Lexical field, field theory tries to discover sets of lexemes such that members of a set share some semantic features and are differentiated from one another by other systematically distributed features (Kreidler, 1998).

2.1.2 Lexical Relation and Lexical Categories

A lexeme has lexical relation in its meaning. One part of knowing the meanings of lexeme in any languages are the recognition that two or more lexemes may have some semantic relationship (Kreidler, 1998 p. 86). It covered collocation, synonymy, and hyponymy. Besides in its function, a lexeme has lexical categories which known as parts of speech (Baker, 2004).

a. Collocation

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Palmer (1983 p. 70) In Semantics, collocation is a part of the meaning of a word and the meaning is also to be found in the context of situation. By looking at the linguistic context of words, we can often distinguish between different meanings.

Within the area of corpus linguistics, collocation is defined as a sequence of words or terms which co-occur more than would be expected by chance (Kuswardani, 2008 p. 33). Collocation refers to the restrictions on how words can be used together, for example which prepositions are used with particular verbs, or which verbs and nouns are used together.

Collocation can be in syntactic relation (such as verb-object: „make‟ and „decision‟), lexical relation (such as synonym). For example: in English the verb

perform is used with operation but not with discussion.

Another example of collocation is the word Bank. Collocates of „bank‟ are: central, river, account, manager, merchant, money, deposits, lending, society. These examples reflect a number of common expressions, „central bank‟, „bank or

building society‟, and so forth. It is easy to see how the meaning of „bank‟ is

partly expressed through the choices of collocates. A more illustrative example is the word white below:

The doctor performed the operation

WHITE

MAN NOISE

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All four instances of white can be said to be idiomatic because in combination with certain nouns the meaning of white changes. In none of the examples does white have its usual meaning. Instead, in the example above means „yellowish‟, „brownish‟, containing many frequencies with about equal amplitude, and pinkish or pale brown, respectively (Kuswardani, 2008 p. 34).

Collocation also called as word partners deals with the statement: if you want to use a word naturally, you need to learn the other words that often go with it (word partners). These can be very different from language to language (Redman 2001 p. 30). It has three kinds of word partnership:

 Verb + noun

The meaning of many of these example may be clear, but if these verbs and noun go together, it may differs from our language. For example:

 I missed the bus means I didn‟t catch the bus

 Start the car means to turn on the engine  Run a shop/company means manage/control it

 Adjective + noun

Common adjectives often combine with a wide range of nouns. Look at some of these phrases in example sentences:

 I can‟t understand his English because he has such a strong accent.

 It was hard work organising the conference, but I think it was a great success.

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 Adverb + Adjective

In these examples, all the adverbs mean very, but we choose to use them with certain adjectives.

c1. I was terribly sorry to hear about your accident.

c2. He‟s high unlikely to come now. (= I‟m almost sure he will not come)

c3. She is fully aware of the problem. (= She knows all about the problem)

c4. It is vitally important that you make a note of common collocation in your notebook.

Overall, the relation of collocation enables us to group items into lexical sets. The lexical set is formally defined as a grouping of words having approximately the same range of collocation. For instance: train, car, taxi frequently collocate with the words take, passenger, and engine, therefor train, car, and taxi are categorized as the same lexical sets.

b. Synonymy

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Synonymy is the relationship between two words that have the same meaning. Sometimes, synonymy is defines as similarity of meaning, for example: in most dialect of English, stubborn and obstinate are synonyms. According to Palmer (1983 p. 76) synonymy is used to mean “sameness of meaning”. Supported by Jackson, he explains that two words are said to be synonyms if they have the same meaning. It is difficult to understand how word has meaning. The description of meaning in dictionary definition is a situational context. Synonymy therefore needs to be defined in terms of context use: two words are synonyms if they can be used interchangeably in all sentence context. They are synonymous of one another for example world and universe; buy and purchase.

c. Hyponym

Almost the same as synonymy, hyponymy means a sense relation between predicates (or something longer phases) such as that the meaning of predicate (or phase) is included in the meaning of the other. For example the meaning of red is included in the meaning of scarlet. Red is subordinate term; scarlet is a hyponym of red.

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2.1.3 Grammatical Devices

The description of a language comprises three major components; phonology, grammar, and lexicon. Phonology deals with the sound system such as consonants, vowels, stress and so on while grammar has two basic units; words and sentences. The lexicon or dictionary deals with more familiar term-list the vocabulary items such as red, herring, give up, and so on.

The special term semantics is applied to the study of meaning; phonological semantics which covers such matters as the meaning expressed by stress and intonation, grammatical semantics which deals with the meaning associated with grammar categories, and lexical semantics dealing with the meanings of vocabulary items. (Huddleston, 1988 p. 1).

The grammar of a language shows that language is more than a collection of words. Grammar describes how the words work together to create meaning. It explains how words interact with one another to form larger structures that are capable of expressing such divergent data.

There are eight major categories of words called Part of Speech includes Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and

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According to Wishon and Burks (1980 p. 192) tense is time, however it should be pointed out that time in relation to concept that exist in the mind of the speaker, the reader, or the listeners. Tense, as actual usage, refers consistently only to grammatical forms. Often, tense and time do not correspondend at all. Verbs in the present tense, for example, can indicate its time. Lisa is walking out of the classroom, a kind of Present Continous Tense indicates an activity at the moment of speaking, whereas He leaves for Europe soon implies future time, the time indicated by its adverb soon.

In addition to denoting time relationships, the verbs tenses may indicate whether an activity has been complete, has extended over period of time or still in progress.

2.1.4 Characteristic of Song

Song is musical composition which consists of music instrumental and lyrics or the text of song itself. Song is structured by an introduction, pre-chorus, chorus, bridge and outro. Lyrics are the words that give song meaning and typically of poetic, rhyming, nature, religious and etc. Sometimes song has a hidden meaning along with complex words in its lyrics.

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combined with music in order to give deep effect for songwriter, thesinger, and the listener.

Like a poem, song is also the expression of the songwriter‟s feeling. Further, Kennnedy also explained that the language of songs must be simple enough to understand on first hearing. It means that the word must be simple and easy to be understood as since the listeners will focus on the lyrics or the text. Every song has meaning and the listeners will catch the idea and the intents of the songwriter, moreover it will be easy to memorize the text and learn the difficult words. Song also has structures, even though many times the songwriter ignores the structure to match the fit text. He or she prefers to focus on the right combination of the words, rhytm, and melody rather than the structure.

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jealously, or war. It means that a song, which is like a folk song, can be considered a kind of mirror of human lives.

Song can be considered as a result of musical unity or a musical composition that has regular various tones compositions. It can also be considered as a folk song if the song deals with human activities or lives, such as love, friendship, war, expectation, or tragedy. The songs of Demi Lovato that will be analyzed are kind of folk song because it talks about human activity dealing with love and most of love songs can give deep effect to hearer. It can be seen from the word choices, in this case to reveal the theme through the lexical and grammatical devices.

2.1.5 Definition of Theme

Theme considered being significant along with definition that a theme is the basic idea of life that always expressed in literary work, it is the main subject of literary work. Without theme there is no literary works. Without specific theme an author will not be successful in presenting his work. He will not be able to reveal the purpose of his writing either. Like other elements of literary works, theme is important. Moreover, a good theme can arouse the reader‟s interest in

reading book. Indeed, theme is one of the elements of life and usually theme is developed through character and setting.

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various elements of his works. The theme is the part which serves as the point of departure of the messages which can be developed, the part in which the theme is developed is the remainder of the messages.

A theme sometime is stated directly, but more often it is implied. A theme which is stated directly, it means that the theme can be reveal through direct statement by the songwriter in the song in order to guide the listener to understand the song. So, a theme could be revealed in the form of a choice of words.

2.2 Previous Research

The research is inspired from Srudji‟s thesis, she observed song by Avril

Lavigne in an album using descriptive method. She used theory of lexical meaning in order to get better interpretation of the song. The purpose of the study was to find message of the song, and got better understanding of lexical meaning. The finding of the thesis was lexical meaning deals with the meanings of vocabulary items can help to build a perfect understanding in a song. The interested of this thesis was the way the writer interpret the context of the song based on its lexical meaning. Which has a logical sequence between each line interpretation. But this thesis also has weakness, in which some constructed meaning are lateral (Srudji, 2010).

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Ya-Sin of the Holy Qur‟an. He found there are 543 types of lexical relations inside. Those consist of 217 cases of antonymy (39, 90%), 212 cases of synonymy (39,00%), 86 cases of homonymy (15,80%), 10 cases of member collection (1,82%), 9 cases of polysemy (1,65%), and 1 case of portion mass (0,18%) and 0 case of hyponymy (0%). Therefore, the most dominant type of lexical relation was antonymy which has the highest cases. The interest of this thesis was the object of this study which is Al-qur‟an which has linguistic features. But the weakness of this thesis is the data analysis which only identify and classify some words into its lexical relation, without any continuance what he will do with these identified words.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

This chapter deals with the research methods of the study. It consists of research design, instrument, data and data source, techniques of data collection, techniques of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The design of this study is descriptive research, the writer used qualitative approach in her research. In analyzing this topic, the writer applies a qualitative research particulary to describe and interpret the collected data that are taken from Demi 2013 album. As Bodgan (1982 p. 28) claimed that in search for understanding, qualitative methods does not reduce the data into numerical symbols, however, it tries to analyze the data with all their richness closely as possible in which the data were recorded or transcribed. From the data, the writer classify lexical and grammatical devices of each song then identify them into its lexical and grammatical meaning to reveal a theme. A qualitative study is appropriate because the aims to reveal a theme in a song and explain the context of the song through its lexical and grammatical devices.

3.2 Instrument

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instruments, and great sensitivity and personal skills are necessary for worthwhile data. Bogdan and Biklen (1982 p. 33) also explain that the main instrument employed in descriptive qualitative design is human instrument. Therefore, the instrument is the researcher herself who collect the data, interpret the data, reduce the data, organize the data, analyze the data, and draw conclusion or the result of the research supported with another instruments like laptop, modem, note book, and pen.

3.3 Data and Data Source

The data are parts of words and grammatical pattern found in the text of the songs (lyrics). The data analyzed in this study were lexical and grammatical devices exists in five selected songs among thirteen songs in album. Those are Heart Attack, Made in the USA, Neon Light, Fire Starter, and Shouldn’t Come

Back.

The data source is an album entitled DEMI 2013 with different genre of music. The main data were Demi Lovato’s selected song lyrics entitled Heart

Attack, Made in the USA, Neon Light, Fire Starter, and Shouldn’t Come Back.

3.4 Techniques of Data Collection

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The writer uses the theories of semantic, lexical and grammatical devices, characteristic of song, and theme to analyze the data. Then try to find how the grammatical and the lexical items indicate the themes of the songs.

3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis

In analyzing the data the researcher following some steps, those are:

1. Classify lexical and grammatical items which exist in each line of lyrics and give them different codes.

2. Identify the lexical categories and lexical meaning of each lexical item found in each line.

3. Find the lexical relation such as collocation, synonymy, hyponymy in each songs.

4. Identify grammatical meaning of each grammatical pattern found in each line.

5. Constructing the meaning (contents) of each song. 6. Revealing a theme of each songs.

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CHAPTER IV

FINDING DISCUSSIONS

This chapter consists of finding discussions, the writer explains the theme of the song which revealed through lexical and grammatical devices exist in five selected songs of DEMI 2013 album. The analysis of the song lyrics is lexical and grammatical devices exist in each lyric to reveal theme of songs. The lexical and grammatical devices revealed in Demi Lovato’s songs can be seen in a graphic

below:

Based on the graphics above it apparently can be seen that the lexical devices are commonly used than grammatical devices to show the meaning of the songs. The word „devices’ means a method which is used to produce a wanted effect

(Cambridge Dictionary). In this case, lexical devices means a method of constructing meaning through lexemes, and grammatical devices means a method

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Song 1 Song 2 Song 3 Song 4 Song 5

Lexical Devices

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to form meaning based on the grammatical pattern.Through those lexical and grammatical devices, the meaning of the songs can be constructed. The five songs of Demi Lovato has 367 cases of lexical and grammatical devices in which lexical devices is frequently used than grammatical devices. 234 lexical device and 133 grammatical devices are found in five songs. Those number are discovered through the classification of significant lexeme and grammatical pattern used in the songs.

The categorize of lexical and grammatical devices based on the graphic above are as fellow: the first song „Fire Starter” has motivating herself theme

revealed through 46 lexical devices and 29 grammatical devices, the second song „Heart Attack’ has 85 lexical devices and 39 grammatical devices reveal the risk

of falling in love theme, the third song „Made in the USA’ indicate romantic love

song through 53 lexical devices and 31 grammatical devices, the fourth song „Neon Lights’ has 23 lexical devices and 15 grammatical devices over the theme

spirit, and the last song „Shouldn’t Come Back’ has 27 lexical devices and 19

grammatical devices reveal strength theme. All those lexical and grammatical devices are used in order to analyze the meanings of songs and the theme of each song.

4.1 Song 1: Fire Starter

1 There's an 'S' under my clothes

On my chest where nobody else can see I light up when the doors are closed I am free, yeah

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And I don't got a thing to lose, in my dreams, in my dreams I'm a bad-ass jumping off the moving train

I'm a Jane Bond, putting all them guys to shame 10 I'm a wild card, and I'm gonna steal your game

You better watch out

I'm a fire starter, make your blood run faster I melt hearts like water

Yeah yeah oh woah yeah

15 I'm a fire starter, I'm a sweet disaster I melt hearts like water

Yeah yeah oh woah yeah 18 Yeah

4.1.1 Lexical Devices

The song “Fire Starter” has 46 significant lexemes which considered as the

key word in analyzing the meaning of the song. The keywords include in the lexical categories of noun, verb, preposition, conjunction, adjective, pronoun and idiom. Some lexemes like free, light, move, fire, sweet, disaster indicate that she tries to motivate herself through this song even something which are not expected is happened. Some significant lexemes found in lyrics has lexical relation in their meaning. Some kinds of synonymy and hyponymy are found and some collocation are used to find the meaning in this song. Those kind of lexical relations are needed in order to construct meaning.

1. Collocation

1a. I melt hearts like water

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It is a term used in lexicology by some linguist to refer to habitual co-occurance of individual lexical items (Crystal, 1980 p. 60). If we do not know the habitual co-occurant, then the meaning we found are only lateral without any sequence of meaning between one lexeme and other.

2. Synonymy

2a. And I wish I could make my move

2b. And I wish I could make my progress

3a. I’m a wild card, and I’m gonna steal your game

3b. I’m a wild card, and I’m gonna take your game

4a. I’m a fire starter, I’m a sweet disaster

4b. I’m a fire starter, I’m a sweet trouble

Lexical relation of synonymy in this song has found in the lexical category of verbs and noun. In 1a the lexeme move has same meaning with the word progress whose meaning is to change or happen in a particular way or direction. In 2a the lexeme steal has same meaning with the word take whose meaning is to take something without the permission or knowledge of the owner and keep it. While in 3a the lexeme disaster has same meaning with the word trouble whose meaning is a damage or death, or serious difficulty.

Synonymy are used to show that they’re identical in meaning for all

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a reason (Kuswardani, 2008 p. 30), for example the word progress is more formal than move.

3. Hyponymy

5a. There is an „S’ under my clothes

5b. There is an „S’ under my t-shirt

6a. On my chest where nobody else can see

6b. On my body where nobody else can see

The researcher found the word clothes in 5a as the superordinates of the word t-shirt in 5b. T-t-shirt is a hyponym of clothes, it has another co-hyponyms such as shirt, trouser, skirt, etc. Besides, the word chest in 6a is a hyponym of the word body in 6b. It also has co-hyponym such as stomach, arms, shoulders, etc.

Hyponym are needed in constructing meaning and involves us in the notion of inclusion in the sense that t-shirt and shirt are included in clothes and chest and arms are hyponyms of body. It indicates that although two words are different in part of speech, they have similarity in meaning (Palmer, 1981 p. 85).

4.1.2 Grammatical Devices

The song has 29 cases of grammatical devices which considered as the key of analyzing the contents of song. The grammatical patterns found in „Fire Starter’

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a. Article a/an (determiner) which used to form singular things. It is used instead of 'a' when the following word begins with a vowel sound and used instead of „an’ when the following word begins with a consonant sound. In

line 1 the researcher found „an S’, another cases are „a thing’ in line 7, „a

bad-ass’ in line 8, „a Jane Bond’ in line 9, „a wild card’in line 10, and „a

fire starter’ in line 12.

b. Possessive pronoun which shows who or what something belongs to. There are 6 cases of possessive pronoun found in this song. A kind of possessive pronoun „my’ found in „my clothes’in line 1, „my chest’ in line 2, „my move’ in line 5, „my dreams’ in line 7 have meaning in which something is belonging to the speaker or writer. Whereas in line 10 the researcher found another kind of possessive pronoun „your’ in „your game’ and „your blood’ in line 12 whose meaning is something belonging or relating to the person or group of people being spoken or written to.

c. Suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make a new word or new meaning. Suffix –s/-es used to form the plural of nouns. The researcher found 5 cases in this kind of grammatical pattern: clothes in line 1, doors in line 3, dreams in line 7, guys in line 9, hearts in line 9 whose meaning is plural or more than one.

d. Suffix –er

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Starter derived from the lexeme start. Within suffix –er, a new meaning has made. The grammatical meaning is to form nouns which refer to people or things that do that particular activity.

e. Conjunction. The only conjunction found in this song is „where’ which connects two phrases. It is found in line 2: on my chest where nobody else can see.

f. Passive voice. The only passive voice found in this song existed in the line 3: I light up when the doors are closed. It was a passive voice of simple present tense in which noun should be followed by to be and verb 3 (past participle) whose meaning is to be closed.

g. Present continous tense 1. I am free

2. I’m bad-ass jumping off the moving train 3. I’m Jane Bond, putting all them guys to shame 4. I’m a wild card

5. I’m a fire starter

The grammatical meaning of this pattern is the action which have described is happening and developing.

h. Modal verb

1. And I wish I could make my move 2. I can tell that you’re really into me

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i. Objective pronoun found in this song is reside in line 6: I can tell that you’re really into me

The grammatical meaning contains in objective pronoun is refer to the person speaking or writing usually after a verb or preposition.

j. Simple present tense

I don’t got a thing to lose, in my dreams, in my dreams

The tense in which the grammatical meaning refers to events, actions and conditions which are happening all the time, or exist now.

k. Simple future tense

I’m a wild card, and I’m gonna steal your game

Going to is an abbreviation of gonna. The grammatical meaning of the simple future tense is refer to something that will happen or exist.

l. Comparative -er

I’m fire starter, make your blood run faster

The form of an adjective or adverb in which has grammatical meaning to express a difference in amount, in number, in degree or quality.

4.1.3 Meaning and the Theme of Song

The song „Fire Starter’ begins with the description of a letter „S’ under the

writer’s clothes exactly on her chest. Based on Demi’s biography, there is a girl

who still accompany her while she got bipolar disorder and went to rehabilitation. Her name is Selena Gomes, Demi’s friend who start her carrier together with.

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falling down, to move on after failed on her efforts. “I’m a sweet disaster” show

that she enjoy whatever her feeling, in contrary there is no sweet disaster, it is always a pain. Indeed, she tried to support herself and through this song seems like she talk to her „S’. The use of words „move on’ and „disaster’ indicate to

motivate herself. Through this analysis, considering the lexical and grammatical devices, the theme found in this song is motivation; particularly motivating herself after being down.

4.2 Song 2: Heart Attack

1 Puttin’ my defences up

„Cause I don’t wanna fall in love If I ever did that

I think I’d have a heart attack 5 Never put my love out on the line

Never said yes to the right guy

Never had trouble getting what I want

But when it comes to you, I’m never good enough When I don’t care

10 I can play „em like a Ken doll

Won’t wash my hair

Then make 'em bounce like a basketball But you make me wanna act like a girl Paint my nails and wear high heels 15 Yea you, make me so nervous

That I just can’t hold your hand

You make me glow, but I cover up Won’t let it show, so I’m

Puttin’ my defences up

20 Cause I don’t wanna fall in love

If I ever did that

I think I’d have a heart attack (x3)

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It comes out wrong like a cry for help It’s just not fair

Pain’s more trouble than love is worth I gasp for air

30 It feels so good, but you know it hurts But you make me wanna act like a girl Paint my nails and wear perfume For you, make me so nervous That I just can’t hold your hand

35 You make me glow, but I cover up Won’t let it show, so I’m

Cause I don’t wanna fall in love If I ever did that

40 I think I’d have a heart attack (x3) The feelings got lost in my lungs They’re burning, I’d rather be numb And there’s no one else to blame So scared I take off and I run

45 I’m flying too close to the sun

And I burst into flames

You make me glow, but I cover up Won’t let it show, so I’m

50 „Cause I don’t wanna fall in love

If I ever did that

I think I'd have a heart attack (x2) I think I'd have a heart attack 54 I think I'd have a heart attack (x2)

4.2.1 Lexical Devices

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indicate the risk of being in love. Some significant cases of collocations, synonymy, and hyponymy are found in this song.

Hyponym are needed in constructing meaning and involves us in the notion of inclusion in the sense that t-shirt and shirt are included in clothes and chest and arms are hyponyms of body. It indicates that although two words are different in part of speech, they have similarity in meaning (Palmer, 1981 p. 85). Besides, synonymy are used to show that they’re identical in meaning for all practical purposes. Different words that are similiar in meaning usually differ for a reason (Kuswardani, 2008 p. 30).

In addition, collocation are needed in order to form meaning. It is a term used in lexicology by some linguist to refer to habitual co-occurance of individual lexical items (Crystal, 1980 p. 60). If we do not know the habitual co-occurant, then the meaning we found are only lateral without any sequence of meaning between one lexeme and other.

1. Collocation

a. Cause I don’t wanna fall in love b. Paint my nails and wear high heels

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2. Synonymy

2a. Never said yes to the right guy

2b. Never said yes to the right man

The lexical relation of synonymy which found in this song is includes in the lexical category of noun. The lexeme guy has the same meaning with the word man.

3. Hyponymy

3a. Never said yes to the right guy 3b. never said yes to the right people 4a. I can play them like a Ken doll 4b. I can play them like a doll

5a. Then make then bounce like a basketball 5b. Then make them bounce like ball

6a. The feeling got lost in my lung 6b. the feeling got lost in my body

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are co-hyponym of basketball. In 6a the researcher found last case of hyponymy in a lexeme lung as a hyponym of the word body in 6b, heart and liver is other hyponym of body, they are co hyponym of lung.

4.2.2 Grammatical Devices

The song has 39 cases of grammatical devices which considered as the key of analyzing the contents of song. The grammatical patterns found in „heart

attack’ song are in the form of:

a. Possessive pronoun shows who or what something belongs to. There are 6 cases of possessive pronoun found in this song. A kind of possessive pronoun „my’ found in „my defences’ in line 1, „my love’ in line 5, „my nails’ in line 14, „my self’ in line 25, and „my lung’ in line 41, they have grammatical meaning in which something is belonging to the speaker or writer. Whereas in line 16 the researcher found another kind of possessive pronoun „your’ in „your hand’ whose meaning is something belonging or relating to the person or group of people being spoken or written to.

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c. Article a/an (determiner) which used to form singular things. It is used instead of 'a' when the following word begins with a vowel sound and used instead of „an’ when the following word begins with a consonant sound. In

line 7 the researcher found „a heart attack’, other cases are „a basketball’ in line 12, „a girl’in line 17, and „a sweat’ in line 23.

d. Simple present tense

1. Cause I don’t wanna fall in love

2. But when it comes to you, I’m never good enough

3. When I don’t care

4. It comes out wrong like a cry for help 5. It feels so good

6. you know it hurts

e. Present continuous tense

1. I’m putting my defences up

2. They’re burning

3. I’m flying too close to the sun

The grammatical meaning of the tense refers to actions or events that are happening now or developing.

f. Simple past tense 1. If I ever did that

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3. When you come around, I get paralyzed 4. So scared I take off and I run

The grammatical meaning is the form of a verb used to describe an action which happened before the present time and is no longer.

g. Past perfect tense

I think I’d have a heart attack

The grammatical tense used to describe an action that had already finished when another action happened. It is made with 'had' and a past participle. h. Simple future tense

Won’t wash my hair

The word won’t derived from abbreviation of will not. As a sign for the simple future tense, it is the tense which used to refer to something that will happen or exist.

i. Objective pronoun

1. I can play them like a ken doll

2. Then make them bounce like a basketball 3. But you make me wanna act like a girl

A lexeme „them’ is the objective form of 'they' used after a verb or

preposition. And a lexeme „me’ is the objective pronoun of „I’ which also

used after a verb or preposition, to refer to the person speaking or writing. j. Gerund

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The grammatical meaning of gerund is used as a noun. It is a word that ends in '-ing' which is made from a verb, and which is used like a noun.

4.2.3 Meaning and the Theme of Song

The song „Heart attack’ is talking about someone who don’t want to fall in

love because she/he know the risk. Considering its lexical devices, the song describe what is falling in love looks like, sometime it has trouble, and sometime can get what we wanted. Some informative words in relation to the statement above are revealed: good, hurt, trouble, love. Besides, the writer of the song also describes the risk of falling in love such heart attack. In addition, considering its grammatical devices, the song is about personal experience of the songwriter in past, nowadays, and her plans in future because this song consist some significant tenses like simple present tense, simple past tense, and simple future tense. From the analysis of contents, the theme which can be revealed through lexical and grammatical devices is the risk of falling in love, dealing with happiness and pains.

4.3 Song 3: Made in the USA

1 Our love runs deep like a chevy If you fall I'll fall with you baby Cause that's the way we like to do it That's the way we like

5 You run around open doors like a gentleman Tell me girl every day you're my everything Cause that's the way you like to do it

That's the way you like

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Just you and I, just you and I Woah, woah

No matter how far we go, I want the whole world to know I want you bad, and I want have it any other way

15 No matter what the people say, I know that we'll never break

Cause our love was made, made in the USA Made in the USA, yeah

You always reading my mind like a letter 20 When I'm cold, you're there like a sweater

Cause that's the way we like to do it That's the way we like

And never ever let the world get the best of you Every night we're apart, I'm still next to you 25 Cause that's the way I like to do it

That's the way I like

We touch down on the east coast

Dinner in the sky rise, winter is the best time for walking in the city lights You and I, you and I

30 Woah woah

No matter how far we go, I want the whole world to know I want you bad, and I want have it any other way

No matter what the people say, I know that we'll never break

35 Cause our love was made, made in the USA Cause baby I'll bite the bullet

And take the blow for love

Woahhhh, our love was made in the USA Made in the USA, made in the USA

40 No matter how far we go, I want the whole world to know I want you bad, and I want have it any other way

No matter what the people say, I know that we'll never break

Cause our love was made, made in the USA 45 Made in the USA, yeah

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4.3.1 Lexical Devices

The song „Made in the USA’ has 53 significant lexemes along with their

lexical meanings, revealed in 19 lines to reveal the theme of song. The lexical categories includes in this song are: noun, verb, conjunction, adjective, and idiom. Some lexical relation of collocation, synonymy, and hyponymy are found in this song.

1. Collocation

1a. A bit of sunshine Line 9

1b. Baby I’ll bite the bullet Line 36

A lexeme sunshine in 1a is uncountable noun, it is the light and heat that come from sun, to describe how much the sunshine, a bit of is collocate with a lexeme sunshine. A bit of means a slight but not serious amount or type of something.

Besides, bite is collocate with lexeme the bullet in 1b, it has meaning to force yourself to do something unpleasant or difficult, or to be brave in a difficult situation.

2. Synonymy 2a. A bit of sunshine 2b. A bit of light

3a. You’re there like a sweater

3b. You’re there like a jumper

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word light in 2b, and the lexeme sweater in 3a has the same meaning with the word jumper in 3b.

3. Hyponymy

4a. When I’m cold you’re there like a sweater 4b. When I’m cold you’re there like a clothes

The researcher found a lexical relation of hyponymy in this song. In 4a the lexeme sweater is a hyponym of clothes in 4b. The word clothes in 4b is superordinate

and the other hyponym are shirt, jacket, t-shirt, etc. and they are co-hyponym of sweater.

4.3.2 Grammatical Devices

The song has 31 cases of grammatical devices exist in 13 lines which considered as the key of analyzing the contents of song. The grammatical patterns found in „made in the USA’ song are in the form of:

a. Possessive pronoun. Possessive pronoun shows who or what something belongs to. There are 3 cases of possessive pronoun found in this song. Our love in line 1, my everything in line 10, and my mind in line 18. The grammatical meaning of a possessive pronoun „our’ is belonging to us. Besides, the grammatical meaning of a possessive pronoun „my’ is

belonging to the speaker or writer. b. Simple present tense

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The grammatical meaning of the tense is refers to events, actions and conditions which are happening all the time, or exist now.

b. Present continuous tense When I’m cold

c. Passive voice

Our love was made in the USA

The sentence above is the passive voice of the past simple tense. The formula:

Subject + was/were + Verb 3

The passive voice is the form of a verb used when the grammatical subject is the person or thing which experiences the effect of an action, rather than the person or thing which causes the effect Simple future tense.

d. Article a/an (determiner)

Article a/an (determiner) which used to form singular things. It is used instead of 'a' when the following word begins with a vowel sound and used instead of „an’ when the following word begins with a consonant sound.

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e. Suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make a new word or new meaning. Suffix –s/-es used to form the plural of nouns. Doors in line 5 and lights in line 28 are found.

f. Objective pronoun

Tell me girl, everyday you are my everything

The objective pronoun „me’ used after a verb or preposition, to refer to the

person speaking or writing. g. To be

Every night we’reapart, I’m still next to you

The grammatical meaning of „to be’ in this case is to describe something

about the person, thing or state, to show a permanent or temporary quality, state, job, etc.

h. Gerund

1. Hair blowing in the wind, losing track of time 2. You always reading my mind like a letter

3. Dinner in the sky rise, winter is the best time for walking in the city lights

The grammatical meaning of gerund is used as a noun. It is a word that ends in '-ing' which is made from a verb, and which is used like a noun.

4.3.3 Meaning and the Theme of Song

Considering the lexical devices of the song, „Made in the USA’ is the

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will do whatever his/her couple do, if he fall then she will fall too. Besides, they feel that all over the world are belong to them. “Just a little westcoast, and a bit of sunshine. Hair blowing in the wind, losing track of time. Just you and I, just you and I” (line 9-11). These lines indicates that love has many words to describe it, to show how strong their feeling is. In addition, through its grammatical devices, this song is talking about the experiences of the songwriter herself. According to those analysis of contents, the theme revealed in this song is a romantic love song.

4.4 Song 4: Neon Lights

1 Baby, when they look up at the sky We'll be shooting stars just passing by You'll be coming home with me tonight We'll be burning up like neon lights

5 Please still my heart cause it's freaking out, it's freaking out, right now Shining like stars cause we're beautiful, we're beautiful, right now You're all I see in all these places

You're all I see in all these faces

So let's pretend we're running out of time, of time 10 Baby, when they look up at the sky

We'll be shooting stars just passing by You'll be coming home with me tonight And we'll be burning up like neon lights Baby, when they look up at the sky 15 We'll be shooting stars just passing by

You'll be coming home with me tonight And we'll be burning up like neon lights Neon lights

Neon lights 20 Neon lights

Like neon lights Like neon lights

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25 You're all I see in all these places You're all I see in all these faces

So let's pretend we're running of time, of time Baby, when they look up at the sky

We'll be shooting stars just passing by 30 You'll be coming home with me tonight

And we'll be burning up like neon lights Baby, when they look up at the sky We'll be shooting stars just passing by You'll be coming home with me tonight 35 And we'll be burning up like neon lights

Neon lights Neon lights Neon lights Like neon lights 40 Like neon lights

Shining like stars cause we're beautiful, beautiful You're all I see in all these places

You're all I see in all these faces

So let's pretend we're running of time, of time 45 Like neon lights

Like neon lights

47 Please still my heart cause it's freaking out

4.4.1 Lexical Devices

The song has 23 cases of lexical devices revealed in 9 lines which considered as the keyword in analyzing the contents of the song. The lexical categories in this songs are noun, verb, adverb, adjective, and idiom. Some words like steal, freaking, neon light indicate a spirit of someone after getting down.

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1. Collocation a. Steal my heart

b. we’re beautiful right now

2. Hyponymy

2a. Baby when they look up at the sky 2b. Baby when they look up at the cloud

A lexeme sky in 2a is a superordinate. And the word cloud is a hyponym of a lexeme sky. Another hyponym of sky is stars, moon, and sun. They’re co -hyponym of cloud.

4.4.2 Grammatical Devices

The song has 15 cases of grammatical devices revealed in 9 lines which considered as the key of analyzing the contents of song. The grammatical patterns found in „Neon Lights’ song are in the form of:

a. Possessive pronoun shows who or what something belongs to. There is only one case of possessive pronoun, it is found in line 5: “Please steal my

heart cause it’s freaking out, it’s freaking out, right now”. The

grammatical meaning of a possessive pronoun „my’ is belonging to the writer or speaker.

b. Present continuous tense 1. It’s freaking out

2. We’re beautiful right now

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b. Suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make a new word or new meaning. Suffix –s/-es used to form the plural of nouns. The researcher found 5 cases in this category of grammatical pattern: stars in line 1and 6, neon lights in line 4, places in line 7 and faces in line 8. c. Objective pronoun

You’ll be coming with me tonight

The objective pronoun „me’ used after a verb or preposition, to refer to the person speaking or writing.

d. Gerund

1. We’ll be shooting stars just passing by 2. Shining like stars cause we’re beautiful

The grammatical meaning of gerund is used as a noun. It is a word that ends in '-ing' which is made from a verb, and which is used like a noun. e. Future continuous tense

We’ll be shooting stars just passing by

The tense which is used to show that action will happening at same time (now) or developing. The formula is: Subject + will be + V-ing + Object.

4.4.3 Meaning and the Theme of Song

„Neon Lights’ is all about a parable of someone’s spirit: “we’ll be shooting

stars just passing by. We’ll be coming home with me tonight. We’ll be burning up

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optimistic to shine like star, it is an optimistic to get up after falling down. “Please steal my heart cause it’s freaking out, it’s freaking out, right now. Shining like

stars cause we’re beautiful, we’re beautiful, right now” (line5-6). Besides, according to its grammatical devices, through the future continuous and present continuous tenses, this song retelling the action in progress now and the plans of what are going to do in future.

4.5 Song 5: Shouldn't Come Back

1 See you're calling again, I don't wanna pick up, no, oh I've been lying in bed, probably thinking too much, oh, oh

Sorry I'm not sorry for the times I don't reply; you know the reason why Maybe you shouldn't come back

5 Maybe you shouldn't come back to me

Tired of being so sad, tired of getting so mad, baby Stop right now, you'll only

Let me down, oh oh

Maybe you shouldn't come back 10 Maybe you shouldn't come back to me

Trying not to forget should be easier than this, oh, oh All the birthdays you've missed,

I was only a kid, oh, oh

14 Sorry I'm not sorry for the times, I don't reply; you know the reason why

4.5.1 Lexical Devices

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Some significant cases of collocations, synonymy, and hyponymy are found in this song.

Hyponym are needed in constructing meaning and involves us in the notion of inclusion in the sense that t-shirt and shirt are included in clothes and chest and arms are hyponyms of body. It indicates that although two words are different in part of speech, they have similarity in meaning (Palmer, 1981 p. 85). Besides, synonymy are used to show that they’re identical in meaning for all practical

purposes. Different words that are similiar in meaning usually differ for a reason (Kuswardani, 2008 p. 30), for example the word unpleasant is more formal than sad.

In addition, collocation are needed in order to form meaning. It is a term used in lexicology by some linguist to refer to habitual co-occurance of individual lexical items (Crystal, 1980 p. 60). If we do not know the habitual co-occurant, then the meaning we found are only lateral without any sequence of meaning between one lexeme and other.

1. Collocation

a. I’ve been laying in bed

b. All the birthdays you’ve missed

c. Stop right now

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you have missed is categorized in present perfect tense in which refer to actions or events which have been completed or which have happened in a period of time up to now.

2. Synonymy

3a. I don’t wanna pick up

3b. I don’t wanna answer

4a. Tired of being so sad

4b. Tired of being so unpleasant 5a. Tired of being so mad 5b. Tired of being so angry

The researcher found 3 significant lexical relation of synonymy in this song. a lexeme pick up in 3a has same meaning with answer the telephone in 3b, a lexeme sad in 4a has the same meaning with unpleasant in 4b, and a lexeme mad in 5a has the same meaning with angry in 5b.

3. Hyponymy

6a. I’ve been laying in bed 6b. I’ve been laying in pillow

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4.5.2 Grammatical Devices

The song has 19 cases of grammatical devices revealed in 10 lines which considered as the key of analyzing the contents of song. The grammatical patterns found in „Shouldn’t Come Back’ song are in the form of:

a. Article a/an (determiner) which used to form singular things. It is used instead of 'a' when the following word begins with a vowel sound and used instead of „an’ when the following word begins with a consonant sound. In

line 13 the researcher finds a kid. b. Gerund

The grammatical meaning of gerund is used as a noun. It is a word that ends in '-ing' which is made from a verb, and which is used like a noun. The researcher finds the word thinking in line 2 and trying in line 11. c. Objective pronoun

1. Come back to me 2. Let me down

A lexeme „them’ is the objective form of 'they' used after a verb or

preposition. And a lexeme „me’ is the objective pronoun of „I’ which also

used after a verb or preposition, to refer to the person speaking or writing. d. Past continuous tense

I was only a kid

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e. Present continuous tense 1. You’re calling again 2. I am not sorry

f. Present perfect tense

Birthdays you’ve missed

The tense of a verb that shows action that has happened in the past or before another time or event.

b. Present perfect continuous tense I’ve been laying in bed

The tense of a verb that shows action that has happened continuously in the past or before another time or event.

c. Simple present tense

1. I don’t wanna pick up

2. I don’t reply

d. Simple future tense

You’ll only let me down

The word won’t derived from abbreviation of will not. As a sign for the

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e. Suffix –s/-es is added at the end of a word to make a new word or new meaning. Suffix –s/-es used to form the plural of nouns. The researcher found times in line 3, birthdays in line 16.

4.5.3 Meaning and the Theme of Song

According to its lexical devices, „Shouldn’t Come Back’ is all about angry and

sadness. <

LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL DEVICES TO REVEAL THEME IN DEMI LOVATO’S SONGS.